The Change of Channel Morphology and Evolution of an Ecotourism Region-A Case Study on Hooghly River from Sajiara (Block-Purbast

Home , Guptipara, Hooghly River, Mayapur

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 The Change Of Channel Morphology And Evolution Of An Ecotourism Region-A Case Study On Hooghly River From Sajiara (Block-Purbasthali II, Dist.-Burdwan) To Mayapur (Block-Nabadwip, Dist.-Nadia), West Bengal, India

Ayan Kumar Maity, Souvik Das

Abstract: Channel morphology refers to different fluvial aspect like relief, surface, discharge of water, volume of water, cross section, hydrological regime etc. Ecotourism means sustainable tourism maintaining proper guidelines of the environmental ethics. Channel shifting is a common phenomenon mainly in plain land. It helps to develop or modification of various form of channel and their characteristics. Present paper is mainly discussed, with the passage of time the change of morphological characteristics of river Hooghly and formation of an ecotourism environment between Sajiara to Mayapur region, bank of this river. The landsat imagery data with GIS processing, field survey, questionnaire survey and various primary and secondary data has given a proper idea about this changing riverine phenomenon. This wetland has developed due to effect of some Geo-morphological phenomenon but based on these morphological features, local people of this region are depends on different types of economy, mainly agriculture based, fishing activities as well as gradual development of tourism of this particular area considering bird sanctuary and other natural tourism activities like natural landscape based tourism scenario.

Keywords: Ecotourism; Discharge; Ox-Bow-Lake; River shifting; Channel morphology; Bird sanctuary ————————————————————

1.0 Introduction to each other at lower bank of Hooghly River (Islam 2013). River channel display widely varying characteristics in both But static supply of water on irrigation, industries and space and time. These reflex their geographical location various primary and secondary purposes, this river is called within particular catchment and fluvial system. Different lifeline of southern West Bengal. Highest sinuosity, acute kinds of factors controlled the river channel morphology. meandering, paleo channel formation are also important These Morphometry can analyzed by linear aspect, relief characteristics of lower basin of River Hooghly (Mallick aspect, areal aspect, surface aspect; especially example as 2016). Various changing features, different Morphometry, volume of water, hydrological regime, channel bed and dissimilarity of lithology and dynamic nature and banks, drainage function, relief function, channel cross characteristics of different course of channel, are main section, channel gradient and various channel parameters, evidences of channel shifting or channel migration. Various so on. River channel are gradually changing due to scholars, (Rennell 1781, Colebrooke 1779, Sherwill 1858, equilibrium of river channel as well as Geo-morphological Hunter 1870, Hirst 1915, Mukhergee 1938, Sanyan 2008, sustainability (Chris Solisby). River channel migration is a Rudra 2010, Islam 2013, Laha 2015, Roy 2015, Mallick natural phenomenon and related to lateral erosion across to 2016) are associated with several Geo-morphological works flood plain. This process is mainly driven by combination of related to Morph-dynamic characteristics of lower Hooghly bank erosion and point bar deposition over time. This basin. Two types of avulsion are very significant in Hooghly shifting of channel Hooghly in different courses, is very River, one is Channel shiftings mainly lateral erosion of dangerous and threats for human settlement and human channel and another is meandering cut-off (Schumm 1999, resources (Md. Julfikar Ali, Subrata Roy). At plain area, Sligerland and Smith 2004, Allen 1965). With the rivers tent to take the easiest way, the rout least resistant passage of time, heavy siltation occurred at Hooghly’s off due to obstruction of river bed, the speed of flowing water take point. As a result in upland area, amount of discharge between two banks becomes different. Now, the and carrying capacity have reduced. Movement of channel meandering process starts. Actually bank erosion starts the mainly depends on sediment composition, flow of water, meandering formation of channel (Fridkin 1945). The low discharge, which helps to identify proof on avulsed of gradient, little discharge and very low stream power are channel or channel cutoff and related phenomenon main factors to transform the channel into a curvature (Anderson et al. 1996; Keen-Zebert et al. 2013). So, from pattern. If this curvature or sinuosity index number is more upper to lower region of Hooghly basin, channel courses than 1.5, it’s called a meandering channel (Yen, B. has continuously changed over time since independence of C.1965). Generally, due to changing course of river in India (James Rennell 1788, Fergusson 1863, Garret different decades, the meandering loop is cut off from main 1910, Hist 1915, Adams and Willams 1915). Various channel. This cut off loop is called Ox-Bow-Lake. The stratiographics conformity is also important as an evidence channel migration and related phenomenon are very of explanation on Channel morphology and flood common at Hooghly river basin. Channel shifting effects on mechanism (Sinha 1996, Ghosh 2012). The studies on channel morphology as well as humans and animal life dynamic Morphometry of river channel, becomes more (Bora and Kar 2013). With the passage of time river authentic through processing of SRTM, LANDSAT and channel migration, bank erosion, changing land-use land- ALOSPELSAR DEM data with various GIS techniques as covers are very common phenomenon and interconnected like as, image classification, overlay analysis, NDVI, TVI, 3487 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616

