Chapter 5: Boundary and Linear Features Broad Habitat
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Infant Mortality
Inequalities in Infant Mortality Project Briefing Paper 1 Infant mortality: overview and context Jennifer J Kurinczuk, Jennifer Hollowell, Peter Brocklehurst, Ron Gray National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford June 2009 1 Introduction The information presented in this paper comes largely from the analysis of routinely published Since 2000 the Government has made tackling data from the Office for National Statistics health, social and educational inequalities a (ONS), now the UK Statistics Authority. Data public service priority by setting public service are presented for the most recent year available agreement (PSA) targets which focus on these which, at the time of writing, was 2007; long areas. Health inequalities in children are the term trends are presented by five yearly figures specific focus of Target 11 as identified in where appropriate. For much of the information the 2002 spending review1; the aim being to presented there are complex underlying narrow the health gap between socio-economic relationships which it is not possible to explore groups and between the most deprived areas using published data. Care must therefore be and the rest of the population, in childhood exercised in the interpretation of these figures. and throughout life. The 2004 spending review For example, young women whose infants have reaffirmed this PSA target by re-stating it as “To high rates of mortality are, in addition to their reduce inequalities in health outcomes by 10% relative youth, also more likely to be unmarried by 2010 as measured by infant mortality and life and to be of lower socioeconomic status with a expectancy at birth.”2 The objective of the infant higher prevalence of associated risk factors for mortality element is defined in Figure 1. -
Concordance of National Cancer Registration with Self-Reported Breast, Bowel and Lung Cancer in England and Wales
SHORT COMMUNICATION British Journal of Cancer (2013) 109, 2875–2879 | doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.626 Keywords: cancer registration; UK; self-reporting; concordance Concordance of National Cancer Registration with self-reported breast, bowel and lung cancer in England and Wales: a prospective cohort study within the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening A Gentry-Maharaj1, E-O Fourkala1, M Burnell1, A Ryan1, S Apostolidou1, M Habib1, A Sharma1, M Parmar2, I Jacobs1,3 and U Menon*,1 1Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Women’s Cancer, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK; 2MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK and 3Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Background: It has been suggested that lower UK cancer survival may be due to incomplete case ascertainment by cancer registries. Methods: We assessed concordance between self-reported breast, bowel and lung cancer and cancer registration (CR) for 1995–2007 in England and Wales in the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening. Results: Concordance of breast cancer CR was higher (94.7%:95% CI: 94.1–95.3%) than for bowel (85.1%:95% CI: 82.1–87.8%) and lung (85.4%:95% CI: 76.3–92.0%). CR concordance was lower in breast cancer (94.5% vs 98.8%) survivors compared with deceased but the difference was small. No difference was found for bowel (85.3% vs 94.6%) or lung (87.1% vs 90.5%) cancer. Conclusion: Concordance of CR and self-reported cancer is high. Incomplete registration is unlikely to be a major cause of lower UK survival rates. -
The Report, Statistics on Alcohol, England 2009, Is Available Here
Statistics on Alcohol: England, 2009 Copyright © 2009, The Health and Social Care Information Centre. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2009, The Health and Social Care Information Centre. All Rights Reserved. The NHS Information Centre is England’s central, authoritative source of health and social care information. Acting as a ‘hub’ for high quality, national, comparative data, we deliver information for local decision makers, to improve the quality and efficiency of care. www.ic.nhs.uk Author: The NHS Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. Version: 1 Date of Publication: 20 May 2009 Copyright © 2009, The Health and Social Care Information Centre. All Rights Reserved. Contents Executive Summary 7 Main findings: 7 1 Introduction 9 Drinking recommendations and consumption indicators 9 2 Drinking behaviour among adults and children 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Alcohol consumption 12 2.3 Purchases, availability and affordability of alcohol 14 2.4 Types of alcohol consumed 15 2.5 Alcohol consumption and socio-economic variables 16 2.6 Alcohol consumption and demographic characteristics 17 2.7 Geographical patterns of alcohol consumption 18 2.8 Drinking among children 19 Summary: Drinking behaviour among adults and children 21 References 22 List of Tables 23 3 Knowledge and attitudes to alcohol 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Adults’ knowledge of alcohol 41 3.3 Adults’ attitudes to drinking 43 3.4 Children’s attitudes to drinking 43 Summary: Knowledge and attitudes to alcohol 45 References 45 List of Tables 47 4 Drinking-related costs, ill health and mortality 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Hazardous, harmful and dependent drinking 59 4.3 Discussion of drinking with health professionals and specialist treatment 60 4.4 Alcohol-related hospital admissions 61 4.5 Prescribing 63 4.6 Deaths related to alcohol consumption 64 4.7 Costs to the NHS 64 Summary: Drinking-related ill health and mortality 66 Copyright © 2009, The Health and Social Care Information Centre. -
