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INDIA & AFRICA TOWARDS A NEW
GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP
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Conceived and executed by The Society for Policy Studies, New Delhi
www.spsindia.in Copyright: Society for Policy Studies, New Delhi k contents
3 Preface 4 India and Africa: Future beckons natural partners 9 Anatomy of India’s Africa policy 14 Keeping the peace at African borders 18 India and Africa: The 3G maritime connectivity 21 Connecting with Africa the e-way 23 Energy: A critical link between two nations 27 Time to address food security, poverty in Africa 30 African patients seek the Indian healing touch 34 ‘I got my life back thanks to Indian doctors’ 38 IAFS 2015: MEA rises to the challenge 42 African footballers making it big in India 46 Indian diaspora in Africa: A binding factor 50 Can India help Africa realise its dream? 54 Morocco: A reformist government, model of moderate Islam 62 New Suez Canal: A dream that came true 69 Angola to prioritise ties with India 74 State Profiles
Meenakshi Iyer, Aniket Bhavthankar Angshuman De Conceived and executed by a unit of the Society for Policy Studies, New Delhi (www.spsindia.in) Printed at PRINTWORKS, New Delhi Copyright: Society for Policy Studies, New Delhi 02 Pages-nishant-Q8 final_Layout 1 10/15/2015 1:10 PM Page 3
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he Society for Policy Studies (SPS) is privileged to present this special commemorative magazine titled ‘India & Africa: Towards a New Global Partnership’. T India’s African engagement has become more organised and pronounced in the past few years as New Delhi sought to fashion a rejuvenated role for itself in relation to the nations of the African continent. This role is predicated on a mutually beneficial policy framework that endeavours to advance the national interests of India and its African interlocutors in an equitable and empathetic manner.
In addition to enhancing investment opportunities, expanding business-trade ties and enhanced diplomatic interface, the key drivers of India’s more recent relations with Africa feature strategic-cum-security objectives linked to the political goals of Indian foreign policy and wider international politics, coupled with the imperatives of sustaining and increasing economic growth amidst high external resource dependence and the prevailing global economic turbulence.
In order to engage with the African continent in a more coordinated and focused way, New Delhi is hosting representatives of all 54 African states at the Third India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) from October 26-29. This Summit is a reiteration of India’s endeavour to showcase its determination to consolidate its relations with its African neighbours who are connected by the ocean. The Summit is an appropriate opportunity for the Indian government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, to outline his vision about the current contours of India-Africa ties and how best to burnish them in the larger international context.
Through the lens of domain experts across a wide spectrum, we have attempted to assess and analyse India-Africa relations from strategic, political, economic and cultural perspectives. It is sincerely hoped that a document of this nature will not only provide an informed perspective on bilateral ties for the uninitiated but will also be a useful knowledge resource for those interested in promoting and developing ties with a continent on the move.
On behalf of the Society for Policy Studies (SPS), we would like to express our gratitude to the authors and the African embassies who have contributed to the magazine.
TARUN BASU C UDAY BHASKAR President Director
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Rajiv Bhatia India and Africa: Future beckons natural partners
A strong national consensus exists in India on deepening the engagement with Africa
Africa and India have been in a long-term through mutually enriching exchanges. relationship. In the modern era, Mahatma Gandhi utilised —Wangari Muta Maathai, Africa as the laboratory to invent and perfect his Kenya’s Nobel Laureate innovative tools of Satyagraha that won India her freedom. The country’s first Prime Minister, IN AFRICA’S ‘BIG Five’, the lion enjoys the place Jawaharlal Nehru, strongly believed that India’s of pride. Resurgent India, under Prime Minister freedom would be incomplete without the Narendra Modi’s leadership, views itself as a lion liberation of Asia and Africa from the clutches of full of vigour, ready to seize new opportunities. colonialism and imperialism. Hence free India This combination has produced an apt, blended worked steadfastly and over time in order to image of a lion — with partly African, partly assist the African people in their struggle against Indian face — as the logo for the Third India- colonial rule, apartheid, exploitation and Africa Forum Summit (IAFS). It is a powerful injustice. symbol of the shared histories and dreams of Later, the two became close partners at the African and Indian peoples. It reflects their United Nations and in the Non-Aligned common commitment to foster socio-economic Movement and G-77, wedded to the cause of development and creation of a just world. independence from the super/major powers and It is noteworthy that this is a world where of economic development. Former Prime every third human being is either an African or Minister Manmohan Singh envisioned the 21st an Indian. century as ‘the Century of Asia and Africa.’ In August 2015, Prime Minister Modi stressed LASTING FRIENDSHIP that Africa and the Indian Ocean were ‘among Africa and India have rightly been called ‘the the highest priorities for our foreign policy’. He natural partners.’ The reference here is not also stated: ‘India and Africa share a deep bond merely to the Indian subcontinent being a part of friendship, forged by history, common of the African landmass known as the challenges and a shared journey on the path of Gondwanaland a long time ago, but also to the progress.’ fact that, among all of Africa’s international A strong national consensus thus exists in partners, India has had the oldest and the longest India on deepening the engagement with Africa. association and cooperation with the ‘Mother The process for structured interaction Continent’. Traders, travellers and craftsmen culminating in periodic summits of Heads of from India began going by sea to Africa’s State and Government began with the first IAFS, eastern/southern coast thousands of years ago. held in Delhi in April 2008. This was followed by Africans reciprocated their travels and sojourns IAFS-II in May 2011 in Addis Ababa. Taken
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<< Former South African President Nelson Mandela receives the International Gandhi Peace Prize from then Indian President K.R. Narayanan at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on March 16, 2001, as former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee looks on
The third summit from October 26-29, 2015 is ‘historic’ in the sense that this is the first time India, transcending the ‘Banjul Formula’, has decided to invite all member-states of the African Union rather than only about a third of them. The summit will be preceded by the meetings of India-Africa Business Council and other key events
together, they contributed significantly to the and civil society. expansion of mutual cooperation. The third summit from October 26-29, 2015 is TWO KEY QUESTIONS historic in the sense that this is the first time How one may assess objectively the Africa-India India, transcending the Banjul Formula, has relationship today and what needs to be done to decided to invite all member-states of the African strengthen it further are the two key questions Union rather than only about a third of them. that need answers, especially on the eve of the It will be preceded by the meetings of India- summit. Africa Business Council, ministers of commerce, The first question hinges on another senior officials, ministers of foreign affairs, and a preliminary query: are Africa and India series of interactions involving academia, media important to each other in the larger global
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context? The categorical answer is ‘yes’. and Africa, they adopted the ‘Framework for Africa, as a continent of 55 countries (54 of Cooperation’ and also agreed to devise a joint them being members of the African Union), is on plan of action at a continental level. This the trajectory of political and economic framework identified seven specific areas: renaissance. Its significance as an international economic; political; science, technology, role player, as a market, as a resource base and as research and development; social development a natural ally in the global fora, is indisputable. and capacity building; tourism; infrastructure, On the other hand, India as one of the largest energy and environment; and media and and fastest growing economies, as the world’s communications. largest democracy committed to inclusive Three years later, the Addis Ababa development and as a major power in Asia and Declaration portrayed Africa and India as beyond, matters immensely to Africa. This ‘fraternal partners and allies in the struggle for complementarity of needs and capabilities is at independence and achievement of self- the heart of the growing cooperative determination.’ relationship. Indeed, the two sides are linked Upgradation of ‘close partnership’ to through shared values, common interests and ‘strategic partnership’ was reflected in it. The mutual empathy. declaration articulated participants’ satisfaction A related point is about certain basic over the progress in implementation of decisions indicators. India and Africa, put together, at the previous summit. It also recorded that represent 33 percent of the world’s population, ‘substantial financial flows’ were arranged from 23 percent of world’s land and 6.6 percent of the India to Africa. Another notable success was the world’s GDP. These figures reveal the mix of forging of India’s links with the Regional enormous challenges and opportunities involved Economic Communities (RECs), besides the in the optimal development of Africa and India African Union. Finally, the summit adopted a through their mutual partnership and through somewhat wider ‘Africa-India, Framework for their other partnerships. Enhanced Cooperation.’ The Delhi Declaration explained that the first summit aimed to redefine and re-invigorate ‘the THREE PILLARS decades-old partnership and historical and The present state of their ‘Strategic Partnership’ civilisational links’ between the African continent may be evaluated by highlighting its multi- and India. The two were ‘neighbours across the dimensional nature and referring to its three Indian Ocean’. main pillars, which are: 1) political, security and Participants recognised the ‘significant defence relations; 2) economic and development positive transformation of the political, economic cooperation; and 3) cultural, educational and and social environment in Africa and the people-to-people links. strengthening of democracy’, particularly with The first pillar covers several significant areas. the establishment of the African Union and its African states and India are committed to institutions. They noted the convergence of reshaping the global governance to suit their views on subjects ranging from climate change interests. In particular, they have been working through South-South cooperation to reform, together to make the UN Security Council a more democratisation of the UN, the Bretton Woods representative institution, reflecting power institutions and pursuit of sustainable realities of today rather than of 1945. While India development. has garnered huge support for its candidature for Leaders decided to hold the Forum summit a permanent seat, the difficulty stems from once in three years. With regard to expanding the Africa’s failure to select its own candidates and multi-dimensional cooperation between India its excessive expectations. These were included
06 Pages-nishant-Q8 final_Layout 1 10/15/2015 1:10 PM Page 7 < in the Ezulwini Consensus of 2005 – ‘not less uniformed personnel deployed to UN < Prime Minister than’ two permanent seats, retention of veto and peacekeeping operations (mostly in Africa) at Narendra Modi with five non-permanent seats. any one time, making it the third largest South African President Jacob Zuma Further, terrorism and extremism on the contributor during the 21st century.’ in Ufa, Russia, on African continent have now become serious In recent years, the trend is towards Africans July 9, 2015 issues in number of countries like Nigeria, Mali, seeking solutions for African problems and Côte d’Ivoire, Somalia and Kenya. India, facing the arranging their own contributions to threat of terrorism emanating from its peacekeeping, under determined leadership of neighbourhood for long, would no doubt strive the African Union. About one-third of hard to develop, at IAFS-III, a practical programme peacekeepers engaged in operations in Africa of cooperation with its African partners. today come from the African countries Through increased mutual cooperation, they themselves. would be better equipped to counter and combat The second pillar has two sections – this international menace. economic/business cooperation and While defence cooperation has flourished at development cooperation extended by India. the bilateral level for several decades, India’s India-Africa trade has grown steadily, though contribution to peacekeeping on the continent slowly, touching the mark of $71 billion in 2014- (viz. Congo, Liberia and South Sudan etc.) has 15. Africa accounts for 9.4 percent of India’s global been widely appreciated. trade. About 20 percent of India’s petroleum To cite from a study by Dipankar Banerjee of imports are supplied by Nigeria and other the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies: ‘Since African states. late 2005, India has had approximately 8,000 Of the Lines of Credit (LOC) support
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announced at the previous summits, India has major suggestions: actually made $7.4 billion available to fuel trade = India’s political leaders need to be more visible and fund 140 industrial projects spread to 41 in Africa, travelling through its length and countries in Africa. India’s Duty-Free Tariff breadth frequently and obtaining greater Preference (DFTP) scheme for LDCs has now exposure; begun to make significant impact in Africa. = India Inc should become more motivated in India’s investments in Africa during 2003-12 were pursuing business opportunities in the valued at $64 billion. backdrop of rising international competition; The other section of this pillar comprises a = India’s financial package in support of wide-ranging capacity building, training and economic and development cooperation scholarships programme, run under ITEC and should be marked by enhanced generosity; other schemes. = The two sides should craft an effective India has given about 25,000 scholarships to implementation mechanism in respect of African students. Her promise to establish about decisions to be taken at the forthcoming 100 new training institutions in Africa has, summit; however, registered limited progress as = Media, academia, civil society and special implementation constraints from both sides interest groups (women, youth, labour etc) have slowed down the process. should increase their role to deepen The next summit would need to address this friendship across the board; sensitive issue in a pragmatic manner. = Finally, the time is ripe to launch a new Continuing interaction of India with Africa’s institution: India-Africa Think Tank Network Regional Economic Communities (RECs) (IATTN). Thought-leaders of today need to represents a welcome trend, confirming that strategise together on how to enrich the India-Africa engagement runs at three levels: engagement dramatically. bilateral, regional and pan-African. ‘Shared History, Convergent Cultures’ was the CONCLUSION title of an essay on cultural cooperation; its Meles Zenawi, then prime minister of Ethiopia, authors — Neeti Sethi Bose and Fakir Hassen — wrote in 2011: ‘India matters to Africa more than wrote: ‘From Marrakesh to Maputo, from Dakar ever before because India has now incomparably to Durban, Bollywood songs and films enthral more means to support Africa economically, and and enchant Africans.’ Cooperation relating to because Africa itself is on the move after decades culture, education and P-to-P relations needs in the doldrums.’ active synergy between governments and civil John Kufuor, former president of Ghana, society. Some progress has been achieved, but maintained: ‘The reinvigoration of India-Africa much more remains to be done if African and relationship has the potential to create a new Indian peoples want to be close allies. Both sides platform for South-South dialogue and a should change their ‘colonial mindset’ and look mutually beneficial partnership that can at each other directly rather than through the enhance developmental prospects in both India western prism. and Africa.’ The challenge for the Third Summit in New THE WAY FORWARD: SIX STEPS Delhi is: Think big and deliver speedily! IAFS-III will come up with an all-encompassing response to the second question: what needs to (Rajiv Bhatia served as India’s High be done to strengthen this engagement further? Commissioner to Kenya, South Africa and Listening to the voices of Indian and African Lesotho. He was also the Director General of cognoscenti for long, I list below the the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA).
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Dr K. Mathews Anatomy of India’s Africa policy
As India cultivates its global role, Africa is an area where it can position itself as a leader, a supplier of investment and an aid donor.
TODAY, BOTH INDIA and Africa are on the move. and experiences. Africa is emerging as a new growth pole, while Recent years have witnessed unprecedented India is on a path of sustained and rapid growth in India’s engagement with Africa, which economic development. is emblematic of India’s emergence as a global Relations between India and Africa are power. India is neither a new actor in Africa, nor marked by a new dynamism. The Third India- is it merely “emerging” or “re-emerging”. India is Africa Forum Summit (IAFS-III) in New Delhi a rising global power. exemplifies this new dynamism in the growing India is also rightly eschewing any temptation India-Africa relations. The dynamics of history, to concentrate its attention primarily on the culture and the process of post-colonial major powers even as it develops a global role as development have brought India and Africa a key player on the 21st century stage. As India closer. cultivates this global profile and presence, Africa In many ways, Indians and Africans trod a has rightly emerged as a vital area for India’s common path with shared colonial experiences enhanced engagement. and anti-colonial struggles. In the period of Africa today is at the centre of attention from decolonisation and the fight against apartheid, emerging Eastern and traditional Western Indians and Africans stood shoulder to shoulder. powers alike. Never in the past half Mahatma Gandhi always believed that so long as century — since most African countries won Africa was not free, India’s own freedom would independence from their European colonial be incomplete. masters — has Africa been in such good shape as Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, it is today. was also a firm believer and practitioner of the Africa’s geostrategic significance has risen principle of Afro-Asian solidarity and support to significantly. The continent is well on its way to the struggles of the people of Africa against racial attaining a certain level of political stability and discrimination and apartheid. While Gandhi was economic development, with some of the fastest- an inspiration before independence, Nehru was growing economies in the world now in an inspiration after independence. sub-Saharan Africa. Above all, a vast and After it achieved independence, India increasing quantity of oil in Africa is the new embarked on a path of close cooperation with magnet attracting many countries to seek newly-independent nations of Africa who shared economic opportunities there. similar problems of underdevelopment, poverty In the past decade-and-a-half, Africa has and disease. India’s cooperation with Africa was witnessed an unprecedented boom in oil and gas based on the principle of South-South investment. Though the continent still faces Cooperation, on similarities of circumstances many challenges in the political, economic and
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social sectors, the progress in regional and sectors thus creating a new blueprint for future continental integration and its overall direction development of India-Africa cooperation. seems to be on the right course and it is poised Among others, India undertook to give to play a bigger role in world affairs in the coming preferential market access to exports from 34 years. Least-Developed Countries (LDCs) in Africa and This resurgence of Africa has a profound to raise its lines of credit to the continent to $5.4 significance for the international scene. The billion. Tokyo International Conference on African Besides, by increasing its aid package to Development (TICAD), the Africa-Europe Africa to $500 million by 2012, New Delhi Summit, China-Africa Cooperation Forum, the recognised that development has been a India-Africa Forum, the Africa-South America pressing need, giving increasing number of Summit/Partnership, the US-Africa Leadership African students access to higher education Summit, among others, are examples of such institutions in India and offering increased growing interdependence. Our concern here is: technical cooperation and training as per the Where does India’s Africa policy and, more Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation specifically, India-Africa relations, fit in the new (ITEC) started in 1964 and many other similar scenario of resurgent Africa? programmes. The second India-Africa Forum Summit RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (IAFS-II) was held in Addis Ababa, at the India has now created a new multi-layered Africa headquarters of the African Union on May 24-25, policy focused on three levels of engagement 2011. It was hosted by the African Union and with Africa: First, at the pan-African level through focused on development of a partnership growing ties with the African Union (AU); second, framework between India and Africa in the 21st at the African regional level through the Regional century. Economic Communities (RECs) such as the The theme of the summit — “Enhanced Economic Community of West African States Partnership-Shared Vision” — clearly manifested (ECOWAS), the Southern African Development India’s desire to further invigorate the historic Community (SADC) and the Common Market for India-Africa partnership. Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA); third, India is set to build on its historic relations with all African countries through establishment and its strengths in knowledge industries to of strong bilateral economic and political impart a strategic character to its relations with relations. Africa. The second summit provided a The continental level cooperation between strengthened architecture of fast-growing India- India and Africa started with the first India-Africa Africa cooperation in the economic, political, Forum Summit (IAFS-I) in New Delhi in April cultural and other fields. The summit was 2008. It marked a defining milestone in India’s accompanied by a series of business, academic long-standing relations with Africa. On the old and cultural events, among others. (I personally foundations, a new architecture for structured participated in some of the events connected engagement and cooperation for the 21st century with the summit.) was designed and launched at IAFS-I. This Fifteen African countries and the AU summit also marked the institutionalisation of Commission participated in this summit and India-Africa relations. India was represented by then Prime Minister The two important documents adopted at Manmohan Singh. The African continent was the end of the summit, the Delhi Declaration and represented by the then AU Commission the India-Africa-Framework for Cooperation, chairperson, Jean Ping. provided for collaboration in diverse fields and The summit culminated with the adoption of
10 Pages-nishant-Q8 final_Layout 1 10/15/2015 1:10 PM Page 11 < two documents — the Addis Ababa Declaration grown rapidly from less than $1 billion in the < Former Prime and the Framework for Enhanced Cooperation 1990s to an expected $70 billion in 2015. Minister Atal Bihari Between India and Africa. Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania, in Vajpayee inaugurating the Mahatma Gandhi The Addis Ababa Declaration rightly re- particular, feature prominently as India’s major Street in Windoek, affirmed the critical importance of South-South export destinations and import partners. India Namibia, on August 31, 1998 Cooperation as an instrument that can effectively has made some $29 million investment in Africa, supplement existing international efforts and most of which has gone into the hydrocarbon lead to tangible and real benefits for the sector. developing world. In terms of manufacturing, India’s investment The Africa-India Framework for Enhanced has gone into apparel, small industry, Cooperation outlined the agreed areas of pharmaceuticals, mining, agriculture and agro- cooperation. Four broad areas were identified for processing, irrigation, power generation, road India’s enhanced support: infrastructure construction, and general infrastructure. development, regional integration, capacity- In the growing services sector, Indian building and human resource development. investment has gone primarily into healthcare, Undoubtedly, it is in India’s enlightened self- information technology, e-education, and interest to become a strong and reliable partner telecommunications. Indian businesses have in Africa’s quest for economic, political and social found Africa a familiar territory as it is similar to development. other emerging markets and also relatively easy In recent years, India’s Africa policy has to compete in, despite numerous bureaucratic emphasised the expansion and diversification of hurdles. trade, investment and economic relations. Defence cooperation is another important Bilateral trade between India and Africa has area. Since the early 1960s, India has provided
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military training to a number of African historical presence of Indian communities in countries, primarily from Anglophone Africa, in Africa give India a head start. order to assist their armed forces through training programmes and exposure to the best CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES practices and professionalism of Indian military. In 2008, the Indian government rightly Besides, India has moved to protect its own designated Africa as an “emerging priority” in its interests, particularly in the Indian Ocean rim foreign policy and since then Africa has been countries, by strengthening defence ties with treated as one of India’s key priorities. Mozambique, Madagascar and the Seychelles. The multi-dimensional relationship between Monitoring the waters of Africa’s east coast India and Africa — operating at the continental, protects the security of India’s energy supplies regional and bilateral levels — will ensure that from right across the Indian Ocean India’s long-term ambition to play a role as a and beyond. major global economic power will lead to an India’s updated 2009 maritime doctrine, ever-growing engagement with Africa. therefore, incorporates new constabulary Clearly, India’s ability to engage with Africa operations for the navy, with a heavy emphasis will be defined by the opportunities and risks on anti-piracy and counter-terrorism measures. that New Delhi faces in the global system. The Indian Navy has been particularly effective India has a window of opportunity as well as
The multi-dimensional relationship between India and Africa will ensure that India’s long-term ambition to play a role as a major global economic power will lead to an ever-growing engagement with Africa. Clearly, India’s ability to engage with Africa will be defined by the opportunities and risks that New Delhi faces in the global system. India needs to deepen its engagement and interaction with Africa with the specific goal of fulfilling Africa’s needs and aspirations in accordance with India’s own capabilities and interests.
