DOCSLIB.ORG

Zumba Vayamundo Reggaeton Rebellion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zumba Vayamundo Reggaeton Rebellion SESSION HANDOUT Reggaeton Rebellion Loretta Bates & Marcie Gill Zumba Education Specialists, USA SESSION HANDOUT Presenter Loretta Bates and Marcie Gill Schedule 45 min: Reggaeton Masterclass 5 min: Break 25 min: History 10 min: New Steps 15 min: Modification of basic Steps: how to “Reggaetonize” movement 15 min: Choreography Breakdowns/Review of Zumba® Formula 5 min: Closing Remarks/Thanks (Total: 2 hours) Session Objective -The objective of Reggaeton Rebellion is to Educate ZIN members on the history and background of the Rhythm as well as offering new steps and choreography that can be immediately incorporated into classes. History & Background A. What is Reggaeton? 1. Reggaeton: (also spelled reguetón or reggaetón) is a style of music that gained popularity in the early 1990’s. Reggaeton takes elements of Reggae (or Dancehall) “riddims”, Latin American Rhythms (Salsa, Bomba, Plena, Bachata, etc), and Hip-Hop and blends them into a unique musical genre with a style of it’s own. B. Where is if from? 1. Panama a. Spanish Reggae (1970’s) (El General) 2. Puerto Rico a. Spanish Hip-Hop and Rap (Vico C-Pioneer of Rap en Espagnol/Producer DJ Playero) (Late1980‘s/Early 1990’s) b. Nuyorican Influences (Reggae/Dancehall) c. Underground (Early-1990’s) (DJ Playero) i. Outlaws (February 1995: Drugs and Vice Control Bureau raids in San Juan begin) ii. Purer & Exploitation of Women ii. Outlaws (February 1995: Drugs and Vice Control Bureau raids in San Juan begin) 3. Crossover to US a. N.O.R.E. (Featuring Nina Sky and Daddy Yankee) Oye Mi Canto (2004) b. Gasolina-Daddy Yankee (2004) C. What does it sound like? 1. Reggae (Dem Bow) 2. Spanish Reggae 3. Spanish Hip-Hop 4. Hip-Hop 5. Reggaeton D. Reggaeton Now and into the Future 1. Subgenres a. Romantiqueo (ie. Estoy Enamorado-Winsin y Yandel) 2 2014 ZUMBA INSTRUCTOR CONFERENCE – REGGAETON REBELLION b. Salsaton (ie. Sabor A Melao-Daddy Yankee) c. Cumbiaton (ie. Gordita-Shakira) d. Bachateo (ie. Dile-Don Omar) e. Malianteo (ie. Bajen Pa’aca-Hector El Father) Application of the Zumba® Formula Choreography Breakdown of songs-Each song provided follows and supports the Zumba® Formula. Basic Steps & Variations Basic Step Reggaeton Variation Salsa Side to Side Step Side to Side Bounce Salsa Tap Front the “Hot” Salsa Tap Front with Side Step Kick front hop at to side Salsa Rock Back Hip Hop Back Step/RR Cumbia Two step Booty Shake Cumbia Turn Booty Circle/ Shoulder Push Sleepy Leg Super Man Merengue Two Step Two Step w/Booty Beto Shuffle Shoulder Push/Box Arms Reggaeton Body Variations Upper Body Neck movement Shoulder movement Chest lift and drop Lower Body Quads-Stay Low Pelvis 3 2014 ZUMBA INSTRUCTOR CONFERENCE – REGGAETON REBELLION Choreo Notes Loretta: Perros Salvajes Intro Lift and Drop to the side Chorus -Step forward pushing arms forward then punching down once on each side -Jump in and out with arms up, circle arms above head by walking backward Repeat 4x Verse 1 Jump to side swinging arms crossing arms in front 3x Step Forward, chest roll forward Repeat other direction Chorus -Step forward pushing arms forward then punching down once on each side -Jump in and out with arms up, circle arms above head by walking backward Repeat 4x Bridge Show Triple heel dig grapevine to side, triple heel dig on other side 2x (no arms) Verse 2 Triple heel dig grapevine to side, triple heel dig on other side (add arms) 4x Verse 2 (part II) Jump to side swinging arms crossing arms in front 3x Step Forward, chest roll forward Repeat other direction Chorus -Step forward pushing arms forward then punching down once on each side -Jump in and out with arms up, circle arms above head by walking backward Repeat 4x Outro Repeat Verse 1 (2x) Repeat Verse 2 (2x) 4 2014 ZUMBA INSTRUCTOR CONFERENCE – REGGAETON REBELLION Una Bendicion Intro Show Verse 1 Step slow motion Verse 1 While standing facing forward, outside leg goes back 4 steps, walk backwards 4 steps, repeat other side Chorus 2 Heel digs, tap around to other side Verse 2 (rap) Arm wave to each side, Body roll down, butterfly center (4x) Verse 1 While standing facing forward, outside leg goes back 4 steps, walk backwards 4 steps, repeat other side Chorus 2 Heel digs, tap around to other side Verse 2 (rap) Arm wave to each side, Body roll down, butterfly center (4x) Verse 1 