PCA and so on (Sinha R, Ghosh S (2012). The Hooghly Sajiara to Mayapur (Study area) and evolution of an Ox- river system is controlled by Monsoon. This Monsoon is Bow-Lake and transformation of this Ox-Bow-Lake as an very important for controlling river discharge variability ecotourism region (Chupi-Char) as well as sustainable throughout the year (Sanyal and Lu 2005). Various tourism of this region (Sen Koustav; Mandal Rimpa) which anthropogenic features like dam construction, rail, road, is solely depends on local agriculture, wetland ecosystem water-bridge etc are influenced on river’s dynamic (Prasad S.N.,Ramchandra T.V., Ahalya N., Sengupta T., morphology in past few decades (Willams and Wolman, Kumar ., Tiwari A.K., Vijayan V.S. and Vijayan. l 2002). Kondolf 1997, Kinghton 1998, Kondolf et al. 2002, There is an intricate correlation between channel Gregory 2006, Schumm 2007, Xu et al. 2007, Kiss et al morphology, shifting course of river channel as well as 2008, Kiss and blanka 2012, Vndenberghe et al. 2012). evolution of ecotourism based Chupi settlement. The main research problem of this study is the shifting of channel as well as changing course of Hooghly River from

Graphical Abstract

Figure 1: Graphical abstract

2.0 Study area

Figure 2: Location Map

The study area is at Purbasthali (Sajiara to Mayapur), Purba Barddhaman, West Bengal, India. Latitude & 3.0 Objectives Longitude are from (23°29’2.09’’N - 88°20’424.93E) to The major objectives of this paper are followings: (22°25’22.97’’N - 88°22’55.27’’E). The main channel is (1) Changing course of river, channel shifting process River Hooghly, locates 8 km distance from town Nabadwip and channel morphology of Bhagirathi-Hooghly Dham. The study area has focused on general riverine river system between Sajiara to Mayapur. features; dynamic nature and characteristics of channel (2) Correlation between channel shifting, formation of Hooghly, especially from Sajiara, Block- Purbasthali II to Ox-Bow-Lake as well as evolution of Chupi Mayapur, Block-Nadia. Last 40 years, various changes settlement. have noticed in this area. In year of 1978, the main channel (3) Significant of wetland ecosystem of Chupi-Char Hooghly flowed on proper Purbasthali, Bhandartikuri and there relevant with reference to sustainable regions. But with the change of time, the main channel has tourism. shifted and now it flows on Sajiara, Rudrapara and Mayapur (4) Impact of Chupi Ox Bow Lake as a wetland regions. The previous detachment part of this Channel is ecosystem on local economy and tourism. locates as named as Chupi-Char. In this lake, have a huge number of organisms and due to abundant supply of food, 4.0 Hypothesis insects, mollusks, fishes; a large number of Bird comes to All the objectives are based on ―Null hypothesis‖ that is ―no here during winter season, in every year. And due to for difference hypothesis‖. After verifying the database, we gather of various attractable colorful hilly birds, this lake should try to invent the rejection process or alternative have formed as an Ecotourism place. Tourists are comes in hypothesis. winter for its attraction throughout the year.