in combating piracy in the Arabian Sea, off the major challenges in Africa. It is the Chinese Horn of Africa and along the East African challenge that worries Indian policymakers. seaboard and to protect both Indian and foreign China has been proactive and has reached out to vessels as 85 percent of India’s foreign trade is Africa in a big way, while India has been passive carried in foreign-owned vessels. in the past few decades. As a vigorous supporter of UN Security India needs to realise that China is a Council reform, India’s 7,000-strong contribution competitor, not threat, in Africa. There are to various UN peacekeeping missions in Africa is valuable lessons for Indian diplomacy from intended to further strengthen its ties with China’s initiatives in Africa. There is nothing Africa. wrong in emulating some of the Chinese best Another significant aspect of India’s Africa practices in Africa. Overall, however, India must policy has been the efforts to cultivate good strike its own unique policy towards Africa. relations with the 2.5 million Indian diaspora in Neither Europe nor China has the special view of their role as a bridge between their host advantages that India enjoys in Africa. countries in Africa and India. Many have argued Unfortunately, India has not been able to that cultural and economic linkages through capitalise on the goodwill it enjoys in Africa
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because of lack of commitment, coherence and democratisation and the role of civil society vision in its foreign policy towards Africa. organisations (CSOs), training and research for From sharing historical ties and large capacity-building and skills transfers. diaspora communities to goodwill earned There are ways in which India might further through peacekeeping operations and “soft constructively engage with Africa within the power” in the form of educational links and the rhetoric of a broader South-South partnership, film industry, New Delhi has many advantages. using its own particular strengths: for example, The importance of building on these is self- with greater skills transfer in the ICT sector, evident. in which it is justifiably regarded as a India needs to recognise that the unfolding world leader. scenario in Africa is complex, that its pace is However, India will have to strike a balance rapid and inconsistent, and that competition for between its role as a South-South “coordinator”, Africa’s potential markets and natural resources promoted by its policymakers, and the economic has become increasingly intense. self-interest of its business sector. Hence, there is great need for a fresh Years back, Mahatma Gandhi expressed the evaluation of policies, removal of constraints on belief that “commerce between India and Africa the implementation of past decisions, and fast- will be of ideas and services, not of manufactured tracking of new initiatives. goods against raw materials after the fashion of India needs to deepen its engagement and Western exploiters”. interaction with Africa with the specific goal of Finally, more specific and substantive fulfilling Africa’s needs and aspirations in research on India-Africa relations is essential as accordance with India’s own capabilities and there is often little realisation of how different interests. India has always been seen as the India’s approach to Africa is from that of China “latecomer” in Africa — it therefore needs to do and other countries. Although India and Africa some soul-searching as to why it does not hold have had long-established cultural, economic more appeal for the Africans. and political links, there has been too little serious debate on, and analysis of, India’s role in CONCLUSION Africa. An emerging India within the international An agenda needs to be defined in order to system is of great significance for Africa and vice produce joint knowledge that could be turned versa. But Africa is still a relatively small part of into a policy dialogue in which government, India’s foreign policy, far less significant in private sector, academia and civil society can commercial or political terms than the Middle profitably participate. East or Southeast Asia. But as India cultivates its global role, Africa is an area where it can position itself as a leader, a supplier of investment and an aid donor. (Dr K. Mathews is Professor of International Therefore, India should build a long-term Relations at Addis Ababa University. He has partnership with Africa, rather than focusing on taught at the University of Dar es Salaam, short-term business objectives and economic Tanzania, and the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. gains from the extractive sector. Consequently, He has over 100 publications to his credit, the potential for economic partnership is strong including his widely-referred book, Africa, India and includes important sectors like agriculture, and South-South Cooperation, (with N.N. agro-business, pharmaceutical industry, etc. Vohra), 1997. He has been living in Africa for 25 Besides, India should look for a wider years and has travelled extensively in 20 partnership with Africa, promoting African countries. )
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Maj. Gen. Dhruv C. Katoch Keeping the peace at African borders
India has taken its UN obligations seriously, and has been at the forefront in providing peacekeepers across the globe, especially in Africa
TO A LARGE extent, especially in Asia, India’s Mozambique, Somalia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, involvement in UN Peacekeeping Operations Rwanda, Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Western (PKOs) were dictated by geostrategic interests Sahara. As of now, its keepers are deployed in and concerns. India’s quest for energy security, Western Sahara, Liberia, Ivory coast, Abyei, South regional stability and international order Sudan and Congo. provided the impetus for sending peacekeepers to the Middle East and to East and Southeast Asia. INDIAN ENGAGEMENTS In Africa, however, the rational for involvement India participated in UNTAG (United Nations in PKOs was based more on humanitarian Transition Assistance Group in Namibia) from considerations rather than any strategic purpose. May 1989 to May 1991 and also provided the force As part of the UN PKO in Congo (1960-1964), commander, Lt. Gen. Prem Chand, for the India contributed an infantry brigade group to military component of the UN task force of 4,500 ONUC (Organisation des Nations Unies au personnel from 21 countries. During this period, Congo). The crisis in Congo had multiple B. Dayal of India, as UN commissioner for characteristics, assuming the form of an anti- Namibia (1982 to 1987), also made valuable colonial struggle, a war of secession (with the contributions to the peace process. While India province of Katanga attempting to assert its was committed in Namibia, it also participated in independence), a UN PKO, and a Cold War proxy peacekeeping missions in Angola between 1989 encounter between the United States and the and 1999 during the Angolan civil war, thus Soviet Union. working to bring peace and stability to Africa’s This was the first time that the UN authorised southwest region. These were UNAVEM I, II, III the use of force by a PKO to prevent civil war. It (United Nations Angola Verification Mission) and was also the first time the UN undertook an MONUA (United Nations Observer Mission in intervention in an intra-state, rather than an Angola). inter-state, conflict. The Indian contingent did India contributed military observers, a Chief yeoman’s service in bringing peace to the region of Staff and two force commanders, and also and in the process suffered 147 casualties. It was constructed camps for refugees, repaired and here that Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria, undertook the reconstruction of war-damaged serving as a UN peacekeeper, laid down his life bridges on the Conga, Quisaju, Mugige and Nhia and was posthumously awarded India’s highest rivers, and built an airfield at Londuimbali. In military award for courage, the Param Vir addition, it undertook the high-risk task of de- Chakra. mining the important road connecting Lobito After the Cold War, India contributed and Huambo after which this 60-kilometre substantially to UN PKOs in Namibia, Angola, section of road could be repaired.
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<< Indian Army cadets along with their Nigerian counterparts at the National Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria in 2007 Indian forces are respected the world over, and especially in Africa, for their peacekeeping skills and this could be used to leverage and improve India’s standing in the region. Considerable rewards are associated with peacekeeping, particularly with respect to the enactment of its foreign policy
For ONUMOZ (UN Operation in elections, receiving, in the process, high praise Mozambique), between December 1992 and for their performance from then UN Secretary October 1994, India contributed a company- General Boutros Boutros-Ghali. strength contingent of staff officers, military Between April 1992 to December 1994, India observers, as well as engineering and logistics also contributed to UN Operations in Somalia personnel. Here the Indian force carried out a (UNOSOM I and II) and UN Unified Task Force multitude of tasks such as disarming the warring (UNITAF). For the first time, India sent a naval factions and collecting, storing and destroying task force under Commodore Sampat Pillai, arms and ammunition. In addition, they secured which carried out patrol duties off the Somali road communication networks, provided coast, provided humanitarian assistance on humanitarian assistance and helped conduct shore, and assisted in the transportation of men
15 Pages-nishant-Q8 final_Layout 1 10/15/2015 1:10 PM Page 16 > > The United Nation’s As India seeks to reposition itself and become more involved in first all-women peacekeeping force African de-velopment, it would look at strategic objectives linked to comprising more than the goals of India’s foreign policy, coupled with the imperatives of 100 Indian policewomen, arrived sustaining and expanding economic growth amidst high external in Liberia, in 2007 to resource dependence help keep the peace in the west African country and material for the UN. renounced the ceasefire and held about 500 UN Later, in May 1993, India contributed an personnel, including some Indians, as extensive contingent to UNOSOM II, comprising hostages. This incident caused an uproar in the an infantry brigade group; a mechanised infantry Indian Parliament and the contingent was battalion; a light battery; air support to carry out pulled out. reconnaissance and observation flights; armed Another reason for the pull-out was helicopters from the Indian Air Force (IAF); a differences erupting between Lt. Gen. Jetley and veterinary corps; and a logistics unit. The diplomats from Nigeria, whose conduct he UNOSOM II operation involved peace viewed as insubordinate. However, for its enforcement, as provided for under Chapter VII duration in Sierra Leone, the contingent made of the UN Charter, and India demonstrated its valuable contributions in helping the war- capacity to provide an integrated force ravaged country to make impressive gains comprising land, air and naval forces. towards peace. From 1993 to 1997, India also In 1999, a battalion (which included armoured contributed military observers to Liberia as part personnel carriers and attack helicopters) was of UNOMIL (UN Observer Mission in Liberia). sent to the UN Mission in Sierra Leone India also successfully operated in Rwanda, (UNAMSIL). India also provided the Chief Military Ethiopia and Eritrea. A contingent comprising Observer, Lt. Gen. V.K. Jetley. In May 2000, the one infantry battalion and support elements was rebel Revolutionary United Front (RUF) dispatched to the UN Assistance Mission for
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Rwanda (UNAMIR), following the Arusha Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara Accords that had been designed to end the (MINURSO). It supports the UN Mission in Côte Rwandan civil war, fought largely between the d’Ivoire (UNOCI -- United Nations Operation in Hutu-dominated Rwandese government and the Côte d’Ivoire), through deployment of staff Tutsi-dominated rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front officers and military observers. (RPF). The Indian contingent manned security posts, safeguarded UN installations, and LOOKING AHEAD protected Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. For Indian forces are respected the world over, and UNAMIR II, formed in November 1994, India especially in Africa, for their peacekeeping skills supplied medical, engineering and and this could be used to leverage and improve communications specialists till completion of the India’s standing in the region. Considerable mission in April 1996. rewards are associated with peacekeeping, As part of the UN Mission in Ethiopia and particularly with respect to the enactment of its Eritrea (UNMEE), India contributed an infantry foreign policy. The goodwill generated through battalion and its contingent also built roads, PKOs can transform into economic dividends provided medical assistance, embarked on a which could be beneficial to both India and the number of water conservation projects, various states of Africa. constructed five dams, dug wells and laid water While India has given assistance to the UN’s pipelines to schools and orphanages. peacekeeping efforts throughout the world, and made substantive contributions in Africa’s zones CURRENT DEPLOYMENT of insecurity over a long period, future In the currently highly volatile situation in Sudan, deployments would not be wholly altruistic and India has provided military and police personnel would reflect India’s concerns in the region, and to both the UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS), and to a desire to seek an equilibrium between historical the UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan and altruistic factors on one hand, and assertive, (UNMISS). It has also sent its military personnel dividend-seeking foreign policy elements on the to Abyei, as part of UN Interim Security Force for other. Abyei (UNISFA). The Indian contingent is these As India seeks to reposition itself and become areas includes two infantry battalion groups, more involved in African development, it would sector HQ, engineer company, signal company, look at strategic objectives linked to the goals of level-II hospital and a large number of military India’s foreign policy, coupled with the observers and staff officers. imperatives of sustaining and expanding India moved back to Congo after its initial economic growth amidst high external resource engagement in the middle of the last century, this dependence. time as part of MONUC (UN mission in the While India’s visibility in Africa is increasing, Democratic Republic of Congo). Since 2005, it is still a far cry from the visibility enjoyed by under Extended Chapter VII mandate, India China. The quality of its peacekeepers provides provided an augmented infantry brigade group India an opportunity to exploit its soft power, to include a level III hospital, helicopters, military and use both goodwill and economic arguments observers and police personnel as part of to seek a greater role for itself in the region. MONUSCO. It has also deployed a large number of police personnel. (Maj. Gen. Dhruv C. Katoch is former India remains deployed in Liberia as part of Director of the Indian Army’s premier UNMIL, where it has also sent an all-women think tank, the Centre for Land police contingent. It has military personnel Warfare Studies (CLAWS). He is presently the deployed in Western Sahara, as part of UN editor of SALUTE magazine.)
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C. Uday Bhaskar India and Africa: The 3G maritime connectivity
India’s credibility to engage with Africa through its maritime connectivity will help punctuate the regional strategic framework in an innovative manner
INDIA AND AFRICA are connected through the nations in the world. medium of the oceans and this has been an Net oil import dependency rose from 43 ancient linkage. In the modern context, the percent in 1990 to above 79 percent in 2014. advent of the colonial phase of recent history and While the Persian Gulf has been the main source the Afro-Asian experience testifies to the of India’s crude oil imports — the share of Africa, relevance of the maritime domain in shaping the which is currently 18 percent (Nigeria and Angola regional strategic and security environment. in the main) is all set to increase. Concurrently There is considerable potential in the maritime South Africa is a major coal supplier for India - arena for the Indian subcontinent and the about 14 percent — and all trend indicators African continent to advance their respective suggest that these figures will grow. The potential interests in a mutually beneficial manner. of gas imports from Africa in the long term cannot The relevance of the oceans may be be discounted and the inescapable conclusion is disaggregated along the 3G formulation advanced the enhanced relevance of Africa for India in the by the Canadian analyst Cleo Paskal —namely the economic-trade-energy spectrum. geopolitical, geoeconomic and geophysical and The flip side is that India is emerging as an the Indian Ocean (IO), which links the Indian sub- important market for African exports and Nigeria continent and the east African region, can be is illustrative. India is the largest single country analyzed from this perspective to obtain a sense destination for Nigerian crude oil and accounts of the shared interest. for 18 percent of the west African country’s oil The geoeconomic strand is the more visible exports. and historically the IO has been a critical conduit India’s port infrastructure is below the global for trade and commerce linking the Asian and median and in need of considerable African continents. In the contemporary context improvement and this is an area that has been it is envisaged that bilateral India-Africa trade will prioritised by the Modi government. Once this soon reach $100 billion and within this the core competence has been acquired, the hydrocarbon dependency is of the highest potential for partnering with African countries in significance. joint effort that is sector specific can be It is a truism that India’s ability to sustain and meaningfully explored. This initiative, if improve its present GDP growth rate will be implemented with efficiency and sincerity, may totally dependent on the uninterrupted provide dividends in the long term and availability of energy resources. The reality is that demonstrate India’s commitment to mutually this quantum is steadily increasing and it is beneficial policies. The case in point is India’s estimated that by 2030, India will be among the current effort with Iran in the Chabahar project highest primary energy import dependent and if this is realised along the anticipated cost
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<< Indian Marine Commandos in an anti-piracy operation in the Gulf of Aden.
There is considerable potential in the maritime arena for the Indian sub-continent and the African continent to advance their respective interests in a mutually beneficial manner... The Narendra Modi focus on the “Blue Revolution” should include the African aspiration and anxiety spectrum so that the shared stakeholder index is equitably defined and implemented
and time-lines, this could be extrapolated to the that the manner in which the Indian troops were east coast of Africa in an appropriate manner. able to repair irrigation pumps and tend to the The geo-political strand of the maritime health of the local cattle and camels is still fondly domain that includes the security and strategic recalled. imperative is particularly significant for the India- The more significant security role that India Africa relationship. In recent decades, India has played was in 2003, when, at the request of played a valuable but little noticed role in some Mozambique, the Indian government had sent parts of Africa — and this does not include UN a naval ship to to provide quiet, below the radar Peacekeeping operations. security for the 2003 African Union summit in In the early 1990’s when the US military had the capital, Maputo. This was followed by India an embarrassing setback in Somalia, the Indian sending two naval ships for assisting in the military used the maritime domain to establish a security grid during the World Economic Forum naval presence and Indian army troops provided and Afro-Pacific-Caribbean Summit in the necessary support to redress the situation. Mozambique in 2004. Modest — but much appreciated — and one has Subsequently, India signed several defence heard from Somali interlocutors in later years and security cooperation agreements with
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>> A reception for the Indian Navy in Maputo, Mozambique. Four Indian Navy ships from the Western Fleet visited the Port of Maputo in 2010
Mozambique, between 2006 and 2012, including capacities (for instance in oceanography) could for maritime patrolling and this followed an be part of the collective effort to husband the IO earlier 2003 protocol with Mauritius for in such a manner that it can be handed down to monitoring the island nation’s vast EEZ. the future generations that follow. In earlier summits the Indian capacity to be The current global geopolitical and a security provider in the Indian Ocean had been geoeconomic orientation suggest that the IO will highlighted and India’s proven naval and coast become an arena where major power interests guard abilities as also in the hydrographic are likely to overlap. The most recent tension discipline could form the basis for a robust between the US and Russia on one hand over bilateral relationship with individual African Syria and the US–China dissonance over the nations. India has already entered into an MDA South China Sea island disputes is an example (Maritime Domain Awareness) agreement with that is self-explanatory. Sri Lanka and Maldives and this could be India’s credibility to meaningfully engage with fruitfully extended to African island states also. the African continent through its maritime The geophysical aspect of the maritime connectivity will help punctuate the regional domain encompasses many issues and areas that strategic framework in an innovative manner. The have a direct bearing on human security and the Narendra Modi focus on the “Blue Revolution” Somali piracy phenomenon could be interpreted should include the African aspiration and anxiety as an illustration of the manner which various spectrum so that the shared stakeholder index is issues get inter-linked and manifest in the equitably defined and implemented. manner that they have. The physical health of the Indian Ocean and (C. Uday Bhaskar, a former Indian Navy the current pattern of pollution and illegal fishing officer, is Director, Society for Policy Studies. He warrants detailed review and India’s niche can be contacted at [email protected])
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Rashmi Saksena Connecting with Africa the e-way
The Pan African e-Network Project is one of the finest examples of the growing partnership between India and African nations
TODAY, AN AILING person in an African country African countries to avail expertise available in can access an Indian hospital without any travel. some of its super-speciality hospitals and best Similarly, a person sitting in an African country universities. can pursue study in an Indian university without The project was the brainchild of the late moving from his home. All this is thanks to the Abdul Kalam and India’s Ministry of External now six-year-old Pan African e-Network Project Affairs is the nodal ministry for the project. The (PAeNP). And much more is happening through project is being implemented by the a fibre-optic network and satellite connectivity Telecommunications Consultants India Limited between India and several African countries. (TCIL), a Government of India undertaking. TCIL Launched on February 26, 2009, by the has established the communication network former President of India, Dr. A.P. J. Abdul Kalam, with a Data Centre in New Delhi that acts as a PAeNP has made it possible for people in 48 of gateway to the Hub Station in Dakar, Senegal, for Africa’s 54 countries to access the best hospitals connectivity of Indian institutions on the African and universities in India. The second phase of the side. project was inaugurated in August 2010. Besides tele-medicine and tele-education, the As many as 16,977 students from African project also provides linkages for e-commerce, countries have (as of March 2015) registered with infotainment, resource mapping and Indian universities and have received tele- meteorological services in African countries. education. The target for July 2016 registration of Under the project, Heads of States of African students is 18,568. countries can stay connected through a highly There have been 4,731 tele-education sessions secure closed satellite network. Forty-one VVIP and the target is to reach 5,373 in the next 15 Nodes have been set up in African countries for months. There have been 638 tele-medicine video-conferencing and voice over IP (VOIP) consultations under the project till March 2015. among the Heads of States. The goal is 725 by July 2016. For tele-medicine, 12 Indian super-speciality The PAeNP is indeed one of the finest hospitals have been connected to 48 Patient-End examples of the growing partnership between Location/Hospitals in African countries. They are India and Africa. Today it is the biggest project of in hospitals in Nigeria, Republic of Congo, distance education and tele-medicine ever Mauritius, Egypt and Senegal. The receiving undertaken in the continent. centres are fully equipped by the Indian The ambitious Rs. 542 crore ($125 million)- government. The local staff in the African project was operationalised with India setting up countries has been trained by Indian experts. a fibre-optic network and providing satellite The Indian hospitals that provide tele- connectivity, making it possible for people of consultation are the All India Institute of Medical
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Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi; Amrita Institute of Investment Analysis. Tele-education learning is Medical Sciences, Kochi; Apollo Hospitals, carried on from these universities via 48 Chennai; CARE Hospital, Hyderabad; Escorts Learning Centres (LCs) in African countries. The Heart Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; LCs are in the five Regional University Centres in Fortis Hospital, Noida; Narayana Hrudayalaya, Africa, namely Kwame Nkrumah University of Bangalore; Sri Ramchandra Medical Centre, Science and Technology, Ghana; Makerere Chennai; Moolchand Hospital, New Delhi; HCG, University, Uganda; Yaounde University, Bangalore; Dr BalaBhai Nanavati Hospital, Cameroon; Alexandria Faculty of Commerce, Mumbai; and Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Egypt; and Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi. Sciences, Lucknow. The PAeNP has been commissioned in 47 of Besides tele-consultations, regular Continued the 48 countries that have signed an agreement Medical Education (CME) sessions were started with TCIL for participating in it. The Indian in April 2009 in 11 Indian super-speciality commitment is to maintain the facilities created hospitals. So far there have been 4,321 CME in each country for five years after sessions in English and 537 in French. The figure commissioning them. The project has now been is expected to touch 6,238 by July 2016. extended till July 2016. Five Indian universities can be accessed for The objective of the PAeNP is to assist Africa tele-education. They are Amity University, Noida; in capacity-building through education of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), students in various disciplines. Besides, it intends New Delhi; Birla Institute of Technology and to make available the best of medical expertise Science (BITS), Pilani; Delhi University and the from India to its African partners. University of Madras, Chennai. Students have shown interest in various disciplines like MBA, (Rashmi Saksena is a senior journalist Masters in Finance Control, PG Diploma in IT, and Associate Director for Society of Policy M.Sc. in IT and Bachelor in Finance and Studies (SPS).
