US 2011 0053773A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0053773A1 ARMEL et al. (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 3, 2011

(54) METHODS OF IMPROVING NUTRITONAL Publication Classification VALUE OF PLANTS (51) Int. Cl. AOIN 25/32 (2006.01) CI2O 1/02 (2006.01) (75) Inventors: GREGORY RUSSELLARMEL, AOIN 57/6 (2006.01) Knoxville, TN (US); Dean Adam AOIN 43/40 (2006.01) Kopsell, Knoxville, TN (US); AOIN 43/88 (2006.01) James T. Brosnan, Knoxville, TN AOIN 43/70 (2006.01) AOIN 43/653 (2006.01) (US); Brandon J. Horvath, AOIN 47/40 (2006.01) Knoxville, TN (US); John C. AOIN 37/22 (2006.01) Sorochan, Knoxville, TN (US) AOIN 35/06 (2006.01) AOIP3/00 (2006.01) AOIP 2L/00 (2006.01) (73) Assignee: UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE AOIP 7/04 (2006.01) RESEARCH FOUNDATION, AOIP5/00 (2006.01) KNOXVILLE, TN (US) AOIPI3/00 (2006.01) AOIP I/00 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl...... 504/107:435/29; 504/103: 504/108; (21) Appl. No.: 12/875,328 504/128; 504/130, 504/131:504/133; 504/134; 504/139; 504/141; 504/149; 504/234: 504/348 (57) ABSTRACT (22) Filed: Sep. 3, 2010 The subject application provides methods for the direct or indirect improvement of levels of key phytonutrients and/or stress tolerance in plants. Methods of providing for the Related U.S. Application Data improvement in key phytonutrient levels and/or stress toler ance in plants are provided through the application of Safen (60) Provisional application No. 61/239,602, filed on Sep. ers, , fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miti 3, 2009, provisional application No. 61/262,580, filed cides, defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth on Nov. 19, 2009, provisional application No. 61/356, regulators to plants. Agricultural products arising from the 197, filed on Jun. 18, 2010. disclosed methods are also provided. US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011

METHODS OF IMPROVING NUTRITONAL bicides control weeds safely in crops because they are VALUE OF PLANTS exuded, metabolized, compartmentalized, or not absorbed or transported to the target site intolerant crops incomparison to CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED sensitive weed species. Fungicides include chemicals that kill APPLICATIONS fungi or inhibit the growth, reproduction and/or infestation of fungi. Plant growth regulators, also known as planthormones, 0001. This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provi include natural or synthetic chemicals that regulate or alter sional Application Ser. No. 61/239,602, filed Sep. 3, 2009: the growth of a plant or plant part. Insecticides include chemi Ser. No. 61/262,580, tiled Nov. 19, 2009; and Ser. No. 61/356, cals that kill or inhibit the growth, reproduction, and/or infes 197, filed Jun. 18, 2010, the disclosures of which are hereby tation of insects. Nematicides include chemicals that kill or incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all fig inhibit the growth, reproduction, and/or infestation of nema ures, tables and amino acid or nucleic acid sequences. todes. Miticides include chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth, reproduction, and/or infestation of mites. Defoliants/ BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION desiccants include chemicals that are applied to aid in plant 0002 Human and other animals are dependent on key drying, leaf kill, leaf drop, or aid in other aspects of crop phytonutrients produced or found in plants for optimal health. harvest or vegetation management. Antibiotics include These phytonutrients includebut are not limited to lipids (i.e., chemicals that are applied to aid in the control of bacteria and oils, fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, non-saturated fatty other plant diseases. Herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acids, steroids, other), vitamins VitaminA (retinol), Vitamin nematicides, miticides, defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and B (thiamine), Vitamin B (riboflavin), Vitamin B (niacin), plant growth regulators may be collectively categorized with Vitamin B. Folic acid (folacin), Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), other chemicals and referred to as pesticides and/or agro Vitamin D. Vitamin E (tocopherols), Vitamin K, other, min chemicals. erals (i.e. N. P. K. Ca,Mg, S, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, 0005 Crops may be naturally tolerant to a specific herbi Zn, etc.), proteins, amino acids (i.e., histidine, Valine, leucine, cide, fungicide, insecticide, nematicides, miticides, defoli isoleucine, lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, ants/desiccants, antibiotics, or plant growth regulator, or may tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, etc.), carbohydrates includ become selective to one or more of these agrochemicals ing but not limited to starch, fiber, cellulose, and Sugars (i.e., through molecular genetic manipulation, chemically induced Sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, raffanose, etc.) caro gene mutation techniques, or through plant breeding. How tenoid/xanthophyll antioxidants (i.e., beta-carotene, lyco ever, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miti pene, lutein, Zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, etc.), glucosinolates cides, defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and plant growth (i.e., glucobrassicin, Sinalbin, etc.) and phenolic compounds regulators that are considered selective to a crop may still (i.e. capsaicin, eugenol, polyphenols, salicylic acid, antho cause some injury in these crops due to variations in applica cyanins, tannins, resveratrol, etc.). Current methods used to tion timing, application rate, tank mixtures with other agro improve the quantity and/or quality of these types of plant chemicals, climate, soil type, formulations, adjuvants, or crop nutrients include adjusting crop fertility, molecular genetic varietal sensitivity. This injury creates stress responses in manipulation, plant breeding, and variations in processing plants that may not be obvious to those skilled in the art of this and handling of crops. invention. 0003 Moreover, changes in the level of phytonutrients in a variety of crops can provide many meaningful benefits DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION including improved nutrition and flavor enhancement of 0006. It has now been discovered that plant stress crops for humans, livestock, wildlife, and/or pets. In addition, responses to the applications of safeners, herbicides, fungi processed foods (i.e., cereals, pasta, Soups, etc.) or other cides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defoliants/desic edible Substance derived from crops (i.e., processed Sugar, cants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators leads to high fructose corn syrup, guacamole, maple syrup, flavor direct or in-direct improvements in the levels of key phyto enhancers, spices, etc.) can also have their nutritional com nutrients and/or stress tolerance in plants. Stress, as used position enhanced by changes in the levels of phytonutrients herein, describes, collectively, any condition or conditions contained in their crop of origin. In addition, changes in levels that can have negative impacts on plant quality and/or overall of phytonutrients may also help facilitate more efficient fer performance. Stress responses appear as continuums from mentation for crops (i.e., barley, rice, corn, hops, wheat, rye, very rapid physiological changes to much slower morpho grapes, agave, potato, Sugarcane, Switchgrass, etc.) used in logical changes. Antioxidant compounds within plants, the manufacturing of alcohol for consumption (such as wines, including for example, plant secondary metabolites, such as beer, and/or distilled spirits), biofuels (i.e., ethanol, butanol, terpenes (carotenoids and essential oils), phenolics (fla etc.), and other industrial and consumeruses (i.e., antiseptics, vonoids and anthocyanins), and nitrogen-containing com etc.). Also, changes in levels of phytonutrients can improve pounds (alkaloids and glucosinolates), serve functional roles the harvestability, fiber quality, processing efficiency, the rate to overcome the negative consequences to plant growth and of ripening, and/or shelf-life of key crops. In addition, chang development caused by stress. As a result, their production ing the levels of phytonutrients can enhance the production of may increase or decrease in response to various forms of or improve the quality of other plant derived products includ abiotic environmental stress, such as drought, elevated tem ing but not limited to pharmaceuticals, dietary Supplements, peratures, and nutrient imbalances. Applications of safeners, biologically derived materials (i.e., cotton fiber, forest prod herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, ucts, lumber, paper, biodegradable plastics, hemp rope, etc.), defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regu or biocatalysts. lators may enhance antioxidant metabolic pathways in plants, 0004. Herbicides are chemicals that kill plants by inhibit including for example, quenching the formation of reactive ing or modifying key biochemical processes. Selective her oxygen, chlorophyll, and other detrimental species promoted US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011

under abiotic stress conditions. Therefore, safeners, herbi gal/viral/bacterial pathogens, etc.), plant growth and appear cides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defo ance, levels of one or more phytonutrients, plant stress toler liants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators, ance, and crop yield. applied either alone or in combination with diluents, adju 0008 Crops that would benefit from this invention include vants, fertilizers, nutrient based solutions, other agrochemi but are not limited to alfalfa, barley, corn (), popcorn, cals, crop safeners and/or other additives, are useful for Sweet corn, Sorghum, cotton, , Sugarbects, Sunflower, improving the levels of key phytonutrients, enhancing stress Sugarcane, rape, canola, peanuts, rice, oats, triticale, rye, tolerance, and thus, producing more economically valuable agave, wheat, potato, tomato, fruits (i.e., apple, apricot, avo and healthy plants. cado, breadfruit, banana, blackberry, blackcurrant, blueberry, cherimoya, cherry, clementine, coconut, cranberry, durian, 0007 Overall this invention applies to any chemical des fig, grapefruit, grape, guava, jackfruit, kiwi, lemon, lime, ignated as a pro-, herbicide, pro-fungicide, fungi loganberry, mandarin, mango, mangosteen, melon, nectarine, cide, pro-insecticide, insecticides, pre-nematicide, nemati orange, papaya, peach, pear, persimmon, pineapple, plum, cide, pro-miticide, miticide, pro-defoliant, defoliant, pro pomegranate, quince, Satsuma, Strawberry, tamarillo, ugli antibiotic, antibiotic, pro-plant growth regulator, or plant fruit, watermelon etc.), nuts (i.e., almond, , butternut, growth regulator recognized as having any herbicidal, fungi brazil nut, candlenut, cashew, chestnuts, colocynth, filbert, cidal, insecticidal, nematicidal, miticidal, anti-bacterial, anti hickory, pecan, shagbark hickory, kola nut, macadamia, viral, or plant growth regulating properties. In certain aspects mamoncillo, maya nut, oak acorns, ogbono nut, paradise nut, of the invention a herbicide, fungicide, insecticide, nemati pili nut, pistachio, , etc.), vegetables (i.e., asparagus, cides, miticide, defoliant, antibiotic, and/or plant growth artichoke, leafy greens, melons, Snapbean, lima bean, cab regulators can be applied at a rate of 0.006 gai/ha to approxi bage, pea, spinach, pumpkin, onions, garlic, squash, egg mately 6,000 gai/ha, more preferred at a rate of 0.03 gai?ha plant, carrots, broccoli, Sweet potato, Zucchini, etc.), turfgrass to 3,000 g ai/ha, and most preferred at a rate of 0.5 to 1,500 g (i.e., bahiagrass, bluegrass, buffalograss, fescue, bentgrass, ai/ha in a single or multiple applications, alone or in mixtures bermudagrass, ryegrass, St. Augustinegrass, Zoysiagrass, with various ratios of one or more of the following 1) diluents etc.), forage grasses, Switchgrass, forage legumes (i.e., clo used to create a formulated product (i.e., Solid and/or liquid ver, lesepedeza, etc.), ornamental plants, forest plants (i.e., which include but are not limited to water, glycerine, propy hardwood trees, pines, shrubs, vines, or wild flowers), herbs lene glycols, paraffins, acetates, other) 2) herbicides (i.e., or other flavor enhancing crops (i.e., peppermint, spearmint, naturally derived or synthetic, in formulated or technical thyme, basil, coriander, dill, rosemary, Irish moss, arrowroot, sesame, etc.), and plantation crops (i.e., oil palm, cocoa, form); 3) fungicides (i.e., naturally derived or synthetic, in coffee, hops, pineapple, eucalyptus, etc.). Crops that may be formulated or technical form); 4) insecticides (i.e., naturally treated as disclosed herein may also be genetically modified derived or synthetic, in formulated or technical form); 5) crops, a cultivar produced through common methods of plant nematicides (i.e., naturally derived or synthetic, informulated breeding (i.e., asexual propagation, chemical/radioactive or technical form); 6) miticides (i.e., naturally derived or induced mutations, pedigree breeding, backcrossing, etc.), or synthetic, in formulated or technical form); 7) defoliants/ crops that have not been genetically modified or produced desiccants (i.e., naturally derived or synthetic, in formulated through common plant breeding techniques. or technical form); 8) antibiotics (i.e., naturally derived or 0009. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention provides synthetic, in formulated or technical form): 9) plant growth agricultural products, produced by the crop plants mentioned regulators (i.e., naturally derived or synthetic, in formulated above, having enhanced nutritional value and/or stress toler or technical form); 10) adjuvants (i.e., non-ionic Surfactants, ance. These agricultural products may be produced by crop petroleum or seed based oils or organosilicones); 11) fertil plants that are genetically modified or that have not been izers and other nutrient based solutions (including but not genetically modified. These agricultural products are pro limited to products offering containing individual nutrients or duced using the methods disclosed herein and contain mixtures of multiple macronutrients such as nitrogen, potas enhanced or increased levels (amounts) of lipids (i.e., oils, sium, and phosphorous and/or micronutrients such as man fatty acids, Saturated fatty acids, non-saturated fatty acids, ganese, boron, and Zinc); 12) other agrochemicals (including steroids, other), vitamins (Vitamin A (retinol), Vitamin B but not limited to herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, antibi (thiamine), Vitamin B (riboflavin), Vitamin B (niacin), Vita otics, nematicides, miticides, defoliants/desiccants, antibiot min B2, Folic acid (folacin), Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), ics, plant growth regulators, etc.); 13) other additives (i.e., Vitamin D. Vitamin E (tocopherols), Vitamin K, or other anti-foaming agents, , etc.); 14) crop safeners (i.e., Vitamins), minerals (i.e. calcium, iron, iodide, fluoride, Zinc, benoxacor, cloquintocet, cyometrinil, dichlormid, dicy etc.), proteins, amino acids (i.e., histidine, Valine, leucine, clonon, dietholate, fenchlorazole, fenclorim, flurazole, flux isoleucine, lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, ofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen, mefenpyr, mephenate, naph tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, etc.), carbohydrates (includ thalic anhydride, oxabetrinil, cyprosulfamide, or others) with ing but not limited to starch, fiber, cellulose, and Sugars (i.e., the intent of stressing or enhancing plant biochemical pro Sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, raffanose, etc.) caro cesses in order to increase key phytonutrients and/or enhance tenoid/xanthophyll antioxidants (i.e., beta-carotene, lyco plant stress tolerance. Mixtures of one or more herbicides, pene, lutein, Zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, etc.), glucosinolates fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defoliants/ (i.e., glucobrassicin, Sinalbin, etc.) and phenolic compounds desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators with (i.e. capsaicin, eugenol, polyphenols, salicylic acid, antho diluents, adjuvants, fertilizers, nutrient based solutions, other cyanins, tannins, resveratrol, etc.), and minerals (i.e. N. P. K. agrochemicals, crop safeners and/or other additives would Ca,Mg, S, C1, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Zn, etc.). expect additive or synergistic improvements concurrently in 0010. Another aspect of this invention involves applica control of pests (i.e., weeds, insects, nematodes, mites, fun tions of one or more Safeners, herbicides, fungicides, insec US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011