5.0 Database & Methodology

Figure 3: Methodology Flowchart

For analysis various kinds of surroundings features, nature collected for basin identification, land use land cover and characteristic of channel, various methodology have analysis, river channel cross profile in different sections, followed. With field instrumental surveying, various primary shifting trend of river channel, different features in different data have been collected as like as velocity, stream power, course of flowing channel and so on. By help of GPS and discharge, carrying capacity, slope, aspect, bank full index, Google map; Latitude-Longitudinal location, direction, width etc. After collection of field data, these have analyzed orientation have measured. GIS data are also so important with laboratory procedure. Various kinds of secondary data for proper calculation and proper generalization of riverine as like as Google earth pro data, Satellite imagery, SRTM data. Theodolite, Tape, Staff, Dumpy-level, Current meter, DEM, ALOSPELSAR DEM, Topographical map have ranging rod etc also have used for proper field surveying 3489 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 and measurement of and dynamic nature and miles up to Nabadwip dham. In Bhagirathi-Hooghly river characteristics of channel morphology. Several natural basin, it have been noticed that the tidal interval, duration of criteria have measured also with some proper formula and tides, rate of tides are very affected on its carrying capacity. techniques. It also effects on formation of civilization and economic activity (Wang 2009). By instrumental field survey, with 5.1 River velocity measuring rate of discharge and velocity, the capacity- River velocity is the speed of flowing water across the power of this river has analyzed. channel. With the change of course of a channel, velocity becomes also change. Velocity depend on some 5.4 Slope analysis interconnecting factors like channel gradient, shape of Stream power, volume of water, tidal effects are very channel, amount of water or bank full discharge, depth, rate important for maintaining channel slope. Amount of annual of friction, channel width etc. The rate of velocity can be precipitation, evaporation rate and various man-made measured by different kinds of units as like as liters/sec activities are also important for drainage intensity, amount (lps), cubic feet/sec (cfs), gallons/min (gpm), cubic and direction of slope, gradient (kfempe et al 1996). meters/sec (cms). This flow water or velocity is very ( ) ( ) important for analyzing micro hydro system, wastewater system, rainwater catchment, water auditing, and water 5.5 Bank-full index table statistics analysis and so on. The quality and various Bank-full index is the level of a flood plain of both banks a riverine activities depend on velocity of water (K. Schulze . channel. When the rate of discharge becomes high and it M. Hunger P.Döll 2005). For measurement and analysis flows at bank full level, it’s called bank full discharge. the river velocity, for assess the quality, for abnormalities Actually the effective discharge and bank-full discharge are various kinds of methods follows (Goring and so equal. Nikora 2002). For proper measurement of velocity of a & particular basin area, Current meter is very useful instrument. In channel of Hooghly (study area), the bank full level becomes very high in Rainy Monsoon season but it’s very (Where: V is velocity; D is river discharge and A means low in winter and late monsoon period. total area). In Hooghly river basin at Sajiara to Mayapur region the velocity rate is very high in Rainy-Monsoon and 5.6 Stream power late Monsoon season but in summer and winter season the Stream discharge, stream slope, rate of velocity all of these velocity rate comparably low as the river Hooghly highly are controlled by stream power. This power has a direct controlled by Monsoon. relationship with emotional and depositional process of channel. It has also a direct relationship with sediment 5.2 River discharge transport and channel shifting. The water flowing volume over the channel of river is called discharge. This volume is changeable seasonally. Riverine (Where Ω is the stream power, ρ is the density of water activity, Storage factors in basin, amount of precipitation, (1000 kg/m3), g is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 evaporation these all factors control the discharge rate of m/s2), Q is discharge (m3/s), and S is the channel slope). channel. This rate can be measured in the unit ―cubic By measuring various tools and factors it have noticed that, meters per second (cumecs)‖. the rate of stream power of Hooghly belongs in high scale ( ) ( ) ( ) level than surrounding rivers in lower Ganges region. Discharge can also be expressed by mass and weight flow rate. For measurement the stream power of a channel the 5.7 Size of grain and particles analysis of peak flow (Phillips and Slattery, 2007; By sediment sample collection and analysis with sheaving Gartner, 2015), bank full flow (Fonstad, 2003), mean techniques, grain or particle size of both bank of river has annual flow (Finnegan et al., 2008; Larsen and measured. This variation of sediment size affected on Montgomery, 2012), mean annual maximum flow are so various physical, environmental and morphological activities important. These flow occurs with a particular interval like 2- related to the deltaic depositional system (Orton and year, 10-year, or 100-years (Reinfelds et al., 2004; Reading 1993). Mean analysis, sorting, skewness are very Phillips and Slattery, 2007; Phillips and Desloges, useful for calculating of grain-size analysis. Folk and word 2014). Divided channel method (DCM), single channel has given various formulas as like as mean deviation, method (SCM), the coherence method (COHM) and the standard deviation, skewness etc. exchange discharge method (EDM) are also useful for discharge analysis (Sahu et. al.2011). The mean deviation calculated by:

