14 Day Discovering Southern Namibia and South Africa's Kalahari
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Early History of South Africa
THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES . .3 SOUTH AFRICA: THE EARLY INHABITANTS . .5 THE KHOISAN . .6 The San (Bushmen) . .6 The Khoikhoi (Hottentots) . .8 BLACK SETTLEMENT . .9 THE NGUNI . .9 The Xhosa . .10 The Zulu . .11 The Ndebele . .12 The Swazi . .13 THE SOTHO . .13 The Western Sotho . .14 The Southern Sotho . .14 The Northern Sotho (Bapedi) . .14 THE VENDA . .15 THE MASHANGANA-TSONGA . .15 THE MFECANE/DIFAQANE (Total war) Dingiswayo . .16 Shaka . .16 Dingane . .18 Mzilikazi . .19 Soshangane . .20 Mmantatise . .21 Sikonyela . .21 Moshweshwe . .22 Consequences of the Mfecane/Difaqane . .23 Page 1 EUROPEAN INTERESTS The Portuguese . .24 The British . .24 The Dutch . .25 The French . .25 THE SLAVES . .22 THE TREKBOERS (MIGRATING FARMERS) . .27 EUROPEAN OCCUPATIONS OF THE CAPE British Occupation (1795 - 1803) . .29 Batavian rule 1803 - 1806 . .29 Second British Occupation: 1806 . .31 British Governors . .32 Slagtersnek Rebellion . .32 The British Settlers 1820 . .32 THE GREAT TREK Causes of the Great Trek . .34 Different Trek groups . .35 Trichardt and Van Rensburg . .35 Andries Hendrik Potgieter . .35 Gerrit Maritz . .36 Piet Retief . .36 Piet Uys . .36 Voortrekkers in Zululand and Natal . .37 Voortrekker settlement in the Transvaal . .38 Voortrekker settlement in the Orange Free State . .39 THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD . .41 Page 2 EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES Humankind had its earliest origins in Africa The introduction of iron changed the African and the story of life in South Africa has continent irrevocably and was a large step proven to be a micro-study of life on the forwards in the development of the people. -
Upper Mantle P and S Wave Velocity Structure of the Kalahari Craton And
RESEARCH LETTER Upper Mantle P and S Wave Velocity Structure of the 10.1029/2019GL084053 Kalahari Craton and Surrounding Proterozoic Key Points: • Thick cratonic lithosphere extends Terranes, Southern Africa beneath the Rehoboth Province and Kameron Ortiz1, Andrew Nyblade1,5 , Mark van der Meijde2, Hanneke Paulssen3 , parts of the northern Okwa Terrane 4 4 5 2,6 and Magondi Belt Motsamai Kwadiba , Onkgopotse Ntibinyane , Raymond Durrheim , Islam Fadel , • The northern edge of the greater and Kyle Homman1 Kalahari Craton lithosphere lies along the northern boundary of the 1Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 2Faculty for Geo‐information Rehoboth Province and Magondi Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands, 3Department of Earth Sciences, Belt 4 • Cratonic mantle lithosphere Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Botswana Geoscience Institute, Lobatse, Botswana, 5 6 beneath the Okwa Terrane and School of Geosciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Geology Department, Faculty Magondi Belt may have been of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Egypt chemically altered by Proterozoic magmatic events Abstract New broadband seismic data from Botswana and South Africa have been combined with Supporting Information: existing data from the region to develop improved P and S wave velocity models for investigating the • Supporting Information S1 upper mantle structure of southern Africa. Higher craton‐like velocities are imaged beneath the Rehoboth Province and parts of the northern Okwa Terrane and the Magondi Belt, indicating that the Correspondence to: northern edge of the greater Kalahari Craton lithosphere lies along the northern boundary of these A. Nyblade, terranes. -
Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in Context: the Cape Floral Kingdom, Shellfish, and Modern Human Originsq