>> Tele-education in progress at a centre linked to the Pan-African e-Network in Dar es Salaam
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Malancha Chakrabarty Energy: A critical link between two nations
India should try to ensure that development of resources in Africa is sustainable, inclusive and mutually beneficial
INDIA HAS LONG-STANDING relations with Africa. Firstly, India needs energy resources to Africa. It supported the anti-colonial and anti- sustain high rates of economic growth while apartheid struggles in the continent and also Africa is rich in these resources. As per The backed developmental initiatives under the Energy and Resources Institute’s (TERI) banner of South-South Cooperation. However, estimates, in order to sustain an economic trade and investment ties between India and growth rate of around 8 percent from 2011 to Africa were limited and ties with the diaspora 2031, the primary energy supply has to grow at 5 were more cultural than economic. percent over the same period. The early 1990s saw a shift in India’s Secondly, India and Africa face similar approach towards Africa from the ideological challenges with regard to energy poverty. More realm to economic diplomacy, with energy than 620 million people in sub-Saharan Africa cooperation as the central pillar. The reason (about two-thirds of the population) live without behind this change can be traced to many electricity, and 730 million people rely on the developments within Africa and India. Firstly, traditional use of biomass for cooking which has with the end of apartheid in South Africa, the adverse effects on the health of women and need for support to liberation movements children. Similarly, about 25 percent of the Indian vanished. Secondly, and more importantly, India population lacks access to electricity and about experienced much higher growth rates in the 66 percent relies on the traditional use of liberalised era. With higher growth rates, India’s biomass for cooking. Therefore, sharing of energy requirements increased dramatically and experiences will be very useful. its import-dependency rose manifold. Lastly, India possesses technological know- On the other hand, Africa’s importance in the how which will enable African countries to world energy market grew rapidly because leapfrog to a high-growth path. Technology instability in the West Asian region prompted cooperation between India and Africa may be most countries to diversify their oil imports. more successful than with the North because of Moreover, technological advances made it the smaller technology gap and Indian possible to extract Africa’s offshore oil reserves. technology is more suited to African needs. African countries also started offering favourable There are three main elements of energy contractual terms to oil companies. cooperation between India and Africa: energy Although international developments have trade between India and Africa; India’s made it imperative for all countries to move investment in Africa’s energy sector; and towards the African continent to meet their cooperation between India and Africa in the field energy needs, there is a very strong case for of renewable energy and energy access. greater energy cooperation between India and Africa has emerged as a major source of
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India’s investment in Africa’s energy sector has grown steadily in the last decade. India possesses technological know-how which will enable African countries to leapfrog to a high-growth path. Technology cooperation between India and Africa may be more successful than with the North because of the smaller technology gap and Indian technology is more suited to African needs
energy for India from the second half of the (Niger, Malawi, South Africa and Namibia). India 2000s. Although West Asia continues to account is also likely to emerge as South Africa’s largest for the bulk of India’s oil imports, imports from coal importer, according to the International Africa have grown tremendously and it now Coal Report of 2009. accounts for about 18 percent of India’s oil India’s investment in Africa’s energy sector imports. Nigeria is the largest source of oil in has grown steadily in the last decade. Its Africa and the third-largest source of oil for India approach to investment in Africa lies somewhere after Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Oil imports from between the Western model, which is led by the Angola also grew dramatically at an average private sector, and the Chinese model which is annual rate of about 53 percent from 2006 led by state-owned companies. Both Indian to 2014. public sector companies and private sector Apart from oil, Africa is an important source companies have made inroads in Africa. of coal (South Africa and Mozambique); natural The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation’s gas (Algeria, Nigeria and Egypt); and uranium overseas division, ONGC Videsh (OVL) is the most
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active Indian company in Africa. It has five with Africa, the scope of South-South exploration projects: one in Libya; two in Nigeria; Cooperation has widened in recent years, one in Egypt; and one in a Joint Development particularly in the field of renewable energy. Zone (JDZ), an area of overlapping maritime India has extended credit lines to facilitate the boundary claims between Nigeria and Sao Tome construction of power transmission lines in located in the Gulf of Guinea, and two producing Kenya and Mali, hydro power plants in Burundi, projects in Sudan. the Central African Republic and the Democratic OVL also entered into a joint venture with Republic of Congo, and solar power plants in VANCO, a US energy company, for offshore Niger. hydrocarbon exploration in Côte d’Ivoire in Indian institutions such as TERI are 2005, but the consortium pulled out a year later promoting the use of solar lanterns and clean due to lack of technical data. Other public sector cooking options in many African countries such companies active in Africa are Oil India Limited, as Kenya, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ethiopia Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum. and Mozambique. Promotion of decentralised These companies have made investments in solar energy options and improved cooking Libya, Egypt, Nigeria and Mozambique. Bharat stoves not only provides energy access to poor Petro Resources also announced a major natural rural households in Africa but also improves gas discovery in Mozambique in 2010. Indian Oil their quality of life. Corporation has also acquired an offshore block India’s role in Africa’s energy sector has in Côte d’Ivoire. Other Indian oil companies have undoubtedly increased in the last decade, but it also bought stakes in oil and gas blocks in occupies the second or third position in the Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. energy sector of most African countries. This is Africa is also expected to be a critical source primarily because India is a latecomer to Africa’s of uranium for India in the future. South Africa is energy sector which was earlier dominated by expected to be the largest supplier, followed by Western oil companies and now, increasingly, by other countries such as Namibia, Algeria, China. Indian companies have also lost out to Burundi and Congo. India signed a nuclear Chinese national oil companies in many African agreement with Namibia in 2009. Under this countries such as Angola and Nigeria. agreement, Namibia will supply uranium oxide In 2006, in Angola, Sonangol Sinopec to India. Ratification of this agreement by International (SSI) made a world-record offer of Namibia is holding up nuclear trade between the $2.2 billion for stakes in Blocks 17(06) and 18(06). two countries as of now. The National SSI also paid $750 million for Block 15 (06). This Aluminium Ltd. is currently undertaking exceeded OVL’s offer of $1 billion for these blocks. exploration projects with the intention of A joint venture between Sinopec and China acquiring stakes in new uranium deposits, National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) also particularly in Namibia. In the uranium sector, outbid OVL for a 20 percent stake in ultra-deep too, Indian private players have entered the water Block 32. India also lost a major deal to African market. Taurian Resources Private Ltd. China in Angola, when state-owned Sonangol and Earthstone FZE are currently operating in blocked India’s move to buy Shell’s 50 percent Niger, and Varun Energy Corporation has been share in Block 18 for about $620 million, operating in Madagascar. Larger trade with more primarily because China offered aid of $2 billion countries in Africa is possible if Article 19 of the for various projects. Pelindaba Treaty (African Nuclear Weapons Free One of the main reasons why Indian Zone Treaty) is amended. companies have been less successful than Although India has a long history of Chinese state-owned firms is because China is far development and technological cooperation superior to India in terms of financial capabilities
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and offers finance to Africa on much more Therefore, India should try to ensure that generous terms. development of resources in Africa is India must recognise that it cannot match sustainable, inclusive and mutually beneficial. China’s deep pockets when it comes to providing This is particularly important for Africa because aid and soft loans. Instead, India should try to many of the resource-rich regions of Africa are leverage its soft power in Africa. It has a strong mired in conflict and the local population has diasporic community in Africa and is closer to failed to gain from natural resource exploitation Africa than China. while the political elites have captured the rents. Moreover, it is not regarded as a neo-colonial power in Africa and, unlike China, it has not faced (Malancha Chakrabarty is an Associate local resistance. Its approach towards Africa is Fellow at the Observer Research Foundation, regarded as more “people-centric” than China. New Delhi. She is particularly interested in Some studies also suggest that India’s private understanding the impact of emerging sector has performed better than China in terms countries such as India, China and Brazil on of local job creation. Africa’s development process.)
>> A pump factory, owned by Kirloskar Brothers Limited, in Gauteng, South Africa
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Malancha Chakrabarty Time to address food security, poverty in Africa
Expansion of agricultural cooperation between India and Africa is extremely important to address the issues of food insecurity and poverty in Africa
INDIA’S ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP with Africa towards Africa’s green revolution. Moreover, has grown tremendously in recent years. similar agro-ecological conditions and small Bilateral trade between India and Africa grew at holder based farming systems in India and Africa an average annual rate of 23 percent from 2000 make a formidable case for greater agricultural to 2014. India’s development cooperation and collaboration between India and Africa. This private investment in Africa has also grown. article dwells on India’s agricultural cooperation Although expansion of bilateral trade between with Africa on the following fronts: trade in India and Africa is largely led by natural resource agricultural goods, India’s development trade, particularly crude oil, agriculture is an cooperation in African agriculture, and Indian important component of the India-Africa investment in African agriculture sector. partnership. India and Africa have a history of partnership Agricultural cooperation between India and in agricultural trade issues such as agricultural Africa is of great significance because, together, subsidies at the multilateral level. African India and Africa are home to nearly two-thirds countries and India have also moved several of the world’s extreme poor. According to a joint proposals such as Agricultural Framework report by NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Proposal and Protection of Geographical Development), one in four undernourished Indications in World Trade Organisation (WTO) people of the world live in Africa, and it is the and World Intellectual Property Organisation only continent where the absolute number of (WIPO). undernourished people has increased in the last Bilateral trade in agricultural goods between 30 years. Agricultural development is an India and Africa has grown rapidly in the last essential ingredient in economic progress and decade. Agricultural goods currently account for poverty alleviation because agriculture is the about 11 percent of India’s total exports to sub- main economic sector in many African countries Saharan Africa and about 7 percent of India’s and is a source of livelihood for a majority of the total imports from sub-Saharan Africa. India’s population, particularly the poor. agricultural exports grew more rapidly from African agriculture suffers from a number of 2010 onwards mainly on account of the huge problems such as low farm productivity, non-basmati rice exports from India to Africa. fragmented production systems and limited use Huge stockpiles of rice have enabled India to of modern technology. Therefore, there are become a leading rice exporter. Moreover, important lessons that Africa can learn from Indian parboiled non-basmati rice is cheaper India’s experience. India has made significant than Thai rice which makes it more competitive advances in agriculture since the days of green in the African market. Major destinations for revolution and Indian technology can contribute India’s non-basmati rice in Africa are Benin,
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Table 1: India’s agricultural cooperation in Africa
Country Areas of cooperation
Botswana Agriculture, livestock, and human resource development started in 1999, agricultural machinery Burkina Faso Cotton exports, animal skins, leather, and cashew nuts. Imports agricultural machinery, rice Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad Cotton and Mali (C-4 Countries) Ethiopia Sugar, value chain development Mozambique Goats – livestock Tanzania Milk, value chain development Mali Value chain development Kenya South-South Dairy Development
Source: Compiled from Chaturvedi et al (2014). FIDC Policy Brief No. 2
Senegal, South Africa, and Liberia. Beef, sugar cooperation offers a unique opportunity for and fish are other important agricultural exports agricultural growth in Africa. from India to Africa. About 15 percent of India’s Two Indian institutions, namely International beef exports are destined to Africa. Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics India has also emerged as an important (ICRISAT) and International Livestock Research destination for African cash crops. Its main Institute (ILRI) lead India-Africa cooperation in agricultural imports from Africa are shelled biotechnology. ICRISAT has established agri- cashew, vegetables, nuts (dried and fresh), coffee, business incubators and value-chain incubators tea and spices. Agricultural imports from Africa in five African countries viz. Angola, Cameroon, are likely to increase further in the future as Ghana, Mali and Uganda by partnering with local many African LDCs stand to gain from India’s bodies. ILRI focuses on reducing poverty and Duty Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme improving food security in African countries announced in 2008. The DFTP Scheme is through more sustainable use of livestock. It has intended to provide preferential market access ongoing India-Africa programmes in on tariff lines comprising 92.5 percent of global Mozambique, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Kenya. exports of all LDCs. India has extended $640 million credit line The Indian government has also extended towards the development of sugar sector in support for agricultural development in many Ethiopia. It has also provided better sugarcane African countries. Table 1 summarises India’s germplasm to Ethiopia for higher yields. One of agricultural cooperation with African countries. the most important Indian agricultural initiatives The biggest challenge before African agriculture in Africa is in the cotton growing countries of lies in the use of modern technology to improve Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali. India is productivity. On the other hand, India has built extending support for the development of the considerable capacity in agricultural research. cotton sector in these countries by sharing Therefore, India-Africa science and technology expertise, capacity building, transfer of Indian
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India has also emerged as an important destination for African cash crops. Its main agricultural imports from Africa are shelled cashew, vegetables, nuts (dried and fresh), coffee, tea and spices. Agricultural imports from Africa are likely to increase further in the future as many African LDCs stand to gain from India’s Duty Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme announced in 2008
technology, and exploring business and agriculture sector. Many African countries have investment opportunities in these countries. also offered land on lease to Indian farmers and Given that less that 10 percent of the African a number of farmers from Punjab and Andhra farmers use high yielding varieties of crops, Pradesh have already migrated to these production of good quality seeds is a major countries. The Andhra Pradesh government has challenge for most African countries. The National also agreed to send about 500 farmers to Seed Association of India is partnering with the cultivate 50,000 acres of land in Kenya and Syngenta Foundation India in the ‘India-Africa 20,000 acres of land in Uganda. Seeds Bridge’ project. This project aims to develop Expansion of agricultural cooperation the seed system in Africa by providing better seeds between India and Africa is extremely important to African farmers and creating a market for to address the issues of food insecurity and Indian seed companies. Many Indian seed firms poverty in Africa. India’s huge exports of low are currently experimenting on the production of priced non-basmati rice from 2009 onwards hybrid seeds in sorghum, pearl millet, rice, maize, have stabilised international prices and helped and vegetables in Africa. J.K. Seeds, Namdhari African countries. Similarly, India’s rapidly Seeds, Nuziveedu Seeds, Nath Seeds, are some of growing market is an opportunity for African most the active Indian seed companies in Africa. agricultural exporters. African agricultural In addition to these initiatives, India has also exports are likely to grow in the future on committed to providing 25 PhD and 50 Masters account of India’s DFTP to African LDCs. Scholarships per year to African students. Moreover, African countries have a lot to gain Indian private sector is also playing a very from science and technology cooperation with important role in India-Africa agricultural India. Significant gains are also likely to accrue to cooperation. Investment by Indian private India, particularly to India’s private sector companies in African agriculture has also grown agribusiness firms. A word of caution is essential rapidly. About 80 Indian companies have with regard to the operation of Indian firms in invested $2.3 billion in Ethiopia, Kenya, Africa. While most Indian firms have been Madagascar, Senegal, and Mozambique. Indian welcomed by African governments, Karuturi investors have also articulated their plans to Global has brought India a bad name. Therefore, spend $2.5 billion on millions of hectares of land Indian agribusiness firms operating in Africa in East Africa, to grow products such as maize, must abide by local laws, respect human rights palm oil and rice for export to India. Many and contribute towards sustainable development business enterprises such as Jain Irrigation and in Africa. Kirloskar Brothers have established presence in several African countries in farm and related (Malancha Chakrabarty is an Associate sectors. In addition, several new firms such as Yes Fellow at the Observer Research Bank and McLeod Russel are entering Africa’s Foundation, New Delhi.)
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k medical tourism
Kavita Bajeli-Datt African patients seek the Indian healing touch
Many Africans have come to India for medical treatment and returned home with smiling faces carrying with them inspiring stories about India’s doctors
INDIA HAS EMERGED as an attractive medical technologically advanced diagnostic equipment tourism destination and Africans are fuelling in and availability of these premium services at a big way the growing international demand for competitive cost has put it ahead of other affordable state-of-the art medical services. countries. More than half of foreign patients coming to For example, a heart bypass procedure costs India are from the African continent. According roughly $140,000 without any insurance in the to a report by KPMG, a leading professional US. The same procedure costs only around services company, India is among the top three $7,000 or Rs.3 lakh at one of India’s leading medical tourism destinations in Asia after surgery centres. Thailand and Singapore. Procedures such as cardiac, renal transplant, Low cost of treatment, quality healthcare neurosurgery, oncology, hip and knee infrastructure and availability of highly-skilled replacement, face lift, and gastric bypass are far doctors is the core strength of India’s medical more affordable in India, including the cost of services sector. travel and accommodation, compared to the US. As per the India Brand Equity Foundation, It’s no wonder that due to these reasons India Indian healthcare revenues stood at $45 billion has become African patients’ “destination of in 2012 and are expected to reach $160 billion by choice” for medical treatment. Say Desire 2017. The medical tourism industry in India is Koumba, the Ambassador of Gabon, a west pegged at $1 billion per annum, which is African nation, to India: “Africans find Indian expected to double by the end of 2015. medicare affordable and patient-friendly. In spite Growing insurance market, strong of distances, patients from Africa find Indian pharmaceutical industry, cheap international healthcare value for money.” travel, and quality health care have further Dr Naresh Trehan, Founder, Chairman and helped India. Managing Director of Medanta — The Medicity, a Large corporates like Tata, Fortis, Max, world-class hospital in Gurgaon in suburban Wockhardt and Apollo Hospitals have made Delhi, said African patients come to India as “they significant investments in setting up modern have immense belief in Indian doctors and hospitals and tourism-related services to cater to hospitals like Medanta.” the new brand of visitors from abroad. Medanta has treated nearly 27,000 patients India not only boasts of an army of well- from all parts of Africa in the last five years. trained healthcare practitioners, its large When Miranda Brito Mandhate, 26, had flown populace of English-speaking medical staff, a mix into India from Mozambique with a cancerous of allopathic and alternative systems of medicine, tumor behind his eye, which had worsened the availability of super-specialty centres, use of because of faulty diagnosis back home, he had no
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<< Medanta Medicity hospital in suburban Delhi, a popular destination for patients from African nations
More than half of foreign patients coming to India are from the African continent. According to a report by KPMG, a leading professional services company, India is among the top three medical tourism destinations in Asia after Thailand and Singapore. Low cost of treatment, quality healthcare infrastructure and availability of highly-skilled doctors is the core strength of India’s medical services sector
hope to survive. After spending weeks in Delhi’s who left her job to be with her son in India. “God Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, he is all praise for heard my prayers and took me to Apollo,” she the doctors for bringing his life back from the said describing the recovery of her son as a darkness of uncertainties. “I had hoped that my ‘miracle’. son will not leave me. I knew he will make it. I am Miranda’s condition was such that his mother thankful to the doctors, the nurses and the would cover his face — protruding left eye with hospital staff. They were so patient and helpful water flowing continuously — to prevent people to us. I am so happy that I am finally taking my from looking at him. “I would faint and scream in son back home,” said Miranda’s mother Candida, pain. It was too unbearable and I was in
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k medical tourism
>> A specialist at a hospital near Delhi advising a doctor in Senegal on a neurosurgery case
India not only boasts of an army of well-trained healthcare practitioners, its large populace of English-speaking medical staff, a mix of allopathic and alternative systems of medicine, the availability of super-specialty centres, use of technologically advanced diagnostic equipment and availability of these premium services at competitive cost has put it ahead of other countries
depression too. But after coming here, my life has advice of friends. changed. I have hope now.” “I work in the world’s best hospital and I am Nigeria’s Victoria Chima, a nurse in the happy I chose this hospital, which is the best as famous Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US, also it treats the patients well and is affordable as chose Delhi’s Apollo Hospital for undergoing IVF compared to the US and Europe.” procedure to have a child. For Patience Damas of Tanzania, India was Victoria landed in New Delhi with her the obvious choice for her father, Damas Philipo, husband, who is based in Switzerland, on the to undergo kidney transplant. She is happy about
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has pursued a relentless focus on quality and outcomes. Today we benchmark ourselves with the best centres in the world and provide high- end medical care at one-tenth of the cost of the West,” he said, adding that the ease of travel to India with the new e-visa scheme has further enhanced the appeal of India. “We at Apollo have been at the forefront of ensuring that India remains the port of call for African patients’ medical needs. I believe that India is poised to become the global healthcare destination in the years to come,” Dr Reddy said. The hospital has treated over 25,000 Africans in the past five years. Many hospitals, including Medanta and Apollo Hospitals, are expanding their footprints in Africa too. According to Dr Trehan, Medanta is the first Indian hospital group to start operations in Africa with a day surgery and diagnostic centre in Nairobi, Kenya with branches in Tanzania, Uganda and Nigeria. “Our current business and footprint will continue to grow in Africa at more locations and I am getting requests to set up a tertiary care hospital to serve the African patients in their neighbourhood, which I am actively considering.” But that’s not all. They are also training their decision as she said that Apollo Hospital doctors from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and was best in healthcare and many Tanzanians had Nigeria. According to Dr Reddy, they are planning benefited from the services offered here. to set up a clinic in Tanzania that will be The Apollo Hospitals management also operational by year end. values its bonding with African patients. Also, their medical specialists travel to Africa “The Apollo Hospitals has been at the and conduct OPDs, health camps and health forefront of providing medical care for the talks in African nations like Ghana, Nigeria and people of the African continent. Our relationship Tanzania. They also have telemedicine centres in with the continent goes back nearly two these regions as well. decades,” said Dr Prathap C. Reddy, Founder “More than just a transactional relationship – Chairman of Apollo Hospitals group who set up our relationship with Africa is of partnership and India’s first corporate hospital (Apollo, Chennai) capacity building. This will be to the mutual in the late eighties. benefit of Apollo and the African continent.” He said African patients come to India because of traditional linkages with a shared (Kavita Bajeli-Datt is a senior journalist who history and destiny. “The key driver for why has been covering the health sector. She can be patients come to us is quality. The Apollo system contacted at [email protected])
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k first person
Hadra Ahmed ‘I got my life back thanks to Indian doctors’
An Ethiopian media professional recounts how doctors at Apollo Hospitals in New Delhi helped her bounce back after a devastating car accident
WHEN THAT CAR accident happened on that to work. I was not even able to enjoy food fateful Friday, October 21, 2009, at exactly 8.45 because every time I ate and had a full stomach p.m., it was as if there was no hope, no light at the my back would hurt. My smile disappeared along end of the tunnel. It was the most dreadful with my hope. Until one delightful day a friend incident that left me battered physically: a recommended I go to India for treatment. broken bone in my left leg and a dislocated and Everything changed then, because I know a lot of degenerated lower back disc. But it was the people, including those from my continent, who thought of never getting back to where I was, or travel all the way there for relief. We know that going forward to where I envisioned being, that India gives cost-effective medical treatment, was more haunting than the physical pain. It was especially in cardiology, orthopaedics, neurology, emotionally wrenching. nephrology, oncology and other surgical Before all that, it was a very beautiful day. I specialities. had a great time in college, as it was just the The doctors I saw in the past had suggested beginning of semester, and I was in my last year. that I go through surgery. But my doctor at I had it all planned out. I had secured a Apollo, Dr. Alok Rajan, head of the neurosurgical scholarship to do a Master’s degree in Political team, said, “I am not going to operate on you, but Science and International Relations in Canada, I will make sure you will go back pain-free.” At which I was eagerly looking forward to. I had that time I didn’t know it was even possible. But already had a promising and a life-changing work when the treatment started, I realised that he opportunity in China, along with a friend. On top meant it. The state-of-the-art Wellness Centre has of all this, what kept me focussed on achieving facilities and equipment with names that I can’t my goals was my mother’s dreams and unbroken even pronounce. My life changed within weeks. trust in her daughter’s success. I now walk, run and mostly sleep pain-free. However, all that changed within a fraction of As a patient to the Neurosurgery Department a second, and I saw my dreams vanishing in front at Apollo, I found that the hospitals in India not of my mind’s eyes, literally; my heart was only give medicines but alternative treatment shattered, pieces of broken glass hurting every options such as yoga, ayurveda, meditation and part of my existence. I had no idea what to do. I so many other spiritual treatments as well. These went through various treatments, but the pain treatments are not short-term; they last forever. kept coming back. I saw more doctors than I The doctors treated us as if we were their own. could even count — in Africa, Europe and It is not just me, I met a man from Djibouti. elsewhere. Married with two kids, he said that he suddenly In fact, it got worse. For almost a whole year I felt numbness in his legs that later on progressed was not able to move on my own. I was not able to his whole body. He tried everything
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everywhere but nothing changed for years. He came to Apollo and the changes he noticed, in fact, the changes I have noticed in his case, were beyond explanation. I saw him fall down when he tried to get up one day and, after a few days of treatment, he was actually standing up from his wheelchair on his own. A child from Nigeria, who never walked in his life for reasons he never knew, was able to start his first walk in front of my eyes. I will never forget his mother’s tears of joy and his father’s unspoken reaction to that miraculous moment. Not just my own recovery but the phenomenal improvement of other patients was also the highlight of my stay in the state-of-the- art international wing of the hospital. I am sure India-Africa We know as Africans it is difficult for us to travel to the West and get treatments because it Forum Summit scheduled is very expensive. Besides why would we go in Delhi from October 26-29 there when we can travel to India for cheaper will provide greater and better treatment? opportunity for I have read a report by the India Brand Equity Foundation that the Indian healthcare development in all sectors. revenues stood at $45 billion in 2012 and are The Apollo Hospitals expected to reach $160 billion by 2017. Group is the most visible The low cost of medical services has resulted healthcare group in Africa. in rise in inflow of patients from all over the African continent with a robust 32 percent Every month atleast 30-40 increase in the last two years. doctors are travelling to Despite the fact that Apollo Hospitals, which is the African countries to considered one of India’s leading hospital chains deliver healthcare at with a team of over 5,000 doctors, has branches in a few African countries, every year thousands their doorsteps of patients from Africa travel to India for treatment —Dr Prathap C Reddy and surgery in this hospital (and others as well) for Chairman, Apollo Hospitals the medical treatment one gets there. Group
As a patient in the Neurosurgery Department at Apollo, I found that the hospitals in India not only give medicines but alternative treatment options such as yoga, ayurveda, meditation and so many other spiritual treatments as well. These treatments are not short-term; they last forever.