ticides, nematicides, miticides, defoliants/desiccants, antibi ent based solutions (including but not limited to products otics, and/or plant growth regulators, either alone or in offering containing individual nutrients or mixtures of mul combinations with each other and with diluents, adjuvants, tiple macronutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, and phos fertilizers, nutrient based solutions, other agrochemicals, phorous and/or micronutrients such as manganese, boron, additional crop safeners and/or other additives, in order to and Zinc); 12) other agrochemicals (including but not limited enhance plant nutritional value and/or stress tolerance. to herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, antibiotics, nemati 0011. In an embodiment, applications of herbicides, fun cides, miticides, defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, plant gicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defoliants/des growth regulators, etc.); 13) other additives (i.e., anti-foam iccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators (PGRS), ing agents, dyes, etc.); 14) crop Safeners (i.e., benoxacor, safeners either alone or in combination with diluents, adju cloquintocet, cyometrinil, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietho vants, fertilizers, nutrient based solutions, other agrochemi late, fenchlorazole, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furila cals, additional crop Safeners and/or other additives enhance, Zole, isoxadifen, mefenpyr, mephenate, naphthalic anhy directly or indirectly, improve the production of lipids (i.e., dride, oxabetrinil, cyprosulfamide, other) with the intent of oils, fatty acids, steroids, other), vitamins (Vitamin A (ret stressing or enhancing plant biochemical processes in order inol), Vitamin B (thiamine), Vitamin B (riboflavin), Vitamin to increase key phytonutrients and/or enhance plant stress B (niacin), Vitamin B. Folic acid (folacin), Vitamin C tolerance. Mixtures of one or more herbicides, fungicides, (Ascorbic acid), Vitamin D. Vitamin E (tocopherols), Vitamin insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defoliants/desiccants, K, or other vitamins), minerals (i.e. calcium, iron, iodide, fluoride, Zinc, etc.), proteins, amino acids (i.e., histidine, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators with diluents, Valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, cysteine, phe adjuvants, fertilizers, nutrient based solutions, other agro nylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, etc.), carbohy chemicals, crop Safeners and/or other additives would expect drates (including but not limited to starch, fiber, cellulose, and additive or synergistic improvements concurrently in control Sugars (i.e., Sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, raffanose, of pests (i.e., weeds, insects, nematodes, mites, fungal/viral/ etc.)) carotenoid/xanthophyll antioxidants (i.e., beta-caro bacterial pathogens, etc.), plant growth and appearance, lev tene, lycopene, lutein, Zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, etc.), glu els of one or more phytonutrients, plant stress tolerance, and cosinolates (i.e., glucobrassicin, Sinalbin, etc.), phenolic crop yield. compounds (i.e. capsaicin, eugenol, polyphenols, salicylic 0013. In a specific embodiment, applications of safeners, acid, anthocyanins, tannins, resveratrol, etc.), and minerals herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, (i.e. N. P. K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Zn, defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regu etc.). lators stimulate the uptake and/or modify the partitioning of 0012. In another embodiment, applications of herbicides, essential minerals (such as N. P. K. Ca,Mg, S, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defoliants/ Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Zn, etc.), and ultimately lead to improved desiccants, antibiotics, Safeners and/or plant growth regula stress tolerance through changes in plant osmoticum concen tors, particularly at elevated, registered, or reduced applica trations. tion rates to enhance plant stress tolerance in response to a 0014. In another specific embodiment, applications of variety of abiotic conditions, such as for example, drought, safeners, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, elevated temperatures, nutrient imbalances, and applications miticides, defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant of agrochemicals such as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, growth regulators improve the production one or more anti nematicides, miticides, defoliants/desiccants, antiobiotics, oxidant compound, such as terpenes (carotenoids and essen plant growth regulators, others. In order to optimally enhance tial oils), phenolics (flavonoids and anthocyanins), and nitro stress tolerance, application rates of herbicides, fungicides, gen-containing compounds (alkaloids and glucosinolates) for insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators can be applied at a improved stress tolerance in plants. rate of 0.006 g ai/ha to approximately 6,000 g ai/ha, more 0015. In another specific embodiment, application of preferred at a rate of 0.03 gai?ha to 3,000 g ai/ha, and most safeners, herbicides fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, preferred at a rate of 0.5 to 1,500 gai/ha in a single or multiple miticides, defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant applications, alone or in mixtures with various ratios of one or regulators can improve the production of or partitioning of more of the following 1) diluents used to create a formulated certain lipids (i.e., fatty acids, Steroids, etc.) proteins, amino product (i.e., solid and/or liquid which include but are not acids, vitamins (i.e., Vitamin E. VitaminA, etc.), and/or car limited to water, glycerine, propylene glycols, paraffins, bohydrates (i.e., Sugars, fiber, cellulose, etc.) for improved acetates, other) 2) herbicides (i.e., naturally derived or Syn stress tolerance. thetic, in formulated or technical form); 3) fungicides (i.e., 0016. In certain embodiments, applications of safeners, naturally derived or synthetic, in formulated or technical herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, form); 4) insecticides (i.e., naturally derived or synthetic, in defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regu formulated or technical form); 5) nematicides (i.e., naturally lators result in an increase in levels of one or more phytonu derived or synthetic, in formulated or technical form); 6) trients by approximately 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, miticides (i.e., naturally derived or synthetic, informulated or 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, or greater than technical form); 7) defoliants/desiccants (i.e., naturally 100%. derived or synthetic, in formulated or technical form); 8) 0017. The method disclosed herein can utilize any safener. antibiotics (i.e., naturally derived or synthetic, in formulated Non-limiting examples of acceptable safeners include: or technical form): 9) plant growth regulators (i.e., naturally benoxacor, cloquintocet, cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, derived or synthetic, in formulated or technical form); 10) dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, fenchlorazole, fenclorim, adjuvants (i.e., non-ionic Surfactants, petroleum or seed flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen, jiecaowan, based oils or organosilicones); 11) fertilizers and other nutri jiecaoxi, mefenpyr, mephenate, naphthalic anhydride, Oxa US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 betrinil, daimuron, mefenpyr-diethy, cloquintocet-mexyl, pyr, imazaquin, imaZamox imazamethabenz, and ); isoxadifen-ethyl, fenchlorazole-ethyl, MG 191 or combina 2) pyrimidinylthio-benzoates (examples include, but are not tions thereof. limited to byspyribac and pyrithiobac); 3) sulfonylamino 0018. Herbicides of the subject invention include, but are carboyny triazolinones (examples include but are not limited not limited to, herbicides that inhibit pigment biosynthesis to flucarbazone, thiencarbazone and propoxycarbaZone); 4) and/or plant light processes, including but not limited to, Sulfonylureas (examples include, but are not limited to ami herbicides that inhibit protoporphoryinogen IX oxidase (Pro dosulfuron, azim Sulfuron, benSulfuron, chlorimuron, chlor tox), herbicides that inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis (e.g. Sulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, , flupyrsulfuron, inhibitors of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, phy foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imaZoSulfuron, iodosulfuron, toene desaturase, others), herbicides that inhibit Photosystem mesosulfuron, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, rimsulfuron, Sul I in photosynthesis (including bypyridilium herbicides that fosulfuron, sulfometuron, thifensulfuron, tribenuron, triflox target ferredoxin-mediated metabolic reactions), and herbi ysulfuron and triflusulfuron); and/or 5) triazolopyrimidines cides that inhibit Photosystem II in photosynthesis (e.g. her (examples include, but are not limited to cloranSulam, flo bicides that target multiple bindings of the Qb binding niche rasulam, flumetSuam, penoXSulam, pyroxSulam, and diclosu of the D1 protein); herbicides that impact plant growth and lam). One commercially available inhibitor of EPSP synthase development, including but not limited to, herbicides that is which is or has been sold in various formula inhibit amino acid formation and conversion (e.g. inhibitors tions with different salts and esters (i.e., potassium, trim of , 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phos ethysulfonium, isopropylamine, diammonium, or other salts phate synthase, or giutamine synthetase), herbicides that and esters). In addition, natural products which inhibit ALS, inhibit microtubule organization or assembly in mitosis, her GS, or EPSP synthase, such as gliotoxin orbialaphos, can be bicides that inhibit the formation of very long chain fatty applied to plants to enhance phytonutrient production or acids, herbicides that inhibit cellulose biosynthesis, and her genetic modifications can be made to plant pathways altering bicides that inhibit transport, and through mimicry of levels of these materials produced in plants in order to internal . increase or to change the ratio of phytonutrients in plants. 0019. Another aspect of the invention involves applica 0021. Another aspect of this invention involves applica tions of herbicide inhibitors of photosynthesis alone and in tions of herbicides that are responsible for inhibition of pig mixtures with one or more herbicides with or without dilu ment biosynthesis in plants with one or more herbicides with ents, adjuvants, fertilizers, nutrient based solutions, other or without diluents, adjuvants, fertilizers, nutrient based solu agrochemicals, crop safeners and/or other additives in order tions, other agrochemicals, crop safeners and/or other addi to increase the levels or to change the ratio of one or more tives in order to increase the levels or to change the ratio of phytonutrients in plants. Inhibitors of photosynthesis include phytonutrients in plants. Specific pigments include those her those which target the following sites on the Qb binding niche bicides that inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis and chlorophyll of the D1 protein in photosystem II of photosynthesis such as biosynthesis. responsible for carotenoid biosynthe 1) site A group 5(Cl) (examples include, but are not limited to sis include deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase ametryn, bromacil, desmedipham, phenmedipham, hexazi (DOXP reductoisomerase), p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxy none, , pyrazon, , , prometryn, genase (HPPD), Zeta-caroteine desaturase (ZDS), 1-deoxy-D- , amicarbazone and terbacil); 2) site B group 6(C3) xylulose-5-phosphate synthatase (DOXP synthase), lyco (examples include, but are not limited to , bromoxy pene cyclase (LC), and phytoene desaturase (PDS), nil, ioxynil and pyridate; 3) site A7(C2) which bind to this p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, among others. Fos site in a different fashion as compared to group 5(C1) (ex midomycin, an antiobiotic drug, is an example of a herbicide amples include, but are not limited to , diuron, linu inhibitor of DOXP reductoisomerase. HPPD inhibitor ron, Siduron, fluometuron and ). Also, included examples include, but are not limited to bicyclopyrone, are inhibitors of in photosynthesis (targeting , Sulcotrione, tembotrione, isoxaflutole, isox ferrodoxin-mediated metabolic reactions) which are the bipy achlortole, toprameZone, benzofenap, pyrasulfatole, and ridilium herbicides and . In addition, natural pyrazoxyfen. ZDS inhibitors include, but are not limited to products which inhibit photosynthesis, such as Sorgoleone, DFPC. DOXP synthase inhibitor examples include, but are fischerellin A, juglone, anthroquinone and capsaicin can be not limited to . Herbicide inhibitor examples of applied to plants to enhance phytonutrient production or PDS include but are not limited to norflurazon, flurochlori genetic modifications can be made to plant pathways altering done, diflufenican, fluridone, picolinafen, flurtamone, and levels of these materials produced in plants in order to beflubutamid. Inhibitors of LC include but are not limited to increase or to change the ratio of phytonutrients in plants. amitrole and CPTA. An responsible for chlorophyll 0020. Another aspect of this invention involves applica biosynthesis is protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO or Pro tions of herbicides that are responsible for the conversion or tox) which is inhibited by herbicides included in but not inhibition of amino acid synthesis and/or conversion in limited to the following chemical families: 1) diphenylethers plants. These inhibitors include herbicides which target either (examples include, but are not limited to , , acetolactate synthase (ALS), 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3- oxyfluorfen, and ); 2) triazolinones (examples phosphate (EPSP) synthase, or glutamine synthetase (GS) include, but are not limited to carfentraZone, , alone and in mixtures with one or more herbicides with or and azafenidin; 3) oxadiazoles (examples include, but are not without diluents, adjuvants, fertilizers, nutrient based solu limited to oxadiazon and oxadiargyl); 4) N-phenyl-phthalim tions, other agrochemicals, crop safeners and/or other addi ides (examples include, but are not limited to cinidon, flumi tives in order to increase the levels or to change the ratio of oxazin, and flumiclorac; 5) phenylpyrazoles (examples one or more phytonutrients in plants. Inhibitors of ALS include, but are not limited to pyraflufen and fluazolate); 6) include multiple chemical classes such as: 1) imidazolinones pyrimidinediones (examples include, but are not limited to (examples include, but are not limited to imazethapyr, imaza , , other); 7) thiadiazoles (examples US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011

include, but are not limited to fluthiacet). In addition, natural products which inhibit plant cellular growth, Such as ailan products which inhibit pigment synthesis, such as leptosper thone and catechin, can be applied to plants to enhance phy mone can be applied to plants to enhance phytonutrient pro tonutrient production or genetic modifications can be made to duction or genetic modifications can be made to plant path plant pathways altering levels of these materials produced in ways altering levels of these materials produced in plants in plants in order to increase or to change the ratio of phytonu order to increase or to change the ratio of phytonutrients in trients in plants. plants. 0023 Defoliants/desiccants of the subject invention 0022. An additional aspect of this invention relates to her include, but are not limited to dimethipin, , pelar bicide inhibitors that interfere with plant cellular growth gonic acid, sodium chlorate, thiadiaZuron, and tribufos. In through: 1) inhibition of microtubule organization or assem addition, the previously mentioned herbicides , bly in mitosis; 2) inhibition of lipid synthesis; 3) inhibition of paraquat, diduat, pyraflufen, and carfentraZone are often clas very long chain fatty acids; 4) inhibition of cellulose biosyn sified as defoliants/desiccants when used as such. Defoliants/ thesis; 5) inhibition of auxin transport; and 7) through mim desiccants can be applied to plants in order to increase or the icry of internal auxins. Inhibitors of microtubule assembly by change the ratio of phytonutrients in plants. impacting tubulin formation include: 1) dinitroanilines (ex 0024 Fungicides and/or antibiotics of the subject inven amples include, but are but not limited to , tion include, but are not limited to, those that inhibit nucleic , oryzalin, prodiamine, benefin, ethal fluralin, acid synthesis; impact mitosis and/or cellular division; inhibit other); 2) the benzoic acid herbicide DCPA; 3) phosphoroa cellular respiration; inhibit amino acid and/or protein synthe midates (examples include, but are not limited to butamiphos sis; inhibit lipids and/or membrane synthesis; impact cellular and amiprophos); 4) benzamides (examples include, but are signal transduction; impact sterol biosynthesis in mem not limited to pronamide and tebutam). Inhibitors of micro branes; affect glucan synthesis; impact host-pathogen inter tubule organization include, but are not limited to the carbam actions, including but not limited to those chemicals that ates herbicides carbetamide, propham, and chlorpropham. impact host plant defense responses; and any related anti Inhibitors of the lipid synthesis that target acetyl CoA car fungal, anti-bacterial, or anti-viral chemical currently with boxylase (ACCase) include: 1) the cyclohexanedione (Dims) activity of unknown or uncertain modes of actions and/or herbicides (examples include, but are not limited to multi-site contact activity. clethodim, , tralkoxydim, other); 2) the arylox 0025. Another aspect of this invention involves applica yphenoxy propionate herbicides (examples include, but are tions of fungicides and/or antibiotics that are responsible for not limited to , fenoxaprop, quizalofop, diclofop, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis with one or more fungi haloxyflop, other); 3) phenylpyrazoles (examples include, but cides and/or antibiotics with or without diluents, adjuvants, are to pinoxaden). Inhibitors of lipid synthesis that do not fertilizers, nutrient based solutions, other agrochemicals, target ACCase include: 1) thiocarbamates (examples include, crop Safeners and/or other additives. Examples of fungicides but are not limited to EPTC, pebulate, vernolate, molinate, and/or antibiotics that impact nucleic acid synthesis are phe triallate, butylate, other); 2) the phosphorodithioate herbicide nylamides (metalaxyl, mefenoxam, among others) and het ; 3) the benzofurane herbicides ethofumesate and eroaromatics (octhillinone, among others). The application of benfuresate; 4) the chloro carbonic acid herbicides TCA, fungicides and/or antibiotics that impact mitosis and/or cel dalapon, and flupropanate. Inhibitors of very long chain fatty lular divisions include, but are not limited to, methyl-benz acid biosynthesis include: 1) chloracetamides (examples imidazole-carbamate fungicides (carbendazim, thisbenda include, but are not limited to metaZachlor, metolachior, Zole, among others) and benzamides (Zoxamide, among , , pretilachlor, , , others). Applications of fungicides and/or antibiotics that other); 2) acetamides (examples include, but are not limited to impact respiration Such as carboxamides (flutolanil, car diphenamid, napropamide, and naproanilide); 3) oxyaceta boxin, oxycarboxin, boScalid, penthiopyriad, pen flufen, mides (examples include, but are not limited to flufenacet and among others), outside inhibitors (azoxystrobin, mefenacet); 4) the tetrazolinone herbicide fentraZamide; 4) pyraclostrobin, kresoxim-methyl, trifloxystrobin, famoxa other herbicides that inhibit very long chain fatty acid bio done, fluoxastrobin, fenamidone, picoxystrobin, pyraox synthesis include, but are not limited to anilofos, piperophos, yStrobin, pyrametostrobin, among others), uncouplers of oxi cafenstrole, indanofan, fenoxasulfon, and pyroxasulfone. dative phosphorylation (fluaZinam, among others), organo tin Inhibitors of cellolusebiosynthesis includebut are not limited compounds (fentin hydroxide, among others). The applica to: 1) the nitriles dichlobenil and chlorthiamid; 2) the beza tion of fungicides and/or antibiotics that impact amino acid mide herbicide isoxaben; 3) the triazolocarboxamide herbi and/or protein synthesis include, but are not limited to, cide flupoxam; 4) the fluoroalkytriazine (examples include, anilino-pyrimidines (cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, among oth but are not limited to ). Inhibitors of auxin trans ers), glucopyranosyl antibiotics (streptomycin, among oth port include diflufenZopyr and naptalam. Auxin mimic or ers), and tetracycline antibiotics (oxytetracycline, among oth synthetic auxin herbicides include: 1) carboxylic ers). The application of fungicides and/or antibiotics that acids (examples include, but are not limited to , impact signal transduction events include, but are not limited , , , , other; 2) pyri to, quinolines (quinoxyfen, among others), phenylpyrroles midine carboxylic acid herbicides (examples include, but are (fluidiosonil, among others), and dicarboximides (iprodione, not limited to ); 3) phenoxy carboxylic VincloZolin, among others). The application of fungicides acids (examples include but are not limited to 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and/or antibiotics that impact lipids and/or membrane Syn 2,4,5-T , , MCPA, MCPB, MCPP. thesis include, but are not limited to, aromatic hydrocarbons other); 4) the benzoic acid herbicides (examples include, but (chloroneb, dicloran, quintoZene, among others), heteroaro not limited to , tricamba, and ); 5) the matics (etridiazole among others), carbamates (propam quinoline carboxylic acids (examples include, but are not ocarb, among others), and carboxylic acid amides (dimetho limited to and quinmerac). In addition, natural morph, mandipropamid, among others). The application of US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 fungicides and/or antibiotics that impact sterol biosynthesis oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoXur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triaz in membranes include, but are not limited to, demethylation amate, trimethacarb. XMC, Xylylcarb, among others) and inhibitors (triforine, fenarimol, imazalil, triflumizole, difeno organophophates (acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, conazole, fenbuconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenvin myclobutanil, propiconazole, prothioconazole, tebucona phos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cou Zole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, tridimenol, among others), maphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlor amides (piperalin, among others), and hydroxyanilides (fen Vos? DDVP. dicrotophos, dirnethoate, dimethylvinphos, hexamid, among others). The application of fungicides and/ disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, famphur, fenamiphos, orantibiotics that impact glucan synthesis include, but are not fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, imicyfos, limited to, polyoxins (polyoxin, among others). The applica isofenphos, isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) tion of fungicides and/or antibiotics that impact host plant salicylate, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methami defense induction include, but are not limited to, benzo-thio dophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, diazole (acibenzolar-s-methyl, among others). The applica omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion, parathion-me tion of fungicides and/or antibiotics currently with unknown thyl, phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphami modes of action include, but are not limited to, cyanoaceta don, phoxim, pirimiphos- methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, mide-oxime (cymoxanil, among others), phosphonates (fos prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, Sul etyl-Al, phosphorous acid and salts, among others), mineral fotep, tebupirimfos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, oils, organic oils, potassium compounds, bicarbonates, and thiometon, triaZophos, trichlorfon, vamidothion, among oth materials of biological origins. The application of fungicides ers). Examples of insecticides miticides, and/or nematicides and/orantibiotics with multi-site contact activity include, but that act as antagonists of GABA-gated chloride channels are not limited to, inorganic salts (copper, copper salts, Sulfur, include, but are not limited to, cyclodiene organochlorine among others), dithiocarbamates and related compounds (chlordane, endosulfan, among others) and phenylpyrazoles (ferbam, mancoZeb, maneb, metiram, thiram, Ziram, among (ethiprole, fipronil, among others). Applications of insecti others), phthalimides (captan, folpet, among others), chlo cides miticides, and/or nematicides that modulate sodium ronitriles (chlrothalonil, among others), and guanidines (dod channels include, but or not limited to, pyrethroids and/or ine, among others). The fungicides and/or antibiotics men pyrethrins (acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans tioned above, in addition to other related natural products can allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cylclopente be applied to enhance phytonutrient production or to change nyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, the ratio of phytonutrients in plants. cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cyper 0026 Insecticides, nematicides, and/or miticides of the methrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta subject invention include, but are not limited to, those that are cypermethrin, Zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, delta acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; act as GABA-gated chloride methrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate, etofemprox. channel antagonists; are sodium channel modulators; act as fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-flu nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists; are nicotinic ace Valinate, halfenproX, imiprothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, tylcholine receptor allosteric activators; are chloride channel prallethrin, pyrethrin, resmethrin, RU 15525, silafluofen, activators; mimic juvenile hormones; act as miscellaneous tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, trans non-specific, multi-site inhibitors; act as selective fluthrin, ZXI 8901, among others) and DDT, methoxychlor. Homopteran feeding blockers; are mite growth inhibitors: Applications of insecticides, miticides, and/or nematicides insecticides that disrupt microbial activities of insect midgut that act as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists include, membranes; act as inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase: but or not limited to, neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothiani act as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption din, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, thia of the proton gradient; are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor methoxam, among others) and nicotine. Applications of channel blockers; are inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis (type insecticides, miticides, and/or nematicides that act as nico 1); are molting disruptors (Dipteran); act as ecdysone recep tinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric activators include, but toragonists; are octopamine receptoragonists; are inhibitors or not limited to, spinosyns (spinetoram, spinosad, among of mitochondrial complex III electron transport and mito others). Applications of insecticides, miticides, and/or nem chondrial complex I electron transport; block Voltage-depen aticides that act as chloride channel activators include, but or dent sodium channels; are inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxy not limited to, avermectins and milbenycins (abamectin, ema lase; are inhibitors of mitochondrial complex IV electron mectin benzoate, milbemectin, among others). Applications transport and mitochondrial complex II electron transport; of insecticides, miticides, and/or nematicides that mimic modulate ryanodine receptors; and any related insecticidal, juvenile hormones include, but or not limited to, juvenile nematicidal, or miticidal chemical currently with activity of hormone analogues (hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, unknown or uncertain modes of actions and/or multi-site among others), fenoxycarb, and pyriproxyfen. Applications contact activity. of insecticides, miticides, and/or nematicides that inhibit mis 0027. Another aspect of this invention involves applica cellaneous non-specific sites and/or multi-sites include, but or tions of insecticides that are responsible for inhibition of not limited to, alkyl halides (methyl bromide, methyl iodide, acetylcholinesterase with or without diluents, adjuvants, fer and other alkyl halides), chloropicrin, sulfuryl fluoride, tilizers, nutrient based solutions, other agrochemicals, crop borax, and tartar emetic. Applications of insecticides, miti safeners and/or other additives. Examples of insecticides, cides, and/or nematicides that block selective Homopteran miticides, and/or nematicides that inhibition of acetylcho feeding include, but or not limited to, pymetrozine and floni linesterase are carbamates (alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, camind, among others. Applications of insecticides, miti benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, car cides, and/or nematicides that act to inhibit mite growth bofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, include, but or not limited to, clofentexine, hexythiazox, and furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, etoxazole. Applications of insecticides that act as microbial US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011

