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Institutional Innovation for Better Skilled Immigrant Labour Market Integration: a STUDY of the TORONTO REGION IMMIGRANT EMPLOYMENT COUNCIL (TRIEC)

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Institutional Innovation for Better Skilled Immigrant Labour Market Integration: a STUDY of the TORONTO REGION IMMIGRANT EMPLOYMENT COUNCIL (TRIEC) Institutional Innovation for Better Skilled Immigrant Labour Market Integration: A STUDY OF THE TORONTO REGION IMMIGRANT EMPLOYMENT COUNCIL (TRIEC) by Paul Lewkowicz A thesis submitted to the Department of Geography In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (August, 2008) Copyright ©Paul Lewkowicz, 2008 Abstract In this thesis, I undertake a study of skilled immigrant labour market integration in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) by examining the Toronto Region Immigrant Employment Council (TRIEC). TRIEC is a relatively new governance institution in the Toronto city-region established to address barriers preventing immigrants from gaining meaningful employment in their fields. Barriers include systemic discrimination, lack of credential recognition, and lack of Canadian work experience. TRIEC was created in response to a recommendation from the 2003 Toronto City Summit Alliance (TSCA) report Enough Talk. TRIEC is a multi-stakeholder organization that aims to engage employers to find solutions to address labour market barriers facing skilled immigrants in the GTA. This thesis examines some of these labour market barriers and the work of TRIEC and poses the following research questions: What are the factors both impeding and facilitating the labour market integration of skilled immigrants in the GTA? Has the Toronto Region Immigrant Employment Council model proven effective in terms of its impact on skilled immigrant labour market integration in the GTA? What are possible solutions for addressing the challenges that impede the labour market integration of skilled immigrants in the GTA? To answer these questions, this thesis draws on insights from immigration geography literature, statistical and policy data, as well as fifty-seven (57) semi-structured interviews with a variety of key stakeholders in the GTA. The results point to TRIEC as a potential model to emulate for other large city-regions facing challenges with respect to labour market integration. In addition to highlighting TRIEC’s advantages, this thesis also provides recommendations at a more general societal level for improving skilled immigrant labour market integration in Canadian city-regions. ii Acknowledgements Were it not for the support of many people, this thesis would not be possible. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Betsy Donald for her constant support and feedback and time spent reading my very lengthy drafts. She was constructive with her feedback, positive in her outlook and helpful in guiding me through the process of masters coursework and research. Her insight, knowledge and contacts proved to be invaluable in helping me write this thesis. In addition to Dr. Donald, I would like to thank all of the faculty at the Department of Geography, particularly Dr. Audrey Kobayashi, Dr. Beverley Mullings, Dr. Dongmei Chen, Dr. John Holmes and Dr. Leela Viswanathan for all of their incredible expertise and guidance. I would like to thank my family and friends for their constant support. I would also like to thank the Department of Geography at Queen’s University for giving me the opportunity to study at the masters level and its staff for all of their incredible hard work and assistance to help make my time at Queen’s as enjoyable and productive as possible. I would also like to thank my fellow classmates for our fun times together and their advice. Finally, I am extremely grateful to all of the individuals who agreed to be a part of my study. Were it not for them, my thesis would not have had many of the valuable insights that they were able to provide. iii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................iv List of Figures..........................................................................................................................viii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................ix Glossary of Terms ...................................................................................................................x Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 1.2 Purpose of the Study and Research Questions ....................................................................2 1.3 Focus of Study...................................................................................................................3 1.4 Methodologies...................................................................................................................6 1.4.1 Participant Observation...............................................................................................7 1.4.1.1 Types of Participant Observation Used in Study ...................................................7 1.4.2 Literature Review .......................................................................................................8 1.4.3 Primary Interviews with Various Stakeholders ............................................................9 1.4.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis .......................................................................10 1.4.5 Conclusion................................................................................................................12 Chapter 2 Literature Review......................................................................................................14 2.1 Overview.........................................................................................................................14 2.2 Destination and Type of Immigrants ................................................................................15 2.3 Immigrants and Their Contribution to the New Economy.................................................21 2.3.1 Implications of Concentrated Immigrant Settlement on Canada’s Gateway Cities......23 2.3.2 Municipal Strain and Political Responses ..................................................................30 2.3.3 Immigration Positioned as a “Silver Bullet” for Canada ............................................31 2.4 Critiques of the Immigrant Experience.............................................................................32 2.4.1 Systemic Discrimination and Devaluation of Skills and Credentials ..........................33 2.4.2 Racial Discrimination and Inequality.........................................................................34 2.4.3 Income Disparities Between Immigrants and Canadian-born .....................................37 2.4.4 Higher Unemployment Rates and Incidence of Poverty .............................................38 2.4.5 Poor Labour Market Outcomes for Immigrants Despite High Education Levels.........42 2.5 Comparison of Canadian Immigration Policy To Other Jurisdictions................................52 2.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................53 iv Chapter 3 An Overview of TRIEC.............................................................................................55 3.1 Toronto Region Immigrant Employment Council (TRIEC)..............................................55 3.1.1 Origins of TRIEC .....................................................................................................55 3.1.2 Goals of Organization ...............................................................................................56 3.1.3 TRIEC Structure.......................................................................................................57 3.1.3.1 Founding Board Members....................................................................................57 3.1.3.2 Council Members.................................................................................................57 3.1.3.3 TRIEC Secretariat................................................................................................58 3.1.3.4 TRIEC Working Groups ......................................................................................58 3.1.4. Description and Overview of Programs and Initiatives .............................................60 3.1.4.1 Public Awareness Campaigns...............................................................................60 3.1.4.2 Policy Development .............................................................................................61 3.1.4.3 Mentoring Partnership Program............................................................................62 3.1.4.3.1 Target Market of Mentoring Partnership Program............................................63 3.1.4.3.2 Goal Setting for the Mentoring Partnership Program........................................65 3.1.4.3.3 Origins and Coordination of The Mentoring Partnership Program....................66 3.1.4.3.4 Corporate Involvement in the Mentoring Partnership Program.........................68 3.1.4.3.5 Progress and Growth of
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