5.3 Carrying Capacity The carrying capacity of a river depends on power of water The standard deviation σ is expressed by: flow in river channel. Due to degradation and huge pollution, the rate of capacity may reduce and the sustainability also can reduce. The rate of capacity depends The coefficient of skewness expressed by: on velocity, discharge rate, bank full index etc mainly. The ( ) tidal power also effects on carrying capacity. The ( ). stretchable length of tidal effects in Hooghly River is 175

5.8 Channel shifting 5.10 River Channel Cross profile Channel shifting is a dynamic and natural geomorphic Due to change of riverine criteria, activities and factors, the phenomenon. It is mainly controlled by different factors of bed features of channel Hooghly (Sajiara to Mayapur channel. This area are locates under Bengal basin and part region) have changed with different passage of time. The of lower Ganges region. So, the surface region is very analysis of different course of channel mainly shows the flexible and lateral erosion is so active. In study area, land channel cross sectional variety (Ghosh & Mistri 2012). sat data year of 1978, 1989, 1999, 2019 have collected and Various kinds of riverine features and morphological by GIS software these all are analyzed. The sedimentation characteristics can be depicted by channel cross sectional analysis, with different sediment sample collection and by profile. In the study area, the way of channel has changed year wise land sat imagery data shows the decadal with the change of time. By collection of DEM data, different changing course of channel. cross profile have drawn on different position of channel and analyzed by GIS software. 5.9 Sedimentation analysis Sedimentation is a process of submerging suspended 5.11 Ox-Bow-Lake as an ecotourism region The channel materials. These materials are mainly clay, sand, silt and shifting is main cause for formation of Ox-Bow-Lake. It is related particles, present in flowing water. The relation named as Chupi-Char. By deep observation, photography between rate of high velocity, high discharge, high bank full taking and spot interviewing method, these criteria have condition and sedimentation is negative respectively. Mainly analyzed. It is an ecotourism place. Various tourists come sedimentation occurs due to powerless condition flow of here in every year. The questionnaire survey and face to water. On the basis of submerged suspended particles in face conversation has done with tourist people. Besides of different zone of river bank, four different sedimentation it, various related information have collected by local tank can be identified as like as Inlet zone, settling zone, people, hotel and motel supervisor, tour guide and door to sludge zone and outlet zone. Sediment control door survey. programmers’ and climatic change records are very important for given idea about stream of sediment sensitively (walling and fang 2003).

6.0 Result and Findings

6.1 Various criteria of River Hooghly at study area Sajiara to Mayapur

Various Velocity Discharge Carrying Capacity Slope (In Bank full-Index Width Stream-power Criteria ( ) (cubic mt. / second) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) of river 102,566,746.68 15245.44 Hooghly 5.70 45.92 0.6865 650 332.00

Table 1: Comparisons between both the rivers on the basis of their selected criteria

6.2 Interrelation among those criteria

Interrelation between Streampower and Interrelation between Stream power and Discharge 150000000 velocity

150000000

100000000 100000000 50000000 50000000

0 0 Stream PowerStream Discharge Stream Power Velocity Stream Stream (cubic mt. / (mt/minut power power second e) Series1 15245.44 102,566,746.68 Series1 5.7 102,566,746.68

Interrelation between Streampower and Interrelation between Stream power and Carrying Capacity Slope

150000000 150000000 100000000 100000000 50000000

50000000 0 Streampower StreamPower Slope in Stream 0 Carrying Capacity (mt^2/s.) Stream power Degree power Series1 45.92 102,566,746.68 Series1 0.6865 102,566,746.68

Interrelation between Width and Interrelation between Velocity and

20000 Discharge Carrying capacity 800 15000 600 400 10000 200 5000 0 Carrying 0 Avedrage Width Capacity StreamPower Discharge (mt) Velocity Carryingcapacity (cubic mt. / (mt^2/s.) (mt/minute) second) Series1 332 650.00 Series1 5.7 15245.44