disruptors of insect midgut membranes include, but or not limited to, azadirachtin, benzoximate, bifenazate, chinome limited to, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus thionat, cryolite, dicothl, pyridalyl, and cyflumetafen. Insec (Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. israelensis, Bacillus sphaeri ticides, miticides, and/or nematicides mentioned above, in cus, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. aizawai, Bacillus thuring addition to other insecticidal, miticidal, and/or nematicidal iensis Subsp. kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. tenebrio natural products can be applied to enhance phytonutrient nis, among others) and Bt crop proteins (Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, production or to change the ratio of phytonutrients in plants. Cry1 Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3 Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34/ (0028 Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) of the subject 35Ab1). Applications of insecticides miticides, and/or nem invention include, but are not limited to, PGRs that suppress aticides that act to inhibit mitochondrial STP synthase levels of gibberellic acid and PGRs that increase ethylene include, but or not limited to, diafenthiuron, organotin miti concentrations in plants, PGRS that impact shoot elongation, cides (aZocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide, among oth PGRs that stimulate cell division and cell elongation, PGRs ers), propargite, and tetradifon. Applications of insecticides, that affect ripening in fruits and vegetables, and PGRs which miticides, and/or nematicides that act as uncouplers of oxi can slow and/or stop plant growth and development. dative phosphorilation via disruption of the proton gradient 0029. Another aspect of this invention involves applica include, but or not limited to, chlorfenapyrand DNOC. Appli tions of PGRs that impact plant growth and development with cations of insecticides, miticides, and/or nematicides that one or more PGRs with or without diluents, adjuvants, fertil block nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels include, but izers, nutrient based solutions, other agrochemicals, crop or not limited to, nereistoxin analogues (benSultap, cartap safeners and/or other additives. Examples of PGRs that hydrochloride, thiocyclam, thiosultap-sodium, among oth impact plant growth, development, and/or cellular activities ers). Applications of insecticides, miticides, and/or nemati are those with active ingredients such as ancymidol, butralin, cides that inhibit chitin biosynthesis (type 0) include, but or alcohols, chlormeduat chloride, cytokinins, daminozide, not limited to, benzoylureas (bistrifluron, chlorfluaZuron, , ethylene, gibberellic acid and/or gibberellin mix diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, tures, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), maleic hydrazide and/or lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, feflubenzuron, triflu other potassium salts, mefluidide, mepiduat chloride and/or muron, among others). Applications of insecticides, miti mepiduat pentaborate, -acetic acid, 1-naphthale cides, and/or nematicides that inhibit chitin biosynthesis neacetamide, n-decanol, paclobutraZol, prohexadione cal (type 1) include, but or not limited to, buprofezin. Applica cium, trinexapac-ethyl, and uniconazole. PGRS mentioned tions of insecticides, miticides, and/or nematicides that act as above, in addition to other natural products PGRs can be molting disruptors (Dipteran) include, but or not limited to, applied to enhance phytonutrient production or to change the cyromazine. Applications of insecticides, miticides, and/or ratio of phytonutrients in plants. nematicides that act as ecdysone receptor agonists include, 0030. In some aspects of the invention, herbicides, fungi but or not limited to, diacylhydrazines (chromafenozide, cides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defoliants/desic halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, among oth cants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators are applied ers). Applications of insecticides, miticides, and/or nemati at rates (in amounts) that cause visual injury of between about cides that act as octopamine receptoragonists include, but or 1% to about 50%; about 5% to about 40%; or about 10% to not limited to, amitraz. Applications of insecticides, miti about 30%. Visual injury is determined by estimating the cides, and/or nematicides that act as inhibitors of mitochon average percentage of stunting, changes in tissue appearance drial complex I electron transport include, but or not limited (i.e., chlorosis, necrosis, bleaching, other), leaf drop, epinasty to, METI acaricides and insecticides (fenaZaquin, fenpyroxi (twisting), lodging, root damage (i.e., pruned roots, fused mate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, roots, other), stem or petiole cracking, wilting, and/or other among others) and rotenone. Applications of insecticides, visible signs of plant stress that occurs to a treated plant as miticides, and/or nematicides that act as inhibitors of mito compared to untreated plants. Visual injury may be observed chondrial complex II electron transport include, but or not within 1 hour after treatment throughout the life of the plant, limited to, cyenopyrafen. Applications of insecticides, miti but is preferably observed within 3 hours to 1 year after cides, and/or nematicides that act as inhibitors of mitochon application, more preferably observed between 12 hours to 6 drial complex III electron transport include, but or not limited months after application, and most preferably observed to, hydramethylnon, acequinocyl, and fluacrypyrim. Applica between 1 day to 3 months after application and this level of tions of insecticides, miticides, and/or nematicides that act as is injury is dependent on the application rates and formula inhibitors of mitochondrial complex IV electron transport tions of the herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, include, but or not limited to, phosphine (aluminum phos miticides, defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant phide, calcium phosphide, phosphine, Zinc phosphide, growth regulators applied alone or in combinations together among others) and cyanide. Applications of insecticides, and what additives, adjuvants, fertilizers and other nutrient miticides, and/or nematicides that block Voltage-dependent based solutions, Safeners, and other agrochemicals might be Sodium channels include, but or not limited to, indoxacarb applied in these types of mixtures. In addition, herbicides, and metaflumizone. Applications of insecticides, miticides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defoliants/ and/or nematicides that act as inhibitors of acetyl CoA car desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators may boxylase include, but or not limited to, tetronic and tetramic not produce obvious visual injury to one not skilled in the art acid derivatives (spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, of this invention. Injury may also be measured with tools used among others). Applications of insecticides miticides, and/or to measure differences in plant height, plant weight (i.e., crop nematicides that act as modulators of ryanodine receptors yield or biomass accumulation), root growth, chlorophyll include, but or not limited to, diamides (chlorantraniliprole, fluorescence, photosynthesis, transpiration, electrical con cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide, among others). Applications ductivity, pH (i.e., plant parts, sap, assimilates, etc.) or other of insecticidal, miticides, and/or nematicides compounds of quantitative measurements of plant health by comparing unknown or uncertain modes of action include, but or not treated plants with untreated plants. US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011

0031. As would be apparent to one skilled in the art, the ment, herbicides that inhibit amino acid formation and con herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, version, herbicides that inhibit microtubule organization or defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, plant growth regulators, assembly in mitosis, herbicides that inhibit the formation of and other inhibitors discussed above could be simultaneously very long chain fatty acids, herbicides that inhibit cellulose applied in a tank mixtures comprising two or more inhibitors biosynthesis, and herbicides that inhibit auxin transport. In or, alternatively, individual/sequential application of single additional embodiments, the candidate composition includes inhibitor compositions can be applied to a plant. The indi a defoliant/desiccant, an active ingredient of a defoliating/ vidual/sequential application of these compositions can be desiccating composition, and a mixture thereof, including the separated by a period of time ranging from approximately 1 active ingredients dimethipin, endothall, pelargonic acid, hour to approximately 1 year. Sodium chlorate, thiadiaZuron, tribufos, glufosinate, 0032. The application of a single safener, herbicide, fun paraquat, diduat, pyraflufen, and carfentraZone. In additional gicide, insecticide, nematicide, miticide, defoliant/desiccant, embodiments, the candidate composition includes a fungi antibiotic, or plant growth regulator, or mixtures of multiple cide and/or antibiotic, an active ingredient of a fungicidal, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, bactericidal, and/or antimicrobial composition, and a mixture defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regu thereof, including but not limited to, those that inhibit nucleic lators, or sequential applications of several safeners, herbi acid synthesis; impact mitosis and/or cellular division; inhibit cides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defo cellular respiration; inhibit amino acid and/or protein synthe liants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators sis; inhibit lipids and/or membrane synthesis; impact cellular may impact the quantity and quality of one or multiple phy signal transduction; impact sterol biosynthesis in mem tonutrients, enhance the production of one or more anti-oxi branes; affect glucan synthesis; impact host-pathogen inter dant compounds, and/or improve plant stress tolerance, even actions, including but not limited to those chemicals that those phytonutrients and/or anti-oxidant compounds created impact host plant defense responses; and any related anti in, or related to, separate biosynthetic pathways. In addition, fungal, anti-bacterial, or anti-viral chemical currently with plants treated with a single safener, herbicide, fungicide, activity of unknown or uncertain modes of actions and/or insecticide, nematicide, miticide, defoliant/desiccant, antibi multi-site contact activity. In additional embodiments, the otic, and/or plant growth regulator or a mixture of multiple candidate composition includes an insecticide, nematicide, safeners, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, and/or miticide, an active ingredient of insecticidal, nemati miticides, defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant cidal, miticidal, and/or acaricidal composition, and a mixture growth regulators may only improve the quantity or quality of thereof, including but not limited to, those that are acetylcho a single phytonutrient or production of a single anti-oxidant linesterase inhibitors; act as GABA-gated chloride channel compound. These improvements in phytonutrient quality antagonists; are sodium channel modulators; act as nicotinic and/or quantity, anti-oxidant compound production, and/or acetylcholine receptor agonists; are nicotinic acetylcholine plant stress tolerance may or may not be related to the bio receptor allosteric activators; are chloride channel activators; synthetic pathway associated with the production of the phy mimic juvenile hormones; act as miscellaneous non-specific, tonutrient and/or anti-oxidant compounds, and/or the path multi-site inhibitors; act as selective Homopteran feeding way inhibited, up-regulated, or indirectly impacted by the blockers; are mite growth inhibitors; insecticides that disrupt herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, microbial activities of insect midgut membranes; act as defoliants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regu inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase; act as uncouplers lators, or mixture thereof applied. of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton 0033. A further aspect of the invention involves a method gradient; are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel block for identifying a composition that improves the production of ers; are inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis (type 1); are molting a phytonutrient of interest, comprising: disruptors (Dipteran); act as ecdysone receptor agonists; are 0034 a) applying a candidate composition to a plant; octopamine receptoragonists; are inhibitors of mitochondrial 0035 b) growing the plant that is treated with the candi complex III electron transport and mitochondrial complex I date composition and harvesting at least part of the plant; electron transport, block Voltage-dependent sodium chan 0036 c) determining a level of a phytonutrient of interest nels; are inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase; are inhibitors in the harvested part of the treated plant; of mitochondrial complex IV electron transport and mito 0037 d) comparing said level with that of a plant untreated chondrial complex II electron transport; modulate ryanodine with the candidate composition; and receptors; and any related insecticidal, nematicidal, or miti 0038 e) identifying the candidate composition as a com cidal chemical currently with activity of unknown or uncer position that improves the production of the phytonutrient of tain modes of actions and/or multi-site contact activity. In interest, if the level of the phytonutrient in the harvested part additional embodiments, the candidate composition includes of the treated plant is higher than that of the plant untreated a plant growth regulator, an active ingredient of a plant growth with the candidate composition. regulating composition, and a mixture thereof, including but 0039. The candidate composition of the subject invention not limited to, PGRs that suppress levels of gibberellic acid encompasses an isolated chemical compound, a mixture of and PGRS that increase ethylene concentrations in plants, compounds, and a chemical formulation. In certain embodi PGRs that impact shoot elongation, PGRs that stimulate cell ments, the candidate composition includes a herbicide, an division and cell elongation, PGRs that affect ripening in active ingredient of a herbicidal composition, and a mixture fruits and vegetables, and PGRs which can slow and/or stop thereof, including for example, herbicides that inhibit photo plant growth and development. synthesis, herbicides that inhibit protoporphoryinogen IX 0040. In certain embodiments, the candidate composition oxidase (Protox), herbicides that inhibit Photosystem I in further comprises diluents, adjuvants, fertilizers, nutrient photosynthesis, herbicides that inhibit Photosystem II in pho based solutions, agrochemicals, crop safeners and/or other tosynthesis, herbicides that impact plant growth and develop additives. US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011

