PRE-CONFERENCE ISSUE D-PACIFIC

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF I HE PANAIOFIEIC UNION /934 it+ t. Featuri '3 C

The Third Pan-Pacific Women's Conference By Ann Y. Satterthwaite, Secretory

The Melbourne Centenary By Arthur H. O'Connor

New Zealand, Land of Geysers and Volcanoes By Dr. Harold T. Stearns

e Gorges of the Yangtsze Kiang By Dr. Bolivar Lang Falconer

The Philippine Republic By Alexander Hume Ford

Vol. XLVII. No. 4. APRIL-JUNE, 1934 25 Cents o Copy ... . ai 0.11r filw-liarmr fttga3itr : ,, CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD A . XLVII. +..s vol. No. 4 . f- g 5 k CONTENTS FOR APRIL-JUNE, 1934 1.1. ..= -i, 17.! k 41' 4; The Third Pan-Pacific Women's Conference - - - - 303 4 By Ann Y. Satterthwaite 4 0 • , 4 - The Sensory Appeal of Sight in Hawaii 311 • By Maurice Hill • 1,.•' • 14 New Zealand, Land of Geysers and Volcanoes - - - 321 • 4,_, By Dr. Harold T. Stearns • (, • i • Mia-Mia to Metropolis, Melbourne Centenary - - - - 327 By Arthur H. O'Connor 14 A Voyage Through the Gorges and Rapids of the • (4.. Yangtsze River 333 st • Ti... By Dr. Bolivar Lang Falconer, F.A.G.S. • $ 4 The Japanese Ideal of Harmony 343 .1 'I By Ken Kawachi 5 .1 i The Philippine Republic 347 .1 By Alexander Hume Ford • .1 Education of Girls in Fiji 349 By A. Maud Griffin al , t Some Impressions of Canada 353 .1 By W. G. Crossle • 1 .1 Scenic Beauty of Korea 359 .10 Index to Volume XLVII (January to June, 1934, inclusive) 364 .1 4 Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Vol. IX, No. 2 365 L4 .1 .1 4 Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, New Series No. 170 - 381 . .1 4 .1

Oilit 4-• Quarterly filib-Varifir fflagazine / PublishedsetirIntheUnitedtatesandpossessns$3.00inajvanee.Vadaandkx0$3:2g.W byALEXANDER HllEEORtPan-Pactlic CuiBuiltHonoluLH.Yarly sub- • -i-- I For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single Copies, 25c. I Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. Permission is given to reprint any article from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. . ___ , ,alurunaRanpzan,arrunvnui • .414/40A. _____ ' Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Ltd. 302 THE MID-PACIFIC

Miss Jane Addams, of Hull House, international chairman of the First Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, .1928, being greeted by the director of the Pan-Pacific Union, Alexander Hume Ford. THE MID-PACIFIC 303

Mrs. Francis M. Swanzy, Hawaii, honorary president, and Dr. Georgina Sweet, Australia, presi- dent, of the Pan-Pacific Women's Association.

The Third Pan-Pacific Women's Conference By ANN Y. SATTERTHWAITE Secretary, Pan-Pacific Union

Delegates to the Third Pan-Pacific ment representatives from other member Women's Conference, to be held in Hono- countries are planning to attend. lulu this August, are already arriving, Dr. Dr. Georgina Sweet of Melbourne, Eleanor Stowe Bancroft of Mills Col- Australia, is president of the Pan-Pacific lege, California, heading the list. The last Women's Association under whose auspi- to arrive will probably be Miss Winnif red ces the conference is being held, with the Kydd of Canada, who will come direct assistance of the Pan-Pacific Union. Sev- from a triennial meeting of the Inter- eral important international gatherings national Council of Women in Paris, and have been held in Hawaii by the Union will fly across the United States in order on the subjects of science, education, the to be on time for the opening session on press, commerce, fisheries, food conserva- August 8th of this two weeks' gathering tion, surgery, and women's interests. of women from lands bordering on the During the Pan-Pacific Food Conserva- Pacific. The importance of this meeting tion Conference in 1924 the late Hon. may be recognized from the fact that the Mark Cohen, of the New Zealand Legis- United States government will send dele- lature, inspired by the work of Mrs. gates from its Interior, Labor and Agri- Francis M. Swanzy in many lines of wel- cultural Departments. Additional govern- fare activity in Hawaii, suggested a 304 THE MID-PACIFIC