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k first person > > A quote from a book ‘Mystics and Mistakes’ by you were just born, that means you have Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals in New Delhi Arundhathi Subramaniam, that I read in India, performed a wonderful miracle. It is possible.” where the author explains my sentiment: And my miracle was given to me by the underwent treatment after a traumatic “….. No matter what happens with your life, no doctors that this great country gave birth to. I am accident matter what kind of situations you face, you go forever grateful to India, Apollo Hospitals and its through life untouched, like a child, as if you are doctors for giving me my life back. just born. However many things happen in your life, it doesn’t matter. Even if everything goes (Hadra Ahmed is a journalism, media and dead wrong and every day is a crisis, you still go communication professional and resident untouched through life. This is a miracle… On correspondent of IANS news agency in your deathbed, if you are the way you were when Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.)
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k diplomacy
Ranjana Narayan IAFS 2015: MEA rises to the challenge
The 3rd India-Africa Forum Summit is set to see India pitch itself as a key partner for the African continent, with all its potential and possibilities
TASKED WITH THE ambitious work of putting and the second one in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in together an international summit with Africa, 2011 — saw around 14-15 countries participating with all the 54 countries of the continent invited as per the “Banjul formula” worked out between for the first time, India’s Ministry of External India and the African Union. This is the first time Affairs pulled out all stops to make the event a India is inviting all the countries to the event, grand success. barring Libya due to the continuing unrest there. The Third India-Africa Forum Summit 2015, The Third IAFS is set to see the largest from October 26-29, is slated to be perhaps the gathering of foreign leaders in India since the most extravagant diplomatic event in India’s Non-Aligned Summit in New Delhi in 1983 and history. the Commonwealth Heads of Government Preparations for the summit began months Meeting Summit the same year. ago, helmed by senior diplomat, Additional India’s third summit with African leaders also Secretary Syed Akbaruddin, who was made chief comes after the US held its first ever US-Africa coordinator of the event. summit in Washington in August last year. The Work started at a feverish pitch, with the European Union held its Fourth Africa-EU designing of the logo for the event, searching for summit in April 2014, while Japan is to host its a suitable venue to host the mega event, booking sixth African development summit, the Tokyo of hotels for the African leaders and their retinue, International Conference on Development arranging for limousines and sedans to ferry the (TICAD), in Kenya in 2016. leaders and representatives, fixing up the China, which has rapidly expanded its itinerary for the event, the cultural events, and footprints in Africa through major investment not forgetting the menu. projects and infrastructure building, is to hold its Informal invitations to the 54 countries, some Sixth China-Africa Cooperation Forum of which do not have representatives in India, ministerial summit in South Africa in December were sent out some months ago. This was 2015. followed up in July with Prime Minister Narendra Thus, the Third India-Africa Forum Summit is Modi’s special envoys, mainly ministers, flying set to see India pitch itself as an important over to different countries to personally hand partner for the African continent, with all its over invites to the African leaders. potential and possibilities. Around 40 African leaders (heads of state or More than 200 MEA officers, including government) are slated to attend, while the rest several of joint secretary rank, have been of the countries are to be represented by senior brought in to ensure that the event is a mega ministers. success. The earlier two IAFS — in New Delhi in 2008, The ministry has worked out the itinerary for
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<< Jawaharlal Nehru Bhavan that houses the Ministry of External Affairs in New Delhi India’s third summit with African leaders comes after the US held its first ever US-Africa summit in Washington in August last year. The Third India-Africa Forum Summit is set to see India pitch itself as an important partner for the African continent, with all its potential and possibilities
the four-day event, which will begin with the reserved for bilateral interactions. senior officials meeting on October 26, followed The African envoys in Delhi were given a by the meeting of foreign ministers the following briefing about the event in June, shown the logo day. On October 28, the heads of the African and explained the itinerary and the nations are to arrive. October 29 is the main arrangements. summit day that will see Prime Minister The logo is an imaginatively thought out Narendra Modi and the African leaders meet symbol — comprising the face of a lion, one half under one roof at the giant Indira Gandhi Indoor an Indian one and the other half an African lion Stadium. President Pranab Mukherjee is hosting — which is interspersed with the maps of the the African leaders for a banquet dinner that African continent and India in the background, evening. The final day, October 30, has been and topped with vibrant colours.
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k diplomacy
>> Tanzanian President, Jakaya Kikwete being welcomed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on June 19, 2015
The lion face focuses on the commonalities African nations as well as Indians. between India and the African countries. The The Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, built in merging of the two lion faces and of the continent 1982 to host indoor sports events of the Asian and India’s map is also a reference to Games that year, is ideal to play host to such a Gondwanaland, when Africa and the Indian massive gathering. subcontinent were said to be part of one landmass The stadium has a central floor area of 4,500 millions of years ago, till they separated over time. sq m. A large stage is being erected on one side The motto of the summit — “Proud, for all the African leaders plus Prime Minister Courageous, Bold and on the Prowl, ready to take Modi to stand comfortably together in semi circle on the future and seize every opportunity” — formation for the photo op — an important aptly sums up the underlying vision of close moment in every event. engagement between the two sides. The website The seating arrangement of African leaders also has the pithy caption: “Diverse Yet United: in a single row is a critically important feature of Together Towards Tomorrow”. the event — it signals that to India all the African The Facebook page, which has thousands of leaders are equally important. likes, keeps up a constant stream of information Besides the seating for the event, lounges for on India-Africa relations. dignitaries and their officials to relax in are being The website - http://www.iafs.in/index.php, created from pre-fabricated tents. Besides, each the Facebook page — https://www.facebook.com/ country would be given a separate cubicle for IndiaAfricaSummit and twitter handle — their staff. Separate lounges are being set up for @indiafrica2015 have constant updates on the business meets and bilateral leaders’ meetings. event, and India-Africa relations. The social There is also a large media lounge. media platforms are keenly followed by the With so many dignitaries converging
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together, the flurry of cars arriving and leaving combined population of 2.3 billion and are could lead to a mini-traffic jam. But all connected through age old ties. Both sides are arrangements have been thought out months in looking at deeper political and economic advance, in tandem with the Delhi Police and engagement, which would find voice at the other departments. The stadium complex with upcoming summit as well as many fresh ideas an area of around 100 acres has enough space for thrown up. the hundreds of cars that would be parked. It also India and Africa have a “collaborative has several entry and exit points, which would be partnership”, which distinguishes it from the ties utilized to keep the entry gates of dignitaries between Africa and other nations. This unique separate from that of other delegates. relationship would find more emphasis at the Colourful panels with information about summit with focus on India’s strengths in each country, plus large lion logos of the event partnering with Africa in the area of capacity are to be strung up around the stadium hall. building and training and scholarships. The ministry, coordinating with the other Since the second IAFS in 2011, India has given government departments, including tourism, 25,000 scholarships to African countries, which police, transport and the public works has been appreciated by the recipient countries, department, has worked out every nitty-gritty, and there is a constant demand to increase the including looking into the cleanliness of the numbers.
On the day of the summit, the venue is likely to see over 1,000 delegates, including from the Indian side and a large Indian media contingent, present under one roof. Besides, there will be another 1,000 plus support staff, including service staff, drivers, security personnel and Delhi Police personnel. Cultural events have also been planned for the summit. The summit will aim to leverage the strengths of India and Africa, which together have a combined population of 2.3 billion and are connected through age old ties
venue to ensure the success of the event and that While India does not have deep pockets like the African leaders are satisfied with the the other nations engaging with Africa, it has arrangements. offered $7.4 billion in the past two summits. Of Suites and rooms in 10 top hotels in Delhi this, $7 billion has been approved. The money is have been booked months in advance and the being utilized to run 140 projects across 41 routes from each hotel to the stadium venue African countries, in a measure of its success. chalked out. On the day of the summit, the venue The India-Africa bilateral trade stands at $70 is likely to see over 1,000 delegates, including billion. India has investments worth over $32 from the Indian side and a large Indian media billion in Foreign Direct Investment in Africa. contingent, present under one roof. Besides, There are more than three million people of there will be another 1,000 plus support staff, Indian origin in Africa today, with South Africa including service staff, drivers, security being home to the largest population of people personnel and Delhi Police personnel. Cultural of Indian descent in the continent, at 1.3 events have also been planned for the summit. million. The summit will aim to leverage the strengths of India and Africa, which together have a (Ranjana Narayan is a senior journalist)
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k football
Abhishek Roy African footballers making it big in India
Far away from their homes, African footballers are rapidly gaining popularity in India’s domestic football tournaments and clubs
THOUGH INDIA IS languishing at the lowly 155th which is bankrolled by Mukesh Ambani-owned spot in the FIFA rankings, the lack of home talent Reliance Industries, international sports and lure of good money is drawing more and management firm IMG and Rupert Murdoch- more Africans to India to participate in its growth owned Star TV. story. “Playing in the ISL was one of the best With their talent and prowess, African experiences of my career. I still can’t forget the footballers have not only won millions of Indian moment when I scored the first goal in the hearts in the last two decades but have also been competition’s history. I want to perform even a source of inspiration for young Indian better this time and make Chennaiyin FC the footballers. While some 400 Africans are playing champions. Chennaiyin were the most consistent in various clubs in India, around 25 feature in the in the league stage and they enjoyed great top clubs in the elite ISL and I-League football support throughout the tournament,” said Fikru. tournament. Like Fikru, Edel is also eagerly looking Ethiopian captain Fikru Teferra, who has 10 towards the second edition of the ISL. international goals against his name, has already “I had a great experience playing in India last written the record books in India. The tall and year and I am thankful to Chennaiyin FC for lanky striker, who turned up for inaugural providing me the chance to come back again this champions Atletico De Kolkata, has assured time. Chennaiyin FC were one of the most himself of a place in ISL history as he scored the competitive teams of the first ISL so I am first-ever goal of the competition in the inaugural delighted to have joined them and it will be an game last year before finishing the tournament honour playing under World Cup winner Marco with five goals in 12 appearances. Materazzi. The atmosphere was electric so it will The exploits of Fikru and Cameroon-born be great to have such home support this time. I Armenian goalkeeper Apoula Edel Bete, who also won the ISL last year and I want to lift the trophy had a stint with French giants Paris St Germain, with Chennaiyin this time,” says Edel. had earned them a huge fan following in Kolkata, While Fikru, Edel, Senegalese Massamba Lo the cradle of football in India, after they played a Sambou (North East United), Zambians crucial role in guiding Atletico De Kolkata, co- Kondwani Mtonga and Issac Chansa (both North owned by former India cricket captain Sourav East United), Burkina Faso’s Saidou (Pune City) Ganguly, to the inaugural ISL title. and South African Sameehg Doutie (Atletico De This time, however, Kolkatans will be missing Kolkata) have made the cut for the ISL, there are the two Africans, who have been roped in by other Africans, who ply their trade in different Bollywood star Abhishek Bachchan-owned leagues in India for a living. They come from Chennaiyin FC, for the second edition of the ISL, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Liberia,
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<< Burkina Faso's Sadou Mady in action in the newly launched Indian Soccer League
Ethiopian captain Fikru Teferra, who has 10 international goals against his name, has already written the record books in India. The tall and lanky striker, who turned up for inaugural champions Atletico De Kolkata, has assured himself of a place in ISL history as he scored the first-ever goal of the competition in the inaugural game last year before finishing the tournament with five goals in 12 appearances
Sierra Leone and South Sudan, the world’s Europe and America. newest nation that is engulfed in civil strife, and Be it in Kolkata, Bengaluru, Mumbai, Pune or have given a new face to the game in India, which in Goa, African footballers are finding their way has been termed as a sleeping giant by FIFA into the top sides in Indian football. And why president Sepp Blatter. not? After all, top clubs are spending anything Competing with their raw speed and power between $100,000 to $600,000 each on African remain a challenge for the Indian players who imports for a season. are trying to make their way to foreign leagues in Till a couple of years back, former Mohun
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k football
>> Ethiopian footballer Fikru Tefera in action in India
With their talent and prowess, African footballers have not only won millions of Indian hearts in the last two decades but have also been a source of inspiration for young Indian footballers. While some 400 Africans are playing in various clubs in India, around 25 feature in the top clubs in the elite ISL and I-League football tournament. Top clubs are spending millions each on African imports for a season
Bagan skipper Odafe Onyeka Okolie, who now having on the game in India. plays for Sporting Goa in the I-League, was the “India made me famous. Had I stayed back in highest paid professional footballer in India with Nigeria, I wouldn’t have achieved all this name a pay package of approximately $600,000. and fame. India is special as they have good His compatriot and East Bengal star Ranty players and playing with them has been a great Martins also commanded a fat pay cheque. The experience,” Odafe said. two Nigerians dominated Indian football for six Right from the days of Nigerians Emeka seasons till 2014 by emerging as the top goal Ezugo and Cheema Okerie, who used to be the scorers in the I-League. star attraction in Kolkata teams during the 1980s, It shows the impact African footballers are African footballers have always been in great
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Even the youngest country in the world, South Sudan, which is in the midst of an armed conflict, had James Moga who played for East Bengal. Old timers also fondly remember Ghanian goalkeeper Edward Ansah, who ended his playing career with Goa’s I-League club Churchill Brothers, before taking up a coaching job with the Black Stars (Ghana) during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. A widely travelled goalkeeper who has kept posts in several countries in Africa and Asia, Ansah, 47, joined the Churchill Brothers in the 2000-01 season and played for five years. Former India captain and Olympian P.K. Banerjee feels Emeka and Cheema have had a great impact on Indian football. “Of all the overseas footballers, Cheema and Emeka were a class apart and no wonder they played the World Cup. It is not easy to get such quality players all too frequently,” he says. Former India coach Sukhwinder Singh feels players like Odafe are crowd-pullers and a good advertisement for the game. “In the past, people used to come to see Cheema and Emeka. There was a dip in between, but now Odafe is creating waves in the I-League,” says Sukhwinder, a former national coach. demand. Emeka, who played for both East But Brazilian Jose Barretto, who remains the Bengal and Mohun Bagan, also represented most successful overseas player in recent times, Nigeria in the 1994 World Cup. Emeka, who is feels that the quality of African footballers has now known as Mustafa Mohammed after he gone down in the last four to five years. converted to Islam last year, will always be “We had some good African footballers in remembered as the first World Cupper to play in India, but I feel in the last four-five years the India. quality has gone down. The two main reasons are He was adjudged the Best Player in the 1990 cash crunch and lack of proper scouting. Nehru Club Cup, scoring eight goals to take I also feel the clubs are to blame for it. Had Kolkata’s Mohammedan Sporting into the semi- they been more professional in their finals. approach, the quality of foreigners could have The first African name to strike a chord in improved,” said. India was David Williams who represented Tamil For Barretto, Martins remains the best Nadu in the Santosh Trophy in the 1970s before African player in the last five years but goes on to being recruited by East Bengal. But the way add that it is discipline that sets Brazilian players Emeka and Cheema dazzled and enthralled the apart from all other overseas imports. fans with their skill and power opened the window of opportunity for other African (Abhishek Roy is a senior sports journalist footballers as well. and communication professional in New Delhi.
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Shubha Singh Indian diaspora in Africa: A binding factor
The Indian diaspora in Africa has involved itself in the life of the countries where they reside, investing in the economy and other sectors.
THE WATERS OF the Indian Ocean have linked Ocean coastal region of Africa as well as in the India and Africa since the ages when brisk western Indian Ocean island countries. Over the monsoon winds filled sails of the wooden dhows years, Indians have moved across the continent that carried intrepid sailors and traders to the to almost all countries of Africa. other shore. The Commonwealth connection and the use Archaeological evidence, coins and ancient of a common language sustained the linkages texts such as the ‘Periplus of the Erythaean Sea’, with the Anglophone countries but the written in the first century CE are indicative of assimilative policies in the Francophone the network of mercantile trade that was in countries resulted in Indians losing much of their existence for many centuries. The arrival of the cultural identity. People of Indian descent form colonial era and the faster ships in use intensified a substantial part of the population in Mauritius the contacts between India and Africa. and Reunion island and a distinct minority in The Indian presence in Africa is evident from Seychelles while small number of Indian the remnants of ancient trading outposts and expatriates live in Benin, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, settlements along the East African coast and Chad, Senegal, Mali and Algeria. Indian coins found in the hinterland. The early The first regular migration of Indians was to Indians in Africa were taken as slaves, but the Mauritius in the early decades of the 19th century first regular migration to Africa began with when indentured workers were taken to work on indentured workers, who were recruited as the sugarcane plantations. The next wave of agricultural workers. Later migrants went to migration was to South Africa when Indian Africa for better economic prospects; they were workers were taken to Natal under indenture traders, artisans, clerks, accountants, and contracts in the late 19th century. After businessmen. completing their five year indenture contract, The Indian diaspora in Africa now forms an Indians stayed on in the colonies which were still enduring link in the strong ties between Africa heavily dependent on their labour. and India. More than three million people of Indian workers were brought in to build the Indian origin live in countries of the Africa Union railroads connecting East Africa; the workers — from the large Indian populations in were accompanied by large number of support Anglophone African to more recent, smaller staff — the washermen, carpenters, cooks, small communities in Arab Africa, and the traders and cleaners. The majority of the railroad Francophone and Lusophone regions. workers returned home to India after their job In the early days, the main part of the Indian- was done, but many of the support staff stayed African connection was along the eastern coast on in Africa. As East Africa was connected with of Africa; later Indians spread all along Indian the rail network, Indians were recruited to run
46 Pages-nishant-Q8 final_Layout 1 10/15/2015 1:11 PM Page 47 < The Indian diaspora in Africa now forms an enduring link in the strong < Early settlers and ties between Africa and India. More than three million people of Indian Indian immigrants at origin live in countries of the Africa Union — from the large Indian the Bluff in Durban
populationsin Anglophone African to more recent, smaller communities (Photos Courtesy: The Gandhi-Luthuli in Arab Africa, and the Francophone and Lusophone regions Documentation Centre, University of Kwa-Zulu- Natal, South Africa)
the railways. Later Indians came in search of new small trading posts supplying essential items and opportunities as economic activity expanded; brought the term “duka” (shop) into the African they were the traders, small businessmen and lexicon. The Indian-African trade has been young men looking for work as doctors, lawyers growing steadily in the past decade and is and office workers. currently estimated at $100 billion. Indian peddlers and petty traders helped The Indian diaspora in Africa is a mix of open up the interior areas of Africa to commerce. descendants of those early migrants, some of They made their way to the remote interior areas whom have moved to other African countries to trade on miniscule margins to bring and more recent migrants and expatriates from agriculture produce to the towns. Others set up India. Kenya has a significant Indian diaspora;
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>> (clockwise from right)
The arrival of Indian workers in South Africa by boat
Industrialists Narendra Raval and Ashish Thakkar, success stories among the Indian diaspora in Africa
The Indian diaspora in Africa is a mix of descendants of those early migrants, some of whom have moved to other African countries and more recent migrants and expatriates from India. Kenya has a significant Indian diaspora; most of them are third or fourth genera- tion descendents of the early migrants. There are also many recent arrivals who have invested in sectors like telecommunications, petrochemicals, textiles, chemical industry and floriculture in Kenya
most of them are third or fourth generation India is one of Tanzania’s largest trading descendents of the early migrants. There are partners; it has about 40,000 Indians residents. also many recent arrivals who have invested There are about 10,000 Indians in Zimbabwe, in sectors like telecommunications, mostly small businessmen and traders while petrochemicals, textiles, chemical industry and some Indians from Uganda have moved to floriculture in Kenya. resource rich Burundi in recent years. The large Indian community was expelled More than a couple of thousand Indians have from neighbouring Uganda during the Idi Amin ventured into Rwanda after the civil war and are regime in the 1970s, but when Uganda opened its doing well as the Rwandian economy grows at a economy at the turn of the century, the steady rate. government urged Indian businessmen to The Indian link to Mozambique is an ancient return. There are now 30,000 Indians in Uganda, one; it is said that the Portuguese explorer, Vasco many of whom returned to the country and do Gama, met some Indian traders when he some new investors from India. landed at Mozambique. Years later when the
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Portuguese took over Goa there was regular even as fighting waged in the city. commerce between Goa and Mozambique, The Indian diaspora in Africa has involved trading merchandise like wood, tea, coffee and itself in the life of the countries where they spices. Goans began travelling to Mozambique to reside, investing in the economy and other work as administrators and soldiers. Many of the sectors. They are a strong binding factor in the pioneering Indians from Goa assimilated in the ties between India and Africa. Mozambique society and are barely recognisable There are many success stories of Indians in as Goans. Africa. Typical of them are stories of Narendra Ethiopia has close ties with India, sustained Raval and Ashish Thakkar from Kenya and by the large number of Indians who worked as Uganda respectively. From an assistant priest, teachers in the primary and secondary schools palmist and an astrologer, Narendra Raval till the late 1970s. Indians visiting Ethiopia often became a storeowner, an industrialist and now a meet older Ethiopians who fondly recall their multi-millionaire. Today, Raval owns Kenya’s Indian teachers in school. largest steel and cement empire with a turnover There are now about 25,000 Indians in of $650 million. Nigeria, about 8000 of whom are Nigerian Ashish Thakkar left school in Uganda to citizens. Some 6000 Indians live in Botswana pursue his dream to start a business of computer while Eritrea has a population of almost 500 hardware. He founded his company, Mara Group, Indians. in 1996, which has operations in 24 countries and The Indian community in Liberia got much employs more than 11,000 people, mostly in reduced during the civil war. It now numbers Africa. And today, Thakkar is a billionaire. about 3500; many of them chose to stay on in Liberia during the war. The community was (Shubha Singh is a veteran journalist and lauded for running three shelters in Monrovia writer on the Indian diaspora.)