0041. In certain specific embodiments, said one or more rimsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, sulfometuron. thifensulfuron, herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron, cloransulam, flo miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators rasulam, flumetSuam, penoXSulam, pyroxSulam, dicloSulam, have a mode of action selected from the following modes, glyphosate, gliotoxin, , fosmidomycin, mesotrione, sites or mechanisms of action and/or plant processes by Sulcotrione, tembotrione, isoxaflutole, bicyclopyrone, pyra which these agrochemicals or pesticides either inhibit, acti Sulfatole, isoxachlortole, toprameZone, benzofenap, pyra Vate, modulate, uncouple, up-regulate, mimic, disrupt, or oth Zoxyfen, DFPC, clomazone, norflurazon, flurochloridone, erwise modify. These targets include protoporphorylinogen diflufenican, fluridone, picolinafen, flurtamone, beflubuta IX oxidase (Protox), carotenoid biosynthesis e.g. inhibitors mid, amitrole, CPTA acifluorfen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen, of phytoene desaturase, deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate fomesafen, carfentraZone, SulfentraZone, azafenidin oxadia reductoisomerase (DOXP reductoisomerase), p-hydroxyphe Zon, oxadiargyl, cinidon, flumioxazin, flumiclorac, nylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). Zeta-carotene desaturase pyraflufen, fluazolate, saflufenacil, butafenacil, fluthiacet, (ZDS), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthatase (DOXP , pendimethalin, trifluralin, oryzalin, prodi synthase), lycopene cyclase (LC), and phytoene desaturase amine, benefin, ethal fluralin, DCPA, butamiphos, amipro (PDS), Photosystem I in photosynthesis (targeting ferre phos, pronamide, tebutam, carbetamide, propham, chlor doxin-mediated metabolic reactions), Photosystem II in pho propham, clethodim, Sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, fluazifop, tosynthesis (multiple bindings of the Qb binding niche of the fenoxaprop, quizalofop, diclofop, haloxyfop, pinoxaden, D1 protein), inhibitors of acetolactate synthase, 5-enolpyru EPTC, pebulate, vernolate, molinate, triallate, butylate, ben Vylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, giutamine synthetase Sulide, ethofumesate, benfuresate, TCA, dalapon, flupropan microtubule organization or assembly in mitosis, formation ate, metaZachlor, , acetochlor, dimethenamid, of very long chain fatty acids, cellulose biosynthesis, auxin pretilachlor, propachlor, alachlor, diphenamid, napropamide, transport, internal auxins, nucleic acid synthesis; mitosis and/ naproanilide, flufenacet, mefenacet, fentraZamide, anilofos, or cellular division; cellular respiration; amino acid and/or piperophos, cafenstrole, indanofan, pyroxasulfone, dichlobe protein synthesis; lipids and/or membrane synthesis, cellular nil, chlorthiamid, isoxaben, flupoxam, indaziflam, diflufen signal transduction, Sterol biosynthesis, glucan synthesis, Zopyr, naptalam, picloram, fluroxypyr, clopyralid, aminopy host-pathogen interactions, acetylcholinesterase, GABA ralid, triclopyr, aminocyclopyrachlor, 2,4-D, 2.4-DB, 2,4,5- gated chloride channel antagonists, Sodium channel modula T. dichlorprop, mecoprop, MCPA, MCPB, MCPP dicamba, tors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists, nicotinic ace tricamba, chloramben, quinclorac, quinmerac, ailanthone, tylcholine receptor allosteric activators, chloride channel catechin, dimethipin, endothall, pelargonic acid, sodium activators, mimic juvenile hormones, Homopteran feeding chlorate, thiadiaZuron, tribufos metalaxyl, mefenoxam, blockers, mite growth, activities of insect midgut membranes, octhillinone, carbendazim, thisbendazole, Zoxamide, flutola mitochondrial ATP synthase, oxidative phosphorylation via nil, carboxin, oxycarboxin, boscalid, azoxystrobin, pyraclos proton gradient, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel trobin, kresoxim-methyl, trifloxystrobin, famoxadone, fluox blockers, chitin biosynthesis (type 1), molting disruptors astrobin, fenamidone, fluaZinam, fentin hydroxide, (Dipteran), ecdysone receptor agonists, octopamine receptor cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, Streptomycin, tetracycline, oxytet agonists, mitochondrial complex III electron transport and racycline, quinoxyfen, fludiosonil, iprodione, VincloZolin, mitochondrial complex I electron transport, Voltage-depen chloroneb, dicloran, quintoZene, etridiazole, propamocarb, dent sodium channels, acetyl CoA carboxylase, mitochon dimethomorph, mandipropamid, triforine, fenarimol, imaza drial complex IV electron transport and mitochondrial com lil, triflumizole, difenoconazole, fenbuconazole, ipconazole, plex II electron transport, ryanodine receptors, gibberellic metconazole, myclobutanil, propiconazole, prothioconazole, acid production, ethylene production, shoot elongation, cell tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, tridimenol, pipera division and cell elongation, ripening, overall plant growth lin, fenhexamid, polyoxin, acibenzolar-s-methyl, cymoxaniil, and development. Other agrochemical or pesticide modes, fosetyl-Al, phosphorous acid and salts, mineral oils, organic sites, or mechanisms of action also apply to this embodiment oils, potassium compounds, bicarbonates, copper, copper and a complete list of them can be found on the websites of the salts, Sulfur, ferbam, mancoZeb, maneb, metiram, thiram, “Herbicide Resistance Action Committee or HRAC, the Ziram, captan, folpet, chlrothalonil, dodine, alanycarb, aldi "Fungicide Resistance Action Committtee or FRAC, and the carb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycar “Insecticide Resistance Action Committee or IRAC. boxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, 0042. In certain specific embodiments, the candidate com fenobucarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methio positions may be herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecti carb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoXur, cides, nematicides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant thiodicarb, thiofanox, triazamate, trimethacarb. XMC, xylyl growth regulators, is selected from a group consisting of carb, acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-me ametryn, bromacil, desmedipham, phenmedipham, hexazi thyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyfos, ehlorfenvinphos, chlorme none, atrazine, pyrazon, simazine, metribuzin, prometryn, phos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, prometon, amicarbazone, terbacil, bentazon, . cyanophos, demeton-s-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos/DDVP. ioxynil, pyridate, propanil, diuron, , siduron, flu dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, ometuron, tebuthiuron, paraquat, diduat, Sorgoleone, fischer ethion, ethoprophos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, ellin A, juglone, anthroquinone, capsaicin, imazethapyr, fenthion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, imicy fos, isofenphos, , imaZaquin, imaZamoximazamethabenZ, imazapic, isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate, by spyribac, pyrithiobac, flucarbazone, thiencarbazone, pro isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methi poxycarbazone, amidosulfuron, azim Sulfuron, benSulfuron, dathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxy chlorimuron, chlorSulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, flaZaSulfuron, demeton-methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, fluipyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imaZoSulfuron, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, pir iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, imiphos- methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, Sulfotep, tebupir leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylala imfos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, nine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, etc.), carbohydrates in triaZophos, trichlorfon, vamidothion, chlordane, endosulfan, cluding but not limited to starch, fiber, cellulose, and Sugars ethiprole, fipronil, acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, (i.e., Sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, raffanose, etc.) d-trans allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cyl carotenoid/Xanthophyll antioxidants (i.e., beta-carotene, clopentenyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta lycopene, lutein, Zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, etc.), glucosi cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalo nolates (i.e., glucobrassicin, Sinalbin, etc.) and phenolic com thrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, pounds (i.e. capsaicin, eugenol, polyphenols, salicylic acid, theta-cypermethrin, Zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, delta anthocyanins, tannins, resveratrol, etc.), antioxidant com methrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate, etofemproX, fenpropath pounds (e.g. terpenes (carotenoids and essential oils), pheno rin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, hal lics (flavonoids and anthocyanins), nitrogen-containing com fenproX, imiprothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, prallethrin, pounds (alkaloids and glucosinolates)), and minerals (i.e. N. pyrethrin, resmethrin, RU 15525, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tet P. K. Ca, Mg, S., Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Zn, etc.). ramethrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, ZXI 0044 Any part of the plant may be harvested for determin 8901, DDT, methoxychlor, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinote ing the level of phytonutrient production, including but not furan, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, limited to, roots, flowers, barks, leaves, seeds, stems, petioles nicotine, spinetoram, spinosad, abamectin, emamectin ben or fruits. For example, alfalfa, barley, corn (maize), popcorn, Zoate, milbemeetin, hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, Sweet corn, Sorghum, cotton, soybean, Sugarbeets, Sunflower, fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, methyl bromide, methyl iodide, Sugarcane, rape, canola, peanuts, rice, oats, triticale, rye, chloropicrin, Sulfuryl fluoride, borax, and tartar emetic, agave, wheat, potato, tomato, fruits (i.e., apple, apricot, avo pymetrozine, flonicamind, clofentexine, hexythiaZOX, etox cado, breadfruit, banana, blackberry, blackcurrant, blueberry, azole, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus cherimoya, cherry, clementine, coconut, cranberry, durian, thuringiensis Subsp. israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacil fig, grapefruit, grape, guava, jackfruit, kiwi, lemon, lime, lus thuringiensis Subsp. aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis loganberry, mandarin, mango, mangosteen, melon, nectarine, Subsp. kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. tenebrionis, orange, papaya, peach, pear, persimmon, pineapple, plum, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3 Ab, pomegranate, quince, Satsuma, Strawberry, tamarillo, ugli Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1, diafenthiuron, azocyclotin, cyhexa fruit, watermelon etc.), nuts (i.e., almond, beech, butternut, tin, fenbutatin oxide, propargite, tetradifon, chlorfenapyr, brazil nut, candlenut, cashew, chestnuts, colocynth, filbert. DNOC, bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocyclam, thiosul hickory, pecan, shagbark hickory, kola nut, macadamia, tap-sodium, bistrifluron, chlorfluaZuron, diflubenzuron, mamoncillo, maya nut, oak acorns, ogbono nut, paradise nut, flucycloXuron, flufenoXuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, nov pili nut, pistachio, walnut, etc.), vegetables (i.e., asparagus, aluron, noviflumuron, feflubenzuron, triflumuron, bupro artichoke, leafy greens, melons, Snapbean, lima bean, cab fezin, cyromazine, chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxy bage, pea, spinach, pumpkin, onions, garlic, squash, egg fenozide, tebufenozide, amitraz, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, plant, carrots, broccoli, Sweet potato, Zucchini, etc.), turfgrass pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, rotenone, (i.e., bahiagrass, bluegrass, buffalograss, fescue, bentgrass, cyenopyrafen, hydramethylnon, acequinocyl, fluacrypyrim, bermudagrass, ryegrass, St. Augustinegrass, Zoysiagrass, phosphine, aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, phos etc.), forage grasses, Switchgrass, forage legumes (i.e., clo phine, Zinc phosphide, cyanide, indoxacarb, metaflumizone, ver, lesepedeza, etc.), ornamental plants, forest plants (i.e., spirodiclofen, spiromesi fen, spirotetramat, chlorantranilip hardwood trees, pines, shrubs, vines, or wild flowers), herbs role, cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide, azadirachtin, benzoxi or other flavor enhancing crops (i.e., peppermint, spearmint, mate, bifenazate, chinomethionat, cryolite, dicofol, pyrida thyme, basil, coriander, dill, rosemary, Irish moss, arrowroot, lyl, cyflumetafen, ancymidol, butralin, alcohols, chlormeduat sesame, etc.), and plantation crops (i.e., oil palm, cocoa, chloride, cytokinins, daminozide, ethephon, ethylene, gib coffee, hops, pineapple, eucalyptus, etc.) can be analyzed for berellic acid and/or gibberellin mixtures, indole-3-butyric altered levels of phytonutirents. Additionally, the candidate acid (IBA), maleic hydrazide and/or other potassium salts, composition of the present invention may be applied preplant, mefluidide, mepiduat chloride and/or mepiquat pentaborate, preemergence, postemergence, postemergence directed or as naphthalene-acetic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetamide, n-de a layby application either continuously or intermittently. canol, paclobutraZol, prohexadione calcium, trinexapac Crops that may be treated as disclosed herein may also be ethyl, uniconazole, fenoxasulfone, penthiopyrad, picox genetically modified crops, a cultivar produced through com yStrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyrametostrobin, penflufen and mon methods of plant breeding (i.e., asexual propagation, any combination thereof Other pesticides also apply to this chemical/radioactive induced mutations, pedigree breeding, embodiment and a complete list of pesticides that apply to this backcrossing, etc.), or crops that have not been genetically embodiment can be found at the “Compendium of Pesticide modified or produced through common plant breeding tech Common Names' which is hereby incorporated by reference niques. in its entirety and can be located on the internet at WorldWide 0045. The candidate composition may be applied at a rate Website: alanwood.net/pesticides/. of 0.006 gai/ha to approximately 6,000 g ai/ha, more pre 0043. The phytonutrient of interest includes, but are not ferred at a rate of 0.03 g ai/ha to 3,000 g ai/ha, and most limited to, lipids (i.e., oils, fatty acids, Saturated fatty acids, preferred at a rate of 0.5 to 1,500 gai/ha in a single or multiple non-Saturated fatty acids, Steroids, other), vitamins Vitamin applications. In alternative embodiments, the candidate com A (retinol), Vitamin B (thiamine), Vitamin B (riboflavin), position may be applied at a rate of about 50 g ai/ha to 3000 Vitamin B (niacin), Vitamin B. Folic acid (folacin), Vita gai/ha, 100 gai/ha to 2500 gai/ha, 150 gai?ha to 2250 gai/ha, min C (Ascorbic acid), Vitamin D. Vitamin E (tocopherols), 200 g ai/ha to 2000 g ai/ha, 250 gai/ha to 1750 gai/ha, 300 g Vitamin K, other, minerals (i.e. calcium, iron, iodide, fluo ai/ha to 1500 g ai/ha, 350 g ai/ha to 1250 g ai/ha, 400 g ai/ha ride, Zinc, etc.), proteins, amino acids (i.e., histidine, Valine, to 1000 g ai/ha, 450 gai/ha to 900 gai/ha, 500 g ai/ha to 800 US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011

gai/ha, or 600 g ai/ha to 700 gai/ha, as would be apparent to ai/ha (Callisto); 3) nicosulfuron at 35 g ai/ha--mesotrione at one skilled in the art. Alternatively or additionally, the candi 105 g ai/ha (Callisto+Accent); 4) tembotrione at 92 gai/ha+ date composition may be applied at a rate to cause visual isoxadifen-ethyl at 46 gai/ha (Laudis); 5) toprameZone at 15 injury of between about 5% to about 45% about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 30% to the plant. gai/ha (Impact); 6) nicosulfuron at 35 g ai/ha+isoxadifen 0046. An additional embodiment of the invention provides ethyl at 9 gai/ha (Accent Q); 7) nicosulfuron at 35 g ai/ha+ a method for identifying a composition that improves plant isoxadifen-ethyl at 9 gai/ha+toprameZone at 15 gai/ha (Ac stress tolerance to an abiotic stress condition of interest, com cent Q+Impact); 8) nicosulfuron 35 gai/ha+isoxadifen-ethyl prising: at 9 gai/ha--mesotrione at 105 gai/ha (Accent Q+Callisto); 9) 0047 a) applying a candidate composition to a plant at a treated check (atrazine or Aatrex). All treatments included a registered, elevated, or reduced application rates; PRE application of atrazine plus metolachlor in order to 0048 b) growing the plant that is treated with the candi maintain weed free conditions. In addition, all POST treat date composition under an abiotic stress condition of interest; 0049 c) determining a level of growth, development, ments (including the treated check) included atrazine at 560 g weight, height, shoot generation, leaf area, root induction, ai/ha and crop oil concentrate at 1% V/v. Visual injury was bud formation, forage yield, flowering, and/or fruit genera rated on a percent scale from 0 to 100 where 0 equals no visual tion of the plant treated with the candidate composition; response and 100 equals complete plant death. Sweet corn 0050 d) comparing said level with that of a plant untreated was harvested from the center two rows of each four row plot with the candidate composition growing under the abiotic and weighed in the husk. Eight ears of corn were harvested stress condition of interest; and from each plot and were pooled over replicates for content 0051 e) identifying the candidate composition as a com analysis of crude protein, crude amino acid content, acid position that improves the stress tolerance of the plant to the detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, total fatty acids, and abiotic condition of interest, if the level of growth, develop key mineral content (including Na, Ca, P. Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, ment, weight, height, shoot generation, leaf area, root induc and Cu). In addition, the amounts of key individual amino tion, bud formation, forage yield, flowering, and/or fruit gen acids (aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, proline, gly eration of the plant treated with the candidate composition is higher than that of the plant untreated with the candidate cine, cysteine, Valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and composition. lysine) and composite classifications of fatty acid (saturated 0.052 The abiotic stress conditions of interest include, but fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated are not limited to, drought, elevated temperatures, nutrient fatty acids) were also analyzed from these sub-samples. Phy imbalances, applications of agrochemicals such as herbi tonutrient amounts were converted to a percentage of the cides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, defo treated check to highlight the differences observed due to liants/desiccants, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators, each herbicide(s) with or without safener application. and any combination thereof Unless specifically indicated or 0056. In general, injury was between 2 and 18% with all implied, the terms “a”, “an', and “the signify "at least one' treatments by 7 days after treatment (data not presented). All as used herein. Additionally, the terms “comprising”, “con treatments increased crude protein by 4 to 12% (Table 1). All sisting essentially of, and "consisting of can be used inter treatments except for tembotrione plus isoxadifen-ethyl changeably throughout the Subject specification. increased acid and neutral detergent fiber by 1 to 30%. 0053 All patents, patent applications, provisional appli ToprameZone, mesotrione, nicosulfuron +isoxadifen-ethyl, cations, and publications referred to or cited herein are incor porated by reference in their entirety to the extent they are not and tembotrione plus isoxadifen-ethyl increased all amino inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification. acids by 2 to 28% (Table 2). These treatments were also Following are examples which illustrate procedures for prac especially valuable in increasing lysine (a deficient amino ticing the invention. These examples should not be construed acid in corn) by 10 to 28%. With one exception, all treatments as limiting. increased the mineral elements P. Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn by 1 to 75% (Table 3). In addition, the combination of nico EXAMPLE1 Sulfuron plus mesotrione plus isoxadifen-ethyl increased cal 0054 Studies were conducted to ascertain the tolerance cium by 100%. All measures of fatty acid content were and nutritional quality differences following postemergence improved by all treatments by 1 to 44% (Table 4). All treat applications of the ALS-inhibitor nicosulfuron and the ments increased fructose and glucose 18 to 68% in compari HPPD-inhibitors mesotrione, tembotrione, and topramen son to the check. All treatments with the exception of nico Zone alone and in mixtures together and with and without the sulfuron +isoxadifen-ethyl increased maltose by 4 to 23%. In crop safener isoxadifen-ethyl on the Sweet corn (Zea mays addition, all treatments except mesotrione alone increased var. rugosa) cultivar Incredible' (yellow-kernel moderately total sugars production by 9 to 16% in comparison to the sensitive genotype). check (Table 15). Finally, all treatment increased levels of the 0055. Herbicide treatments were applied in a water carrier xanthophyll antioxidant by 14 to 49% over the check.’ at 23 gallons of solution per acre on a field site near Knoxville, Regardless of the phytonutrient class evaluated, there were Tenn. and Painter, Va. Treatments include the following: 1) many obvious improvement in phytonutrient levels when nicosulfuron at 35 g ai/ha (Accent); 2) mesotrione at 105 g isoxadifen-ethyl was added to nicosulfuron (Tables 1-4). US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 12