Full Report (PDF)
_________Guideline ______________________________________________________________ Annual BANS Report, 2008 Artificial Nutrition Support in the UK 2000 - 2007 A Report by the British Artificial Nutrition Survey (BANS), a committee of BAPEN (The British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition) Editor in chief: Barry Jones Chapter authors and editors: Barry Jones, Ann Micklewright, Amanda Hirst, Carole Glencorse, Janet Baxter and Jamil Khair BANS Committee members Barry Jones (Chair), Ann Micklewright (Sec), Rebecca Stratton, Amanda Hirst, Jamil Khair, Mark Dalzell, Janet Baxter, Carolyn Wheatley, Carole Glencorse, John Kennedy, Lucy Thompson, Trevor Smith, Geoff Cooke, Marinos Elia, James Astrop, Lynne McCready, 1 Published on website 2008 by BAPEN. www.bapen.org.uk ISBN: 978-1-899467-26-6 All enquiries to Editor, [email protected] or to BAPEN Secretariat, The British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Secure Hold Business Centre, Studley Road, Redditch, Worcs, B98 7LG. [email protected] BAPEN is a Registered Charity No. 1023927 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced for publication without the prior written permission of the publishers. This publication may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form, binding or cover other than that in which it is published, without the prior consent of the publishers. Previous BANS reports BANS: Annual BANS Report, 2007; Artificial Nutrition Support in the UK 2000 – 2006. www.bapen.org.uk ISBN: 1 899 467 16 5 BANS: Artificial nutrition support in the UK, 2005. (Published on BAPEN website in 2006): www.bapen.org.uk ISBN: 1 899467 95 5 BANS: Trends in artificial nutrition support in the UK, 2000 – 2003. -
Birth Statistics: Births and Patterns of Family Building England and Wales (FM1)
15 December 2008 Correction Notice Birth statistics: Births and patterns of family building England and Wales (FM1) FM1 No. 36 – 2007 An error relating to the title of one table has been corrected in this publication, originally released on 9 December 2008. The error in table 10.3 – Estimated average number of first live-born children: age and year of birth of woman, 1920-1992, omitted the word “first” from the table title. ONS apologises for any inconvenience caused. Issued by: National Statistics Government Buildings Cardiff Road Newport NP10 8XG Telephone Media Office 0845 604 1858 Contact Centre 0845 601 3034 Birth statistics Review of the National Statistician on births and patterns of family building in England and Wales, 2007 Laid before Parliament pursuant to Section 19 Registration Service Act 1953 Series FM1 No. 36 ISSN 0140–2587 Copyright and reproduction © Crown copyright 2008 A National Statistics publication Published with the permission of the Office for Public Sector Information (OPSI) National Statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the National Statistics Code of Practice. They are You may use this publication (excluding logos) free of charge produced free from political influence. in any format for research, private study or internal circulation About us within an organisation providing it is used accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and you must give the title of the source The Office for National Statistics (ONS) is the executive office of publication. Where we have identified any third party copyright the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which material you will need to obtain permission from the copyright reports directly to Parliament. -
The Contribution of Primary Prevention Medication and Dietary Change in Coronary Mortality Reduction in England Between 2000 and 2007: a Modelling Study
Open Access Research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006070 on 22 January 2015. Downloaded from The contribution of primary prevention medication and dietary change in coronary mortality reduction in England between 2000 and 2007: a modelling study M Guzman-Castillo,1 R Ahmed,1 N Hawkins,2 S Scholes,3 E Wilkinson,4 J Lucy,5 S Capewell,1 MO’Flaherty1 To cite: Guzman-Castillo M, ABSTRACT et al Strengths and limitations of this study Ahmed R, Hawkins N, . Objective: To analyse the falls in coronary heart The contribution of primary disease (CHD) mortality in England between 2000 and ▪ prevention medication and This is the first IMPACT model to quantify the con- 2007 and quantify the relative contributions from dietary change in coronary tributions of population risk factors and primary mortality reduction in preventive medications and population-wide changes in prevention treatments to recent changes in CHD England between 2000 and blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol levels, particularly mortality rates by socioeconomic quintiles. 2007: a modelling study. by exploring socioeconomic inequalities. ▪ The datasets used for the model are representative BMJ Open 2015;5:e006070. Design: A modelling study. of the English population and used deprivation doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014- Setting: Sources of data included controlled trials and scores for area of residence as an acceptable proxy 006070 meta-analyses, national surveys and official statistics. indicator for socioeconomic status. Participants: English population aged 25+ in 2000– ▪ Unlike the previous IMPACTSEC models, our study ▸ Prepublication history and 2007. stratifies the analysis and results by gender. This additional material is Main outcome measures: Number of deaths allowed us to gain valuable new insights, for available. -