Journal of Human Evolution 59 (2010) 425e443 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human originsq Curtis W. Marean Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, P.O. Box 872402, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA article info abstract Article history: Genetic and anatomical evidence suggests that Homo sapiens arose in Africa between 200 and 100 ka, Received 15 December 2009 and recent evidence suggests that complex cognition may have appeared between w164 and 75 ka. This Accepted 19 March 2010 evidence directs our focus to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6, when from 195e123 ka the world was in a fluctuating but predominantly glacial stage, when much of Africa was cooler and drier, and when dated Keywords: archaeological sites are rare. Previously we have shown that humans had expanded their diet to include Middle Stone Age marine resources by w164 ka (Æ12 ka) at Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (PP13B) on the south coast of South Mossel Bay Africa, perhaps as a response to these harsh environmental conditions. The associated material culture Origins of modern humans documents an early use and modification of pigment, likely for symbolic behavior, as well as the production of bladelet stone tool technology, and there is now intriguing evidence for heat treatment of lithics. PP13B also includes a later sequence of MIS 5 occupations that document an adaptation that increasingly focuses on coastal resources. -
Corrosion Map of South Africa's Macro Atmosphere
Corrosion map of South Africa’s macro atmosphere AUTHORS: Darelle T. Janse van Rensburg1,2 The first atmospheric corrosion map of South Africa, produced by Callaghan in 1991, has become outdated, Lesley A. Cornish1 because it primarily focuses on the corrosivity of coastal environments, with little differentiation given Josias van der Merwe1 concerning South Africa’s inland locations. To address this problem, a study was undertaken to develop AFFILIATIONS: a new corrosion map of the country, with the emphasis placed on providing greater detail concerning 1School of Chemical and Metallurgical South Africa’s inland regions. Here we present this new corrosion map of South Africa’s macro atmosphere, Engineering and DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, based on 12-month corrosion rates of mild steel at more than 100 sites throughout the country. Assimilations University of the Witwatersrand, and statistical analyses of the data (published, unpublished and new) show that the variability in the corrosion Johannesburg, South Africa rate of mild steel decreases significantly moving inland. Accordingly, the average first-year corrosion rate of 2Orytech (Pty) Ltd, Roodepoort, South Africa mild steel at the inland sites (at all corrosion monitoring spots located more than 30 km away from the ocean) measured 21±12 µm/a [95% CI: 18–23 µm/a]. The minimum inland figure was about 1.3 µm/a (recorded CORRESPONDENCE TO: at Droërivier in the Central Karoo) and the maxima were approximately 51 µm/a and 50 µm/a in the industrial Darelle Janse van Rensburg hearts of Germiston (Gauteng) and Sasolburg (Free State), respectively. -
Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment
Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................ -
60935864-4X4-Routes-Through-Southern-Africa-ISBN-9781770262904.Pdf
Contents PAGE Introduction 6 Overview map of 4X4 routes 8 Chapter 1 – Crossing the Cederberg – Tankwa to Sandveld 10 CERES ◗ KAGGA KAMMA ◗ OLD POSTAL ROUTE ◗ BIEDOUW VALLEY ◗ WUPPERTAL ◗ KROMRIVIER ◗ BOEGOEBERG ◗ LAMBERT’S BAY ◗ JAKKALSKLOOF TRAIL ◗ KLEINTAFELBERG ◗ PIKETBERG Chapter 2 – The West Coast – !Kwha ttu to Hondeklipbaai and beyond 22 PATERNOSTER ◗ LAMBERT’S BAY ◗ BEACH CAMP ◗ BUFFELSRIVIER TRAIL Chapter 3 – The Richtersveld – a place of great splendour 34 STEINKOPF ◗ SENDELINGSDRIF ◗ DE HOOP ◗ RICHTERSBERG ◗ KOKERBOOMKLOOF ◗ EKSTEENFONTEIN ◗ VIOOLSDRIF Chapter 4 – Khaudum and Mamili – explore the remote parks of the Caprivi Strip 44 GROOTFONTEIN ◗ TSUMKWE ◗ NYAE NYAE PLAINS ◗ SIKERETI ◗ KHAUDUM ◗ NGEPI ◗ MUDUMU AND MAMILI ◗ KONGOLA OR KATIMA MULILO Chapter 5 – The Kaokoland – an inhospitable wonderland 54 KAMANJAB ◗ OPUWO ◗ KUNENE RIVER LODGE ◗ ENYANDI ◗ EPUPA ◗ VAN ZYL’S PASS ◗ OTJINHUNGWA ◗ MARBLE MINE ◗ PURROS ◗ HOANIB RIVER ◗ WARMQUELLE Chapter 6 – The Namaqua Eco-Trail – an Orange River odyssey 64 POFADDER ◗ PELLA ◗ GAUDOM ◗ KAMGAB ◗ VIOOLSDRIF ◗ XAIMANIP MOUTH ◗ TIERHOEK ◗ HOLGAT RIVER ◗ ALEXANDER BAY Chapter 7 – Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park – the place of great thirst 74 UPINGTON ◗ TWEE RIVIEREN ◗ NOSSOB ◗ MABUASEHUBE ◗ KURUMAN Chapter 8 – Central Kalahari Game Reserve – a true African wilderness 84 KHAMA RHINO SANCTUARY ◗ DECEPTION VALLEY ◗ PIPER’S PAN ◗ BAPE CAMP ◗ KHUTSE Chapter 9 – Faces of the Namib – the world’s oldest desert 94 SOLITAIRE ◗ HOMEB ◗ KUISEB RIVER CANYON ◗ CONCEPTION BAY ◗ MEOB BAY ◗ OLIFANTSBAD ◗ -