TABLE 1. Crop Name

Sweet corn Sweet corn Sweet corn Sweet corn Crop Variety

Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Rating Data Type Protein Amino Acid Acid DF Neutral DF Trt Treatment Form Rate Other Other Rating Unit

No. Name Conc Rate Unit Rate Rate Unit % of check 96 of check 96 of check 9% of check 1 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 ozia 0.031 lb aifa 7 -1 9 4 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 2 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 oZa. 0.094 baifa 7 6 10 13 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 3 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 ozia 0.031 lb aifa 8 7 5 1 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 oZa. 0.094 baifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 4 TembotrioneLAUDIS 3.5 3 oZa. 0.082 Ib aifa 8 7 O O AtraZine AATRE 4 6 aza 8 5 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia 0.0164 lb aifa 8 7 2 7 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 6 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa 12 10 30 21 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 7 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa 5 O 8 7 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia 0.0164 lb aifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 8 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa 4 2 13 7 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 oZa. 0.094 baifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 9 Atrazine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 O O O O

TABLE 2 Crop Name

Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet CO CO CO CO CO CO Crop Variety

Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Rating Data Type Aspartic Glutamic acG2) Threonine acG2) Proline Glycine Cysteine Rating Unit

Trt Treatment Form Rate Other Other % % % % % % No. Name Conc Rate Unit Rate Rate Unit of check of check of check of check of check of check

1 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 ozia 0.031 lb aifa -4 2 -2 -7 -4 O AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 2 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 oZa. 0.094 baifa 7 16 6 9 4 6 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 3 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 ozia 0.031 lb aifa 7 9 6 7 -4 6 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 oZa. 0.094 baifa AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 4 TembotrioneLAUDIS 3.5 3 oZa. 0.082 Ib aifa 5 11 8 7 6 9 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 5 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia 0.0164 lb aifa 6 12 6 6 4 3 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 6 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa 12 12 10 10 9 12 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 7 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa 3 3 2 3 4 -3 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia 0.0164 lb aifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 8 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa -1 7 2 4 O 3 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 oZa. 0.094 baifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 9 Atrazine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 O O O O O O US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 13

TABLE 2-continued Crop Name

Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet CO CO CO CO CO CO Crop Variety

Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Rating Data Type

Methio Alanine Valine nine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Rating Unit

Trt Treatment Form Rate Other Other % % % % % % No. Name Conc Rate Unit Rate Rate Unit of check of check of check of check of check of check

1 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 ozia 0.031 lb aifa 1 O O O O 1 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 2 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 ozia 0.094 baifa 4 7 2 6 6 12 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 3 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 ozia 0.031 lb aifa 5 7 10 6 10 8 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 ozia 0.094 baifa AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 4 TembotrioneLAUDIS 3.5 3 OZia 0.082 Ib aifa 7 8 8 6 9 10 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 5 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia 0.0164 lb aifa 8 9 8 10 8 10 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 6 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa 1 13 4 14 12 28 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 7 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa 6 -1 8 O 1 6 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia 0.0164 lb aifa AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 8 Nicosulfuron*ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa O 5 4 3 4 6 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 ozia 0.094 baifa AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 9 Atrazine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 O O O O O O

(2) indicates text missing or illegible when filed

TABLE 3 Crop Name

Sweet corn Sweet corn Sweet corn Sweet corn Sweet corn Crop Variety

Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Rating Data Type calcium phosphorous magnesium potassium sodium Trt Treatment Form Rate Other Other Rating Unit

No. Name Conc Rate Unit Rate Rate Unit % of check 96 of check 96 of check 9% of check 96 of check

1 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 ozia 0.031 lb aifa O 6 14 1 21 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 2 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 ozia 0.094 baifa O 12 2O 12 21 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 3 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 ozia 0.031 lb aifa O 3 6 3 14 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 ozia 0.094 baifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 4 TembotrioneLAUDIS 3.5 3 OZia 0.082 Ib aifa O 5 14 3 7 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 5 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia 0.0164 lb aifa O 8 13 6 29 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 6 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa O 14 41 18 21 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 7 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa O 8 27 5 36 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia 0.0164 lb aifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 8 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 b aifa 100 8 2O 3 O Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 ozia 0.094 baifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 9 Atrazine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 O O O O O US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 14

TABLE 3-continued Crop Name

Sweet corn Sweet corn Sweet corn Sweet corn Crop Variety

Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Rating Data Type

iron manganese Zinc copper Trt Treatment Form Rate Other Other Rating Unit

No. Name Conc Rate Unit Rate Rate Unit 96 of check 9% of check 9% of check 96 of check

1 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 ozia O.O31 baifa 14 33 2 O AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 2 Mesotrione:CALLISTO 4 3 ozia O.O94 baifa 21 25 16 O AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 3 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 ozia O.O31 baifa 3 8 -5 -25 Mesotrione:CALLISTO 4 3 ozia O.O94 baifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 4 TembotrioneLAUDIS 3.5 3 OZia O.O82 baifa 10 33 8 O AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 5 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia O.O164 baifa 23 38 4 O AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 6 Nicosulfuron*ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia O.O3O7 baifa 31 42 51 O AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia 8 7 Nicosulfuron*ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia O.O3O7 baifa 67 75 14 O Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia O.O164 baifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia 8 8 Nicosulfuron*ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZa. 0.0307 baifa 26 38 9 O Mesotrione:CALLISTO 4 3 ozia O.O94 baifa Atrazine AAT 4 6 ozia 8 9 Atrazine AAT 4 6 ozia 8 O O O O

TABLE 4 Crop Name

Sweet corn Sweet corn Sweet corn Sweet corn Crop Variety

Incredible Incredible Incredible Incredible Rating Data Type tot fattyac sat fattyac mon fattyac polyfattyac Trt Treatment Form Rate Other Other Rating Unit

No. Name Conc Rate Unit Rate Rate Unit % of check 96 of check 96 of check 9% of check 1 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 OZia 0.031 baifa 13 12 15 12 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia pta 2 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 ozia 0.094 baifa 11 7 9 12 AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia ptia 3 Nicosulfuron ACCENT 75 0.66 OZia 0.031 baifa 2 1 5 1 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 ozia 0.094 baifa AtraZine AATREX 4 6 ozia pta 4 TembotrioneLAUDIS 3.5 3 ozia 0.082 baifa 11 10 16 8 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia pta 5 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia 0.0164 baifa 9 8 10 9 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia pta 6 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 baifa 36 30 28 44 AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia pta 7 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 baifa 11 10 16 9 Topramezone: IMPACT 2.8 0.75 OZia 0.0164 baifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia pta 8 Nicosulfuron* ACCENT Q 54.5 0.9 OZia 0.0307 baifa 10 6 14 8 Mesotrione CALLISTO 4 3 ozia 0.094 baifa AtraZine AATRE 4 6 ozia pta 9 Atrazine AATRE 4 6 ozia pta O O O O US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 15

EXAMPLE 2 were harvested from each plot and were pooled over repli 0057. A field study was conducted at Greenback, TN to cates for analysis of key carbohydrates which included the investigate POST applications of several herbicide inhibitors Sugars Sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, and raffanose. of photosynthesis for Sweet corn Safety and for changes in 0058. Only bentazon at 1120 and 2240 g ai/ha and carbohydrate content in the kernels of Sweet corn among metribuzin at 105 gai/ha caused less than 20% injury to sweet treatments. Treatments included bentazon at 1120 and 2240 g corn by 14 DAT, while all other treatments caused 22 to 47% ai/ha, linuron at 280 and 560 g ai/ha, metribuzin at 105 and injury. Metribuzin at 210 g ai/ha provided the greatest 210 g ai/ha, and bromoxynil at 560 and 1120 g ai/ha. All increases in carbohydrates with fructose, glucose, Sucrose, treatments included a PRE application of a common residual maltose, and raffanose being increased 115%, 106%, 103%, corn herbicide in order to maintain weed free conditions. 74%, and 59%, respectively compared to the untreated check. Visual injury was rated on a percent scale from 0 to 100 where Similarly, bentazon at 560 or 1120 g ai/ha, linuron at 280 g 0 equals no visual response and 100 equals complete plant ai/ha, and bromoxynil at 560 g ai/ha increased all of these death. Sweet corn was harvested from the center two rows of sugary carbohydrates between 10 to 107% over the untreated each four row plot and weighed in the husk. Eight ears of corn check.

TABLE 5 Sweet Corn Variety

WHO809 WHO809 WHO809 WHO809 Rating Data Type Injury Injury Injury YIELD Trt Treatment Rate Rating Unit

No. Name Rate Unit % % % KG 1 BENTAZON 1120 gai?ha 5 17 O 10317 COC % wiv 2 BENTAZON 2240 gai?ha 12 10 2 10565.6 COC % wiv 3 LINURON 280 gai?ha 25 22 25 8062.6 COC % wiv 4 LINURON 560 gai?ha 38 35 27 9227.9 COC % wiv 5 METRIBUZIN 105 gai?ha 12 13 5 10715.4 COC % wiv 6 METRIBUZIN 210 gai?ha 17 30 22 8967.5 COC % wiv 7 BROMOXYNIL 560 gai?ha 37 35 27 9436.2 COC % wiv 8 BROMOXYNIL 1120 gai?ha 45 47 35 9142.6 COC % wiv 9 Treated check O O O 9758.4

TABLE 6 Sweet corn variety

WHO809 WHO809 WHO809 WHO809 WHO809 Part Rated Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar content content content content content Sugar Data Type

Fructose Glucose Sucrose Maltose Raffanose Trt Rate Rating Unit # Treatment Rate Unit mg/g dw mg/g dw mg/g dw mg/g dw mg/g dw 1 BENTAZON 1120 gai?ha 1.69 2.65 13.18 O.96 O.S6 COC 1 % wiv 2 BENTAZON 2240 gai?ha 1.78 3.41 1867 1.26 O.84 COC 1 % wiv 3 LINURON 280 gai?ha 186 3.22 12O2 O.95 O.64 COC 1 % wiv 4 LINURON 560 gai?ha 1.39 2.33 13.30 O.S9 O.48 COC 1 % wiv 5 METRIBUZIN 105 gai?ha 1.04 1.79 9.35 O49 O.36 COC 1 % wiv US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 16

TABLE 6-continued Sweet corn variety WHO809 WHO809 WHO809 WHO809 WHO809 Part Rated Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar content content content content content Sugar Data Type

Fructose Glucose Sucrose Maltose Raffanose Trt Rate Rating Unit # Treatment Rate Unit mg/g dw mg/g dw mg/g dw 6 METRIBUZIN 210 gai?ha 2.24 3.93 21.79 COC 1 % wiv 7 BROMOXYNIL 560 gai?ha 1.74 3.07 15.56 COC 1 % wiv 8 BROMOXYNIL 1120 gai?ha 1.77 2.70 14.50 COC 1 % wiv 9 Treated Check 1.04 1.91 10.72

EXAMPLE 3 TABLE 7

Effects of Herbicide Treatments on Kernel Carotenoids 0059 Studies were conducted in a field in Knoxville, of Merit - Sensitive Genotype Tenn. to ascertain the growth, stress tolerance and nutritional Treatment Timing Lutein 96 change Zeaxanthin 96 change quality differences following postemergence applications of Untreated O.062 O.S.09 MeSO EPOST O881 +7.8 0.570 +12.0 herbicides mesotrione and atrazine, alone and in mixtures Meso + EPOST O.7O6 +11.7 O.S83 +12.7 together, on the young Sweet corn cultivars: Merit (yellow Atrazine AtraZine EPOST O.692 --95 O.S64 +10.8 kernel sensitive genotype), Temptation (bicolor tolerant Meso LPOST O.577 +8.7 O.409 -3.7 genotype), and Incredible' (yellow-kernel moderately sensi Meso + LPOST O.672 +6.3 O.S82 +14.8 Atrazine tive genotype). AtraZine LPOST O664 +5.1 0.550 +8.1 0060 Herbicide treatments were applied as follows: 1) untreated control; 2) mesotrione (meso) at 105 g ai/ha % change from untreated control EPOST:3) mesotrione at 105+atrazine at 560 gai/ha EPOST: TABLE 8 4) atrazine at 560 gai/ha EPOST: 5) mesotrione at 105 gai?ha Effects of Herbicide Treatments on Kernel Carotenoids LPOST: 6) mesotrione at 105+atrazine at 560 gai/ha LPOST: of Incredible - Moderately sensitive Genotype and 7) atrazine at 560 g ai/ha LPOST. Visual ratings of plant Treatment Timing Lutein 96 change Zeaxanthin 96 change growth were taken during season, and kernels for carotenoids Untreated O.328 O448 were measured at harvest. Meso EPOST O.307 -6.4 O415 -7.4 Meso + EPOST O.399 +21.6 O.498 +16.4 0061 In general, herbicide treatments enhanced caro Atrazine tenoid production in sweet corn, wherein EPOST applica AtraZine EPOST O.353 +7.6 O.447 -0.0 Meso LPOST O.343 +4.6 O.454 +1.3 tions of mesotrione at 105+atrazine at 560 gai/ha yielded the Meso + LPOST O.340 +3.7 O436 -2.8 greatest increase in nutrient production across varieties Atrazine (Tables 7-8). In addition, sweet corn with different genetic AtraZine LPOST O.347 +6.0 O.454 +1.3 compositions exhibited varying degrees of sensitivity to her % change from untreated control bicide applications (Table 9). TABLE 9 Effects of Herbicide Treatments of Visual Leaf Tissue Bleaching Leaf Tissue Visual Bleaching (%

Merit Incredible

Treatment Timing 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT Untreated O O O O O Mesotrione EPOST 61 53 44 16 9 8 US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 17

TABLE 9-continued

Effects of Herbicide Treatments of Visual Leaf Tissue Bleaching Leaf Tissue Visual Bleaching (%)

Merit Incredible

Treatment Timing 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT

Mesotrione + Atrazine EPOST 8O 79 73 35 19 9 Atrazine EPOST 3 2 O 13 13 O Untreated O O O O O O Mesotrione LPOST 34 29 9 11 9 1 Mesotrione + Atrazine LPOST 39 33 13 11 10 2 Atrazine LPOST O O O O O O

EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 5 0062 Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted 0064 Greenhouse and laboratory studies were initiated to ascertain the tolerance and nutritional quality differences with Riviera bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) following postemergence applications of the insecticide chlo treated postemergence with mesotrione at 0.28 kgxha' and rpyrifos, the fungicide chlorothalonil, the PGRS mepiduat chloride and paclobutraZol, and the safeners napthalic anhy sampled for tissue pigment concentrations at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21. dride and isoxadifen-ethyl on kale Red Russian and basil 28 and 35 days after treatment (DAT; Table 16). Visual tissue Genovese. Visual injury was rated based on general phyto whitening in mesotrione treated plants reached a maximum of , chlorosis, and visual stunting and each measurement 38% by 14 DAT; however, re-greening of discolored tissue was based on a percent scale from 0 to 100 where 0 equals no was observed by 21 DAT. Phytoene was only detected in visual response and 100 equals complete plant death. Kale mesotrione treated plants at 3, 7, and 14 DAT. Pigments in and basil were both harvested approximately 4 weeks after treated plants decreased with initial tissue whitening; how treatments and plants were pooled over replicates for content ever, most recovered to untreated levels by 21 DAT. At 35 analysis of crude protein, crude amino acid content, acid DAT, lutein, B-carotene, and Zeaxanthin in mesotrione treated detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, total fatty acids, and/or plants had accumulated to levels exceeding untreated control key mineral content (including Na, Ca, P. Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, plants. Study results demonstrate initial decreases in pigment and Cu). In addition, the amounts of key individual amino acids (aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, proline, gly concentrations induced by mesotrione eventually lead to cine, cysteine, Valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and higher concentrations of carotenoid pigments in bermuda lysine) and composite classifications of fatty acid (Saturated grass leaf tissues at 28 to 35 DAT. Due to the antioxidant fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated activity of these carotenoid pigments, these increases should fatty acids) were also analyzed from these Sub-samples for improve bermudagrass stress tolerance (Kopsell et al., 2010). kale (Tables 10-14). Phytonutrient amounts were converted to a percentage of the treated check to highlight the differences EXAMPLE 6 observed due to each herbicide(s) with or without safener application. 0063 All treatments injured kale and basil between 0 to 0065 Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted 28%. All pesticides (fungicide, insecticide, PGRs, and safen to ascertain the tolerance and potential Sugar enhancement ers) increased the level of at least one mineral element in kale from postemergence applications of the cellulose biosynthe and/or basil. The insecticide chlorpyrifos at 1120 g ai/ha sis inhibiting herbicide isoxaben at 1120 gai/ha plus 1% V/v increased all mineral elements by 4 to 108%, while the plant crop oil concentrate as an adjuvant applied postemergence on growth regulator paclobutraZol increased total protein, total switchgrass ‘Alamo'. Switchgrass was harvested 8 weeks amino acids, individual amino acids, and all mineral elements after application and three replicates were analyzed com (except iron) in kale by 2 to 28% when applied at 9.7 g ai/ha. The safener isoxadifen increased mineral elements by 6 to pared with an untreated check. Sugar content was assessed on 118% (except copper) when applied at 16 g ai/ha in basil. a percentage of the fresh weight and values were converted to Similarly, the safener napthalic anhydride increase mineral a percentage of values derived from the untreated control. elements by 2 to 47% (except copper and potassium) when Isoxaben increased fructose by 44%, glucose by 33%, and applied at 264 g ai/ha in basil. All treatments increased total Sugars by 38% in comparison to the untreated check. soluble protein and iron in basil by 4 to 223% over the Switchgrass is currently under evaluations as a biofuels crop untreated check. whereby enhanced Sugar output per acre is desired.

US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 19

TABLE 1 1-continued Basil treated with insecticide, fungicide, PGRs and safeners Napthalic 527 gai?ha 4 1 -8 -9 -6 -23 -8 anhydride NIS O.25 % wiv check O O O O O O O Percent Increase Over the Untreated Check (on a % dry matter basis)

Soluble Iron Copper Protein % protein % % check Manganese Zinc % check check check 28 % check % check 28 28 28 Treatment Rate Unit DA-A 28 DA-A 28 DA-A DA-A DA-A DA-A

chlropyrifos 1120 gai?ham ch 108 28 33 8 2O 196 NIS O.25% wiv chlroprifos 3370 gai?haim ch 57 12 46 8 32 42 NIS O.25% wiv chlorothalonil 2630 gai?haim ch 37 43 38 -17 3 223 NIS O.25% wiv chlorothalonil 7900 gai?haim ch 25 -8 -6 -17 3 42 NIS O.25% wiv paclobutraZol 3.23 gai?ham ch 63 26 28 8 6 50 NIS O.25% wiv paclobutraZol 9.7 gai?haim ch 4 -12 -8 -25 -9 12 NIS O.25% wiv mepiquat- 12.3 gai?ham ch 14 61 34 O 13 89 chloride NIS O.25% wiv mepiquat- 37 gai?ham ch 6 61 53 -8 7 27 chloride NIS O.25% wiv Isoxadifen 8 gai?ha 25 10 38 O 14 12 NIS O.25% wiv Isoxadifen 16 gai?ha 27 118 34 O 22 4 NIS O.25% wiv Napthalic 264 gai?ha 14 37 47 O 32 4 anhydride NIS O.25% wiv Napthalic 527 gai?ha O -16 -13 -17 3 31 anhydride NIS O.25% wiv check O O O O O O

TABLE 12 Kale treated with insecticide, fungicide, and PGRS Yield Fresh Phytotoxicity weight General Chlorosis Stunting General Chlorosis Stunting General Chlorosis Stunting grams

Treatment Rate Unit 7 DA-A 7 DA-A 7 DA-A 14 DA-A 14 DA-A 14 DA-A 28 DA-A 28 DA-A 28 DA-A DA-A chlropyrifos 1120 gai?ham 14 1 9 4 15 9 4 6 8 108.2 ch NIS O.25% wiv chlropyrifos 3370 gai?haim 13 O 6 5 13 10 3 3 6 110.1 ch NIS O.25% wiv chlorothalonil 2630 gai?haim 15 O O O 10 5 5 3 6 102.5 ch NIS O.25% wiv chlorothalonil 7900 gai?haim 9 O 1 1 6 5 3 O 8 107.5 ch NIS O.25% wiv paclobutraZol 3.23 gai?ham 10 1 6 3 10 19 3 3 21 107.2 ch US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 20

TABLE 12-continued Kale treated with insecticide, fungicide, and PGRS Yield Fresh Phytotoxicity weight General Chlorosis Stunting General Chlorosis Stunting General Chlorosis Stunting grams % % % % % % % % % 28 Treatment Rate Unit 7 DA-A 7 DA-A 7 DA-A 14 DA-A 14 DA-A 14 DA-A 28 DA-A 28 DA-A 28 DA-A DA-A NIS O.25 % wiv paclobutraZol 9.7 gai?haim 9 O 11 6 16 28 4 O 19 108.3 ch NIS O.25 % wiv mepiquat- 12.3 g aiham 9 O 4 1 15 16 1 6 9 101.8 chloride ch NIS O.25 % wiv mepiquat- 37 gai?ham 10 O 1 O 4 3 3 3 10 101.2 chloride ch NIS O.25 % wiv Untreated O O O O O O O O O 106.9 Check

TABLE 13 Kale treated with insecticide, fungicide, and PGRs Percent Increase over the Untreated Check (on a % dry matter basis) Aspartic acid 90 Glutamic Proline% Glycine % Alanine % Waline% check Threonine acid check check check Cysteine check 28 % check 96 check 28 28 28 % check 28 Treatment Rate Unit DA-A 28 DA-A 28 DA-A DA-A DA-A DA-A 28 DA-A DA-A chlropyrifos # gai?ham O -2 5 -2 -4 -1 O 1 Cl NIS O.3 % wiv chlropyrifos # gai?ham 7 4 12 9 3 6 6 7 Cl NIS O.3 % wiv chlorothalonil # gai?ham 2 3 5 6 O 3 -6 4 Cl NIS O.3 % wiv chlorothalonil # gai?ham -4 -1 -5 -3 -7 -5 -6 -3 Cl NIS O.3 % wiv paclobutraZol 3.2 g aiham -9 -9 -5 -4 -12 -9 -6 -6 Cl NIS O.3 % wiv paclobutraZol 9.7 gai?haim 12 4 16 7 3 4 6 6 Cl NIS O.3 % wiv mepiquat- 12 gai?ham 6 6 11 8 4 5 6 5 chloride Cl NIS O.3 % wiv mepiquat- 37 gai?haim -2 -1 -2 2 -7 -4 -6 -2 chloride Cl NIS O.3 % wiv Untreated O O O O O O O O Check Percent Increase over the Untreated Check (on a % dry matter basis) Total Total Iso- Amino Protein 96 Methionine leucine Leucine Lysine acids check % check % check 96 check 96 check 96 check 28 Treatment Rate Unit 28 DA-A 28 DA-A 28 DA-A 28 DA-A 28 DA-A DA-A

chlropyrifos ### gai?ham 2 O O 6 1 3 ch NIS O.3 % wiv

US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 22

TABLE 1.5 Sugar and key antioxidant content of corn Percent increase in levels of key sugars and antioxidants for Sweet corn variety Incredible following applications of carotenoid and amino acid biosynthesis inhibitors applied alone and in mixtures with the Photosystem II inhibitors atrazine. Sugars Antioxidants

Total Gamma Herbicide Rate Sugars Fructose Glucose Maltose Sucrose Lutein Zeaxanthin antheraxanthin tocopherol treatment gai?ha %

Nicosulfuron 35 16 48 35 23 -4 9 9 15 1 Mesotrione 105 -4 18 19 15 -32 17 1 14 5 ToprameZone 18 10 63 40 8 -18 O -8 23 8 Nicosulfuron + 35 - 13 10 68 43 -15 -15 O -2 19 -3 Isoxadifen-ethyl Nicosulfuron + 35 - 18 - 13 11 63 42 8 -21 2 -5 49 -10 ToprameZone + Isoxadifen-ethyl Nicosulfuron + 35 - 105 - 13 9 31 23 4 2 7 -1 21 O Mesotrione + Isoxadifen-ethyl Treated check O O O O O O O O O All treatments included the treated check included a postemergence treatment of atrazine at 560 gai?ha + 1% viv crop oil concentrate.

TABLE 16 Leafblade carotenoid pigments (mg x 100 g Fresh Weight) in Riviera bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) treated with mesotrione at 0.28 kg aixha' and sampled at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after mesotrione treatment application. Means pooled from two experimental runs. Data adapted from Kopsell et al., 2010. Days after Blade tissue pigments (mg/100 g fresh weight

Mesotrione Total Beta treatment Carotenoids Phytoene Lutein carotene Zeaxanthin Violaxanthin O 57.5 O.O 23.6 17.2 3.2 6.9 3 42.9 37.5 14.8 11.6 3.1 1.6 7 35.6 38.0 14.1 7.4 3.3 1.6 14 47.2 11.7 16.4 7.6 3.8 3.5 21 60.1 O.O 21.2 11.4 4.7 4.0 28 77.2 O.O 32.1 18.9 5.7 2.8 35 92.7 O.O 37.1 21.2 6.4 6.8 Kopsell, D. A., J. T. Brosnan, G. R. Armel, and J. S. McElroy, 2010, Increases in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) tissue pigments duringpost-application recovery from mesotrione, HortScience 45(10): In Press.