Nutrition Policy Across the UK
© The Caroline Walker Trust, 2009 ISBN 978-1-89-782054 The Caroline Walker Trust 22 Kindersley Way Abbots Langley Herts WD5 0DQ www.cwt.org.uk E: [email protected] Registered charity number: 328580 A free downloadable pdf of this document can be found at www.cwt.org.uk Cover design by Information Design Workshop. Other publications by The Caroline Walker Trust For details see www.cwt.org.uk Reports Eating Well for Under-5s in Child Care Eating Well at School Eating Well for Looked After Children and Young People Eating Well: Children and Adults with Learning Disabilities Eating Well for Older People Eating Well for Older People with Dementia (published by VOICES) 2 Nutrition policy across the UK Briefing Paper Martin Caraher, Helen Crawley and Sue Lloyd Centre for Food Policy City University London EC1V 0HB 3 Contents Summary and recommendations 5 1 Introduction 8 2 Methods 12 3 Delivery of public health in the four administrative regions 14 3.1 England – nutrition delivery 19 3.2 Scotland – nutrition delivery 23 3.3 Wales – nutrition delivery 29 3.4 Northern Ireland – nutrition delivery 31 4 Food inequalities in the four administrative areas 33 5 Infant feeding policy in the four administrative areas 38 6 School food policy in the four administrative areas 45 7 Childhood obesity policy in the four administrative area 51 8 Discussion 56 4 List of Tables and Figures Table 1 Organisational structure and approach to public health delivery 15 in the four administrative areas of the UK Table 2 Principles influencing the organisation and delivery -
TIMSS 2007 National Report for England
England’s achievement in TIMSS 2007 National report for England England’s achievement in TIMSS 2007 National report for England Linda Sturman Graham Ruddock Bethan Burge Ben Styles Yin Lin Hanna Vappula How to cite this publication: Sturman, L., Ruddock, G., Burge, B., Styles, B., Lin, Y. and Vappula, H. (2008). England’s Achievement in TIMSS 2007 National Report for England. Slough: NFER. Published in December 2008 by the National Foundation for Educational Research The Mere, Upton Park, Slough, Berkshire SL1 2DQ Exhibits used with permission from the TIMSS International Study Center, Boston College © NFER 2008 Registered Charity no. 313392 ISBN 978 1 906792 17 6 (online) ISBN 978 1 906792 18 3 (printed) Contents Acknowledgements vi 1 Executive summary 1 2 Background to TIMSS 2007 15 3 Pupils’ achievements in mathematics and science 19 4 Performance at the international benchmarks 43 5 Performance in the content and cognitive domains 65 6 Gender differences 71 7 Pupils’ attitudes 97 8 The teachers and schools 123 9 The pupils and the home 177 10 Factors associated with mathematics and science achievement 199 Appendix 1 Sampling 225 Appendix 2 Comparability of trend variables 227 Appendix 3 Technical details 247 References 289 ww Acknowledgements w TIMSS 2007 International Reports available at This survey could not have taken place without the cooperation of the pupils, the teachers and the headteachers in the participating schools. We are very grateful for their support. The authors would also like to thank the following colleagues for their invaluable work during the TIMSS 2007 survey and in the production of this report: • Maria Charles, Mark Bailey, Keren Beddow, Kam Ahitan and other colleagues in the NFER’s Research Data Services who undertook all the contact with the sampled schools. -
Statistics on Smoking: England, 2008 16/10/2008
Statistics on Smoking: England, 2008 16/10/2008 Copyright © 2008, The Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. The NHS Information Centre is England’s central, authoritative source of health and social care information. Acting as a ‘one-stop-shop’ for high quality, national, comparative data, we deliver information for local decision makers, to improve the quality and efficiency of care. Copyright © 2008, The Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Summary This statistical report presents a range of information on smoking which are drawn together from a variety of sources. The report aims to present a broad picture of health issues relating to smoking in England and covers topics such as smoking habits, behaviours and attitudes among adults and school children, smoking-related ill health and mortality and smoking-related costs. This report combines data from different sources presenting it in a user-friendly format. It contains data and information previously published by the NHS Information Centre, Department of Health, the Office for National Statistics and Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs. The report also includes new analysis carried out by the NHS Information Centre. Main findings Smoking among adults Among adults aged 16 and over, in England, in 2006: • Results from the General Household Survey show, overall smoking prevalence has decreased. In 2006, 22% of adults reported smoking, compared to 24% in 2005 and 39% in 1980 • Those aged 20 to 24 and 25 to 34 reported the highest prevalence of cigarette smoking (31% and 29% respectively) while those aged 60 and over reported the lowest (12%) • As with previous years, smoking was higher among men than women (23% and 21% respectively) although this gap is narrowing • Current smokers smoked an average of 13.5 cigarettes a day • Those in the routine and manual groups reported the highest prevalence of smoking (29%). -
