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The Effect of Aquaculture Effluents on Water Quality Parameters of Haraz River

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The Effect of Aquaculture Effluents on Water Quality Parameters of Haraz River Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 12(2) 445-453 2013 _________________________________________________________________________________________ The effect of aquaculture effluents on water quality parameters of Haraz River Saremi A.1*; Saremi K.2; Saremi A.3; Sadeghi M.4; Sedghi H.1 Received: January 2012 Accepted: November 2012 Abstract In this study, a water quality model of Haraz basin was used as an evaluative tool to estimate the spatial distribution of variables that are related to water quality and nutrient loads of the Haraz River. Previous studies performed in this river indicate that trout culture activity along the Haraz River have led to various changes in the water quality parameters. In the present work, the possible effects of two additional fish farms with a production capacity of 50 tons, located on the Haraz within 1 km distance from each other were evaluated in terms of their effects on the streams water quality. A water quality model was developed in order to investigate the spatial distribution of water quality variables. The model also used to estimate the dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and nutrients along the stream. Keywords: Mathematical modeling, BOD5, Streeter-Phelps, Haraz River Downloaded from jifro.ir at 23:35 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 __________________________ 1-Department of Water Resources Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2-Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 3-Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IRANDOC), Tehran, Iran 4-Department of management, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran * Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] 446 Saremi et al., The effect of aquaculture effluents on water quality… _________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction sustainable aquaculture techniques through Because of the limitation in capture waste management have been increased. fisheries production, aquaculture has been Mathematical modeling of water quality developed worldwide through the recent forms an integral part of the decision- years in order to satisfy the increasing making process for water resources demand for food supply. Although management and has been used since aquaculture is able to solve many food 1960s as a tool in environmental sciences. problems but its dependence on limited Models and simulations allow the rapid natural resources presents various evaluation of pollution in terms of cause challenges for sustainability. Aquaculture and effect relationships. The main has significant impacts on the environment advantage is that modeling enables and natural resources, and a number of analyses of different future scenarios in concerns have been expressed by present time (Erturk, 2005). So, model environmental activists and scientists ( results can be applied in decision-making Dierberg and Kiattisimukul, 1996; process, because they provide the Goldburg and Triplett, 1997; Naylor et al., possibility to forecast the environmental 1998; Boyd, 2003). effects of future investments and to The environmental impact of optimize the environmental effects. aquaculture is observed in many ways Haraz River basin area is located in including user conflicts, change of the Mazandaran province, in north of Iran. ecosystems, water pollution and etc. Of It lies between longitude of 35° 52′E and these possible negative impacts, water 45° 05′E and latitude of 35° 45′N and 36° pollution of water resources is the most 15′N, and has a length of 185 km with a common complaint and has attracted the discharge of 940 × 106 m3/y (in 2009). greatest attention through the nations ( The width of river ranges from 50 to 500 Downloaded from jifro.ir at 23:35 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 Tookwinas, 1996; Boyd and Tucker, 2000; m at different locations. The catchments Cripps and Bergheim, 2000). Discharges area of river is about 4,060 km2 with from flow-through aquaculture systems average precipitation of 832 mm/y. Haraz such as raceways, tanks contain organic River originates from Alborz mountain matter, nutrients, and suspended solids ranges and flows into the southern coast of which directly impacts on oxygen the Caspian Sea (Amirkolaie, 2008). Haraz depletion, eutrophication, and turbidity in River is an important habitat which has receiving waters. Such effluents may have been highly considered for construction of a serious negative impact on the quality of trout fish farms. There are more than 27 the receiving water when discharged farms with minimum production of 50 tons untreated (Forenshell, 2001; Miller and and maximum production of 185 tons. The Semmens, 2002; Schulz et al., 2003). water right system is applied in this river. In recent years, interests in Based on the present contract for trout applying environmentally friendly