Figure 4: Interrelation trend line

6.3 Cross profile in different section of study area

Cross section G-H Cross section at E-F

20 16 18 14 16 14 12 12 10 10 8 8

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 Ox-Bow-Lake Place: Mayapur

Cross section at I-J

22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 Place: Ox-Bow-Lake

Figure 5: Channel cross section at different position in study area

7.0 Discussion

7.1 Course of river channel (Rupnarayan & Mundeswari) in different year

Figure 6: Channel shifting in different course

7.2 Channel shifting and formation of Ox-Bow Lake rainy season when the devastating flood occurs in river Due to geo-tectonic movements, the channel of River Hooghly, an overflowing situation occurs and flooded this Hooghly has changed in many times. In this zone the lake completely. In pre-monsoon period, the spatial range tectonic plates are locates in a collision movement position. of spatial extent of water is 2.075sg.km to3.15sg.km. The The Survey of India has published a topographic sheet in water quality data of Purbasthali shows the excellent 1973 with the remote sensing images of 1989-90&1992-93, qualities of all the parameters in drinking water of this show the formation procedure and changing various region. The vegetations of the area are portrayed by the geomorphic phenomenon of this wetland. Channel shifting arborescent species. For example; Neem (Azadirachta is a natural dynamic phenomenon. Various kinds of factors indica), Amlaki (Phyllanthus embica), Coconut (cocos and process are related on it. With GIS methods, by the nucifera), , Krishnachuda (Caesalpinia Pulcherrima), Am land-sat data analysis from 1979 to 2019, it has noticed (Mangifera indica L.) and shrubby species likes Ashsheoda that, in-between Sajiara to Mayapur, the river Hooghly is (Glycosmis pentaphylla Corr.) and so on ("Purbasthali" – not flowing in its previous course of way. This zone is the news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR; January part of Bengal Basin. It is definitely a flexible zone and 2019). lateral erosion is so active. This river is highly dominated by Monsoon season. The seasonal variation of velocity and 7.4 Chupi-Char (Ox-Bow-Lake) as an Ecotourism region discharge transform the valley into unstable condition. It is This Chupi-Char also named as Chupi wetland. It is the actively creates bank erosion and this is the primary stage best habitat for visiting migratory birds. Various birds come of channel movement. In the study area Sajiara to Mayapur, to here in winter (Dec - Feb). During winter period, due to yearly variation of different channel course (Calculation by abandoned of various colorful migratory birds, this area has different landsat imagery) proves that, the channel has developed as an ecotourism place. In winter seasons’ shifted in a particular decadal rate. In present, the suitable weather 108 to 110 bird species can observe detachment part is properly belongs as an Ox-Bow-Lake. (Amat J.A., Green A.J. 2010). The lake is resided by lots This lake and its surroundings are named as Chupi-Char. of local birds as well as bronze winged jacana, common redshank, cotton pigmy goose; black winged stilt are found 7.3 Present status of Ox-Bow Lake (Chupi-Char) in Purbasthali, Chupi-lake. Local birds such as common- At Purba-Barddhaman district, Purbasthali is a large block yna, spot wild dove, sacker falcon, kingfisher, and yellow- adjoining with Ox-Bow Lake (Chupi-Char). It is 120 km footed green pigeon, laughing dove, red vented bulbul, distance from Kolkata and 8 km from holy town babbler and black kites, common tailorbirds are observed in of Nabadwip. It belongs at Western bank of Hooghly River. Chupi- char area. Resident bird species includes pheasant It locates between the geographical coordinates from 88° tailed jacana, purple moorhen, purple heron etc (Ali, S. 19’ 45" to 88° 22’ E longitude and 23° 26’ to 23° 26’45" N 2002). A huge number of tourists comes here in every year latitude. From the present main channel flow of Hooghly and various small guest house, private hotel, Boating River, this Ox-Bow-Lake is locates at the distance of 1 km facilities ,watch tower for watching migratory birds, metal near of Chupi-kasthosali but in near of Sankarpur it is road, picnic spot etc has build for suitable staying and 530mt distanced. This lake is the part of River Hooghly. In enjoying this place. Around of this region; Krishnan agar,