A Brief Botanical Survey Into Kumbira Forest, an Isolated Patch of Guineo-Congolian Biome
A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 65: 1–14 (2016)A brief botanical survey into Kumbira forest, an isolated patch... 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.65.8679 CHECKLIST http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A brief botanical survey into Kumbira forest, an isolated patch of Guineo-Congolian biome Francisco M. P. Gonçalves1,2, David J. Goyder3 1 Herbarium of Lubango, ISCED-Huíla, Sarmento Rodrigues, S/N Lubango, Angola 2 University of Ham- burg, Biocentre Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr.18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany 3 Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey,TW9 3AB, UK Corresponding author: Francisco Maiato Pedro Gonçalves ([email protected]) Academic editor: D. Stevenson | Received 31 March 2016 | Accepted 31 May 2016 | Published 15 June 2016 Citation: Gonçalves FMP, Goyder DJ (2016) A brief botanical survey into Kumbira forest, an isolated patch of Guineo- Congolian biome. PhytoKeys 65: 1–14. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.65.8679 Abstract Kumbira forest is a discrete patch of moist forest of Guineo-Congolian biome in Western Angola central scarp and runs through Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul province. The project aimed to document the floristic diversity of the Angolan escarpment, a combination of general walk-over survey, plant specimen collection and sight observation was used to aid the characterization of the vegetation. Over 100 plant specimens in flower or fruit were collected within four identified vegetation types. The list of species in- cludes two new records of Guineo-Congolian species in Angola, one new record for the country and one potential new species. Keywords Kumbira forest, Guineo-Congolian, floristic diversity Introduction Angola lies almost wholly within the southern zone of tropical grassland, bounded by tropical rain forest of the Congo in the north and by the Kalahari Desert in the south (Shaw 1947). -
Ai-/Ais-Richtersveld Transfrontier Park “Since This Spectacular Area Is Undeveloped and There Is So Much to Explore, You Feel As If No One Else Has Ever Been Here
/Ai-/Ais-Richtersveld Transfrontier Park “Since this spectacular area is undeveloped and there is so much to explore, you feel as if no one else has ever been here. That the park is yours alone to discover.” Wayne Handley, Senior Ranger, /Ai-/Ais Richtersveld Republic of Namibia Transfrontier Park, Ministry of Environment and Tourism Ministry of Environment and Tourism Discover the /Ai-/Ais Richtersveld 550 metres above. Klipspringer bound up the cliffs and moun- Transfrontier Park tain chats drink from pools left behind from when the river last Experience wilderness on a scale unimaginable. Stand at the edge flowed. Ancient rock formations and isolation add to the sense of of the largest natural gorge in Africa, and the second-largest can- timelessness and elation that mark this challenging hike. yon in the world, the Fish River Canyon. Revel in the dramatic views from Hell’s Corner where it is almost possible to imagine For 4x4 enthusiasts, drives along the rugged eastern rim of the the dramatic natural forces that shaped the canyon. Today the canyon afford stunning views across the canyon from Hell’s /Ai-/Ais Richtersveld Transfrontier Park protects a vast area that Corner and Sulphur Springs vantage points. One hundred ki- crosses the South African border to encompass one of the richest lometres further south, another more leisurely route winds botanical hot spots in the world, the Succulent Karoo biome. along the edge of the Orange River, where masses of water are framed by towering black mountains. Strewn with immense boulders, the bed of the Fish River is also home to one of the most exhilarating adventures in Southern Everywhere there are rare plants, including 100 endemic suc- Africa, the five-day, 90-kilometre Fish River Canyon hiking trail, culents and over 1 600 other plant species, illusive rare animals, for which you need a hiking permit. -