and culture, the amount of water for 27 farms Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 12(2) 2013 447 __________________________________________________________________________________ with net area of 80000 m2 is about 8 m3. Taking into consideration the potential There is an increasing rate of trout farm negative effects of these construction sites construction around the border of Haraz on the surrounding environmental River. According to Varedi (2007) due to ecosystem, the possible effects of closeness of farms and discharge of their additional fish farms should be effluents to river, trout culture effluent has investigated. negative impact on Haraz ecosystem. Downloaded from jifro.ir at 23:35 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 Figure 1: Map of the study area and surface water quality sampling stations in Haraz River basin Materials and methods During the spring and summer season, high Data Analysis precipitation combined with snow melts The average monthly flow rates, which were results in maximum flow rate as given in used for the simulations were calculated using Table 1. the daily flow gauging data from Tamab. 448 Saremi et al., The effect of aquaculture effluents on water quality… _________________________________________________________________________________ Table 1: Monthly flow rate of Stations in Haraz River basin Rivers Haraz Haraz Lar station Kore sang Sorkhrood Polor Oct 19.4 6.4 3.7 Nov 19.6 7.0 3.4 Dec 17.6 7.3 2.9 Jan 16.2 6.7 2.9 Feb 15.9 6.1 3.1 Mar 18.5 6.6 2.7 Apr 33.1 6.3 9.3 May 71.8 10.4 32.2 Jun 72.9 6.8 33.1 July 40.1 3.4 15.8 Agu 26.6 3.3 7.7 Sept 21.4 7.2 4.7 yearly 31.1 6.3 10.1 Water quality model the governing equation becomes a partial Water quality models have been developed differential equation. DO is one of the during the past three decades. According to most important constituents of natural Jorgensen (1999), more than 4000 ecological water bodies; as fish and other aquatic models have been used in aquatic ecosystem animal species require oxygen. Stream research and environmental management. must have a minimum of 2 mg/l DO to Water quality modeling in a river is based maintain higher life forms; while most fish Downloaded from jifro.ir at 23:35 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 on Streeter and Phelps (1925) model that is require 4 mg/l (trout require at least 6 developed based on a mass balance which mg/l). Oxygen is also important to is affected by two processes. One is that maintain an aerobic state as the end oxygen is removed from water by the products of chemical and biochemical degradation of organic materials. In other reactions in anaerobic systems produce words, the biochemical oxygen demand of aesthetically displeasing odors, colors and an organic waste is satisfied by oxygen taste. When biodegradable organics are taken from the water. The second process discharged into a stream, microorganisms is "re-aeration" by oxygen transfer into the convert the organics into new cells and water from the atmosphere. In this model oxidized waste components. During this the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) process, DO is consumed. The rate and de-oxygenation rate was expressed as an quantity of DO consumption is dependent empirical first order reaction, producing on the quantity of organics and the dilution the classic dissolved oxygen sag (DO) capacity of the stream. model. Considering the dispersion process, Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 12(2) 2013 449 __________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1: (a) Deoxygenation and reaeration responses to the organic material, and (b) the DO sag curve, which is characteristic of change of DO concentration in a river after the introduction of organic material. Applying a mass balance to Figure 2 for Where: x is the distance downstream, the oxygen concentration in the stream, giving relating oxygen consumption to BOD and dV Adx re-oxygenation to natural re-aeration, and Since, neglecting hydrodynamic dispersion: dx udt Accumulation = Inflow - Outflow + De- dV Audt oxygenation + Re-oxygenation Substituting Eq. 7 into Eq. 3 and C / t(V) QC QC r (V) r (V)rearranging gives or Downloaded from jifro.ir at 23:35 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 x xx BOD R Where C is the O2 concentration dC Q kL k2 (Cs C) Substituting for rBOD and rR and taking the Audt limit as ∆x approaches zero dC kL k2 (Cs C) C / t QC / t kL k (C C) dt 2 s Where: L is organic matter present at any D C C time, (equal to BODu(t)) (t) s (t) 1 Assuming steady state conditions, The change in oxygen deficit with C / t = 0, Eq. 2 becomes, residence time is: QdC / dv kL k (C C) dD / dt dC / dt 2 s Assuming that the stream has a constant Knowing that dC / dt kL k (C C) cross-sectional area, volume of reach is: 2 s V Ax Gives dD / dt k2 D kL 450 Saremi et al., The effect of aquaculture effluents on water quality… _________________________________________________________________________________ Or kBOD u(o) kt k2t k2t D(t) e e Di e dD kt k2 k k2 D kBODu(0)e dt Comparison of Eq.
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