While standing facing forward, outside leg goes back 4 steps, walk backwards 4 steps, repeat other side Chorus 2 Heel digs, tap around to other side Muevela Intro Show Chorus Step Slow Chrous Walk forward 4 Hip Circles 4 Skip Back punching up 4 Jump in place 4 Repeat Verse 1 Kick ball change out to side (4-8 counts) Verse 2 Knee Lift Merengue arms out side to side then up in a box, down in a box (2x slow tempo, then tempo for 4) Repeat other side (switching leg as well) 5 2014 ZUMBA INSTRUCTOR CONFERENCE – REGGAETON REBELLION Muevela Chrous Walk forward 4 Hip Circles 4 Skip Back punching up 4 Jump in place 4 Repeat Verse 1 Kick ball change out to side (4-8 counts) Verse 2 Knee Lift Merengue arms out side to side then up in a box, down in a box (2x slow tempo, then tempo for 4) Repeat other side (switching leg as well) Chrous Walk forward 4 Hip Circles 4 Skip Back punching up 4 Jump in place 4 Repeat Verse 1 Kick ball change out to side (4-8 counts) Bridge Verse 2 Step Outro Chorus Step Marcie: Take The Lead Chorus SSD Knee hold on one side, repeat other side (progress arms as the chorus changes) beat Verse Kick left side while popping one leg to side, repeat other side Filler 1 SSD Step touch moving forward 4x with alternating arms Filler 2 SSD inside heels, moving on the double, popping both arms down toward heel 6 2014 ZUMBA INSTRUCTOR CONFERENCE – REGGAETON REBELLION Recommended Music Loretta: Name of Song Artist Perros Salvajes Daddy Yankee Una Bendicion Winsin &Yandel Muevela Angel & Khriz Mama Me Lo Conto Gente de Zona Mi Nena Don Omar Angel (Dancehall Cool-down) Shaggy Marcie: Name of Song Artist Vengo Acabando Winsin & Yandel Que Bolon Tiburon DJ Francis Feat. Tito Pakin & E_Flatpro New Song (Name TBD) DJ Francis Feat. Dahrio Wonder Take the Lead (wanna ride) Winsin & Yandel Warm-Up DJ Francis Mix 7 2014 ZUMBA INSTRUCTOR CONFERENCE – REGGAETON REBELLION .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Manual De Operación Martillo a Gasolina 23, 24, 65
    AUTEK MAQUINARIA 5392 7077 Manual de operación Martillo a gasolina BH 23, 24, 65 08.2011 0226390es / 005 AUTEK MAQUINARIA 5392 7077 AUTEK MAQUINARIA 5392 7077 Fabricante Wacker Neuson Produktion GmbH & Co. KG Preußenstraße 41 80809 München www.wackerneuson.com Tel.: +49-(0)89-354 02-0 Fax: +49-(0)89-354 02-390 Traducción del manual de operación original alemán AUTEK MAQUINARIA 5392 7077 Contenido AUTEK MAQUINARIA 5392 7077 1Prefacio ...................................................................................................................... 5 2 Introducción .............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Medio de representación de este manual de operación..................................... 6 2.2 Persona de contacto de Wacker Neuson........................................................... 7 2.3 Tipos de equipo descritos................................................................................... 7 2.4 Identificación del equipo..................................................................................... 8 3 Seguridad .................................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Principio.............................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Cualificación del personal encargado del manejo............................................ 13 3.3 Equipos de protección.....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ortiz Díaz on Lebrón, 'Policing Life and Death: Race, Violence, and Resistance in Puerto Rico'
    H-LatAm Ortiz Díaz on LeBrón, 'Policing Life and Death: Race, Violence, and Resistance in Puerto Rico' Review published on Monday, July 27, 2020 Marisol LeBrón. Policing Life and Death: Race, Violence, and Resistance in Puerto Rico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019. xv + 301 pp. $29.95 (paper),ISBN 978-0-520-30017-0. Reviewed by Alberto Ortiz Díaz (University of Iowa)Published on H-LatAm (July, 2020) Commissioned by Casey M. Lurtz (Johns Hopkins University) Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54245 In recent years, scholars across fields have developed a rich literature on policing in the United States, and increasingly, the world over. Historians, social scientists, activists, and others are interrogating the violence of the carceral state along racial, class, gendered, immigration status, and political lines at an exponential rate. The growth of this scholarship reflects