Sonar Surveys for Bat Species Richness and Activity in the Southern Kalahari Desert, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, South Africa
diversity Article Sonar Surveys for Bat Species Richness and Activity in the Southern Kalahari Desert, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, South Africa Rick A. Adams 1,* and Gary Kwiecinski 2 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA 2 Department of Biology, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18510, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-970-351-2057 Received: 27 March 2018; Accepted: 10 September 2018; Published: 18 September 2018 Abstract: Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is located in northwestern South Africa and extends northeastward into Botswana. The park lies largely within the southern Kalahari Desert ecosystem where the Auob and Nassob rivers reach their confluence. Although these rivers run only about once every 100 years, or shortly after large thunderstorms, underground flows and seeps provide consistent surface water for the parks sparse vegetation and diverse wildlife. No formal studies on bats have previously occurred at Kgalagadi. We used SM2 + BAT ultrasonic detectors to survey 10 sites along the Auob and Nassob rivers from 5–16 April 2016. The units recorded 3960 call sequences that were analyzed using Kaleidoscope software for South African bats as well as visual determinations based on call structure attributes (low frequency, characteristic frequency, call duration, and bandwidth). We identified 12 species from four families: Rhinolophidae: Rhinolophus fumigatus. Molossidae: Chaerephon pumilus, and Sauromys petrophilus, Tadarida aegyptiaca; Miniopteridae: Miniopteris schreibersi (natalensis), Vespertilionidae: Laephotis botswanae, Myotis tricolor, Neoromicia capensis, N. nana, Pipistrellus hesperidus, Scotophilus dinganii, and S. viridus. The most abundant species during the survey period was N. capensis. We also used paired-site design to test for greater bat activity at water sources compared to dry sites, with dry sites being significantly more active. -
Managing Biodiversity of the Greater Fish River Canyon Landscape
Managing biodiversity of the Greater Fish River Canyon Landscape A tool for sustainable land management Managing biodiversity of the Greater Fish River CanyonCanyon Landscape A tool for sustainable land management Antje Burke NNNovemberNovember 2012013333 1 © Antje Burke, 2013 This publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes only. Content and design: Antje Burke Published in 2013 by EnviroScience PO Box 90230 Klein Windhoek Namibia And Namibia Protected Landscape Conservation Areas Initiative (NAM-PLACE) Ministry of Environment and Tourism Private Bag 13306 Windhoek Namibia Suggested citation: Burke, A. (2013) Managing biodiversity of the Greater Fish River Canyon Landscape - A tool for sustainable land management. EnviroScience and Namplace, Windhoek, 92 pp. Acknowledgements This survey would have been impossible without the enthusiastic support of all GFRCL stakeholders and Namplace’s financial and logistic support. Not only the stakeholders whose properties we needed to access, but also those were no data gaps were identified, were eager to support us. We are therefore sorry that we did not have the time to visit all farms. Leevi’s assistance was essential to ensure that good specimens of critical species are lodged at the National Botanical Research Institute and that the taxing work in the mountain areas could be undertaken safely. Coleen Mannheimer deserves special thanks for volunteering her time freely and helping with the (often tedious) plant identifications. Jonas Heita ensured that stakeholders were well briefed and put me in contact with right people. In the field, we (Leevi and I) would particularly like to thank Eben Naude, Liana Mbako, Simon Goliath, Sikongo Ignatius Nyangana (Gammy), Reagan Mbeava, Max Witbooi, Mnh Dekoker, Angela Otseeng, Tryg and Sue Cooper and Manni Goldbeck and his staff at the Canyon village. -