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Dr. N. Koiremba Singh and Fradreck Mujuru Can India help Africa realise its dream?
India’s readiness to share and relive the African dream makes it a worthwhile partner in the present global environment
MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI is a name Cooperation) scholarships. that resonates easily with the people of Africa. Indeed, Africa has a dream and its dream can They draw a lot of inspiration from Gandhi – the become a reality with India’s help. The readiness man who lived as an African, who fought along of India to share the African dream makes it a with Africans, and experienced their travails. He worthwhile partner in the present global spoke about the deeper intellectual and spiritual environment. This has given the African connections between India and Africa. continent of over a billion people hope, trying as For India, Africa has been miraculously they are to create their own destiny in a world transforming from a “Continent of Hopelessness” still plagued by poverty, and mutating developed to a “Cape of Good Hope”. The two are getting and developing states. If Africa could marry connected through trade, technology, Indian expertise with its abundance of raw reformation of global governance, and other new materials, it could be a win-win situation for both. and emerging areas. Many African countries are Below is a representative overview of India’s making capacity-building and human resource ties with three of the larger African countries: development a reality, helped by Indian experts. Zimbabwe, South Africa and Tanzania: As the two work in concert, the rise of Africa and India seem predestined to happen side by side. INDIA AND ZIMBABWE India and Africa have created a win-win Zimbabwe is in an economic quagmire and India situation for both sides. Bilateral trade has can help it tide over its crisis. Following the rocketed from $880 million (1994) to $60 billion recent discovery of the biggest Zimbabwean (2014), and could well pass $90 billion this year. diamond field in Chiadzwa, Indian expertise in India has also pledged around $8 billion in soft the technology of mining and processing of loans (lines of credit) for different projects in the minerals, especially diamonds, would be of great continent. help. At present, 14 Indian companies have a India-Africa relations are not only hinged on presence there and Zimbabwe is looking ahead trade. Common interests include combating to see more companies investing and piracy, terrorism and host of other issues, such participating in its economic recovery. as reformation in global governance. India has India has already laid the groundwork also been supporting peace in Africa. More than through various agreements. The recent 2014 6,000 Indian soldiers are involved in Line of Credit of $28.6 million to Harare is a peacekeeping missions in different African testimony of India’s commitment. There is an countries. India is, moreover, home to over aggressive penetration by China in Zimbabwe. 15,000 African students, some of whom have China-Zimbabwe bilateral trade figures have come on ITEC (Indian Technical & Economic reached $1.2 billion (2014), nine times that of
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<< An overview of the TATA Motors facility in Johannesburg, South Africa
The readiness of India to share the African dream makes it a worthwhile partner in the present global environment. This has given the African continent of over a billion people hope, trying as they are to create their own destiny in a world still plagued by poverty, and mutating developed and developing states. If Africa could marry Indian expertise with its abundance of raw materials, it could be a win-win situation for both
India-Zimbabwe trade. Zimbabwe knows that to Prime Minister Narendra Modi to consider a China’s economy is not predictable and Harare fresh initiative at the India-Africa Forum Summit would be looking to New Delhi to check Chinese on October 26, 2015, to continue engaging with monopoly over the economies of Africa Zimbabwe. highlighting its liberal, democratic model. Zimbabwe has a 95 percent literate INDIA AND SOUTH AFRICA population; it is the proud haven of African After the diplomatic break during the apartheid academics with an informed workforce. It is up regime, India-South Africa relations were
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>> Airtel hoardings seen on a street in Dar es Salaam
restored in 1993, and since then have wedded into When it comes to bilateral trade, there is an bilateral, trilateral and multilateral ties, increase in trade from $2.5 billion (2004) to $14 particularly via BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, billion (2014) with both countries setting a target South Africa) and the IBSA Dialogue Forum. IBSA of $15 billion to be reached this year. India exports (India, Brazil, South Africa) promotes democratic vehicles, pharmaceuticals, textiles, engineering values, including social development, and goods and imports gold, steam coal, copper ores, encourages multilateralism in areas of concern manganese, among others, from South Africa. such as health, education and defence. There was an increase of 27 percent demand of India and South Africa had been involved in steam coal from South Africa during 2007- 2014. high-level state visits that reachedits apex when India has encouraged investments in South South African President Jacob Zuma visited India Africa. Major investors are Tata Group in 2010 and ratified more than three treaties with (automobiles, hospitality and information and then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The technology) UB Group, Mahindra & Mahindra, treaties include Memorandums of Understanding and many more. South Africa has also invested on Agriculture, Air Services Cooperation, and in India: big companies such as Old Mutual, SAB Foreign Institutions Joint Information Exchange. Millers (breweries) and ACSA, to mention a few. Relations between India and South Africa India and South Africa share a common view reached another high since the two countries on key global issues: they acknowledge the agreed on setting up customs cooperation and North-South divide, as well as the need for agreed on scrapping of visas for diplomats and reforms in institutions of global governance and official passport holders. Such a deep level of sustainable development. India has helped South trust is a manifestation of a high level of reliability Africa in many ways to attain its “advanced that India has earned in the continent. industrialised state” status in a sustainable
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manner. Hence, it is evident why African WHY INDIA MATTERS TO AFRICA countries have chosen to collaborate with India, Africa seeks to collaborate with India for mutual and have flourished. benefit. Africa gave mega contracts to India and some of them include the construction of INDIA AND TANZANIA infrastructure, irrigation dams, airports in arid Approximately 40,000 people of Indian origin areas, and even construction of hospitals. In reside in Tanzania and at least six of them served reciprocal measure, India can develop Africa in the government as members of parliament. So through transfer of technology in various forms the ties between the two nations are special. such as direct foreign investments in extractive Tanzania imports fuels, oils, pharmaceuticals sectors like petroleum, mining and export, and clothing while it exports gold, wood, ores, agriculture and industry. These moves will help cashew nuts, among other products. There is a lot Africa become self-reliant. of investment coming from the Indian side in China is fostering relations and business Tanzania and has led to the creation of over undertakings through credit lines and zero interest 600,000 jobs and over 340 projects. Currently, 18 rates to African countries. However, in the present Indian companies have invested approximately scenario, states are connected more easily through $500 million in Export Processing Zones, mutual understanding and equality, minus generating employment for over 4,000 people. subordination and cultural subjugation. India has
India has changed the African perspective on “development” and has helped Africa to relive her dreams and participate as an equal part- ner in the era of globalisation. Africa will look to Prime Minister Modi to demonstrate a new leadership and show to the world that Africa matters to India, and the two will herald a new partnership for the common good of its two billion people.
The establishment of an ICT Centre of proven its capability in equal engagement rather Excellence in Tanzania is credited to the initiative than exploitation of its partners. India has changed made by India’s Centre for Development of the African perspective on “development” and has Advanced Computing (C-DAC). Over $40 million helped Africa to relive her dreams and participate line of credit was availed to Tanzania in 2009 for as an equal partner in the era of globalisation. the procurement of agricultural inputs and Africa will look to Prime Minister Modi to machinery. Another social development was demonstrate a new leadership and show to the providing water supply connections to high world that Africa matters to India, and the two will density towns, the offering of grants and herald a new partnership for the common good of scholarships to Tanzanians who want to study in its two billion people. The India-Africa Forum India, etc. India also helped set up the Pan Summit beginning October 26, 2015, is going to African e-Network project. open up many more avenues for a better future of India and Tanzania have signed a number of people of both regions. deals, the main one being the Letter of Intent of Co-operation (LIC) in the mining and steel sector (Dr. N. Koiremba Singh is Assistant Professor in 2013. India was also incorporated into the East and Fradreck Mujuru is Research Assistant, Africa Community regional bloc, the first country Department of International Studies, Christ to achieve that status, in 2003. University, Bangalore.
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Gulshan Luthra Morocco: A reformist government, model of moderate Islam
Morocco is described by writers as diverse, with high mountains, lovely coastlines, deserts and a rich culture. Books on Morocco describe this country as “tailor made” for travellers, and bestowed with what someone has aptly said, “lyrical landscapes”
IT WAS AFTER nearly 20 years that I recently modernisation and liberalisation of the economy, visited Morocco, a politically liberal kingdom developed the country’s infrastructure and made with an elected parliament at the edge of the Morocco an attractive location for domestic and Arab world, less than 15 km from Europe’s foreign investments. southernmost tip in Spain and bordering the In recent years, Morocco has launched a Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic on its east and policy of large infrastructure projects (seaports, west. airports, highways, high-speed trains, tramways, I was the guest of a think tank for a seminar etc.) as well as several sectoral strategies aimed and our host, Mohamed Benaissa, Secretary at modernising the country’s agricultural sector, General of the Assilah Forum Foundation (AFF), a regional technology hub, promotion of pleasantly reminded me that Morocco was also alternate energy, development of fisheries and the last bit of India — “we look alike, share setting the goal of making Morocco a Top-20 common habits, bazaars, and significantly, a lot tourist destination, of warmth in our hearts”. About $20 billion are invested every year in It was very interesting to see Benaissa, a infrastructure development and, by 2020, the frequent visitor to India, sport a Nehru jacket, country plans to have 40 percent renewable traditionally handmade and worn by Indian energy. And there is a plan to triple the country’s leaders across the political spectrum and made technically-trained workforce in the aviation popular and fashionable in recent times by none sector in the coming years. other than Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Overall, agriculture, tourism, textiles, clothes I spent about 10 days in Assilah, Tangier and lead the economy but the abundant reserves of Casablanca. With a $250billion-plus economy, phosphates earn the country huge dollars. India, Morocco is not very rich but its prosperity is significantly, has been the biggest buyer of growing, and if one is to consider happiness as a phosphates for decades of this commodity. parameter for the country’s governance, then Morocco’s proximity to Europe, Middle East, there are plenty of smiles to see. King and — just across the Atlantic — Americas do lure Mohammed VI initiated structural reforms to foreign manufacturers. Roads are excellent, ports improve and boost the economy after he took and shipping facilities are in plenty, and a large over in 1999. These reforms enhanced the free trade zone has been set up at Tangier with
54 Pages-nishant-Q8 final_Layout 1 10/15/2015 1:11 PM Page 55 < Morocco has embarked during the last decades on an unprecedented < Late King of Morocco, path of political, economic and social reforms. The aim of these HM Hassan II reforms is to favour the establishment of an open and tolerant soci- honouring the then Prime Minister of ety, the promotion and protection of human rights, the enhancement India, Atal Bihari of the role of civil society in the political and public arena, the Vajpayee in Morocco empowerment of women
facilities for mechanical, chemical, metallurgical been built at Tangier to facilitate major and naval requirements. French car maker industries. Besides cars, there is emphasis now Peugeot, for instance, plans to make some on making even aircraft parts for European and 20,000 cars a year there. A new port has also US companies. While there, I was invited by the
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CENTURIES-OLD TIES
ndia-Morocco ties date back to the 14th century when the Moroccan explorer Ibn Batuta travelled to India, spent a decade in the country and wrote extensively about his experiences in his epic Rihla. Seven centuries later, it is time for both I India and Morocco to script a new chapter in mutual discovery and stir the imagination of peoples of both the countries once again in a modern, mutually- beneficial partnership. Many in the kingdom have talked of building closer ties with India, the biggest importer of its phosphates, Morocco’s main export, and of the country being a springboard for Indian exports and investment not just into southern Europe and west Africa but to the US as well. India’s relations with Morocco got a major revival with the visit of External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid in February 2014 that also underscored the strategic and economic importance of the North African country. Khurshid, the first Indian foreign minister to visit the Maghreb nation, held talks in the capital Rabat before visiting Fez, Marrakesh and Casablanca, and also had an audience with King Mohammed VI, a major protocol gesture from the country that is seeking to upgrade ties to with India to a “strategic partnership”. While India sources a large chunk of its rock phosphates and phosphoric acid requirements from Morocco for its fertiliser industry, the country is a growing destination for Indian companies and also for tourism, and there is growing exchange of information on anti-terrorism, a good indication of where ties are headed. Morocco, which shared bilateral trade worth $1.6 billion with India last year, accounts for some 60 percent of the country’s phosphatic needs, a mineral primarily used in the manufacture of di-ammonium phosphate, an important plant nutrient. “In many ways, Morocco is contributing to India’s food security,” says Morocco’s Ambassador to India, Larbi Reffouh. India exports textiles, transport equipment, tractors and pharmaceuticals. Moroccan firm OCP (Office Cherifen des Phosphates) has a phosphate-related joint venture with Tata Chemicals and Chambal Chemicals & Fertilisers that produces 400,000 tonnes of phosphoric acid for export to India. New areas of collaboration identified are in the area of pharmaceuticals, agriculture, automobiles and renewable energy, marine fisheries and environment cooperation. Past high-level visits0 include that of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1999 and by King Mohammad VI to India in 2001. “The new impetus that bilateral ties will receive because of his visit of His Majesty, King Mohammed VI, to cover politics, economy, cultural, defence and anti-terrorism, will take ties to the level of strategic partnership,” Moroccan Ambassador Reffouh said.
French technology and engine maker Safran to Hamid Benbrahim el Andaloussi, Safran visit its units in the exciting port city of national representative in Morocco and Casablanca, a city immortalised in the President of GIMAS (Groupement des Industries eponymous Hollywood film of the 1950s. Marocaines Aéronautiques et Spatiales) is the It was an eye opener to what possibly the man responsible for creating the giant aerospace French companies can also do in India as part of industry in Morocco, that caters today over 200 offsets in aircraft deals. The engines for the Rafale companies in a special free trade zone near the aircraft that the Indian Air Force is buying from airport. France, for instance, are made by Safran, as also Safran will be happy, he said, to partner with the engines for Boeing 737s and Airbus A320 Indian companies as it wants to replicate some family (in collaboration with US GE). of its success stories in India. There have been
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Morocco is keen to promote cultural and tourism ties with India as demonstrated by its growing interest in Bollywood. In November 2012, the 12th Marrakech International Film Festival (MIFF) paid tribute to the 100 glorious years of Indian cinema and screened films like ‘Jab Tak Hai Jaan’ and ‘Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara’. A Bollywood delegation, led by Amitabh Bachchan, was honoured during the ceremony there. Thousands of fans braved a drizzle and biting cold to catch glimpse of their favourite star. A host of Bollywood stars, including Hrithik Roshan, Sridevi and Karan Johar were present at the event. Morocco wants its relations with India to expand beyond trade and supply of phosphates, of which it holds two-thirds of global reserves, to investment in services and manufacturing with a slew of tax sops. “India is our top trading partner in Asia and the third largest globally. We have set an excellent example of South-South cooperation. These ties now must expand. There is a great scope for that as well,” said Reffouh. “There are already two major joint ventures between our two sides in the broad area of fertilizers. But scope exists in virtually every field -- from automotives and textiles to agro-processing and IT,” Reffouh said. India’s Aditya Birla Group and the Tatas have an equal joint venture with a state-run company of Morocco at Jorf Lasfar, some 150 km from Casablanca, to produce 430,000 tonnes of phosphoric acid, nearly all of which is exported to India. This apart, Morocco has also invested in Paradeep Phosphates for a unit in Orissa with a capacity of over 2 million tonnes per annum of phosphatic fertilisers. The Zuari Group and the Indian government also hold stakes in the company. According to the ambassador, Morocco, which has 70 pristine tourist destinations, also seeks investments from India in the hospitality sector, particularly for construction and maintenance of hotels. The ambassador explained that among the incentives given to foreign investors in his country include freehold land ownership and financial support in acquisition of land for factories, modern infrastructure and liberal taxation and other norms. Under Moroccan law, local and international investors are treated equally. Whatever incentives are available for national investors are also available for overseas investors. Reffouh said Morocco and India share a common vision in a host of both regional and multilateral forums, notably in the UN where the two nations are currently non-permanent members of the Security Council. “We appreciate that India was among the very first countries to recognise Moroccan independence. It was also the first to establish diplomatic ties and open an embassy in our country,” he said.
preliminary discussions with India’s GMR group. aircraft manufacturers, or giving them back-end Notably, besides providing engines for support. helicopters (Chetak family) and aircraft (Mirage A former airline executive, Benbrahim said 2000), Safran has provided the software for that Morocco initiated investments in the India’s Aadhar Unique Identity (UID) cards aerospace sector some 15 years ago. Ever since, programme that the Indian Government is there has been an emphasis on teaching enrolling every citizen in. technology to young men and women, and there Today, besides the seven group companies of are some 11,500 of them in the aerospace Safran, others present there are Boeing, UTC, workforce at present and their numbers might Airbus, Daher, Zodiac Aerospace and several increase to 35,000 within five years. others making components for European and US Morocco, under its reformist King
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rehabilitating those who have been convicted of a terror-related crime. Morocco has embarked during the last decades on an unprecedented path of political, economic and social reforms. The aim of these reforms is to favour the establishment of an open and tolerant society, the promotion and protection of human rights, the enhancement of the role of civil society in the political and public arena, the empowerment of women, modernization of education, press freedom, judicial independence and fight against corruption. These reforms, which have been genuinely implemented, have been well received and hailed not only in Morocco but also by the international community. Morocco’s experience, in terms of reforms, stands today as a success story unparalleled in the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region:
Among major initiatives on the path of reforms Mohammed VI, is also laying strong emphasis in there are: education and training. Knowledge is regarded = The 2004 reform of the family code, the as the key to Morocco’s economic, cultural and moudawana, which is one of the most religious development. progressive laws on women’s and family rights Convinced that extremists derive inspirations in the Arab world. It raised the minimum age from distorted theology, Morocco was a pioneer of marriage for girls from 15 to 18 and gave in countering jihadist ideology at home by wives joint responsibility of the family with reinforcing the influence of the Maliki school of their husbands, and equal rights to property moderate Islam. upon divorce. This law ushered in profound It does this through various religious reforms changes in Moroccan society and helped to including, upgrading places of worship, closing promote women’s participation in society and unregulated mosques, promoting Moroccan politics to reinforce their rights and eliminate religious values on television and radio, gender discrimination in private and public modernising the teaching of Islam and affairs. This reform set the stage for rapid
Morocco, under its reformist King Mohammed VI, is also laying strong emphasis in education and training. Knowledge is regarded as the key to Morocco’s economic, cultural and religious development. Convinced that extremists derive inspirations from distorted theology, Morocco was a pioneer in countering jihadist ideology at home by reinforcing the influence of the Maliki school of moderate Islam.