the urgency of our times, namely massive protests unfolding in the US and elsewhere in response to racialized police and broader structural violence. Marisol LeBrón’s gripping book, Policing Life and Death, traces the rise and excesses of punitive governance in contemporary Puerto Rico, and powerfully contributes to the burgeoning scholarship on policing and state violence. Policing Life and Death is an ambitious study about how different constituencies—including housing project residents, rappers, university students, community activists, and others—have narrated racialized policing and attempted to problem-solve policing inequalities. LeBrón argues that “punitive governance has left an indelible mark on how life and death are understood and experienced in Puerto Rico and has done so in a way that reinforces societal inequality along lines of race, class, spatial location, gender, sexuality, and citizenship status” (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Proposal—Is Explained Below
    Journalism, Advertising, and Media Studies 620: Seminar in Global Media PAPER PROPOSAL 3% of grade Over the course of the semester, students will develop their research and writing skills through a multi-step project. The first step—your research proposal—is explained below. Before you can write a proposal, though, you need to have an idea what a finished project might look like. Let’s check out this summary of a past undergraduate student paper. Weapons of Western Civilization Does first-hand • IMAGE SEARCH RESULTS – from two different search analysis of these engines, one US-based, one China-based, for a small set of primary media revealing key terms. Student looks at how these results depict sources (A) skewed visions of beauty and professionalism, and how the ways they are skewed match historic inequalities. Puts their analysis in • The global history of colorism. conversation with • Chinese beauty standards. secondary scholarly • The centrality of search engines for contemporary knowledge sources (B) on... formation. • How algorithms work and are part of Web 2.0 phase of internet culture. Thesis By testing the world’s two leading search engines, Baidu and Google, using the same set of search words (i.e. “beautiful woman,” “business man,” and “professional women”) I found that billions are exposed via the search engines’ algorithms to something much more sinister than “best results.” Instead, these search engines consistently reinforce colorism and inequality. As you can see, an original research project is built using (A) primary and (B) secondary sources. In other words, in light of what you learn reading (B) secondary scholarly sources, you will do hands-on analysis of (A) your media phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Top 100 Most Requested Latin Songs
    Top 100 Most Requested Latin Songs Based on millions of requests played and tracked through the DJ Intelligence® music request system at weddings & parties throughout 201 9 RANK ARTIST SONG 1 Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Feat. Justin Bieber Despacito 2 Pitbull Feat. John Ryan Fireball 3 Jennifer Lopez Feat. Pitbull On The Floor 4 Cardi B Feat. Bad Bunny & J Balvin I Like It 5 Pitbull Feat. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer Give Me Everything 6 Marc Anthony Vivir Mi Vida 7 Elvis Crespo Suavemente 8 Bad Bunny Feat. Drake Mia 9 Pitbull Feat. Ne-Yo Time Of Our Lives 10 DJ Snake Feat. Cardi B, Ozuna & Selena Gomez Taki Taki 11 Gente De Zona Feat. Marc Anthony La Gozadera 12 Daddy Yankee Gasolina 13 Prince Royce Corazon Sin Cara 14 Daddy Yankee Dura 15 Shakira Feat. Maluma Chantaje 16 Celia Cruz La Vida Es Un Carnaval 17 Prince Royce Stand By Me 18 Daddy Yankee Limbo 19 Nicky Jam & J Balvin X 20 Carlos Vives & Shakira La Bicicleta 21 Daddy Yankee & Katy Perry Feat. Snow Con Calma 22 Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato Echame La Culpa 23 J Balvin Ginza 24 Becky G Feat. Bad Bunny Mayores 25 Ricky Martin Feat. Maluma Vente Pa' Ca 26 Nicky Jam Hasta El Amanecer 27 Prince Royce Darte Un Beso 28 Romeo Santos Feat. Usher Promise 29 Romeo Santos Propuesta Indecente 30 Pitbull Feat. Chris Brown International Love 31 Maluma Felices Los 4 32 Pitbull Feat. Christina Aguilera Feel This Moment 33 Alexandra Stan Mr. Saxobeat 34 Daddy Yankee Shaky Shaky 35 Marc Anthony Valio La Pena 36 Azul Azul La Bomba 37 Carlos Vives Volvi A Nacer 38 Maluma Feat.