Mayapur, Kalna and Nabadwip are also attracting tourists. Hooghly, Howrah, Purulia, Bankura, and Sundarban and Mayapur is famous for Lord Krishna. Nabadwip is famous out of West Bengal; a little number of tourist comes from for being the birth place of the Hindu saint, Sri Chaitanya Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha in every year. This Mahaprabhu. Kalna is famous for Rajbari and various place is so suitable and favorable for tourists in winter temples. Samudragarh and Natangram are very important season. And have a huge diversity of bird species for tourists for vast stretches of greenery and cultures of (Gregory, R. 2006). But in present; due to pollution, local villages. There have many hotels, lodge, home, environmental hazards, human effects, weathering cottages and this lake side’s environment is very suitable disturbance have decline the appearance of these species for enjoining tourists. It is very favorable place for bird (Rottenborn, S.C. 1999). Government and local people are lovers. Child- Park is a great attraction for kids. Watch very aware about this condition as it’s a suitable and Tower is significant for bird watching. The Ox Bow Lake, cheerful region. It probably thinks that, it has a light future, named as Chupi char is also significant for researchers. formation as a glorious tourist spot, because from the There have also various tour guides. The rates are present trend of tourist in every year, it can be identified as 150/hours for boats and 100/hours for guides. For special a special Ecotourism region. attracting of this place various tourists come from Kolkata,

7.5 Flow of tourist from WB and out of WB; seasonal variation of tourist and different bird species at Chupi-Char (Ox- Bow-Lake)

Fig 7: Tourist flow chart

Fig 8: Seasonal variation of Tourist and bird species

7.6 Chupi surroundings scenario

Fig 9: Chupi surrounding Scenario

Local landscape of that region is mainly nature centric. as government effort but very little transformation of the They are utilized the riverine flood place with subsistence natural landscape. So therefore, development of tourism farming. Migratory birds are coming within this wetland are mainly depends on principles of local ecosystem during winter from different parts of the world. Verities of maintaining proper balance or harmony between man and birds are attracted by tourist and their mainly came within nature. Wetland vegetation, deciduous varieties of species, this place due to bird sanctuary, picnic, nature centric solar project, pollution free water as well as greenies landscape and also for favorable tourist place within limit scenario are important characteristics of this tourist place. from this like Mayapur, Nabadwip, Kalna, Guptipara etc. The area was developed mainly as an eco-village with This landscape is gradually modified by local people as well wetland ecosystem.

8.0 Concluding Remarks

Fig 10: A- Main channel and mid channel bar; B- Tidal bar; C- Stable land; D- Channel curvature; E- Yazoo system stream; F- Stable point bar; G- Tidal and lateral sand bar; H- Mud flat region and vegetation cover region on stable mid channel bar