58 Pages-nishant-Q8 final_Layout 1 10/15/2015 1:11 PM Page 59 < advancement of women in Moroccan business = The National Initiative for Human < and politics; Development is another landmark initiative Indian film legend Amitabh Bachchan = The new Moroccan Constitution adopted by that encompasses programmes meant to being honoured by referendum in July 2011 which confirmed this speed up socio-economic development in King Mohammed VI during the latter's visit choice of a democratic and modern society general and more particularly help to to India in 2001 that respects human rights, enhance equality reintegrate the most marginalized fringes of (left) of gender, plural identity, good governance society; King Mohammed VI and the rule of law; = In the religious field, Morocco has = The Central Authority for the Prevention of accomplished a number of reforms to Corruption Morocco set up in 2008, a body consolidate the practice of an open, moderate whose mission is to coordinate, supervise and and tolerant Islam.Crucial among these was follow up implementation of strict anti- the introduction for the first time of women as corruption policies; religious instructors, known as ‘morchidates’
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The reforms, which have been genuinely implemented, have been well received and hailed not only in Morocco but also by the international community. Morocco’s experience, in terms of reforms, stands today as a success story unparalleled in the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region
whose mission is to conduct campaigns for and Morchidates (male and female religious raising female and youth awareness against guides). The new institute, completed for a total extremism and introduce a tolerant version of cost of $23 million, will offer training to Imams Islam. from Morocco, the Arab world, Africa and As part of Morocco’s efforts to promote Europe. India is the largest religious moderation and tolerance in the region, phosphate importer from Morocco this program was upgraded to the status of an (Gulshan Luthra is a veteran journalist and > > institute for the Training of Imams, Morchidines editor of India Strategic magazine)
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New Suez Canal: A dream that came true
When the construction of New Suez Canal was announced last year, few believed it could be completed on time. Yet, the first cargo ship sailed the new route this year
ON AUGUST 6, 2015, the dream of Egyptians came The Suez Canal was one of the elements of the true with the inauguration of the New Suez Canal, Soviet-American conflict as well, given the fact that just a year after the project was launched in whosoever controlled that waterway would August 2014. control the movement of international trade and The geostrategic importance of the Suez Canal warships coming from the Mediterranean into the emanates from the political and economic Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, and vice versa. The geography of the region. From the very beginning, Canal is the most important waterway in the the Suez Canal was linked to the colonial world, with the Panama Canal, which opened in contestation over Egypt, and its impact on 1914, coming only next. Egyptian national security, as the banks of the Undoubtedly, Egypt’s full sovereignty over the Canal were the scene of several wars. Egypt, Canal highlights this importance; and since its therefore, attaches immense strategic and security nationalisation by Egypt in 1956, the country is importance to the region. That is why the Egyptian bound by the articles of the Constantinople Pact Armed Forces were overseeing the (1888), which regulates navigation through the implementation of the New Suez Canal project. Canal. This is unlike the situation of the Panama The establishment of the Suez Canal led to a Canal which was administered by the US from 1914 revolution in maritime navigation as it facilitated till 1999. Therefore, the Egyptian role in protecting the quick and safe access to eastern Africa’s coasts the Suez Canal and securing navigation is an and the Far East. It also impacted British naval important element in the status Egypt enjoys strategy that was keen on securing maritime internationally. dominance in the Mediterranean and the route The circumstances linked to the establishment leading to India. The Suez Canal gave the of the New Suez Canal, which the Egyptian opportunity to fleets of other countries to equally leadership was keen on finalising — whether in the access the Mediterranean. implementation phase or in its financing — The opening of the Suez Canal resulted in an supports such importance. Kicking off the project international contest over Egypt and mounting confirms the independence of Egyptian decision- pressures on it under the pretext of securing making and freedom of action at the international navigation. This was the primary reason for level. increasing of British influence in Egypt, which There are some concerns regarding the later led to Britain’s occupation of the country in freedom of navigation that the ships crossing the 1882 and the establishment of the largest British Suez Canal might face in the Hormuz and the Bab military base in the Middle East, in addition to el-Mandeb straits. If the situation in the Hormuz delaying Egypt’s independence from Britain. Strait is somewhat stable, the Bab el-Mandeb is
62 Pages-nishant-Q8 final_Layout 1 10/15/2015 1:11 PM Page 63 < witnessing political uncertainty given the situation railways, as well as political problems. Given the < Egyptian President in Yemen and the spreading Iranian influence. The huge number of countries that would enjoy the Abdel Fattah al-Sisi acts of piracy in the Red Sea taking place near the benefits of the Canal due to its unique location, the attending the ceremony unveiling a Somali coast are also another danger. Suez Canal remains the shortest and quickest major extension of the Egypt has thus emerged as an influential waterway for transferring Gulf oil to Europe. Suez Canal in Ismailia, Egypt, August 6, 2015 regional player in the Middle East where the The Suez Canal surpasses the Panama Canal country is regarded as a basis for maintaining when it comes to length, depth, the submersible regional peace and security, a country keen on length and the number of crossing hours. It also basing its international relationships on the surpasses the North Sea that connects the Siberian principle of mutual interest. coast to the Atlantic and into the Pacific. It is actually a short passage as the crossing takes place COMPETITIVE EDGE within 23 days from Russia to China; but the region The New Suez Canal would increase the is very cold, forcing a shutdown for eight months competitiveness of the current one by cutting a year, and restricting the maximum load on ships both distance and time. Its utility surpasses those to 20,000 tonnes. of several roads. For instance, the Israeli Ashdod- The Cape of Good Hope too competes with Eilat road that connects the Eilat Port on the the Suez Canal, but with the completion of the Al-Aqaba Bay to Ashdod on the Mediterranean Suez Canal Axis Development, the Canal would that helps transfer goods by rail and trucks. This have a clear edge as it will transform itself from a road though has problems in terms of costs and mere waterway into an investment-attracting loading. region. Another competitor is the Eurasia Road, a project both China and Russia are enthusiastic ECONOMIC RENAISSANCE about, as it aims to connect the two continents The announcement of the new Suez Canal on and passes from China to Kazakhstan and August 5, 2014, raised the hope of an economic Uzbekistan to Moscow, and then on to other renaissance that will help realise the aspirations European countries. This project, however, faces of millions of Egyptians for a better life, in addition technical difficulties as regards the size of the to injecting new blood into the veins of the
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INDIA-EGYPT TIES: A NEW SYNERGY
fter a lull in the relationship, India-Egypt ties have begun looking up with three ministerial visits from India to Cairo recently, including that of External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj. The political relationship got a big boost with Athe meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi in New York last month. Egypt is set to enhance ties with India with deeper political and economic engagement, says Egyptian Ambassador Hatem Tageldin. “The meeting between President Sisi and Prime Minister Modi has given another momentum to the bilateral relationship,” Tageldin told IANS. “We are working to lift the bilateral relations, working with new synergy, building on the historical ties.” The $8 billion New Suez Canal, a parallel waterway to the existing 72-km canal, is aimed to halve time to cross between Asia and Europe with ships now being able to travel in both directions. Egypt has already seen a marked rise in shipping traffic on the new waterway, adding to revenue. The ambitious project was inaugurated on August 6 by President Sisi and the launch was attended by India’s Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari. A 500 sq km special economic zone coming up around the New Suez Canal will be an ideal place for Indian investors, says Tageldin. “For Indian investors, the economic zone will provide them an opportunity to be part of all the services and business to be developed in region,” said the envoy. “The zone is ideally located. It falls at the centre of the Mediterranean region, of Africa, the Arab world, and it can also be considered a part of Asia because of the Sinai Peninsula.” The economic zone is part of the Suez Canal Corridor Project. Tageldin said those investing in the economic zone will get the privileges of duty free and customs free tag that goods produced in Egypt enjoy. Another incentive is that goods produced in Egypt will get customs free access to 26 countries of African, according to a tripartite agreement signed between three major African blocs. On June, 26 countries from the African economic blocs of Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and
Egyptian economy. industrial entities in the region. These entities The announcement also coincided with the would make use of the goods passing through the unveiling the Suez Canal Axis Development Canal, focus on value-added activities and other (SCAD) project. This giant developmental project complementary industries, besides re-exporting is expected to result in a huge improvement in the abroad and in the local markets. There is huge life of the Egyptian people economically, potential for car assembly projects, electronics, oil politically and socially. Local, Arab and refineries, petrochemicals, light metal industries, international capital would participate in logistics distribution centres, ships’ services and implementing it and the Suez Canal region would supply, ships’ maintenance, repair and building, become part and parcel of an advanced economic container maintenance and manufacturing, and situation that would support different sectors, as textile industries. also providing million of additional jobs for the This would, in turn, lead to job opportunities Egyptian people. across sectors, particularly in the Sinai The SCAD project aims to make use of the governorates and the Canal cities, in addition to location of the Canal in order to turn Egypt into an creating new urban communities on reclaimed influential centre of global trade, industry and land to attract populations. For too long the Sinai economic activity by creating logistics and has remained a war zone; that is why it has low
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Southern Africa (COMESA) and the East African Community (EAC) inked a tripartite agreement at Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt. “The tripartite agreement opens up a market of 26 countries of 600 million inhabitants. It promises a big market for Indian investors too; so if you come and invest in Egypt your goods are allowed to go through all the 26 countries without paying any customs,” Tageldin said. Investors can similarly benefit from an agreement inked between Egypt and the 28- member European Union, he added. “We believe Egypt can act as a gateway to Africa for Indian investments. The Third IAFS has to be seen as a partnership from both sides --- for India in Africa and also for Africa to India. There is a lot of opportunity for India to benefit in sectors like IT, education, healthcare in Africa,” Tageldin stated. He said Egypt can also “offer trilateral cooperation with another African country. We have our expertise in certain areas, we can complement each other, which is an important part of South-South cooperation,” he added. India-Egypt trade stands at $5 billion with the balance of trade in India’s favour. Indian investments in Egypt stand at $3 billion. The Sanmar group is set to increase its $1.1 billion investment to $1.45 billion in the petrochemicals sector. The India-based UFLEX group’s plastic packaging material unit is doing very well. Tageldin said the firm is increasing its $160 million investment to $250 million and aims to export the product to 52 countries from Egypt. “It shows how successful the two Indian companies are,” he said, adding there are other Indian firms like Birla, Dabur in his country. Indian imports to Egypt comprise buffalo meat — Egypt is one of the biggest importers of buffalo meat — machinery, cotton yarn, two- and three-wheelers, steel and iron, cement, electronics instruments, and finished petroleum products. From Egypt, items exported to India comprise crude oil and gas, fertilizer, oranges and the latest major export of onions, finished leather, glass and plastic. A joint trade panel has estimated that bilateral trade can be scaled up to $8 billion by 2016 end, Tageldin said.
population and few economic activities. SCAD has implementation of 42 projects, including six that the potential to transform the region. are of high priority: Developing the Cairo-Suez The idea of SCAD was first mooted in the late Ismailia-Port Said road into free roads in order to 1970s by Engineer Hassaballah el Kafrawi, then facilitate trade between the region and Cairo; Minister of Housing under the late President establishing the Ismailia tunnel that crosses the Anwar Sadat. It was put forward again in the Suez Axis in order to link the Canal’s east and west beginning of 1990s during the reign of former banks; establishing a four-lane tunnel in southern President Hosni Mubarak, and then under the Port Said below the Suez Canal to connect the reign of the outlawed Muslim Brotherhood. western and eastern sectors of the Canal region But it was authorised finally by President (the largest of its kind in the Middle East); Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in August 2014 when he gave developing the Sharm el-Sheikh airport; and the go-ahead for establishing the new waterway of constructing a new water outlet for the Ismailia the Canal and deepening the current one, as well Canal to the Canal East Purification Plant to supply as developing the entire Canal axis. the new development areas, and setting up resorts across the Canal. There will also be a ‘Silicon GLOBAL ECONOMIC CENTRE Valley’ in Eastern Ismailia for advanced The SCAD project centres around the technological industries and resorts across the
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Canal. All these projects aim at doubling the scheme was open to foreign investors. revenues of the Suez Canal. The project will be Builders employed by the Suez Canal implemented on stages. Phase 1 will involve Authority, working in three shifts, digging day and creating new logistics and industrial entities for night to meet the deadline. value-added activities and complementary Admiral Mohab Mameesh, the Suez Canal industries through new logistics distribution Authority’s chairman, announced the building of zones. Existing entities will be upgraded and a another canal near Port Said East Port, which will ships’ transit zone will be established. begin as soon as the New Canal has been officially opened. This latest addition is expected to cost THE NEW CANAL £38 million and will be 9.5 km long. The New Suez Canal, a £5 billion project to build a 72 km route alongside the existing waterway, is STRUGGLE AGAINST COLONIALISM designed to double traffic and increase revenues In 1854, French diplomat and engineer Vicomte by 259 percent to £8 billion per year. It will also cut Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps succeeded in the crossing time by half, to 11 hours, as ships will enlisting the interest of the Egyptian viceroy, Sa’id be allowed to sail in both directions. Pasha, in the Suez Canal project. In 1858, La When construction was announced a year ago Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de with a 12-month deadline imposed by the Suez (Universal Company of the Maritime Suez president, few believed that it could possibly be Canal) was formed with authority to cut a canal completed on time. Yet, remarkably for any and to operate it for 99 years, after which construction project in Egypt, the first cargo ships ownership would return to the Egyptian sailed the new route on July 25, 2015. government. The company was originally a As well as a new lane, the original 145-year-old private Egyptian concern, its stock owned chiefly single-channel Canal, which stretches from Port by French and Egyptian interests. Said on the Mediterranean to Suez on the Red Sea, Almost immediately after its opening, the Suez has been deepened to 66 feet (20m) to allow Canal had a significant impact on world trade as bigger ships through. Building will begin in the goods were moved around the world in record second phase of the project for industrial hubs on time. Because of external debts, the British the waterside, creating a million jobs. government purchased the shares owned by The New Canal was one of the first super Egyptian interests in 1875 for 400,000 pounds projects announced by President Sisi after he took sterling. Yet, the France continued to have office. It is seen as a litmus test of the success of majority interest. Under the terms of an the ex-military chief’s first year in office. It will also international convention signed in 1888 (The solidify President Sisi’s position as the heir to Convention of Constantinople), the canal was Egypt’s other popular strongman, Gamal Abdel opened to vessels of all nations without Nasser, who wrenched the Canal from British and discrimination, in peace and war. Nevertheless, French control in 1956. The “theft” of the Britain considered the canal vital to the waterway marked the end of imperial rule over maintenance of its maritime power and colonial Egypt and the career of Anthony Eden, the British interests. prime minister. Therefore, the provisions of the Anglo- Keeping the Canal Egyptian has been at the Egyptian Treaty of 1936 allowed Britain to heart of the project, which was funded by maintain a defensive force along the Suez Canal Egyptians under the slogan “Long Live Egypt”, Zone. However, Egyptian nationalists demanded echoing President Sisi’s electoral chant. Interest- repeatedly that Britain evacuate the Suez Canal bearing investment certificates to fund the project Zone and, in 1954, the two countries signed a sold out in eight days. Only the second part of the seven-year agreement that superseded the 1936
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treaty and provided for the gradual withdrawal of secure thousands of tonnes of fish daily. all British troops from the zone. An environmental study has already been The canal remained under the control of the outlined, the minister said, adding that two two powers until President Gamal Abdel-Nasser working teams have been formed to guarantee nationalised it in 1956. It has since been operated environmental standards are met and to establish by the Suez Canal Authority, thus making the an advanced aquaculture system. Environment management of the canal a 100 percent Egyptian, experts are currently working with their which enraged the major powers leading to the counterparts at the Suez Canal Authority to tripartite assault on Egypt on October 29, 1956. prepare a number of environmental studies The canal was closed to navigation twice in needed to develop the Suez Canal region, Fahmy the contemporary period. The first closure was added. The fish farming project is the biggest brief, coming after the tripartite British-French- aquaculture model in the world as it groups 3,828 Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956, an invasion tanks, of which 1,380 will go into effect primarily motivated by the nationalisation of the immediately. The infrastructure cost of the project waterway. The canal was reopened in 1957. The is some 650 million pounds. second closure occurred after the June 1967 war For his part, Tariq Rashid Rahmi, Dean of the with Israel. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Fish Farming and Technology Institute at the Suez Suez Canal was closed several more times because Canal University, said the project will have enough
The New Suez Canal would increase the competitiveness of the current one by cutting both distance and time. Its utility surpasses those of several roads. For instance, the Israeli Ashdod-Eilat road that connects the Eilat Port on the Al-Aqaba Bay to Ashdod on the Mediterranean that helps transfer goods by rail and trucks. This road though has problems in terms of costs and loading
of conflicts between Egypt and Israel until 1975, productivity to cover the demand in Egypt. Rahmi when Egypt and Israel signed the second added that the project is important, as it provides disengagement accord. a source of protein in light of the high prices of meat and chicken, adding that if the fish FISH FARMING PROJECTS production is sufficient, it may lead to self- The Suez Canal Authority will begin implementing sufficiency in Egypt. He noted that fish farming the National Project for Fish Farming in the Canal can significantly aid in the development of the Zone, according to Suez Canal Authority chairman economy and can produce multitude species that Mohab Mamish. The authority has started are harvested in ideal conditions through the establishing 460 fish farming ponds, out of a total control of water temperature, salinity and pH of 3,828 ponds, he said, noting that Spanish levels, as well as the percentage of oxygen. companies are participating in the project, with “Fish farming includes two stages, first, the the fish imported from abroad, and that the hatchery, which will be through the institute, and project will depend on Egyptian experts. the second stage is breeding, which takes place in Fish farming is one of many mega projects the fish farms throughout Egypt,” said Rahmi. “The Egyptian government is planning to implement most important species of fish that can grow in around the Suez Canal, said Environment Minister fish farms are sea bass, sea bream, croakers and Khaled Fahmy, adding that the project is meant to shrimps.
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Rahmi pointed out that the project will reduce have been dredged. “This is a miracle,” he stressed. transportation costs and the rate of fish spoilage, Mamish said the canal will ease life not only explaining that establishing the project in this for Egypt but for the whole world as well. region gives it advantages as it is close to the major Mamish called on world navigation organisations ports of Suez, Port Said and Damietta. to sail either through the new or old canal, Additionally, the project is close to the local pointing out that the two canals are well market to distribute fish in Greater Cairo (Cairo, equipped and secure. Giza and Qaliubiya) and other governorates. The currently existing 145-year-old Suez Canal, which has seen the passage of around 17,100 ships SERVICE TO ALL in 2014, according to the Suez Canal Authority, is The new Suez Canal will offer its services to all the considered one of Egypt’s primary national countries, said Mamish. Logistic and security income sources. preparations were made for the inauguration of While the old canal reaps an estimate annual the new Suez Canal project in time, according to revenue of $5 billion, the new waterway that will him. Mamish also hailed the Armed Forces allow two-way passage of ships is expected to
Digging machines work Engineering Authority for wrapping up the dry triple the figure to $5 billion annually by 2023. on the construction site digging operations in the new Suez Canal project. Furthermore, the new dual Suez Canal is expected of the New Suez Canal, in Ismailia, a city by the He said dredging works in the canal project was to speed up navigation, reducing the consumed Suez Canal in Egypt the largest in the history, adding that more than time of passage from 22 hours to 11 hours, making > > 260 million cubic meters of water-saturated sand it the world’s fastest waterway.
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Angola to prioritise ties with India
Angola remains the second largest source of crude oil after Nigeria for India, in the Sub-Saharan Africa
INDIA AND ANGOLA have traditionally enjoyed private investment and created the private friendly relations dating back to the pre- investment technical unit. independence era of Angola. In fact, India had supported the Angolan freedom struggle against ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL TIES the Portuguese colonial rule till the country WITH INDIA attained independence in 1975. India was among After the cessation of Civil War in Angola, India’s the first countries to recognise Angola’s national trade with this African nation showed a significant independence, whose 40th anniversary will be increase. India’s imports from Angola registered celebrated next month in an atmosphere of peace, considerable growth from $ 4242.79 million (2009- reconciliation and tolerance. Angola and its 2010) to $ 5992 million (2013-2014) basically due to leadership appreciate India’s consistent support in bulk purchase of crude oil. In fact, India has the past and hope to derive benefits from the become the second largest trading partner of significant advances India has made in the recent Angola after China, receiving about 15 percent of times in agriculture, industry, and technology. Angola’s external trade. India has also provided a $40 million line of credit for the Angolan Railway SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Rehabilitation Project. OF ANGOLA This was the first government-level initiative Angola is a giant jigsaw puzzle of different climates, between the two countries which have landscapes, cultures and colours. From mountains strengthened their bilateral relations further. Rail to vast open plains, wide white beaches to thick India Technical and Economic Consultancy tropical rainforest, Angola has it all, as if each of its Services (RITES) Ltd. which had started the eighteen provinces were a different country. Angola implementation the Railway Rehabilitation Project could become an ideal tourist destination, especially in 2005 handed the completed project to Angola for those interested in eco-tourism. The Kavango in 2007. As of now, the Angolan government plans Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area is one of to prioritise its relations with India, for diversifying the important tourist destinations in Angola. It is the its economy and for implementing its national world’s largest transfrontier conservation area, development plan. Angola’s lucrative market is spanning approximately 520 000 km . attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) from Angola at present is prospering because of the traditional leaders of the global economy and, oil sector and apart from this it has large reserves increasingly, from a large number of competing of rich national resources — gold, diamonds, investors in the emerging markets. Its growth extensive forests, Atlantic fisheries. Angola wants trajectory, driven largely by natural resources of oil to take full advantage of its diverse reserves and and diamonds, and the achievement of peace have attract foreign investment, thus it is working hard been the main reasons for this renewed interest. to implement government reforms. In 2015, the Angola has welcomed foreign direct investment in Angolan government has approved a new law for areas such as agriculture, health, education, energy
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manufacturing and processing industries. produces 1.7 million barrels per day. India is Angola is the second largest oil producer in energy-hungry economy and Angola’s export of oil Sub-Sahara Africa and fourth largest diamond to her will become bigger in the days to come. producer in the world. Oil accounts for 90 percent of total exports, more than 80 percent of INDIAN COMMUNITY IN ANGOLA government revenues and 42 percent of country’s At the dawn of the 21st century, Indian community Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Angola remains in Angola was limited to around 500 persons, the second largest source of crude oil for India, mainly in business and professionals at offshore oil after Nigeria, in the Sub-Saharan Africa. GAIL and fields. However, this number increased to nearly other Indian companies had shown interest in 5,000 in first few years of the last decade with large imports of LNG from Angola. The Soyo plant is number of Indians working in major projects such reopened recently and will start its operations by as Angola LNG project in Zaire province and the last quarter of 2015. Oil exports and foreign cement plant in Sumbe, constructed by ETA Star loans have spurred economic growth and have Group. With the completion of these projects, the fuelled a reconstruction boom in the country. Indian community is currently engaged in Oil companies are attracted by Angola’s low catering, supermarkets, trading and other services; operation costs, favourable geology and good industries dealing in plastics, pharmaceutical, Minister of State for External Affairs General business terms. Business opportunities in this field metal, steel, garments, etc. Geographically, they are V. K. Singh with Georges are made through agreements of joint venture or mainly in/around Luanda (Capital of Angola) but Rebelo Chicoti, Foreign Minister of Angola, at Production Sharing Agreement (PSA). Four new off are also dispersed in other provinces. Occasionally, Luanda shore fields have been discovered with 300 million the oil companies bring in Indians on short-term > > barrels of recoverable oil. On an average, Angola assignments in offshore oil installations.