    [Show full text]
  • Cavafy Song Bibliography Version2 1-15-20
    C. P. Cavafy Music Resource Guide: Song and Music Settings of Cavafy’s Poetry Researched by Vassilis Lambropoulos Compiled by Peter Vorissis, Haris Missler, and Artemis Leontis* Modern Greek Program & C. P. Cavafy Professorship in Modern Greek Departments of Classical Studies and Comparative Literature University of Michigan Version 2: January 14, 2020 Please send additions and corrections to [email protected] * with gratitude to Dimitris Gousopoulos for major additions of the melopoiesis of Cavafy’s poetry in rock, pop, hip hop, metal, indie, and punk Cavafy Music Resource Guide 1 Cavafy Song Settings: A Music Resource Guide Adamopoulos, Loukas (Αδαμόπουλος, Λουκάς). 1981. «Επέστρεφε» (Come back). Κέρκυρα ’81: Αγώνες ελληνικού τραγουδιού—Τα 30 τραγούδια (Kerkyra ’81: Greek song contest). Αthens: Minos. Setting: «Επέστρεφε» (Come Back). Anabalon, Patricio. 2003. Itaca. Poetas griegas musicalizados. Santiago: Alerce Producciones Fonograficas S.A. Includes the songs “Itaca” (Ithaka), “Regresa” (Come back), “Una Noche/Las Ventanas” (One night / Windows). Anagnostatos, Yiannis (Αναγνωστάτος Γιάννης, also known as Lolek). 2010. «Κεριά». In the compilation Ποιήματα του Κ.Π. Καβάφη (Poems of C.P. Cavafy). Athens: Odos Panos 147 (January–March). (See “Lolek” below). Anestopoulos, Thanos (Ανεστόπουλος, Θάνος). 2001. «Κεριά» (Candles). In Οι ποιητές γυμνοί τραγουδάνε (Poets sing naked). Athens and Patra: Κονσερβοκούτι. For voice and electronic accompaniment or guitar. Composed and sung by Thanos Anestopoulos (Θάνος Ανεστόπουλος) under the pseudonym ΑΣΘΟΝ ΣΑΠΤΟΥΣ ΛΕΟΝΟΣ, an anagram of his name. First released as a cassette by the magazine «Κονσερβοκούτι» (Tin can, the magazine of OEN, Οργάνωση Επαναστατικής Νεολαίας, Organization of Revolutionary Youth). Setting: «Κεριά» (Candles). Angelakis, Manolis (Αγγελάκης, Μανώλης) & τα Θηρία (and the Beasts).