Considering channel shifting process from 1978-2019 that [10] Mukheijee RK (1938) The changing face of is 41 years span. It is interesting that course of river are C.U Press, Kolkata. pp15-12(1) gradually changing within this place based on principles of Rottenborn, S.C. (1999) Predicting the impacts of mechanism of Ox-Bow-Lake formation. This is very slow urbanization on riparian bird communities. transformation of channel Morphometry but in course of Biological Conservation, 88, 289-299. time isolated Ox-Bow-Lake is important fluvial features. The [11] Ali, S. (2002) The Book of Indian Birds (13th other important fluvial features, due to shifting course of Edition) Published by Bombay Natural History main channel are mud flat, channel cut off, Yazoo System Society, Oxford University press. River, mid channel bar, tidal bar etc. Formation lf Ox-Bow- [12] Amat J.A., Green A.J. (2010) Waterbirds as Lake is a natural phenomenon of channel morphology and Bioindicators of Environmental it also identified the paleo channel of Main River as well as Conditions.Conservation Monitoring in Freshwater present situation of main channel and development of Habitats, Springer Netherlands, 45-52 different morphological scenario and it is well known [13] Gregory, R. (2006) Birds as biodiversity indicators example between river shifting process as well as for Europe. Significance (3) 106-110 development of settlement based on paleo channel. The [14] Jorvinen, O., Vaisenen, R.A. (1978) Recent economy of that region is well known example of river changes in forest bird population in Northern based economy and there is a close interrelationship Finland. Anim. Zool.(15) 279-289. between river and man. But the main philosophy of the [15] "Hugli River - river, India". development of the area is nature centric that is wetland [16] "District". Voiceofbengal.com. based economy with proper harmony with natural [17] "Hugli River". Encyclopædia Britannica. environment. Retrieved 8 July 2016. [18] https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgo 9.0 Reference og The AIN I AKBARY ABUL FAZL ALLAMI Vol- [1] Basu SR (2012) Impact of the River Ganga on 2,Translated by Colonel H.S.Jarrett published by cultural tradition of Riparian people in West Bengal. The Asiatic Society of Bengal Printed at the Baptist Geogr Rev India 74(4):425-429 Mission Press in 1891 Calcutta page-120. [2] Basu SR Chakrabarti S (1972) Some consideration [19] https://archive.org/details/Hooghly Jelar Itihas of of the decay of the Bhagirathi Drainage system. Sudhir kumar Mitra/ page no 792 (original book) In processiding of symposium on Bhagirathi- internate page 806[dead link] Hooghly Basin. CU pressKolkata, pp 59-77 [20] Chakraborty, Satyesh C. "The Story of River Port". [3] Colebrooke RH (1797) Chart of the Ganga from Kolkata Port Trust. Archived from the original on Colgong to Hurrisonkur exhibiting the state of its 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2007-12-10. island and sands during the dry season, about 90‖ [21] Sanyan T (2008) On the Ganga, Facts Less by 25‖(measure later), 1mile to 1 inch . In royal Known. Best Books Publication, Kolkata 70–120 astronomical society (eds), vol2. London, pp 1-63 [22] Sherwill WS (1858) Report on the rivers of [4] Fridkin JF (1945) A laboratory study of the Bengal. Savielle printing and Publishing Co.Ltd., meandering of alluvial rivers. US waterways Kolkata, pp 1–18 Experiment station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1-33 [23] Allen JL (1965) A review of the origin and [5] Hirst FC (1915) Report on the Nadia rivers. characteristics of recent alluvial sediments. Reprinted in rivers of West Bengal , by Gazetteers Sedimentology 5:89–191 Dept.in 2002 vol 3. Kolkata,pp 1-80 [24] Anderson MG, Walling DE, Bates PD (1996) [6] Hunter WW (1876) A statistical account of bengal Floodplain processes. Wiley, Chichester (Murshidabad and Pabna), vol9 Trubnerand co. [25] Bagchi K (1944) The Ganges Delta. Calcutta London pp 91-97 University Press, Kolkata [7] Islam A (2013) Integrating Channel instability, bank [26] Basu SR (1964) A study of the Bhagirathi River. erosion and landuse planning along the left bank of The Observer. Students Geographical river Bhagirathi in Nadia district ,West Bengal. J Association, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, p 10 river Res inst river behave control 34.11-6 [27] Basu SR, Sen A (1997) A study on the recent [8] Rudra K (2011) The Encroaching Ganga and social changes (1978–1992) in the morphology of River conflicts: the case of West Bengal. India. Hooghly. Indian J Geomorphol 2(1):39–49 Department of Geography, Habra S.C. Mahav [28] Basu SR, Sen A, Ghosh A (1966) A study on the idyalaya (College), West Bengal, India. morphology and hydrological changes of the Hugli Unpublished paper 19-32 River during 1973–1993. Natl Geogr XXXI(1, [9] Rudra K (2010) Banglar Nadikatha, Sahitto 2):57–58 Sanghod (in Bengali). Kolkata, pp 20-23 [29] Jones LS, Schumm SA (1999) Causes of Roy S (2015) Bank erosion, channel instability and avulsion: an overview. In: Smith ND, Rogers J consequent socio-economic problems: a case (eds) Fluvial sedimentology VI. Blackwell, Oxford, study of Hooghly River, West Bengal (India). J pp 171–178 River Rcs Inst River Bchav Control 35:75-90 [30] Keen-Zebert A, Tooth S, Rodnight H, Duller GT, Rennell J (1781) An account of the Roberts HM, Grenfell M (2013) Late quaternary Ganges and Burrampooter rivers. floodplain reworking and the preservation of Communicated by Joseph Bank, London, alluvial sedimentary archives in unconfined and 87-114