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Capital: Porto-Novo Location: Western Africa Coastline: 121 km Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semi-arid in north Languages: French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) Population: 11 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $8.701 billion Trade relations: Bilateral trade with Benin during the year 2014-15 was $720 million. The main reason for fluctuations in India’s exports to Benin is attributed to the fact that nearly 80 percent of global imports into Benin are meant for the Nigerian market President Boni Yayi
Botswana
Capital: Gaborone Location: Southern Africa Coastline: Landlocked state Climate: Semi-arid; warm winters and hot summers Languages: Setswana 78.2 percent, Kalanga 7.9 percent, Sekgalagadi 2.8 percent, English (official) 2.1 percent, Sesarwa 1.9 percent, Sempukushu 1.7 percent, other 5.1 percent, unspecified 0.2 percent Population: 2.2 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $15.79 billion Major import items from India: Manufactured goods, metals, machinery and equipment, cotton yarn, fabrics, ready-made gar - ments, drugs and pharmaceuticals and transport equipments Major export items to India: Minerals and diamonds President Ian Khama
75 7 6 k africa: state profiles M ( N P T r k i r e c a u s h n r i e d u s l e i n
t K n i z o a t i z
n f P a a a i n e l
d r P r o r e e
s i d e n t ) C L C B C v ( s L l l P G M L C C B C L v b M p G m P t M m p M a a a F h e n e a e o a o a o o o o o a l o a l D D n n e u u a a a a a a e i i a r h l n n d p p r p p c c p a a m m b P P o g g j c j j j c i r s t a a o o o o i a
g g i r i r u u s s u e
u u s r h n h o c
e t t ( ( a a t t t t t r u u r r r u t k o u a a l l l a a l a a n i i i l l g i i q e a
a a t t
e n o n o i o i i i e e a a a l l f t t e e g g i m u n s n m t e t t i : : n s
n n e x x n n e g g r i o o e e i i : :
B O n
l o ( i e e
y o o a g e e r E T p p r p
: : p J
f f p d ( u 9 0
: : y n u y f f W n C
n n
s s 7 u
q a o o r t m t o L L o i i . j . o
o : 1 : o
a i 3 7 d c c u : : & e n a u
r r r
r a a K
e
p 1 1 F g
e p F
2 i i t t n t
n M m S t p e a
1 8 n n p a a s
i
a i
e n
r i i
i i n i u t m d r
t m e a t
t t c l l t e d a d t t d m a r o r b e t u
e e e o s e d r e e
a a c r n s y l l m s o
r u r c i t m m n m o o t t
m , x x l a l e i l A i
r n c
o s ; e u
r l l o a r a
A c c d u c c n e l n i w h u
a
s s u s
n i o t s g n l A 2 k k h h i o c m i t f h ;
b
g o t t a f c t n ( e e r , , f d 2 h h 6 f
a a n o o r o e F r b i u r
r u d d 9 e f o
c i 7 n n a o S
m f r i g r a e I I s n . c f
a e 0 m 7 e n s s m n n e g g h m i t r a t c o t t ,
n e e
p i
p a d d s m
m a a d c
p i
I f i
c I , t n a e r r i i t t
, l n a r
p n e l y a a e e i h a a a
l a r y d a l r d ) m l d : : c
t n t o
t , a a
s b
(
G N e e w i D e n e o i p u n p s a o b a ) ) a n o o a t f e : : o i f : p
v e :
i f a
u n a $ t $
P t n l c c i P k l e d i r
n c c t 3
( 1 v i e h
- w e
h a o e a
2 t e
i t d s . a e m 0 o a a n u n n r . a f l e i 5 n
e f s l r t s
9 A
r d r N c ) a i b b
h m ; t d b c e c
m
4 a e h
e f y e o l l
t d i i
r c
i e n c s a a e l r b o r
n v a i l 9 o
, v i c o p c
l d
i l i t t c c e r o ) o
l 0 n , a e o a e t , r u
l
a e
m w l F t n i K o n l n s u
e
o o p b l J u ) r i
d ; e
u i d t m a b
d n n e l b e t r t i a u t i n w c m
u e n e r e a c
n a s c c a u r n r c r r a o u c
g ) e a t l p
t h a , l a d s s
h
i m u
n b w a r p c
r
n
i a & a i o a n y l
t l n r a e e m d n e
n g d o o
) d c n e t
s d e a d a u f d
e h
s r
d t
l t
s t r
c w c y u e r t o e h h
t i s o , h t a i c t m
t e o i e s c u h t r e s t , r h
l
o s o d i d t e m e e c r , e n
n r e r o s a a r
i y s f n c l
, s a s - l s , Cameroon
Capital: Yaounde Location: Central Africa Coastline: 402 km Climate: Varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semi-arid and hot in north Languages: 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) Population: 24 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $31.67 billion Trade relations: Bilateral trade between India and Cameroon has been growing steadily over the years. During 2014-15, the bi - lateral trade with Cameroon stood at $994 million
President Paul Biya
Cabo Verde
Capital: Praia Location: Western Africa Coastline: 965 km Climate: Temperate; warm, dry summer Languages: Portuguese (official), Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words) Population: 0.6 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $1.899 billion Major import items from India: Drugs and pharmaceuticals, plastic and linoleum products and man-made fibres Major export items to India: No information available
President Jorge Carlos Fonseca
77 7 8 k africa: state profiles P S P a r r e m e s s i b i d d a e e - P n n a t t
C n I d z a r a t i h
s ( e a s r
c D i t n i é n e b g y ) L C l C C C L P G T d C u p T C L t G p C C L P m C 2 a i 0 o a l o a o u o o e r A o a l o a l r r D D n l e h o i i a a a
n n r p t p c p p c 1 e a m a m 2 R P P g e 4 r n i d d n a a
g g a i u i s u s o 0 e u t
. n - t t i
( ( a a e e t t t t o 1 u u C u d a l
a l a a 1 t a d i l i t l 5 t a a t t
2
o o i i h r a r a l l A i t t
t m r e e g
n 2 n a t t : : e t e h -
n n g g o a o e 1 i i : : a o B N R 0 l e e
l l o o 3 e , e e T T
n : : )
f f a a f
a t
: :
1 ’ r , l
f C f C n n o
s s D h
b i r r l
t t 3 L t e L n i i 1 m
o : : o o i i r A r c c : : e e a u
2
- j a
a o o a F F g i 1
a 5 1 n p p i i b n n s b 0 4 t 4 c b n n a u a n n r r m
f
g
i m i i t h t a e h e h .
e c c l l l d d
m i s s d r r r
H a
h l n n a u e e r e
a a a a : :
l l a i i
i , t l o o T l o v I
i f c i c x n x l l l l g a e o t l c s n l ; f
i
i A w c A e c
h h l e c r e c n h a r t $ i o n i d a a o l k k a
o h h
r
4 f d g f o
n e n ( (
a d i e r e e r s l r o o n a n a u a 0 e t
v a i i n y o c n d e d , c c f f n n n
a c e . t d o f f 6
u d
t
a
a o u b R i i s s g g r g
r
e c c o r 8 l t
e , t t f h r e e e a e
y h i x i i a a
p
a e a p t m a a t n s
y
r r , t t
p w w l e
h s l l o e e d a d a p
g ) ) r e o i r a , , l
t t e u e l e i r
a i S A d l n r e u e o s t i e s s a t t a i o ) )
t r i p o e s c i t n g : : b e o n n a o n
a $ $ r u o e t
r n b t g c o
t l 1 1 l $ s w s h r
. 3 h i r i i a
7 c ;
3 c C n
e a e m . c e o 8 n e 9 2
n a
h ( n r t s 6
5 d . o ( 9 ( w i s
d a a
l o l
s f C
e b i d b 0 s d
f n n o u r d d i e i i
t
c t A l d l g m
h c i c h c l o
l a b i i u i h
o a a u o t o
l i R y h h a v e
l l u n r n a l )
o
e c e i 2 i , f n s )
o t S r t t r 3
y
s t , a d s n e a
r w t
p n u i
e r
i i d a e e a s e c n a m u s
r a t a ( d r c
i r i e s
n o a i l s e i u l o s n
y n
n n m s t t m g
d o d
t i i o
n n
i t i
u , m n n f
n h g c
t t i a e o
r h h e s e t
c l r e ) i d a , s o u , s n l e e a d l Comoros
Capital: Moroni Location: Southern Africa Coastline: 340 km Climate: Tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) Languages: Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (official; a blend of Swahili and Arabic) (Comorian) Population: 0.8 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $717 million Major import items from India: No information available Major export items to India: No information available
President Dr Ikililou Dhoinine
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
Capital: Kinshasa Location: Central Africa Coastline: 37 km Climate: Tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator – wet season April to Octo - ber, dry season December to February; south of Equator – wet season November to March, dry season April to October Languages: French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba Population: 77 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $34.68 billion Trade relations: DRC is very rich in natural resources such as President Joseph Kabila cobalt, copper, diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germa - nium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower and timber. In 2014-15, bilateral trade between two countries stood at around $380 million
79 8 0 k africa: state profiles P D P D r r r e e e a n s s m i i i s d d a
S e e n a n n e s t t
s
O A o u l u a a
s N t s t g a a u r n a e e s
s o s p a M M L C C L C C a ( o p C R C C G P p w L f t L i P G M p p M m s J o r o d n r o o a a o o r r r e a l o l o a a a D D
u h t ô
a a a a g a e i i o o o n M r m n n d t p p p p c c n h a a m m n P P a i j j j j n r t d d d s c a a o o p o o t
g g i i u u s s c e o i b a n e
t t i g
c u u u ( ( a a h e t t t t - u u r r r r a n
a a l l l y a a e
m i i l l u i a u e w t a a
t t
c c c
c
o o i i e i i e a a l l i K
o ) t t t v e e n n n d m m u s t t : : l t t t ,
r
x x o n n
b g g a o o a c i i
e : : s s s h Y t i a e O e e B
m o o k e e T T r p p r ' s h , , , r : : f f p p r a
o d s l I : : a h m v m r l f f C W o t n n a c s s
o o r r y e 1 5 e o o m i a i i
t v e t e w : : o o o g t n 6 c c : : e
i r c r m
1
z a a r r
o F F e
e v o 4 2 h a e p p l u 5 i i t t 9 o o n g t t z i a c n a a
s r b r
n e 3 r n . d s
o i
i i i o i i 8 s
u i i t k e e a h n t c k e c t t c c l l d i ,
e
t t e r e d
e e m c
e e v
n m p n e s e l i a e e r m f s a a m a g i r
r e s h e l r n w
m m s , i m m
) o c d l c y x x l l l u v e
n t i
l s c s ; ;
n
o t o e l i
a l A h h w c c e
p r a r a h h l , l e o s
s s
u t s s l r A i l a l y p h h
t
t g d f p e o r i
o e ( ( t y e
t t i
o r i k f f e e o o
e ( t e f a a n o o r ( n n
, o
n r r i r J o
a r m N r n s a c f f a s n n l o o
g
y i u k o g f f o r C I I n i c ) a r r o i i s m m
n n g g t e o
, , n c c c l t o
s c
a , i t m A s v
e e i o n d d c s w l e i i e e o c m ,
i a a e
t I I l b m r r s i i a n
l a a n e
n n o t l l a a e w m a a e i
) o s ) t n s f s d o d d , , : : s a t t
a m o
g
t h
L i 6 y M C e e b O
o j d t , d i i o b
n a e a o a s i i 0 ) )
e a f i l , g n e c f r : : e n
- e
o
: :
s (
s r p s
a i $ $
h i t s n g t M C R c m
c r t c h o r t s a 1 3 r p a e
o a s o e r t e i 3 a e t b e l 3 a c e r l a i e , t r n l m
.
r l c a a e w 5 p M . i i e r e i
m 9 p e l v c l d , c i
r , a
a r h a
o b c a 6 a
( b
e
i a h m ) e o a d p d n n n h a i i u l
i r b
n l n d s
r c ) t e o
g t r d c l e e i s e
h o i i n m d s i y ( u r h n o l
m
t a r
s M a
l e
a c a
t
J i a i - ) n f o t l a h c t o b n
, e a l u o l i E
g o u e t h s c c e e n a r c d h n e n q , n s r a e
o )
s t r n
e c s e , e e , u m l s o
u u m t p e
s o o s r s ) a
a k a o t , ; b t
h
,
e r m n n a i
p a d c t u n o f c t b o a t n
u t d h l r w a t d a i m e i a r r l y u d ) t
; l l
m d
r s , s s h d
s t
b s ,
e t s t h
h e , i , e e
i
r c i a a e a r m c c e r u y t a c r l c a
e h c s ( d e a
m , i e l e (
s e , a s
i
p c M s D r o a n u p
l
i t s u , a
t
d n i a g s t a i e o b n i r
u i n r c ( a i t u o b c d t y a d a - l h e f l ; a r Djibouti
Capital: Djibouti Location: Eastern Africa Coastline: 314 km Climate: Desert; torrid, dry Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar Population: 0.9 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $1.589 billion Major import items from India: Iron and steel products, paper and plastic products, machinery metals, yarns and fabrics, food items and drugs and pharmaceuticals Major export items to India: No information available
President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
Egypt
Capital: Cairo Location: Northern Africa Coastline: 2,450 km Climate: Desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters Languages: Arabic (official), English and French widely under - stood by educated classes Population: 88.4 million GDP ( at official exchange rate): $286.4 billion Major import items from India: Mineral fuels, meat, vehicles and parts, cotton yarn and organic chemicals Major export items to India: Crude petroleum, rock phosphate, inorganic chemicals, cotton and fruits
President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
81 8 2 k africa: state profiles P N P I s r g r e a u e s i s e a i i d m s d
e A e a n n f
M t w t
O
e b b r a k i s a i o n g g o L L G s M C C E C C L C E C s F P w p M L T P G M e y M h t l n a r o a o a o o e i o a l o a l i D D a e e r q d a a a a g e i i r n n a g p p p p c c g a a m m e t P P r j j j j n n i e i t r u a a o o o o
g g e i i u u s s l a t n e
l s t t c
, ( ( a a t t t t
a u u s r r r r , a a l l r e n
) a a r e i i a l l h K a a
t t
,
n o o i i i e i e
a a
a l l t t t e e e d s i e n n m m
t t : : c u t
n ( d x x n n n g g t o o i i : : A M r
o e e . a
o o a o o n e e
T H p p i
: : d f f p p t f f
n : : s s n f f C E n n h a s s a a
f o o r r
o 2 2 o o i i m h s i g : : o e b l m a c c e : : e c
r r , 9 t i
a r r k S T 2
, 0 6 p s e i i r s
t t ,
n i a t t a w
c 6 b i p a a 3 a d
i a , i t
. i q i n i
m c i i 8 r t g e i e t t c o
l l 4 l a t t , l r o r m k a
u )
e e s s r
n A e e r e e a y a
m n , m i i o k
G n m m i F m m n l t x x l l i
f p i l d m ;
d t r a
a
s A i i y c c a A a a u m l o s s e s s h
r n l h h a a l t f l
, i f
n w t t s
i r f f
o i g o n
h r e a a ( o o o ( r r e i o n i o , n c t a n n n d o o
i c n
r B h I I g f a y f t t a m m n n
g g f e
f a u h e j
, i s s
i e e e c d d d r c r b l
a t
h w
a t I I i
r r r r i i i C i a i n n a a a i o n a a u ) c e p l
u l d d : : 3 t t t ) l d g
) l e
O L
e e , , 2 a s 6 l
i i s
h s e A a a s ) ) e h . l
i 7 4 : : a o u
r l : :
a o r . i $ $
6
y n F E s t p n a m t f 1 3 i e
h i d
l c b 4 p e g w . s e 8 e i e
. i r e h l d R 3 p c c d 5 o c a r r 1
t h
e , a e 8 n c s (
o
r h b o d , a n n e i
g
d b c m i i f r
n d d t l u S f , i a l m
i l n ( i t e
e a e c l l c 1 o , i
a 9 s g d a a i a o o r n a
t e n u 9
c ( i t n c u l c e h s e ) 4 d s o r i , x
e t u n
E a
a c a m c r t a l n s e c l
i ( u o t l c i n e g i
; s n p
r d a c l a s c
i c l c l i o u s n e a s n l u h o , s u l s n
g l c l )
, l a d (
t t
e i o r o s u r n e a r t , o f
r e
t o w s f a e n o i o r c n d n
e a u i d a , n s l d ) , Ethiopia
Capital: Addis Ababa Location: Eastern Africa Coastline: Landlocked state Climate: Tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Languages: Oromo (official working language in the State of Oromiya) 33.8 percent, Amharic (official national language) 29.3 percent, Somali (official working language of the State of Sumale) 6.2 percent, Tigrigna (Tigrinya) (official working language of the State of Tigray) 5.9 percent, Sidamo 4 percent, Wolaytta 2.2 percent, Gurage 2 percent, Afar (official working language of the State of Afar) 1.7 percent Population: 99 Million GDP (at official exchange rate): $54.80 billion
President Mulatu Major import items from India: Primary and semi-finished iron Teshome and steel products, drugs and pharmaceuticals, machinery, metal, plastic and linoleum products, paper products, textiles Major export items to India: Pulses, semi-precious stones, leather, cotton, oil seeds and spices
Gabon
Capital: Libreville Location: Central Africa Coastline: 885 km Climate: Tropical; always hot, humid Languages: French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou /Eschira, Bandjabi Population: 1.7 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $17.18 billion Major import items from India: Meat and meat products, pharmaceuticals, cotton, iron and steel Major export items to India: Wood and articles of wood, ores, slag and ash
President Ali Ben Bongo
83 8 4 k africa: state profiles A P M P r . r J e a e . s J h s i . i
d a J d m e a e n m n a t t m
Y
J a o e h h h y n a
D
r a m a n i L L L c d C C C C C G C G L M s G i M m P F 4 K P 3 G M m i M p n r e o 1 a . o o a a o o r r o l o l o a a o D D 4 . d a a a a a a h i i a o m y 2 n a n n p p p p c c n k a a m m
P P p j j j j c d i
d
s t a a p o o o o o m g g g s i i u u s s
a i h e a
e t t e t u ( ( a a - e t t t t e u u r r r r e m ; a a l l f a a n
i i r l l i - n 1 a a t t
h
i a c n u n r o o i i i e i e a a c l l t t n b 1 e e d n n m m c t t b : : s t o
. o e x x n n e g g p a 6 o o i i : : s i B A e o
e e
a i o o s t s e e n u T T p p r s : :
f f p p
a p n
c a n : : h t
y a f f
n n , s s 3
t s o o r r W W e
5 8 o o n i i c c t e , , n
e : : o o .
c c : : (
r r 5 t e v D 3 0
r r o r E E j N r 2 2 d r e d e p p i i u t t a
t t l 9 c e a a p a s a
n n
7 ,
s s
o i i k
i i m
l i i e i r h
e m t t c c n l l n e k t t t t
r g g v m n m
e e n e e e e o t e e u a a s r m g l l i h e m m e a i i l r r c m m t x x l l n p m m s s l i ; ; , n m n y t c
i e
l c c w h h h B o
o i l s s a s s l u
c i n i e h h A A
o
r
o o b n d a
n ( ( t t a s f f l
t t a a o o o o 4 t a r n e f f r r l
, /
r d i
v , c r r o n n t o o A f f
.
m n r r r 2 I I i i o
f f o e s s n
c c a m m n n g g i i t
k
s i c c t p h h o
a a i e e
l a d d e y ( o n e i i
e o i
B
a a I I n M e r r e i i c u y t n n r a a l r a a l l r d l l m , c ) ) t
o
e a d d i : : s b t t p , , h
e
e
R G e e M A c y n e s i i
e r w 3 s n a a , o ) ) a ) a o g
o s v , e : : . a
t : : 2
m w s e d ) a d
$
l e , l $ C P n
d
o 4 e D s n p 3 r u r 8
h p d o c t , u n c . a 8
t 9 e a c ; c 2 a
e a a t i t g g
h . g r n
( t t o 6 5 r p r s r
e c J s o s 1 a o i a m k
5 c h 6 c u e m
e s n a r t t o a
a e
r b
n t
n i a n p a a
c e v , i y a l w
i t l e n W c
n e d l e
e e l , a , (
l
i
e n d G r
D d i t n
o l q r a p o o c y o u u n
a t n n u a s d h e l n
, t o N d t
, p
g D d
i 3 i n r a s f p c f r a a i y o .
, r t a 1 r a c y
a m b F b ,
m v
i
p g i o n E t l
n a u a r e s s o e e t w d i a ) , l ,
m l t c
m n n o
r a a c o c 3
t c e s o g n t e , e i . n b
9
b e
s o m a 1 r r r g u e ,
4
n a i e
t n t p p
c t h h b r s
t a p d i e ) u l o , c e e
; a l o
e r
s c l u a r r s c t t r o
l u t t h e c s i h o r c e n
e a a e l s n r t e n l a , , t r d s , , t Guinea
Capital: Conakry Location: Western Africa Coastline: 320 km Climate: Generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Languages: French (official) Population: 12 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $6.529 billion Major import items from India: No information available Major export items to India: No Information available
President Alpha Condé
Guinea-Bissau
Capital: Bissau Location: Western Africa Coastline: 350 km Climate: Tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Languages: Crioulo 90.4 percent, Portuguese 27.1 percent (official), French 5.1 percent, English 2.9 percent, other 2.4 percent Population: 1.8 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $1.024 billion Major import items from India: No information available Major export items to India: Cashew crop
President José Mário Vaz
85 8 6 k africa: state profiles P U K r h i e n u s g r i d u
L e
e K n t e s t
n i e y
I a I t I t a Z P p M M e G C C C K C C L L L L L i a P C G M M m a n c n q u o o a a o o r l o a o a l D D e d a a a a a i i o e c u n n d p p l p p c c a a m m P P u j j j j c i e d s a a o o o o n g i
g g i i u u s s m h
p t t , s u ( ( a a
t t t t e o u u r r r r X a a l l a a s i i l l i y m a a
t t
c n e n o o i i i e i e a a l l o t t e e h t n n m m t t : : t
o t a x x n n e g g o o e r i i : : s h N M o a e e
o o i e e u V T p p r , : : n f f p p
e l s
: : a m y f f S n n o s s a
e s o o a E t s a 5 L o o s i i i : : o s
c c : : m c r r
r r l a 3
a r r a S E 2 4 a o e i u i i t t r t t 6 s e c n e a a
n . n a p 6 r
b i i 2 t t i i s
h t t u l l s d e k h t t p g
g e i
e e
m m e e o e e f i r m l l e u r n r m m o i m m n x x t a s o r i a i h e c l c c l
t h n m s s A l g l s s e r o k h h i i
e y o
o ( t A t ; e f f f
a a
o ( o o c , r t r r s n
n o d f y r i n n o o f o
r c I I o f f
a s i m m n n g g f o i a c p c i r t e e c d d l a a n i i
t a I I c i r r i i t o , a n n a a
e a a l a v ) l
d d : : c t t l , ) e
S W e e
K a o ( i i h s a a o ) ) l i l : : o o o i d s : :
d c $
$ P P w n o u , l a
6 2 d e h h l g t a
, 0 a h .
s r 1
a a a h c y 5 s .