We claim: vate dioxygenase (IIPPD), Zeta-caroteine desaturase (ZDS). 1. A method of increasing carbohydrate levels in a plant 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthatase (DOXP syn comprising applying a composition comprising one or more thase), lycopene cyclase (LC), and phytoene desaturase herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, (PDS), Photosystem I in photosynthesis, Photosystem II in miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators, or photosynthesis acetolactate synthase, 5-enolpyruvylshiki any combination thereof to a plant, wherein said one or more mate-3-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthetase microtu herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, bule organization or assembly in mitosis, formation of very miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators are long chain fatty acids, cellulose biosynthesis, auxin transport, applied alone or in combination with a safener otherpesticide internal auxins, nucleic acid synthesis; mitosis and/or cellular or agrochemical in an amount Sufficient to increase carbohy division; cellular respiration; amino acid and/or protein Syn drate levels in said plant. thesis; lipids and/or membrane synthesis, cellular signal 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said one or transduction, sterol biosynthesis, glucan synthesis, host more herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nemati pathogen interactions, acetylcholinesterase, GABA-gated cides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regula chloride channel antagonists, sodium channel modulators, tors, has inhibit, activate, modulate, uncouple, up-regulate, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists, nicotinic acetyl mimic, disrupt, or otherwise modify: protoporphorylinogen choline receptor allosteric activators, chloride channel acti IX oxidase (Protox), carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene vators, mimic juvenile hormones, Homopteran feeding, mite desaturase, deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoi growth, activities of insect midgut membranes, mitochon somerase (DOXP reductoisomerase), p-hydroxyphenylpyru drial ATP synthase, oxidative phosphorylation via proton gra US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 dient, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers, fenbuconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, chitin biosynthesis (type 1), molting disruptors (Dipteran), propiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, tetracona ecdysone receptor agonists, octopamine receptor agonists, Zole, triadimefon, tridimenol, piperalin, fenhexamid, poly mitochondrial complex III electron transport and mitochon oxin, acibenzolar-s-methyl, cymoxanil, fosetyl-Al, phospho drial complex I electron transport, Voltage-dependent sodium rous acid and salts, mineral oils, organic oils, potassium channels, acetyl CoA carboxylase, mitochondrial complex compounds, bicarbonates, copper, copper salts, Sulfur, fer IV electron transport and mitochondrial complex II electron bam, mancoZeb, maneb, metiram, thiram, Ziram, captan, fol transport, ryanodine receptors, gibberellic acid production, pet, chlrothalonil, dodine, alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, ethylene production, shoot elongation, cell division and cell benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, car elongation, ripening, overall plant growth and development. bofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said herbi furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, cides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, miti oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoXur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triaz cides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators, is amate, trimethacarb. XMC, Xylylcarb, acephate, azame selected from a group consisting of ametryn, bromacil, des thiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, chlore medipham, phenmedipham, , atrazine, pyrazon, thoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, simazine, metribuzin, prometryn, prometon, amicarbazone, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S- terbacil, bentazon, bromoxynil, ioxynil, pyridate, propanil, methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos/ DDVP. dicrotophos, diuron, linuron, siduron, fluometuron, tebuthiuron, paraquat, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, etho diquat, Sorgoleone, fischerellin A, juglone, anthroquinone, prophos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthi capsaicin, imaZethapyr, imazapyr, imaZaquin, imaZamox azate, heptenophos, imicy fos, isofenphos, isopropyl imazamethabenZ, imazapic, byspyribac, pyrithiobac, flucar O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate, isoxathion, baZone, thiencarbazone, propoxycarbazone, amidosulfuron, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, azimsulfuron, benSulfuron, chlorimuron, chlorSulfuron, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, Oxydemeton ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfu methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phorate, ron, halosulfuron, imaZoSulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfu phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, pirimiphos ron, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, rimsulfuron, Sulfosulfuron, methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, sulfometuron, thifensulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, pyridaphenthion, quinallphos, Sulfotep, tebupirimfos, teme trifluSulfuron, cloranSulam, florasulam, flumetSuam, penox phos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triaZophos, Sulam, pyroxSulam, diclosulam, glyphosate, gliotoxin, biala trichlorfon, vamidothion, chlordane, endosulfan, ethiprole, phos, fosmidomycin, mesotrione, Sulcotrione, tembotrione, fipronil, acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans isoxaflutole, bicyclopyrone, pyrasulfatole, isoxachlortole, allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cylclopente toprameZone, benzofenap, pyrazoxyfen, DFPC, clomaZone, nyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, norflurazon, flurochloridone, diflufenican, fluridone, picolin cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cyper afen, flurtamone, beflubutamid, amitrole, CPTA acifluorfen, methrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta lactofen, oxyfluorfen, fomesafen, carfentraZone, Sulfentra cypermethrin, Zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, delta Zone, azafenidin oxadiazon, oxadiargyl, cinidon, flumiox methrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate, etofemprox. azin, flumiclorac, pyraflufen, fluaZolate, saflufenacil, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-flu butafenacil, fluthiacet, leptospermone, pendimethalin, triflu Valinate, halfenproX, imiprothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, ralin, oryzalin, prodiamine, benefin, ethal fluralin, DCPA, prallethrin, pyrethrin, resmethrin, RU 15525, silafluofen, butamiphos, amiprophos, pronamide, tebutam, carbetamide, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, trans propham, chlorpropham, clethodim, Sethoxydim, tralkoxy fluthrin, ZXI 8901, DDT, methoxychlor, acetamiprid, dim, fluazifop, fenoxaprop, quizalofop, diclofop, haloxyflop, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiaclo pinoxaden, EPTC, pebulate, vernolate, molinate, triallate, prid, thiamethoxam, nicotine, spinetoram, spinosad, abamec butylate, bensulide, ethofumesate, benfuresate, TCA, dal tin, emamectin benzoate, milbemectin, hydroprene, kino apon, flupropanate, metaZachlor, metolachlor, acetochlor, prene, methoprene, fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, methyl dimethenamid, pretilachlor, propachlor, alachlor, diphena bromide, methyl iodide, chloropicrin, sulfuryl fluoride, mid, napropamide, naproanilide, flufenacet, mefenacet, fen borax, and tartar emetic, pymetrozine, flonicamind, clofen traZamide, anilofos, piperophos, cafenstrole, indanofan, texine, hexythiaZOX, etoxazole, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacil pyroxasulfone, dichlobenil, chlorthiamid, isoxaben, lus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. israelensis, flupoxam, indaziflam, diflufenZopyr, naptalam, picloram, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. aizawai, fluroxypyr, clopyralid, aminopyralid, triclopyr, aminocyclo Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis pyrachlor, 2,4-D, 2.4-DB, 2,4,5-T dichlorprop, mecoprop, subsp. tenebrionis, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1 Fa, Cry2Ab. MCPA, MCPB, MCPP dicamba, tricamba, chloramben, mCry3A, Cry3 Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1, diafenthiuron, quinclorac, quinmerac, ailanthone, catechin, dimethipin, aZocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide, propargite, tetradi endothall, pelargonic acid, sodium chlorate, thiadiaZuron, fon, chlorfeinapyr, DNOC, bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, tribufos metalaxyl, mefenoxam, octhillinone, carbendazim, thiocyclam, thiosultap-sodium, bistrifluron, chlorfluaZuron, thisbendazole, Zoxamide, flutolanil, carboxin, oxycarboxin, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, boscalid, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, kresoxim-methyl, tri lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, feflubenzuron, triflu floxystrobin, famoxadone, fluoxastrobin, fenamidone, fluazi muron, buprofezin, cyromazine, chromafenozide, nam, fentin hydroxide, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, Streptomy halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, amitraz, cin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, quinoxyfen, fludiosonil. fenaZaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufen iprodione, VincloZolin, chloroneb, dicloran, quintoZene, pyrad, tolfenpyrad, rotenone, cyenopyrafen, hydramethyl etridiazole, propamocarb, dimethomorph, mandipropamid, non, acequinocyl, fluacrypyrim, phosphine, aluminum phos triforine, fenarimol, imazalil, triflumizole, difenoconazole, phide, calcium phosphide, phosphine, Zinc phosphide, US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 24 cyanide, indoxacarb, metaflumiZone, spirodiclofen, selected from a group consisting of ametryn, bromacil, des spiromesifen, spirotetramat, chlorantraniliprole, cyantranil medipham, phenmedipham, hexaZinone, atrazine, pyrazon, iprole, flubendiamide, azadirachtin, benzoximate, simazine, metribuzin, prometryn, prometon, amicarbazone, bifenazate, chinomethionat, cryolite, dicofol, pyridalyl, terbacil, bentazon, bromoxynil, ioxynil, pyridate, propanil, cyflumetafen, ancymidol, butralin, alcohols, chlormeduat diuron, linuron, siduron, fluometuron, tebuthiuron, paraquat, chloride, cytokinins, daminozide, ethephon, ethylene, gib diquat, Sorgoleone, fischerellin A, juglone, anthroquinone, berellic acid and/or gibberellin mixtures, indole-3-butyric capsaicin, imaZethapyr, imazapyr, imaZaquin, imaZamox acid (IBA), maleic hydrazide and/or other potassium salts, imazamethabenZ, imazapic, byspyribac, pyrithiobac, flucar mefluidide, mepiduat chloride and/or mepiquat pentaborate, naphthalene-acetic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetamide, n-de baZone, thiencarbazone, propoxycarbazone, amidosulfuron, canol, paclobutraZol, prohexadione calcium, trinexapac azimsulfuron, benSulfuron, chlorimuron, chlorSulfuron, ethyl, uniconazole, fenoxasulfone, penthiopyrad, picox ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfu yStrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyrametostrobin, penflufen and ron, halosulfuron, imaZosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfu ron, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, rimsulfuron, Sulfosulfuron, any combination thereof. sulfometuron, thifensulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, 4. A method of increasing carotenoid levels in a plant trifluSulfuron, cloranSulam, florasulam, flumetSuam, penox comprising applying a composition comprising one or more Sulam, pyroxSulam, dicloSulam, glyphosate, gliotoxin, biala herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, phos, fosmidomycin, mesotrione, Sulcotrione, tembotrione, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators, or isoxaflutole, bicyclopyrone, pyrasulfatole, isoxachiortole, any combination thereof to a plant, wherein said one or more toprameZone, benzofenap, pyrazoxyfen, DFPC, clomaZone, herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, norflurazon, flurochloridone, diflufenican, fluridone, picolin miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators are afen, flurtamone, beflubutamid, amitrole, CPTA acifluorfen, applied alone or in combination with a safener otherpesticide lactofen, oxyfluorfen, fomesafen, carfentraZone, Sulfentra or agrochemical in an amount Sufficient to increase caro Zone, azafenidin oxadiazon, oxadiargyl, cinidon, flumiox tenoid levels in said plant. azin, flumiclorac, pyraflufen, fluaZolate, saflufenacil, 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said one or butafenacil, fluthiacet, leptospermone, pendimethalin, triflu more herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nemati ralin, oryzalin, prodiamine, benefin, ethal fluralin, DCPA, cides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regula butamiphos, amiprophos, pronamide, tebutam, carbetamide, tors, has inhibit, activate, modulate, uncouple, up-regulate, propham, chlorpropham, clethodim, Sethoxydim, tralkoxy mimic, disrupt, or otherwise modify: protoporphorylinogen dim, fluazifop, fenoxaprop, quizalofop, diclofop, haloxyfop, IX oxidase (Protox), carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene pinoxaden, EPTC, pebulate, vernolate, molinate, triallate, desaturase, deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoi butylate, bensulide, ethofumesate, benfuresate, TCA, dal somerase (DOXP reductoisomerase), p-hydroxyphenylpyru apon, flupropanate, metaZachlor, metolachlor, acetochlor, vate dioxygenase (HPPD), Zeta-caroteine desaturase (ZDS). dimethenamid, pretilachlor, propachlor, alachlor, diphena 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthatase (DOXP syn mid, napropamide, naproanilide, flufenacet, mefenacet, fen thase), lycopene cyclase (LC), and phytoene desaturase traZamide, anilofos, piperophos, cafenstrole, indanofan, (PDS), Photosystem I in photosynthesis, Photosystem II in pyroxasulfone, dichlobenil, chlorthiamid, isoxaben, photosynthesis acetolactate synthase, 5-enolpyruvylshiki flupoxam, indaziflam, diflufenZopyr, naptalam, picloram, mate-3-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthetase microtu fluroxypyr, clopyralid, aminopyralid, triclopyr, aminocyclo bule organization or assembly in mitosis, formation of very pyrachlor, 2,4-D, 2.4-DB, 2,4,5-T dichlorprop, mecoprop, long chain fatty acids, cellulose biosynthesis, auxin transport, MCPA, MCPB, MCPP, dicamba, tricamba, chloramben, internal auxins, nucleic acid synthesis; mitosis and/or cellular quinclorac, quinmerac, ailanthone, catechin, dimethipin, division; cellular respiration; amino acid and/or protein Syn endothall, pelargonic acid, sodium chlorate, thiadiaZuron, thesis; lipids and/or membrane synthesis, cellular signal tribufos metalaxyl, mefenoxam, octhillinone, carbendazim, transduction, sterol biosynthesis, glucan synthesis, host thisbendazole, Zoxamide, flutolanil, carboxin, oxycarboxin, pathogen interactions, acetylcholinesterase, GABA-gated boscalid, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, kresoxim-methyl, tri chloride channel antagonists, sodium channel modulators, floxystrobin, famoxadone, fluoxastrobin, fenamidone, fluazi nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists, nicotinic acetyl nam, fentin hydroxide, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, Streptomy choline receptor allosteric activators, chloride channel acti cin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, quinoxyfen, fludiosonil. vators, mimic juvenile hormones, Homopteran feeding, mite iprodione, VincloZolin, chloroneb, dicloran, quintoZene, growth, activities of insect midgut membranes, mitochon etridiazole, propamocarb, dimethomorph, mandipropamid, drial ATP synthase, oxidative phosphorylation via proton gra triforine, fenarimol, imazalil, triflumizole, difenoconazole, dient, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers, fenbuconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, chitin biosynthesis (type 1), molting disruptors (Dipteran), propiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, tetracona ecdysone receptor agonists, octopamine receptor agonists, Zole, triadimefon, tridimenol, piperalin, fenhexamid, poly mitochondrial complex III electron transport and mitochon oxin, acibenzolar-s-methyl, cymoxanil, fosetyl-Al, phospho drial complex I electron transport, Voltage-dependent sodium rous acid and salts, mineral oils, organic oils, potassium channels, acetyl CoA carboxylase, mitochondrial complex compounds, bicarbonates, copper, copper salts, Sulfur, fer IV electron transport and mitochondrial complex II electron bam, mancoZeb, maneb, metiram, thiram, Ziram, captan, fol transport, ryanodine receptors, gibberellic acid production, pet, chlrothalonil, dodine, alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, ethylene production, shoot elongation, cell division and cell benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, car elongation, ripening, overall plant growth and development. bofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein said herbi furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, cides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, miti oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoXur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triaz cides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators, is amate, trimethacarb. XMC, Xylylcarb, acephate, azame US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 thiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, chlore ethyl, uniconazole, fenoxasulfone, penthiopyrad, picox thoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, yStrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyrametostrobin, penflufen and chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S- any combination thereof methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos/ DDVP. dicrotophos, 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said carbo dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, etho hydrate is selected from cellulose, Sugars, starches or fiber. prophos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthi 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said carbo azate, heptenophos, imicy fos, isofenphos, isopropyl hydrate is selected from Sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate, isoxathion, or raffanose. malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein said fiber is mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton either acid detergent fiber or neutral detergent fiber. methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phorate, 10. The method according to claim 4, wherein the caro phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, pirimiphos tenoid is beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, Zeaxanthin, violax methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, anthin, neoxanthin, or antheraxanthin. pyridaphenthion, quinallphos, Sulfotep, tebupirimfos, teme 11. A method of increasing amino acids and/or protein phos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triaZophos, levels in a plant comprising applying a composition compris trichlorfon, vamidothion, chlordane, endosulfan, ethiprole, ing one or more herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecti cides, nematicides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant fipronil, acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans growth regulators, or any combination thereof to a plant, allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cylclopente wherein said one or more herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, nyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cyper plant growth regulators are applied alone or in combination methrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta with a safener other pesticide or agrochemical in an amount cypermethrin, Zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, delta Sufficient to increase amino acids and/or protein levels in said methrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate, etofemprox. plant. fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-flu 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein said one or Valinate, halfenproX, imiprothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, more herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nemati prallethrin, pyrethrin, resmethrin, RU 15525, silafluofen, cides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regula tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, trans tors, has inhibit, activate, modulate, uncouple, up-regulate, fluthrin, ZXI 8901, DDT, methoxychlor, acetamiprid, mimic, disrupt, or otherwise modify: protoporphorylinogen clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiaclo IX oxidase (Protox), carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene prid, thiamethoxam, nicotine, spinetoram, spinosad, abamec desaturase, deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoi tin, emameetin benzoate, milbemectin, hydroprene, kino somerase (DOXP reductoisomerase), p-hydroxyphenylpyru prene, methoprene, fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, methyl vate dioxygenase (HPPD), Zeta-caroteine desaturase (ZDS). bromide, methyl iodide, chloropicrin, sulfuryl fluoride, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthatase (DOXP syn borax, and tartar emetic, pymetrozine, flonicamind, clofen thase), lycopene cyclase (LC), and phytoene desaturase texine, hexythiazox, etoxazole, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacil (PDS), Photosystem I in photosynthesis, Photosystem II in lus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. israelensis, photosynthesis acetolactate synthase, 5-enolpyruvylshiki Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. aizawai, mate-3-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthetase microtu Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis bule organization or assembly in mitosis, formation of very subsp. tenebrionis, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1 Fa, Cry2Ab. long chain fatty acids, cellulose biosynthesis, auxin transport, internal auxins, nucleic acid synthesis; mitosis and/or cellular mCry3A, Cry3 Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1, diafenthiuron, division; cellular respiration; amino acid and/or protein Syn aZocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide, propargite, tetradi thesis; lipids and/or membrane synthesis, cellular signal fon, chlorfenapyr, DNOC, bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, transduction, sterol biosynthesis, glucan synthesis, host thiocyclam, thiosultap-sodium, bistrifluron, chlorfluaZuron, pathogen interactions, acetylcholinesterase, GABA-gated diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, chloride channel antagonists, sodium channel modulators, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, feflubenzuron, triflu nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists, nicotinic acetyl muron, buprofezin, cyromazine, chromafenozide, choline receptor allosteric activators, chloride channel acti halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, amitraz, vators, mimic juvenile hormones, Homopteran feeding, mite fenaZaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufen growth, activities of insect midgut membranes, mitochon pyrad, tolfenpyrad, rotenone, cyenopyrafen, hydramethyl drial ATP synthase, oxidative phosphorylation via proton gra non, acequinocyl, fluacrypyrim, phosphine, aluminum phos dient, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers, phide, calcium phosphide, phosphine, Zinc phosphide, chitin biosynthesis (type 1), molting disruptors (Dipteran), cyanide, indoxacarb, metaflumiZone, spirodiclofen, ecdysone receptor agonists, octopamine receptor agonists, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, chlorantraniliprole, cyantranil mitochondrial complex III electron transport and mitochon iprole, flubendiamide, azadirachtin, benzoximate, drial complex I electron transport, Voltage-dependent sodium bifenazate, chinomethionat, cryolite, dicofol, pyridalyl, channels, acetyl CoA carboxylase, mitochondrial complex cyflumetafen, ancymidol, butralin, alcohols, chlormeduat IV electron transport and mitochondrial complex II electron chloride, cytokinins, daminozide, ethephon, ethylene, gib transport, ryanodine receptors, gibberellic acid production, berellic acid and/or gibberellin mixtures, indole-3-butyric ethylene production, shoot elongation, cell division and cell acid (IBA), maleic hydrazide and/or other potassium salts, elongation, ripening, overall plant growth and development. mefluidide, mepiduat chloride and/or mepiquat pentaborate, 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein said her naphthalene-acetic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetamide, n-de bicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, canol, paclobutraZol, prohexadione calcium, trinexapac miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators, is US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 26 selected from a group consisting of ametryn, bromacil, des thiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, chlore medipham, phenmedipham, hexaZinone, atrazine, pyrazon, thoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, simazine, metribuzin, prometryn, prometon, amicarbazone, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S- terbacil, bentazon, bromoxynil, ioxynil, pyridate, propanil, methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos/ DDVP. dicrotophos, diuron, linuron, siduron, fluometuron, tebuthiuron, paraquat, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, etho diquat, Sorgoleone, fischerellin A, juglone, anthroquinone, prophos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthi capsaicin, imaZethapyr, imazapyr, imaZaquin, imaZamox azate, heptenophos, imicy fos, isofenphos, isopropyl imazamethabenZ, imazapic, byspyribac, pyrithiobac, flucar O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate, isoxathion, baZone, thiencarbazone, propoxycarbazone, amidosulfuron, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, azimsulfuron, benSulfuron, chlorimuron, chlorSulfuron, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, Oxydemeton ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfu methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phorate, ron, halosulfuron, imaZoSulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfu phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, pirimiphos ron, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, rimsulfuron, Sulfosulfuron, methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, sulfometuron, thifensulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, pyridaphenthion, quinallphos, Sulfotep, tebupirimfos, teme trifluSulfuron, cloranSulam, florasulam, flumetSuam, penox phos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triaZophos, Sulam, pyroxSulam, diclosulam, glyphosate, gliotoxin, biala trichlorfon, vamidothion, chlordane, endosulfan, ethiprole, phos, fosmidomycin, mesotrione, Sulcotrione, tembotrione, fipronil, acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans isoxaflutole, bicyclopyrone, pyrasulfatole, isoxachlortole, allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cylclopente toprameZone, benzofenap, pyrazoxyfen, DFPC, clomaZone, nyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, norflurazon, flurochloridone, diflufenican, fluridone, picolin cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cyper afen, flurtamone, beflubutamid, amitrole, CPTA acifluorfen, methrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta lactofen, oxyfluorfen, fomesafen, carfentraZone, Sulfentra cypermethrin, Zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, delta Zone, azafenidin oxadiazon, oxadiargyl, cinidon, flumiox azin, flumiclorac, pyraflufen, fluaZolate, saflufenacil, methrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate, etofemprox. butafenacil, fluthiacet, leptospermone, pendimethalin, triflu fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-flu ralin, oryzalin, prodiamine, benefin, ethal fluralin, DCPA, Valinate, halfenproX, imiprothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, butamiphos, amiprophos, pronamide, tebutam, carbetamide, prallethrin, pyrethrin, resmethrin, RU 15525, silafluofen, propham, chlorpropham, clethodim, Sethoxydim, tralkoxy tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, trans dim, fluazifop, fenoxaprop, quizalofop, diclofop, haloxyfop, fluthrin, ZXI 8901, DDT, methoxychlor, acetamiprid, pinoxaden, EPTC, pebulate, vernolate, molinate, triallate, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiaclo butylate, bensulide, ethofumesate, benfuresate, TCA, dal prid, thiamethoxam, nicotine, spinetoram, spinosad, abamec apon, flupropanate, metaZachlor, metolachlor, acetochlor, tin, emamectin benzoate, milbemectin, hydroprene, kino dimethenamid, pretilachlor, propachlor, alachlor, diphena prene, methoprene, fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, methyl mid, napropamide, naproanilide, flufenacet, mefenacet, fen bromide, methyl iodide, chloropicrin, sulfuryl fluoride, traZamide, anilofos, piperophos, cafenstrole, indanofan, borax, and tartar emetic, pymetrozine, flonicamind, clofen pyroxasulfone, dichlobenil, chlorthiamid, isoxaben, texine, hexythiaZOX, etoxazole, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacil flupoxam, indaziflam, diflufenZopyr, naptalam, picloram, lus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. israelensis, fluroxypyr, clopyralid, aminopyralid, triclopyr, aminocyclo Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. aizawai, pyrachlor, 2,4-D, 2.4-DB, 2,4,5-T dichlorprop, mecoprop, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis MCPA, MCPB, MCPP dicamba, tricamba, chloramben, subsp. tenebrionis, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1 Fa, Cry2Ab. quinclorac, quinmerac, ailanthone, catechin, dimethipin, mCry3A, Cry3 Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1, diafenthiuron, endothall, pelargonic acid, sodium chlorate, thiadiaZuron, aZocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide, propargite, tetradi tribufos metalaxyl, mefenoxam, octhillinone, carbendazim, fon, chlorfeinapyr, DNOC, bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thisbendazole, Zoxamide, flutolanil, carboxin, oxycarboxin, boscalid, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, kresoxim-methyl, tri thiocyclam, thiosultap-sodium, bistrifluron, chlorfluaZuron, floxystrobin, famoxadone, fluoxastrobin, fenamidone, fluazi diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, nam, fentin hydroxide, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, Streptomy lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, feflubenzuron, triflu cin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, quinoxyfen, fludiosonil. muron, buprofezin, cyromazine, chromafenozide, iprodione, VincloZolin, chloroneb, dicloran, quintoZene, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, amitraz, etridiazole, propamocarb, dimethomorph, mandipropamid, fenaZaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufen triforine, fenarimol, imazalil, triflumizole, difenoconazole, pyrad, tolfenpyrad, rotenone, cyenopyrafen, hydramethyl fenbuconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, non, acequinocyl, fluacrypyrim, phosphine, aluminum phos propiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, tetracona phide, calcium phosphide, phosphine, Zinc phosphide, Zole, triadimefon, tridimenol, piperalin, fenhexamid, poly cyanide, indoxacarb, metaflumizone, spirodiclofen, oxin, acibenzolar-s-methyl, cymoxanil, fosetyl-Al, phospho spiromesifen, spirotetramat, chlorantraniliprole, cyantranil rous acid and salts, mineral oils, organic oils, potassium iprole, flubendiamide, azadirachtin, benzoximate, compounds, bicarbonates, copper, copper salts, Sulfur, fer bifenazate, chinomethionat, cryolite, dicofol, pyridalyl, bam, mancoZeb, maneb, metiram, thiram, Ziram, captan, fol cyflumetafen, ancymidol, butralin, alcohols, chlormeduat pet, chlrothalonil, dodine, alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, chloride, cytokinins, daminozide, ethephon, ethylene, gib benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, car berellic acid and/or gibberellin mixtures, indole-3-butyric bofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, acid (IBA), maleic hydrazide and/or other potassium salts, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, mefluidide, mepiduat chloride and/or mepiquat pentaborate, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoXur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triaz naphthalene-acetic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetamide, n-de amate, trimethacarb. XMC, Xylylcarb, acephate, azame canol, paclobutraZol, prohexadione calcium, trinexapac US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 27 ethyl, uniconazole, fenoxasulfone, penthiopyrad, picox bentazon, bromoxynil, ioxynil, pyridate, propanil, diuron, yStrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyrametostrobin, penflufen and linuron, Siduron, fluometuron, tebuthiuron, paraquat, diduat, any combination thereof. Sorgoleone, fischerellin Ajuglone, anthroquinone, capsaicin, 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the amino imazethapyr, imazapyr, imazaquin, imaZamox imazametha acid is selected from the group consisting of glutamine, leu benZ, imazapic, byspyribac, pyrithiobac, flucarbazone, thien cine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phe carbazone, propoxycarbazone, amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, nylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, Valine, alanine, bensulfuron, chlorimuron, chlorsulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glycine, proline, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, serine, glutamic acid, and any combination thereof imaZoSulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, nicosulfuron, 15. A method of increasing levels of minerals in a plant primisulfuron, rimsulfuron, Sulfosulfuron, Sulfometuron, comprising applying a composition comprising one or more thifensulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron, herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, cloranSulam, florasulam, flumetSuam, penoXSulam, pyroxSu miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators, or lam, dicloSulam, glyphosate, gliotoxin, bialaphos, fosmido any combination thereof wherein said one or more herbicides, mycin, mesotrione, Sulcotrione, tembotrione, isoxaflutole, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, miticides, bicyclopyrone, pyrasulfatole, isoxachlortole, toprameZone, fungicides, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators are benzofenap, pyrazoxyfen, DFPC, clomazone, norflurazon, applied alone or in combination with a safener, other herbi flurochloridone, diflufenican, fluridone, picolinafen, flurta cides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, miti mone, beflubutamid, amitrole, CPTA acifluorfen, lactofen, cides, fungicides, antibiotics, and/or plant growth regulators oxyfluorfen, fomesafen, carfentraZone, SulfentraZone, or certain other pesticides/agrochemical in an amount Suffi aZafenidin oxadiazon, oxadiargyl, cinidon, flumioxazin, flu cient to increase levels of minerals in said plant. miclorac, pyraflufen, fluaZolate, saflufenacil, butafenacil, 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said one or fluthiacet, leptospermone, pendimethalin, trifluralin, oryza more herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nemati lin, prodiamine, benefin, ethaffluralin, DCPA, butamiphos, cides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regula amiprophos, pronamide, tebutam, carbetamide, propham, tors, has inhibit, activate, modulate, uncouple, up-regulate, chlorpropham, clethodim, Sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, fluazi mimic, disrupt, or otherwise modify: protoporphorylinogen fop, fenoxaprop, quizalofop, diclofop, haloxyfop, pinoxaden, IX oxidase (Protox), carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene EPTC, pebulate, vernolate, molinate, triallate, butylate, ben desaturase, deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoi Sulide, ethofumesate, benfuresate, TCA, dalapon, flupropan somerase (DOXP reductoisomerase), p-hydroxyphenylpyru ate, metazachlor, metolachlor, acetochlor, dimethenamid, vate dioxygenase (HPPD), Zeta-caroteine desaturase (ZDS). pretilachlor, propachlor, alachlor, diphenamid, napropamide, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthatase (DOXP syn naproanilide, flufenacet, mefenacet, fentraZamide, anilofos, thase), lycopene cyclase (LC), and phytoene desaturase piperophos, cafenstrole, indanofan, pyroxasulfone, dichlobe (PDS), Photosystem I in photosynthesis, Photosystem II in nil, chlorthiamid, isoxaben, flupoxam, indaziflam, diflufen photosynthesis acetolactate synthase, 5-enolpyruvylshiki Zopyr, naptalam, picloram, fluroxypyr, clopyralid, aminopy mate-3-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthetase microtu ralid, triclopyr, aminocyclopyrachlor, 2,4-D, 2.4-DB, 2,4,5- bule organization or assembly in mitosis, formation of very T. dichlorprop, mecoprop, MCPA, MCPB, MCPP dicamba, long chain fatty acids, cellulose biosynthesis, auxin transport, tricamba, chloramben, quinclorac, quinmerac, ailanthone, internal auxins, nucleic acid synthesis; mitosis and/or cellular catechin, dimethipin, endothall, pelargonic acid, sodium division; cellular respiration; amino acid and/or protein Syn chlorate, thiadiaZuron, tribufos metalaxyl, mefenoxam, thesis; lipids and/or membrane synthesis, cellular signal octhillinone, carbendazim, thisbendazole, Zoxamide, flutola transduction, sterol biosynthesis, glucan synthesis, host nil, carboxin, oxycarboxin, boscalid, azoxystrobin, pyraclos pathogen interactions, acetylcholinesterase, GABA-gated trobin, kresoxim-methyl, trifloxystrobin, famoxadone, fluox chloride channel antagonists, sodium channel modulators, astrobin, fenamidone, fluaZinam, fentin hydroxide, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists, nicotinic acetyl cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, Streptomycin, tetracycline, oxytet choline receptor allosteric activators, chloride channel acti racycline, quinoxyfen, fludiosonil, iprodione, VineloZolin, vators, mimic juvenile hormones, Homopteran feeding, mite chloroneb, dicloran, quintoZene, etridiazole, propamocarb, growth, activities of insect midgut membranes, mitochon dimethomorph, mandipropamid, triforine, fenarimol, imaza drial ATP synthase, oxidative phosphorylation via proton gra lil, triflumizole, difenoconazole, fenbuconazole, ipconazole, dient, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers, metconazole, myclobutanil, propiconazole, prothioconazole, chitin biosynthesis (type 1), molting disruptors (Dipteran), tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, tridimenol, pipera ecdysone receptor agonists, octopamine receptor agonists, lin, fenhexamid, polyoxin, acibenzolar-s-methyl, cymoxaniil, mitochondria complex III electron transport and mitochon fosetyl-Al, phosphorous acid and salts, mineral oils, organic drial complex I electron transport, Voltage-dependent sodium oils, potassium compounds, bicarbonates, copper, copper channels, acetyl CoA carboxylase, mitochondrial complex salts, Sulfur, ferbam, mancoZeb, maneb, metiram, thiram, IV electron transport and mitochondrial complex II electron Ziram, captan, folpet, chlrothalonil, dodine, alanycarb, aldi transport, ryanodine receptors, gibberellic acid production, carb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycar ethylene production, shoot elongation, cell division and cell boxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, elongation, ripening, overall plant growth and development. fenobucarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methio 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein said her carb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoXur, bicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triazamate, trimethacarb. XMC, xylyl miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators, are carb, acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-me from a group consisting of ametryn, bromacil, desmedipham, thyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlorme phenmedipham, hexaZinone, atrazine, pyrazon, simazine, phos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, metribuzin, prometryn, prometon, amicarbazone, terbacil, cyanophos, demeton-s-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos/DDVP. US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 28 dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, 19. A method of increasing levels of anti-oxidant com ethion, ethoprophos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, pounds in a plant comprising applying a composition com fenthion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, imicy fos, isofenphos, prising one or more herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insec isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate, ticides, nematicides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methi growth regulators, or any combination thereof, wherein said dathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxy one or more herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, demeton-methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, nematicides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, and/or plant phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, pir growth regulators are applied alone or in combination with a imiphos- methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, safener, other herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, Sulfotep, tebupir nematicides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, and/or plant imfos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, growth regulators or certain other pesticides/agrochemical in triaZophos, trichlorfon, vamidothion, chlordane, endosulfan, an amount Sufficient to increase levels of anti-oxidant com ethiprole, fipronil, acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, pounds in said plant. d-trans allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cyl 20. A method of improving tolerance to abiotic stress con clopentenyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta ditions of a plant comprising applying a composition com cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalo prising one or more herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insec thrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, ticides, nematicides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant theta-cypermethrin, Zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, delta growth regulators, or any combination thereof, wherein said methrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate, etofemproX, fenpropath one or more herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, rin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, hal nematicides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, and/or plant fenproX, imiprothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, prallethrin, growth regulators are applied alone or in combination with a pyrethrin, resmethrin, RU 15525, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tet safener, other herbicides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, ramethrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, ZXI nematicides, miticides, fungicides, antibiotics, and/or plant 8901, DDT, methoxychlor, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinote growth regulators or certain other pesticides/agrochemical in furan, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, an amount Sufficient to improve tolerance to abiotic stress nicotine, spinetoram, spinosad, abamectin, emamectin ben conditions in said plant. Zoate, milbemectin, hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, 21. A method for identifying a composition that improves fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, methyl bromide, methyl iodide, the production of a phytonutrient of interest, comprising: chloropicrin, sulfuryl fluoride, borax, and tartar emetic, a) applying a candidate composition to one or more plant; pymetrozine, flonicamind, clofentexine, hexythiaZOX, etox b) growing said one or more plants treated with the candi azole, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus date composition and harvesting at least part of the plant; thuringiensis Subsp. israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacil c) measuring or determining levels/concentrations/ lus thuringiensis Subsp. aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis amounts of a phytonutrient of interest in the harvested Subsp. kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. tenebrionis, part of said one or more treated plant; Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3 Ab, d) comparing the levels of said phytonutrient of interest in Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1, diafenthiuron, azocyclotin, cyhexa said treated and the levels of said phytonutrient of inter tin, fenbutatin oxide, propargite, tetradifon, chlorfenapyr, est in untreated plants; and DNOC, bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocyclam, thiosul e) identifying the candidate composition as a composition tap-sodium, bistrifluron, chlorfluaZuron, diflubenzuron, that improves the production of the phytonutrient of flucycloXuron, flufenoXuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, nov interest, if the level of the phytonutrient in the harvested aluron, noviflumuron, feflubenzuron, triflumuron, bupro part of the treated plant is higher than that of the plant fezin, cyromazine, chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxy untreated with the candidate composition; wherein the fenozide, tebufenozide, amitraz, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, candidate composition comprises a herbicide, a defoli pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, rotenone, ant/desiccant, an insecticide, a nematicide, a miticide, a cyenopyrafen, hydramethylnon, acequinocyl, fluacrypyrim, fungicide, an antibiotic, a plant growth regulator, or any phosphine, aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, phos combination thereof; and wherein the phytonutrient of phine, Zinc phosphide, cyanide, indoxacarb, metaflumizone, interest is a lipid, a vitamin, a protein, an amino acid, a spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen, Spirotetramat, chlorantranilip carbohydrate, a carotenoid, a glucosinolate, an antioxi role, cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide, azadirachtin, benzoxi dant, a mineral, a phenolic, or any combination thereof mate, bifenazate, chinomethionat, cryolite, dicofol, pyrida 22. A method comprising applying a composition compris lyl, cyflumetafen, ancymidol, butralin, alcohols, chlormeduat ing one or more safener alone or in combination with herbi chloride, cytokinins, daminozide, ethephon, ethylene, gib cides, defoliants/desiccants, insecticides, nematicides, miti berellic acid and/or gibberellin mixtures, indole-3-butyric cides, fungicides, antibiotics, plant growth regulators, or any acid (IBA), maleic hydrazide and/or other potassium salts, combination thereof to a plant, wherein said one or more mefluidide, mepiduat chloride and/or mepiquat pentaborate, safeneris applied alone or in combination with a safenerother naphthalene-acetic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetamide, n-de pesticide or agrochemical in an amount Sufficient to increase: canol, paclobutraZol, prohexadione calcium, trinexapac a) carbohydrate levels in said plant; ethyl, uniconazole, fenoxasulfone, penthiopyrad, picox b) carotenoid or antioxidant levels in a plant; yStrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyrametostrobin, penflufen and c) amino acids and/or protein levels in said plant; or any combination thereof. d) levels of minerals in said plant. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the miner 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein said als are selected from the group consisting of N. P. K. Ca,Mg, safener is selected from benoxacor, cloquintocet, cyometri S., Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Zn, and any combination nil, cyprosulfamide, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, thereof. fenchlorazole, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, US 2011/0053773A1 Mar. 3, 2011 29 isoxadifen, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mefenpyr, mephenate, naph 28. The method according to claim 22, wherein the amino thalic anhydride, Oxabetrinil, daimuron, mefenpyr-diethy, acid is selected from the group consisting of glutamine, leu cloquintocet-mexyl, isoxadifen-ethyl, fenchlorazole-ethyl or cine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phe nylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, Valine, alanine, MG 191. asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glycine, proline, 24. The method according to claim 22, wherein said car serine, glutamic acid, and any combination thereof bohydrate is selected from cellulose, Sugars, starches or fiber. 29. The method according to claim 22, wherein the miner 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein said car als are selected from the group consisting of N. P. K., Ca,Mg, bohydrate is selected from Sucrose, fructose, glucose, mal S., Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Zn, and any combination tose, or raffanose. thereof 30. The method according to claim 22, wherein the anti 26. The method according to claim 24, wherein said fiberis oxidant compound is selected from the group consisting of either acid detergent fiber or neutral detergent fiber. carotenoids, essential oils, flavonoids, anthocyanins, alka 27. The method according to claim 22, wherein the caro loids, glucosinolates, vitamins and any combination thereof. tenoid is beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, Zeaxanthin, violax anthin, neoxanthin, or antheraxanthin. c c c c c