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Summer Rain by Carl Thomas 2. Kiss Kiss by Chris Brown Feat T Pain 3
    1. Summer Rain By Carl Thomas 2. Kiss Kiss By Chris Brown feat T Pain 3. You Know What's Up By Donell Jones 4. I Believe By Fantasia By Rhythm and Blues 5. Pyramids (Explicit) By Frank Ocean 6. Under The Sea By The Little Mermaid 7. Do What It Do By Jamie Foxx 8. Slow Jamz By Twista feat. Kanye West And Jamie Foxx 9. Calling All Hearts By DJ Cassidy Feat. Robin Thicke & Jessie J 10. I'd Really Love To See You Tonight By England Dan & John Ford Coley 11. I Wanna Be Loved By Eric Benet 12. Where Does The Love Go By Eric Benet with Yvonne Catterfeld 13. Freek'n You By Jodeci By Rhythm and Blues 14. If You Think You're Lonely Now By K-Ci Hailey Of Jodeci 15. All The Things (Your Man Don't Do) By Joe 16. All Or Nothing By JOE By Rhythm and Blues 17. Do It Like A Dude By Jessie J 18. Make You Sweat By Keith Sweat 19. Forever, For Always, For Love By Luther Vandros 20. The Glow Of Love By Luther Vandross 21. Nobody But You By Mary J. Blige 22. I'm Going Down By Mary J Blige 23. I Like By Montell Jordan Feat. Slick Rick 24. If You Don't Know Me By Now By Patti LaBelle 25. There's A Winner In You By Patti LaBelle 26. When A Woman's Fed Up By R. Kelly 27. I Like By Shanice 28. Hot Sugar - Tamar Braxton - Rhythm and Blues3005 (clean) by Childish Gambino 29.
    [Show full text]
  • Con Calma AB Vineright.Com
    Con Calma AB VineRight.com ABSOLUTE BEGINNER - NEW LINE 32 COUNT 2 WALL Choreographer Steffie ROBERT - June 2019 Music Version 1 : Con calma (Remix) feat. Snow – Daddy Yankee & Katy Perry [3:01] 1 Restart MUSIC VERSION 2: CON CALMA (REMIX) FEAT. SNOW – DADDY YANKEE [3:13] (2 RESTARTS) INTRO : 16 COUNTS [1-8] POINT, POINT, TRIPLE STEP OR SAILOR STEP, POINT, POINT, TRIPLE STEP OR SAILOR STEP 1–2 Point R forward, Point R to the R 3&4 Triple Step R, L, R on place or R Sailor Step 5–6 Point L forward, Point L to the L 7&8 Triple Step L, R, L on place or L Sailor Step RESTART HERE (6:00) ON WALL 6 (VERSION 1) OR WALL 7 (2ND RESTART ON VERSION 2) [9-16] SIDE STEP, TOUCH, SIDE STEP, TOUCH, R. SHUFFLE, ROCK STEP 1–2 Step R to Right side, Touch L next to R 3-4 Step L to Left side, Touch R next to L 5&6 R Triple Step to Right Side (= Step R to the R, Step L next to R, Step R to the R) 7-8 Rock L to the back, Recover on R (RESTART 1 HERE ON VERSION 2 CHANGING STEPS ON COUNTS 7 & 8) [17-24] SIDE STEP, TOUCH, SIDE STEP, TOUCH, L. SHUFFLE, ROCK STEP 1–2 Step L to Left side, Touch R next to L 3-4 Step R to Right side, Touch L next to R 5&6 L Triple Step to Left Side (= Step L to the L, Step R next to L, Step L to the L) 7-8 Rock R to the back, Recover on L [25-32] ¼ TURN LEFT X2, JAZZ BOX 1-2 Step R forward, ¼ turn Left (Weight on L foot) 9:00 3-4 Step R forward, ¼ turn Left (Weight on L foot) 6:00 5–6 Cross R in front of L, Step L backward 7–8 Step R to Right side, Step L forward STYLING OPTION FOR THE TWO QUARTER TURNS (COUNTS 1 TO 4) : 1&2& Step R forward, Slide L next to R, ¼ turn L with Step L to L side, Slide R next to L 3&4& Step R forward, Slide L next to R, ¼ turn L with Step L to L side, Slide R next to L N.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Title: List of Figures Book Title: Climbing the Charts Book Subtitle: What Radio Airplay Tells Us About the Diffusion Of
    Chapter Title: List of Figures Book Title: Climbing the Charts Book Subtitle: What Radio Airplay Tells Us about the Diffusion of Innovation Book Author(s): Gabriel Rossman Published by: Princeton University Press. (2012) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7t9dj.3 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Princeton University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Climbing the Charts This content downloaded from 137.110.167.119 on Fri, 02 Dec 2016 21:53:47 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms April 12, 2012 Time: 07:27pm fm.tex FIGURES 1.1 The Two Ideal Diffusion Curves 3 1.2 The Hirsch Gatekeeping Model 6 2.1 Diffusion Curve for “Umbrella’’ by Rihanna on Top 40 Stations 12 2.2 Diffusion Curves for Singles on the Rihanna Album Good Girl Gone Bad on Top 40 Stations 13 2.3 Hazards for Singles on the Rihanna Album Good Girl Gone Bad on Top 40 Stations 14 2.4 Illustration of the Corporate “Single Playlist’’ Hypothesis 17 2.5 Diffusion Curves for “Umbrella’’ by Rihanna for Top 40 Stations Owned by Various Chains 18 2.6 Distribution of Song Adoption Time Clustering