e 7 a r r p o i h 9
m m r 7 l n w p a i n ,
b d b v ( a s a a i
o i S n t e
i r c c l p
l f e l o t t g l e e f i o o i e l o i t e o u u
c h
w a r a n t n s i t t n a o a r i i e ;
c c i b d ) h l d r ) , a a
l
,
o E
t e c
l l n i r s s t n n l s a , u o , ,
, w
g s c
n i t t m n t l e o h s i e e t s a t m e i e t e t h n ,
r
o s r l l g
o i
e ( i u n s o o
u a s m , r
f t i s f o h
i m c n e i
r e a r l ) s , Liberia
Capital: Monrovia Location: Western Africa Coastline: 579 km Climate: Tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers Languages: English 20 percent (official), some 20 ethnic group languages few of which can be written or used in correspondence Population: 4.5 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $2.159 billion Major import items from India: Foodstuff particularly cereals (rice), engineering goods, pharmaceuticals products, two-wheelers, transport equipments, steel and iron, and plastic President Ellen and rubber products Johnson Sirleaf Major export items to India: Wood and articles of wood, metals scrap and natural rubber
Libya
Capital: Tripoli Location: Northern Africa Coastline: 1,770 km Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior Languages: Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely under - stood in the major cities); Berber (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq) Population: 6.2 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $41.15 billion Major import items from India: Stone, plaster, tobacco, coffee, drugs and pharmaceuticals, and other commodities Major export items to India: Petroleum (crude and products) and Aluminum ores
Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thani
87 8 8 k africa: state profiles R P R P M r a a r e u j k e a s t o s i o h i d t d n a o e e a r a n i n r r k t i i t
m a m H
P e e a a r t m n y e a r
p M n i a a a n
r t i i n a a l m s M p a M C L G C C C M L C M P C s L L C C P G M e M a a o g n q o o a a o o r o l o a a l h h D D a a a a i i i e l n r u n n d p p p p c c l t a a m m i i a a P P i j j j j l c y s ,
c a a o o o o
i i
g g i i u u s s ( s s e n
p i t t a d l M ( ( a a u t t t t o u u r r r r u t a a l l a a n a i i l l o g m e a a
t t
l o o u i i e i i e a a a l l l a t t e e t
, a n n m m p e t t : : i w
u x x n n C g g y s o o e n i i : : L A , g l e e
h
o o
e e T S p p C , r : : n
a f f p h p d
i t
: : c n a u f f i n n a l s s u
o o o r S S n h t L 4 o o o i u i i o l t : : o t , r c c : : b
o o
r
r d s i , a
r r a u N n p F E c s
t 8 2 1 t p i i a t t - t t u u t 8 n t o n o
a a c g r m h
n t 4 2 o s
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y 8 a m g v a o n h h m d
e e n e e b e e a n , m g l l r
e
p e , m m k e e o s
i m m m r c
u x x l m i e a a p s i m
l u i m r r a l c h i c c l h a k , c r l h - s s
n n i o s s C g a l i k p h h i o
r a a b
o o v (
a ( t
t d a c e f f t A A o h r l a a n o , o o e n n o
r r h r ; e e r C d i
f i n n o o f r r f f m t
g f , n I I c u a f r r i a
) h i e s m m n n g g e i
i i i c y n c t c i a c c t i o e e s n s d d i l i a o a i d c c a a
s o a u
a I I y r r i i t k a a e e n n
l a a m e a a s l s
) y s ) s l n u d d u , : :
t t , s
s
t
e M w u P C e e C t t , , i i g t
i i a m a a t o ) ) u s o a c h a e a e : : s a : :
n a l l f r $ $
, i l m a o C T
s
f , c a
C o l
e 4 1 c e C e c
n e e h 0 g p i p h s o . e h s l 2 h x
a r e , . s r ( 6 n
e , , i e 6 e
i N o t s n i
w s c n a r i l
f a y 3 t b p d l a h e k a o n c e e a l
i
m i b u t c s h v ( i l r
d c
e c o y l ( , t i y e c
o i c e a l
k b
i a f o r i l o t m
o n f s n p a i e p y r s n i o n , m c n d n
s , p l a e e
b a n p e i i e s d a a d a n e n m r r , , r
s
l
o i r o f y e C d e ) b a
o a , , t d q i
, l h E l b d e o
n n a e p u u i t r n
s r d M
n ) c r c i v i , , i g c p
o d b
g C t e o a l s s m d o i a
g h t y i , s
o n h u n t s e h i ) e r e n f ;
e c t i
a s n
d , a t
y t r m o n h t s b r
a u s y , e l
e n i e p t
r s t h j o s o a a e , n r l , a s t - , Mali
Capital: Bamako Location: Interior Western Africa Coastline: Landlocked state Climate: Subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February) Languages: French (official), Bambara 46.3 percent, Peul/foul - foulbe 9.4 percent, Dogon 7.2 percent, Maraka/soninke 6.4 per - cent, Malinke 5.6 percent, Sonrhai/djerma 5.6 percent, Minianka 4.3 percent, Tamacheq 3.5 percent, Senoufo 2.6 percent, unspec - ified 0.6 percent, other 8.5 percent Population: 17 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $11.92 billion Major import items from India: Equipment for electricity trans - President Ibrahim mission, cotton fabrics and made ups, cycle parts, machinery, Boubakar Keïta machine parts, pharmaceuticals, construction material, processed food items Major export items to India: Raw cotton wood products and some agricultural products like shea nuts
Mauritania
Capital: Nouakchott Location: Western Africa Coastline: 754 km Climate: Desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty Languages: Arabic (official and national), Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof (all national languages), French, Hassaniya (a variety of Arabic) Population: 4 million GDP: $5.079 billion Trade Relations: Mauritania's extensive mineral resources in - clude iron ore, gold, copper, gypsum, and phosphate rock and exploration is ongoing for uranium, crude oil, and natural gas. The import items include machinery, equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, food stuff and consumer goods
President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
89 9 0 k africa: state profiles K G P i r u n e r g s i i b
M d - F e o a n h k t a
i A m m m m e e e d n
a V h I d v C L C M C M * L L p C C C p M L E p M 1 a G P c g P G M t m M s
r
n I e o p i e a o o a o o r r e n r n o a a l l o D D a a d a a a a e i i e e m y v d m e n n r p p p p c c n g a a m m o a
l P P j j j j s n c c c i )
e r a a o o o o l a g g w i i e u u s s s , i
i e c i i b
u t t t r
r ( ( a a - r T t t t t s i p o s u u r r r r s a a l l f s a a v e n n i i l l i e o a a h
t t
i i
a , o o u n i i o e i i e a a M i r l l
o t t n e e n c m t r c n n m m t t : : ,
c x x n n g g r t ,
s e o o c
i n i i a : : i P R
t t h t e e e
t t h o o s s / e e u T M h
p p t o e : : f f p p w o
o s
c
a e : : r h e i t r f f S N n n e s s i
e o o o
n r n e 1 1 o o
i f i i r M b m e ( q t o o e u : : o o l 7
, c c : :
i o t
M M m r r 8 t t s h o r r C A u a d 1 3 u
d
, h p u 7 i i t t L a t l
t t r i 3 . s s a a a a f t i
a 3 3 r i r c
a r
i
i i i t ’ y i t e t f u i i o
t k p 5 e p l - u t n t c l a l h ,
n
i h t t a y e a p
m m r
)
e e c T m
u e e p r o e e a m b r i k d m l e g r e
t r g o m m i t s m m i a x x i l l o r i m a e i i e u u r o
r s , e , c d d l l a e
e r c c n s m n p s l s l c l
s s a
s t s i
i N i n
i u n 8 n ( h h l s p
f
o i o u p
t g o a A
A t t i o i r f f o e 6 t c n t o a a i t o o n a n e l l r r n , f c s u ) f
c o a a d t f . d v f n n p o o 5
s , r
r s e e g I I
i t n i s m F i e i
c i n m m n h n
g g
i 1 2 u f s p c a c
o r s g . m i i e e 0 4
d a d a e a n a a e a e a
t
n p 0
I I
r o r r i i d l c , g p n n r d b a
n n 7 m a ) a ) i a a c n e y r , , s
e c d e
b * d d : t i t t B e u l , n ) e n : h r M a
e e r
a y w i i m n e e I n c ) s a a c o ) )
r n ;
r ( r e t e : :
s
s o h e *
o h : a
r a a , b $ $ d
o n : p t C g B n n u i
n f o n a 1 1 P e c
u t a t e d i o 0 3 h t
d t e l n u , e a r h
n i l t , c h . o t
o
9 c 3 n i
h w n t l
f t
o c a i t i i a r a t a 2 o j . f c
h s s 2 e d p h o t p
i e n c o
l
n h
e b b
a e s c s
l u e b t t t s g r e e d p i
, e i , s
h u
y e r
t i I c r e l u a h u t l e n
l o
i n e r l a 0 s 2 l a
i g
a t u a i e m e 5 o
d k
m t r . o r l a . r 6 g h 1 n , . d m l n a e n
i i 3
n , n p e e
c a p
g p p i d p
n ,
m c
p
d l h s i u n s e u ( a r e d e e
a 2
b y e r o
o ( l
r a m e r O
g a
t T l 0 w c y s r n c t d e s u g t r c o u e a c s 1
e a e l t e u l i r e 4 t s h g m n e e n m
l n a t
e c , s o n
a r s a e e t x d l t a t a
m f s t l
p n ( i t s s ( s
, m p 2
s z i b
i o t t F ; c n
c e . 0 h i r h u w ) g
r t p c f r r e a 1 e i s h i a
a c l r l 1 b ( n i n e u
N p o t n r
e a e
- f c m d ( , e
s o n o g r h e t , o s - f , d .
) o s s f 4 i d , - . 1 s Mozambique
Capital: Maputo Location: Southeastern Africa Coastline: 2,470 km Climate: Tropical to subtropical Languages: Emakhuwa 25.3 percent, Portuguese (official) 10.7 percent, Xichangana 10.3 percent, Cisena 7.5 percent, Elomwe 7 percent, Echuwabo 5.1 percent, other Mozambican languages 30.1 percent, other 4 percent (1997 census) Population: 25 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $16.68 billion (2014 est.) Major import items from India: Pharmaceutical products, Electrical, electronic equipment, Plastics and articles thereof Major export items to India: Edible Fruit, nuts, peel of citrus fruit, melons, pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc. President Filipe Nyusi
Namibia
Capital: Windhoek Location: Southern Africa Coastline: 1,572 km Climate: Desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic Languages: Oshiwambo languages 48.9 percent, Nama/Damara 11.3 percent, Afrikaans 10.4 percent (common language of most of the population and about 60 percent of the white population), Otjiherero languages 8.6 percent, Kavango languages 8.5 percent, Caprivi languages 4.8 percent, English (official) 3.4 percent, other African languages 2.3 percent, other 1.7 percent Population: 2.2 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $13.35 billion (2014 est.) Major import items from India: Drugs and pharmaceuticals, inorganic/organic/agro chemicals, glassware, plastic and linoleum products, metals, machinery and instruments, rubber Major export items to India: Non-ferrous metals, metalifiers President Hage Geingob ores and metal scrap, transport equipments, machinery
91 9 2 k africa: state profiles P P M B u r r o e e h h s s a i i a d d r m i e e n n a t t d
M o u u
h I s a s m o u m f o a u d u M L G C L L o P a p C C N C C L C N * M n p o P G M a a M
P o n l r v f o a o a o o h o o l a l o a D D u o r
a a a a t i i i i l e n n d p p t p p c c r a a a m m i t e P P m g g , j j j j e c
t r e a a o o o o r
g g i i u u s s a n h a
l
t t n m e e ( ( a a 5 t t t t e u u r r r r i t d a a l l r a a e i i l l i n a a
t t
0 a s t o o i i i e i e a a r r r l l t t e e a i n n m m l g i t t : :
0 c x x t n n g g u a o o i i i y c : : N A h e e
o o r l , e e D V p p a
: : e m f f p p e m e a
: : b i e f f W W n n s s a o o a a u e L 8 o o s d i i i r u : : s
c c n : : r m
r r a
s t e 5
a r r
E F d o e e o 1 1 i j i i i i t t e t t n n a e 9 8 3 o n c f a a s s r
f n i
e
i i g t r i i o
e
s d a t t 8
t t f p l l d k t t i m g y , t e e u
e e ; o n I e e l e e
;
l m C l l
e a m r s r r m m m a o i n m m c
x x i T b , n n s q r
l s c c , h i c c a l t h
i l h o s s
u t i l s s i a A A o k h h o l
i l c e
( t s
( t t c i a e f f i t e o a f f o a a n o l o o t n r r t s t e r r r l d l f o t n n o o a o n f y
i i d h f I I s f c c l
n i s m m r
n n g g i
e i a c h t a a c i t g e e c , n h d d a
i a i o e o e
a
d
a I I l e r r i i t n l t
n n n
l a a e i a a l a e , r ) o n )
g * d * d o , d e t t , c
m
H r : : e e
H
s o u i i r i t R C c i a a ) ) r y o c a f a s u : : i a r * * ,
, c u
u c $ $
l u i u : : d l w t o
r a u a 8 5 C P s t s o d o u h r n a 7 l
. h a e p e 0 h
n e s m , , 3 g , e
r a
t t 2 i D
Y r o . e u d a y r 7 r a 5 a o o j a n m i t e a
; e b
l c i t b p r l o
g d s a r r s h i u a n i i
e l m o
n a l c l a s i
c b l i i s n p n n i t a d o n e a a o e c i e l d n
u d c l , p
n e
u i r I
a n
t
s g y d l e (
o ( i , 2 l k
e
c b 2 t
p
c t a i 0
r i a h i 0 n o e n l n o n a 1 l e
f n
1
l 4 ( s e r d p s 4 e I r a
t
x t a b
e r
s r u e e e i t o t e n c o s r q m d r s u , d t s d ) e
t u a . i c ,
) .
u b a m
)
F t p r a i u n p l c i u r r e r d e t e t o m d l
s
i
, i a
i s c d t
t , n r
n e e o l a u e n m n u i , c s s t t - t s h s , Rwanda
Capital: Kigali Location: Central Africa Coastline: Landlocked state Climate: Temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible Languages: Kinyarwanda only (official, universal Bantu vernacular) 93.2 percent, Kinyarwanda and other language(s) 6.2 percent, French (official) and other language(s) 0.1 percent, English (official) and other language(s) 0.1 percent, Swahili 0.02 percent, other 0.03 percent, unspecified 0.3 percent (2002 est.) Population: 13 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $8.012 billion (2014 est.) Major import items from India: Pharmaceuticals, vehicles including motorcycles, plastics and machinery Major export items to India: No information available President Paul Kagame
São Tomé and Príncipe
Capital: São Tomé Location: Central Africa Coastline: 209 km Climate: Tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) Languages: Portuguese 98.4 percent (official), Forro 36.2 percent, Cabo Verdian 8.5 percent, French 6.8 percent, Angolar 6.6 percent, English 4.9 percent, Lunguie 1 percent, other (including sign language) 2.4 percent Population: 0.2 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $341 million Major import items from India: Pharmaceuticals, organic chemicals, cotton and optical, photographic, medical instruments Major export items to India: No information available
President Manuel Pinto Da Costa
93 9 4 k africa: state profiles P P r r e e s s i i d d e e n n t t
M
J a a m c k e y s
S M a i l c l h e l h L C S C S e L C C C C d m d M s L G M P p n L f u P G M a M e c i c l n a d c o o a a o o h o o i a n a a l o l o D D e e e s a a a a e i i r s i n n d s i p p p p c c m r a a a m m s t s a a P P b j j j j t t y n t
i p a a o o o o r
s g g
i i u u s s a
p l l h s t
l m t t i m ) l ( ( a a t t t t t e h e u u r r r r l c u n a a l l e a
a a w r i i l l
5 a a t t
c
c o o i i o e i e i e a a o l l t v g a t t h e e a . n n g m m t t : : o i 1 e
i r x x n n n g g a n t o o e o i i c : : f
D V e e e p
e m s o o e a i e e T T p p r g g : : e f f p p n s e
t o i a : : d e
f f W A n n s s e c o c
o o
r r u l 5 4 o o l
d s p m i i k f p r : : o o
c c o : : t t b l o
r r r o 3 t 9
c
r r F S
e o a o a 1 9 r 1 c p p i i i t t e n o y t t 1 n u e 5 c 1 o . a a e s r r
b u 4 r 3 h
i i i i
i i k e f n
n a t k
s i t t t y c c l l d h m t t l ( ,
e n a 0 e i p h
e e e m n l e e l s e e m p a a t c u o c a
d r m , m p e 0 e s o m m i c
x x l l h e n F t t t c l ;
, r a
m r e o a h i l
, 0 c c h l e i
r t o
c s s i o d s s a A s s
n o h h s n e
l M o
e (
n a t t o t g d l r , f f o n n d f
a a
o
o o t n e r r ( y w o r e r t u a , f M n n o o c
o i i
, i t t c h f
r I I
y n s c c i h c i
h i m m n n g g p y ( n e n
c a u a
t e C , 2 a t e e
d d e r s m
( i r d o m t ; 0
r a r o t
c
I I s h h r r i i e a m
s n n l a a S 1 f h e a a , i
) e u ; i o f 0 f
d d * d , : e n t a t d i
e
a
t W : m c I l e e I
p ;
t i i o e e n
r r
n E t r r a a i
) ) t t a y t a
o
s o a : : i o l d ( M a i * : e
d e n o $ $ t
l
l i : o l C s r n i i ) .
m n o ) c ; 1 1 C s g f d a a
e
t 0 c e 5 . f
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, g n n s ) A v
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e ( r n r o - s g r t t t , ) f i , - - Sierra Leone
Capital: Freetown Location: Western Africa Coastline: 402 km Climate: Tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) Languages: English (official, regular use limited to literate minor - ity), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10 percent of the population but understood by 95 percent) Population: 6.5 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $5.033 billion (2014 est.) Major import items from India: Drugs and pharmaceuticals, President Ernest textile, eggs and machine tools Bai Koroma Major export items to India: Ferrous waste and scrap, wood pulp, waste paper and small quantities of titanium ores
Somalia
Capital: Mogadishu Location: Eastern Africa Coastline: 3,025 km Climate: Principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons Languages: Somali (official), Arabic (official, according to the Transitional Federal Charter), Italian, English Population: 11 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $2.372 billion (2010 est.) Major import items from India: No information available Major export items to India*: No information available President Hassan * Somalia qualifies for India’s offer of unilateral duty free tariff preferential market ac - Sheikh Mohamoud cess for export of goods and services to India. The scheme, introduced in 2008, offers duty free access to exports from LDCs on 84 percent of India’s tariff lines and prefer - ential access for another 9 percent
95 9 6 k africa: state profiles P S P a r r e l e v s s a i i d d
K e e i n n r t t
J a c o b
Z u m a C L u C S C s L S B P G M S h M e L d C c C S C L c S ( 2 p M d M G P o h u u x e o a a o . a o e p o a l a o D o e a r l a o 5 D o o a a f i a a i i u p p n r n d d p y p p c u n r l a f m p p c
m a f P p j j P a j j i i c u t u g a o i t o o s e a a g a i u s , o o c s g i u s
t
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1
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c s u s c d l 1 e n r s d n a t s f 6 , e i c a r a o . f a e t ) t y ,
i e l p
i n c t l r i v ) n h n a e i
e 2 a t o l r s , . l - 1 ) Sudan
Capital: Khartoum Location: North-Eastern Africa Coastline: 853 km Climate: Hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November) Languages: Arabic (official), English (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, Fur Population: 40 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $73.82 billion (2014 est.) Major import items from India: Sugar and confectionery, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, iron and steel, manufactured goods, textiles and apparels, foodstuffs etc Major export items to India: Minerals and fuels, raw hides and President Omar skins, agricultural products, leather, metals and ores, etc. al-Bashir
Swaziland
Capital: Mbabane (Lobamba is the royal and legislative capital) Location: Southern Africa Coastline: Landlocked state Climate: Varies from tropical to near temperate Languages: English (official, used for government business), siSwati (official) Population: 1.3 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $3.676 billion (2014 est.) Major import items from India: No information available Major export items to India: No information available
King Mswati III
97 9 8 k africa: state profiles P P G J a r r n e e k a s s a s i i y d d s a i e e n
K n n g t t i b
k F é w a u e r t e e
M G a ( P c S L C C L L a L C C C T C T s e M c ( A P G M p c f t M c s w s i h p c o o o o w n n l l a o o a o o r l o l o a a D D f o e a o a a a a i a e i o r r i t l p m i d n n d m p p p p c c a a m c c a m a o d m P P t j i j j j r d g n c o p a a o o o o
g g i i u u s s e t e h p p u M e
m t t a r u ( ( a a t t t t e r u u e e r n r r s o a a l l o ; i a a h l i r z i i l l t
a a t
n l y c c t o
i i n r o o i i e i e a a ; e i e l l f ( i t t e n
a m i n n m n
t t a : :
; m a a t
m i w
i x x t n n : g g r s l o o i i v : r s L D
l n a s p a e e V l
g c o o
p e e T m p p p
n : : s f f p e a a m ; o o
e n
: : e o p
( a f f E W n n Z m s s e
d o o o r o t h 1 5 o i s i i m f s , a r g d i : : o a n h
, a a c c e : :
a k r t
4 r r a r 6 i t
r i K F e a c a u 5 s 7 e r e o u p c i i s n t t t h d l e c e t d é 2
y e a a e p . s r t
K 3 t
i s a
5 l i i m i h i g
a n z e s i e 4 e s e t m e t t t t l c l l u
t e g
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; m e i n
e e w i i m r
n
a e r s e e r a b i k n c r t a e l
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l
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l i s s A i s d ) s n i e h h y c
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i o i r s n
S e e - l i
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; n
e s a o
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m
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) )
l o d o i t i u c , , e ) r i i e s - l g
i e l c , E m o v f i e r
m g
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w e
d f r a
m a i n o l a a e b n r a r u n e , d r d , b a
n e e e e c d y e l r t d s t t s , a e c s s . l Tunisia
Capital: Tunis Location: Northern Africa Coastline: 1,148 km Climate: Temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south Languages: Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight) Population: 11 Million GDP (at official exchange rate): $48.55 billion (2014 est.) Major import items from India: Mobile telephones, earth mov - ing equipment, machinery, articles of iron and steel, marine products, sugar, tea, pulses, raw tobacco, finished leather, fine chemicals, polyethylene and yarn, etc Major export items to India: Phosphates since 1950s. India accounts for over 50 percent of Tunisia’s global phosphoric acid exports President Beji Caid Essebsi
Uganda
Capital: Kampala Location: East-Central Africa Coastline: Landlocked state Climate: Tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (Decem - ber to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast Languages: English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic Population: 39 million GDP (at official exchange rate): $27.62 billion (2014 est.) Major import items from India: Pharmaceuticals, automobile President components, small industry and agro-processing machinery, 2- Yoweri Museveni wheelers, textiles, tyres and sports equipment. Major export items to India: Tea, wood and wood products. Significant openings in the Ugandan oil and gas sector are anticipated by mid-2015
99 1 0 0 k africa: state profiles P R P E r o d r e e b g s s e a i i d r d r t e
L e
M n n u t u t n
g g a u b e C L L C Z C p T K M ( m a M N 9 G P C L C Z C ( L ( a c S P X G M o M d o o N n . a o l o e l h o a l u r a o a D o e 2 a o a l D h a u f l i a a a i f a a g i o y n d r f p p c o n
r a a m m f p m p c a m m o P p j j c P d i c a j j i m i v a
o o c
g n a i n u s o o c g v i u s u c s h
e e n t e
w t ( a b e t t ( a i u r r t t i u g r r d a a l a o a a l s a r n a i l i a s b i l i a t
m u a t
n o i a i e b c a c t ) a o e l i i e e a t b l e l
t e l t n m C t : i n m t ) :
k e n ,
x
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