confined river valleys in the eastern interior of [46] Rudra, K.(1987): Quaternary History of Lower South Africa. Geomorphology 185:54–66 Ganga Distributaries, Geographical Review of [31] Kiss T, Blanka V (2012) River channel response India, 49(3), pp.38-48. to climate and human induced hydrological [47] River Basin Atlas of India,1985 changes: case study on the meandering Hernád [48] Sherwill, W.S.(1858): Report on the Rivers of River, Hungary. Geomorphology 175–176:115– Bengal, Selections from the Records of the Bengal 125 Government, 29, G.A. Savielle Printing and Pub. [32] Kiss T, Fiala K, Sipos G (2008) Alterations of Co. (Ltd.), Calcutta, pp.4. channel parameters in response to river [49] Mondal,M and Satpati,LN (2012).Morphometric regulation works since 1840 on the Lower Tisza setting and nature of bank erosion of the Ichhamati River (Hungary). Geomorphology 98(1–2):96–110 River in Swarupnagar and Baduria blocks 24- [33] Kondolf GM (1997) Hungry water: effects of dams Parganas (N) West Bengal,Indian Journal of and gravel mining on river channels. Environ Spatial Sciences.3.2(35-41) Manag 21(4):533–551 [50] Bandyopadhyay,MK and [34] Sanyal J, Lu XX (2005) Remote sensing and GIS- Bandyopadhyay,SRetrogradation of the Western based flood vulnerability assessment of human Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta(India and settlements: a case study of Gangetic West Bangladesh):Possible Reason. National Bengal, India. Hydrol Process 19:3699–3716 Geographer vol-xxxi(1996), pp.105-128. [35] Schumm SA (2007) Rivers and humans— [51] Fergussian,J(1863) On recent changes in the delta unintended consequences. In: Gupta A (ed) Large of the Ganges, West Bengal district Gazetteers, rivers geomorphology and managaement. Wiley, River of Bengal, vol-1,pp.189-191,218-222. Chichester, pp 517–550 [52] Prasad S.N.,Ramchandra T.V., Ahalya N., [36] Sinha R (1996) Channel avulsion and floodplain Sengupta T., Kumar ., Tiwari A.K., Vijayan V.S. structure in the Gandak-Kosi interfan, north Bihar and Vijayan L.(2002). Conservation of wetland of plains, India. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphol NF, India – A review. Suppl.-Bd, 103, 249–268 [53] Tropical Ecology, 43(1),173-186 [37] Sinha R, Ghosh S (2012) Understanding [54] Chowdhury . Santanu (2017). Assessment of water dynamics of large rivers aided by satellite remote quality and phytoplankton divdersity of purbasthali sensing: a case study from lower Ganga plains, oxbow lake, westbengal, India. India. Geocarto Int 27(3):207–219 [55] Kumar., J.P. Sati., P.C. Tak., J.R.B.Alfred. (2005) [38] Slingerland R, Smith ND (2004) River avulsions Handbook of Indian wetland birds and their and their deposits. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci conservation. Director Zoological Survey India. . 32:257–285 [56] Roy MB, Samal NR, Roy PK, Mazumdar A [39] Tandon SK, Sinha R, Gibling MR, Dasgupta AS Watershed management with special emphasion (2008) Late quaternary evolution of the Ganga fresh water wetland; A case study of a flood plain Plains: myths and misconceptions, Recent wetland in west Bengal. India. developments and future directions. Gold Jubil [57] Roy MB, PK, Mukhergee T: Environmental Threat Mem Geol Soc India 66:259–299 To Wetland Biodiversity On Migratory Bird: A Case [40] Vandenberghe J, de Moor JJ, Spanjaard G (2012) study of Peri Urban Area of West Bengal. Natural change and human impact in a present- [58] Yen, B. C. (1965). Characteristics of subcritical day fluvial catchment: the Geul River, Southern flow in a meandering channel. Netherlands. Geomorphology 159–160:1–14 [41] Wadia DN (1975) Geology of India, 4th edn. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi [42] Williams GP, Wolman MG (1984) Downstream effects of dams on alluvial rivers. United States Govt. Printing Office, Washington [43] Xu K, Milliman JD, Yang Z, Xu H (2007) Climatic and Anthropogenic impacts on water and sediment discharges from the Yangtze River (Changjiang), 1950–2005. In: Gupta A (ed) Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. Wiley, Chichester, pp 609–626 [44] Hirst, F.C.(1915): Report on the Nadia Rivers, Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1916, reprinted on West Bengal District Gazetteers, Rivers of Bengal, v.3, part 1, pp.3-13, 20-30, 36-53. [45] Rennell, J.(1788): Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan or the Mughal Empire, M. Brown, London, pp.251- 258.