    [Show full text]
  • Edición Especial ICONO - Revista Anual De La Biblioteca Enrique A
    Números 25-26, noviembre 2020 BIBLIOTECA ENRIQUE A. LAGUERRE Edición Especial ICONO - Revista Anual de la Biblioteca Enrique A. Laguerre Universidad de Puerto Rico en Aguadilla Esta Revista está indizada en el prestigioso índice Latindex. Revista ICONO es una publicación anual de la Biblioteca de la Universidad de Puerto Rico en Aguadilla. Es una revista interdisciplinaria con un perfil académico, dirigida a bibliotecarios, profesores y estudiantes universitarios. Los artículos son originales, revisados por los pares (peer review) y por los evaluadores externos, que son miembros de la Junta editora de la Revista. Los artículos expresan las opiniones de sus autores, no necesariamente la opinión de la editorial de la revista. Su contenido puede ser reproducido citando la fuente. Dirija su correspondencia a: ICONO Universidad de Puerto Rico en Aguadilla Biblioteca Enrique A. Laguerre P. O. Box 6150 Aguadilla, Puerto Rico 00604-6150 http://uprag.edu/ http://biblioteca.uprag.edu Portada: Entrada Biblioteca Enrique A. Laguerre, Universidad de Puerto Rico en Aguadilla I C O N O Editorial Nos complace presentarles esta edición especial de ICONO que incluye los números veinticinco y veintiséis de los años 2019 y 2020 respectivamente. La revista ICONO es una publicación anual de la Biblioteca Enrique A. Laguerre de la Universidad de Puerto Rico en Aguadilla y por espacio de dieciocho años continua divulgando el quehacer intelectual de nuestro país. Este proyecto no sería posible sin la dedicación y el compromiso de todos nuestros colaboradores; para ellos nuestro agradecimiento y respeto. A nuestros lectores los invitamos a disfrutar cada uno de los trabajos que aparecen en esta edición.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasolina Y Diesel De Bajo Azufre: La Clave Para Disminuir Las Emisiones Vehiculares
    GASOLINA Y DIESEL DE BAJO AZUFRE: LA CLAVE PARA DISMINUIR LAS EMISIONES VEHICULARES VERSIÓN final EN ESPAÑOL, 21 de mayo de 2003 Katherine O. Blumberg Michael P. Walsh Charlotte Pera Traducción de Luis R. Sánchez Cataño, por contrato con la Fundación Hewlett Resumen Ejecutivo Es imposible limpiar el aire, o en particular reducir la contaminación del aire generada por el sector transporte, sin eliminar el azufre de los combustibles. El azufre es por sí mismo un contaminante, pero más importante aún es que el azufre impide la adopción de las principales tecnologías para el control de la contaminación. Ninguna estrategia de reducción significativa de la contaminación del aire puede dar resultado sin reducir el azufre de los combustibles a niveles cercanos a cero. Este artículo trata sobre la necesidad de reducir el azufre en los combustibles para el sector transporte y de los beneficios que pueden alcanzarse en términos de las emisiones totales de contaminantes. El azufre impide el uso de muchas tecnologías convencionales y avanzadas para el control de contaminantes vehiculares, incluyendo monóxido de carbono (CO), partículas (PM), óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) e hidrocarburos (HC). Los combustibles de bajo azufre son la clave para reducir las emisiones vehiculares, mediante la introducción de tecnologías avanzadas de control y nuevos vehículos con diseños más eficientes. El azufre es un componente natural del petróleo crudo y en consecuencia se encuentra tanto en la gasolina como en el diesel. Cuando estos combustibles son quemados, el azufre se emite como bióxido de azufre (SO2) o como partículas de sulfatos. Cualquier reducción en el contenido de azufre en los combustibles disminuye las emisiones de estos compuestos y cuando este contenido disminuye más allá de cierto punto, el beneficio aumenta hasta una disminución importante de las emisiones totales de contaminantes.