Physical Map Unit
AfricaAnnabelle ate apples in the purple poppies. © 2015Physical Thomas Teaching Tools Map Annabelle ate apples in the purple poppies. © 2015 Thomas TeachingUnit Tools Thanks for Your Purchase! I hope you and your students enjoy this product. If you have any questions, you may contact me at [email protected]. © 2015 Thomas Teaching Tools © 2015 Thomas Teaching Tools Terms of Use This teaching resource includes one single-teacher classroom license. Photocopying this copyrighted product is permissible only for one teacher for single classroom use and for teaching purposes only. Duplication of this resource, in whole or in part, for other individuals, teachers, schools, institutions, or for commercial use is strictly forbidden without written permission from the author. This product may not be distributed, posted, stored, displayed, or shared electronically, digitally, or otherwise, without written permission of the author, MandyAnnabelle Thomas. ate Copying apples any in thepart purple of this poppies. product and placing it on the internet in any form (even a personal/classroom website) is strictly forbidden© 2015 Thomas and is a Teaching violation Toolsof the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). You may purchase additional licenses at a reduced price on the “My Purchases”Annabelle page of TpTate ifapples you wish in the to purpleshare withpoppies. your fellow teachers, department, or school. If you have any questions, you may contact me© 2015 at [email protected] Thomas Teaching Tools . Thanks for downloading this product! I hope you and your students enjoy this resource. Feedback is greatly appreciated. Please fee free to contact me if you have any questions. My TpT Store: https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Tho mas-Teaching-Tools © 2015 Thomas Teaching Tools © 2015 Thomas Teaching Tools Teaching Notes Planning Suggestions This map unit is a great addition to any study of Africa. -
NAMIBIA CLASSIC 19 DAYS, SELF-DRIVE SAFARI for 2 – 4 Guests
NAMIBIA CLASSIC 19 DAYS, SELF-DRIVE SAFARI for 2 – 4 Guests This 4x4 self-drive journey of 19 days offers you the opportunity to get to know Namibia in all of its facets. Grand landscapes, fantastic views, friendly people and unique encounters with animals will cast their spell on you. This tour includes everything that Namibia has to offer, from the Kalahari to the Fish River Canyon, from the Namib Desert to Twyfelfontein, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and of course the wildlife of Etosha National Park. If you seek silence and nature, if you love desert and vastness – Namibia is sure to get under your skin. Itinerary Day 3 Day 1 Drive via Keetmanshoop to the Fish River Canyon Arrive in Windhoek Today we cover a longer stretch. Geologically After our arrival we are transferred to our nearby interesting Karoo landscape with interesting desert Guestfarm in the Auas Mountains. In the afternoon we flora including the majestic tree aloe, the Quiver Tree. are taken on a farm drive on this special farm, ending The dead branches were used by the bushmen as with a sundowner experience. quivers to store their arrows. If we want to see these Guesthouse Voigtland near the Airport (DBB) tree aloes up close, we can visit the Quiver Tree Forest. Close to the Quiver Tree Forest is also the fascinating Day 2 “Giants Playground”. These 180-million-year-old Journey to the edge of the Kalahari Semi-Desert, dolerite and basalt rocks look like they have been south eastern Namibia In the morning we pick up our rental vehicle, then stacked by giants to form geometrical puzzles.