Incidence of Prostate and Urological Cancers in England
Maruthappu et al. BMC Cancer (2015) 15:753 DOI 10.1186/s12885-015-1771-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Incidence of prostate and urological cancers in England by ethnic group, 2001-2007: a descriptive study Mahiben Maruthappu1, Isobel Barnes2, Shameq Sayeed2 and Raghib Ali2,3* Abstract Background: The aetiology of urological cancers is poorly understood and variations in incidence by ethnic group may provide insights into the relative importance of genetic and environmental risk factors. Our objective was to compare the incidence of four urological cancers (kidney, bladder, prostate and testicular) among six ‘non-White’ ethnic groups in England (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black African, Black Caribbean and Chinese) to each other and to Whites. Methods: We obtained Information on ethnicity for all urological cancer registrations from 2001 to 2007 (n = 329,524) by linkage to the Hospital Episodes Statistics database. We calculated incidence rate ratios adjusted for age, sex and income, comparing the six ethnic groups (and combined ‘South Asian’ and ‘Black’ groups) to Whites and to each other. Results: There were significant differences in the incidence of all four cancers between the ethnic groups (all p < 0.001). In general, ‘non-White’ groups had a lower incidence of urological cancers compared to Whites, except prostate cancer, which displayed a higher incidence in Blacks. (IRR 2.55) There was strong evidence of differences in risk between Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis for kidney, bladder and prostate cancer (p < 0.001), and between Black Africans and Black Caribbeans for all four cancers (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The risk of urological cancers in England varies greatly by ethnicity, including within groups that have traditionally been analysed together (South Asians and Blacks). -
CHE Research Paper 40
Quality in and Equality of Access to Healthcare Services in England CHE Research Paper 40 Quality in and Equality of Access to Healthcare Services in England Maria K Goddard Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK. August 2008 Background CHE Discussion Papers (DPs) began publication in 1983 as a means of making current research material more widely available to health economists and other potential users. So as to speed up the dissemination process, papers were originally published by CHE and distributed by post to a worldwide readership. The new CHE Research Paper series takes over that function and provides access to current research output via web-based publication, although hard copy will continue to be available (but subject to charge). Acknowledgements The following individuals provided detailed comments on relevant sections of the draft, for which I am extremely grateful: Mr Mike Brown Refugee Action Mr Philip Hurst Age Concern, England Mr Andy Keefe Refugee Council Dr Vanessa Pinfold Rethink Ms Elizabeth McLennan Help the Aged Ms Emily Wooster MIND I am also grateful to Gillian Robinson for her assistance with the project, and also Kath Wright and Julie Glanville from the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination at the University of York for their assistance with the literature search. Finally, Anne Mason and Peter C Smith at the Centre for Health Economics provided valuable feedback. The project was financed by the European Commission, Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities under the theme of Social Protection and Integration - Inclusion, Social Policy Aspects of Migration, Streamlining of Social Policies (Contract Number VC/2006/0209). -
Analysing Recent Socioeconomic Trends in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in England, 2000–2007: a Population Modelling Study
Analysing Recent Socioeconomic Trends in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in England, 2000–2007: A Population Modelling Study Madhavi Bajekal1*, Shaun Scholes1, Hande Love2, Nathaniel Hawkins3, Martin O’Flaherty4, Rosalind Raine1, Simon Capewell4 1 Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom, 2 Pensions and Annuity Group, Legal and General Assurance Society Limited, Kingswood, United Kingdom, 3 Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 4 Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Abstract Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in England fell by approximately 6% every year between 2000 and 2007. However, rates fell differentially between social groups with inequalities actually widening. We sought to describe the extent to which this reduction in CHD mortality was attributable to changes in either levels of risk factors or treatment uptake, both across and within socioeconomic groups. Methods and Findings: A widely used and replicated epidemiological model was used to synthesise estimates stratified by age, gender, and area deprivation quintiles for the English population aged 25 and older between 2000 and 2007. Mortality rates fell, with approximately 38,000 fewer CHD deaths in 2007. The model explained about 86% (95% uncertainty interval: 65%–107%) of this mortality fall. Decreases in major cardiovascular risk factors contributed approximately 34% (21%–47%) to the overall decline in CHD mortality: ranging from about 44% (31%–61%) in the most deprived to 29% (16%–42%) in the most affluent quintile. The biggest contribution came from a substantial fall in systolic blood pressure in the population not on hypertension medication (29%; 18%–40%); more so in deprived (37%) than in affluent (25%) areas.