    [Show full text]
  • Kyle E. Jones Purdue University
    No. 2, 2014 “SEARCHING AND SEARCHING WE HAVE COME TO FIND”: HISTORIES AND CIRCULATIONS OF HIP HOP IN PERU Kyle E. Jones Purdue University While ethnographic and historiographic research on hip hop has predominantly focused on large metropolises, less attention has been paid to smaller regional cities and the specific ways hip hop travels between urban locales. This paper examines the movements of youth and hip hop practices in Peru, tracing moments of exchange and interaction to contribute an alternative perspective for understanding how hip hop has taken shape across Peru. Such an approach extends the scholarship on hip hop’s socio-spatial dynamics and provides a rich lens through which to understand the ways particular hip hop practices and social forms emerge. Situating the experiences and recollections of hip hoppers from several cities in 1990s and 2000s Peru, while drawing parallels with other forms of expression, also illustrates how hip hop’s histories and circulations reflect longer-standing patterns of mobility, cultural appropriation, and the centrality of expressive forms in navigating changing circumstances of Peruvian urban life. Desde otras ciudades (Arequipa, Puno, Tacna, Cuzco, Canta, Huacho, Barranca, Trujillo, Huancayo, Piura, San Martín, etc.) hay muchísima historia más que contar. (From other cities (Arequipa, Puno, Tacna, Cuzco, Canta, Huacho, Barranca, Trujillo, Huancayo, Piura, San Martín, etc.) there’s so much more history to tell.) -Fakir Kumya Iskaywari, “Historia De HipHop En El Perú” http://alternativas.osu.edu 2, 2014 ISSN 2168-8451 2 kyle e. jones Introduction Analyses of hip hop’s historical contexts, shifts, and continuities have come to occupy a crucial dimension in its growing body of scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Drop It Like It's Hot SNOOP DOGG FT
    KW 47/48/2004 Plz LW WoC Title Artist Distribution PP 1 ➔ 1 4 Drop It Like It’s Hot SNOOP DOGG FT. PHARRELL Geffen/UNIVERSAL 1 2 ▲ NEW 0 Hey Now XZIBIT Columbia/SONY MUSIC 2 3 ▲ 5 10 It’s Hot THE BEATNUTS Penalty/IMPORT 3 4 ▲ 7 4 Locked Up AKON Universal/UNIVERSAL 4 5 ▲ 8 2 Sex, Love, Money / Ghetto Rock MOS DEF Geffen/UNIVERSAL 5 6 ➔ 6 10 Find Us THE BEATNUTS FT. AKON Penalty/IMPORT 6 7 ▲ 28 6 The Show METHOD MAN Def Jam/UNIVERSAL 7 8 ▼ 3 6 I Don’t Care THE ROOTS MCA/UNIVERSAL 3 9 ▲ NEW 0 Lose My Breath DESTINYS CHILD Columbia/SONY MUSIC 9 10 ▲ 24 8 Real Gangstaz MOBB DEEP FT. LIL JON Jive/BMG ARIOLA 10 11 ▼ 2 4 I Try TALIB KWELI FT. MARY J. BLIGE Rawkus/UNIVERSAL 2 12 ▲ NEW 0 Boston ED.O.G. & PETE ROCK Fat Beats/IMPORT 12 13 ▼ 9 2 The Grind Date / Shopping Bags DE LA SOUL Sanctuary/BMG ARIOLA 9 14 ▲ 18 8 It’s A Love Thing PETE ROCK FT. C.L. SMOOTH & DENOSH Rapster / Bbe/SSD 6 15 ▲ 21 10 Superior GENTLEMAN Four Music 12 16 ▼ 11 2 Tamale Rmxs MR. VEGAS FT. FAT JOE & FATMAN SCOOP Delicious Vinyl/UNIVERSAL 11 17 ▲ 40 2 Muthaf*cka XZIBIT Columbia/SONY MUSIC 17 18 ▲ 26 10 Friends EP BIZ MARKIE Groove Attack/MM MEDIA 2 19 ▼ 10 6 Break U Off KOOL KEITH FT. KUTMASTA KURT Treshold / Funky Ass/IMPORT 10 20 ▲ NEW 0 Club Etiquette / Built To Last DEFARI FT.
    [Show full text]