women's or mothers' conference. The of their race, all of high birth, and ex- founder and director of the Pan-Pacific cellently qualified to take part in the pro- Union, Alexander Hume Ford, imme- gram. Mrs. Elizabeth B. Taylor of diately took up the idea and worked to- Christchurch, the national chairman of the ward its culmination in August, 1928, the Pan-Pacific Women's Association in New date being determined by the promise of Zealand, states that in any session devoted Miss Jane Addams of Hull House to he to Polynesian culture they will be able present as international chairman. Mrs. to make valuable contributions. Mrs. Swanzy was chosen honorary chairman of Hariata Te Mauharanui Colwill and Mrs. the First Pan-Pacific Women's Confer- Victoria Te Amohau Bennett are half - ence and is now honorary president of the Maori, charming, cultured women, and Pan-Pacific Women's Association—a per- Miss Miria Paiki is a full-blooded Maori manent organization of Pacific women whose family has never crossed with which resulted from this first conference other races, a fact of which her relatives in 1928 and a second also held in Hawaii are exceedingly proud. Miss Paiki is a in 1930. young nurse of twenty-one, specializing in In the Pan-Pacific Union's plan of tuberculosis. She is the inaugural secre- bringing together from time to time, in tary of the Arowhenua Maori Institute, friendly conference, leaders in all lines has a knowledge of ancient Maori culture, of thought and action in the Pacific area, singing, dancing, mythology, Pa commun- it calls and finances a first meeting, the al life, and other phases. members of which are expected to form Mrs. Colwill is the daughter of the late an autonomous body for the purpose of Hon. William Swanson, M.L.C., one of arranging subsequent meetings. The First Auckland's earliest settlers, and Ani Pan-Pacific Science Conference held in Rangitunoa, a chief tainess of the Ngati- Hawaii, fulfilled all expectations and has Kahungunu tribe of the East Coast. Mrs. held further meetings at three-year in- Bennett is a lineal descendant of the first tervals in Australia, Japan, and Java, with Maori to come in their canoes from Ha- the fifth and latest in Canada in 1933 waiiki. Her great-grandfather, Tautara, after a four-year interval. It was not, chieftain of the Te Atiawa tribe, was however, until after the Union had called known as "The Peacemaker." She will and financed the first and second women's bring to the conference samples of Maori conferences that the Pan-Pacific Women's handicraft, including weaving which she Association was formed with thirteen does herself. Both she and Mrs. Colwill charter member countries represented and have a knowledge of old Maori customs, with the following objects : and both are leaders in social welfare. a. To strengthen the bonds of peace among Plans are also under way to bring a fourth Pacific people by promoting a better under- standing and friendship among the women Maori delegate, Princess Te Puea He- of all Pacific countries. rangi, a leading Maori chief tainess. b. To initiate and promote cooperation among the women of the Pacific region for the Other members of the New Zealand study and betterment of existing social con- delegation to date are Miss Ellen Mel- ditions. ville, a brilliant attorney who has been Delegates are limited to twenty-five in active practice in Auckland for over from each of the member countries, with twenty years, is a solicitor of the supreme five associates, the national chairman in court of New Zealand and an experienced each of the member countries being re- public speaker both in her own country sponsible for their choice. and in England ; Miss Alice H. G. Basten, The delegation from New Zealand a certified public accountant of Auckland, promises to be one of the most colorful who, with her sister, conducted a large and interesting, as among its members are commercial college and formed a partner- three Maori women, direct representatives ship of the only practicing woman public Australia was the first member country of the Pan-Pacific Women's Associa- tion to perfect the organization of its national committee. Dr. Georgina Sweet, chairman of the Australian delegation, who was elected international president at the Second Pan-Pacific Women's Conference in 1930, remained the acting chairman of the Australian Committee until the appointment of Dr. Ethel McLennan, Associate Professor of Botany, University of Melbourne. Other members of the committee are Mrs. Julie Rapke, honorary secretary, and Miss Elsie M. Griffin, honorary treasurer. It is expected that six delegates will be sent to this year's conference, including Mrs. J. W. C. Beveridge, Miss Florence Rothwell, and Miss Margaret Flynn. THE MID-PACIFIC 305

The Pleasanton Hotel will be headquarters for delegates. accountants and auditors in the Dominion for many years ; Miss Amy G. Kane, a member of the Wellington Hospital Board and intes- ested in many other welfare organizations ; Miss Mary M. Papps, a primary school teacher, and Miss L. Sul- livan, a retired teacher. Miss Elsie E. Andrews, secretary of the New Zea- land committee, and also a delegate (1930 and 1934), Industry—Miss Mary Anderson, Director, writers that further representatives may Women's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor. be expected. Mrs. Marie M. Keesing, also Social Questions—Dame Rachel Crowdy, Lon- of New Zealand, is an international proj- don, England (formerly with the League of ect director and coworker with Miss Nora Nations). W. Collisson of Melbourne, Australia, in The Conference Committee is constant- a preconference study for the section on ly striving to secure a fair distribution "National and International Relations." of leadership among the various member The five other sections of the program countries, and is especially pleased with with their international chairmen for pre- the Canadian representatives who have paratory study are as follows : been newly appointed for the 1934 con- ference—Dr. Macdonnell and Miss Win- Education—Dr. Ursilla Macdonnell, Dean of Women, University of Manitoba, Canada (as- nif red Kydd, international chairman of sisted by Dr. Geneva Misener, University of Al- the section on "National and International berta). Home Economics—Dr. Louise Stanley, Chief, Relations." Miss Kydd is president of the Bureau of Home Economics, U. S. Department National Council of Women of Canada, of Agriculture. and although one of the youngest mem- Health—Dr. Anna E. Rude, Director, Bureau of Maternal and Child Hygiene, Los Angeles bers of the conference, has already had County Health Department. wide experience in address- ing public meetings both in America and Europe. The entire Canadian delegation, with Miss Mary L. Bollert, Dean of Women, University of British Columbia, as chairman, ranks high in its educational attainments : Dr. Florence E. Dodd is Dean of Women at the University of Alberta, Mrs. Elizabeth Bailey Price, Vancouver, is president of the Canadian

An open lanai which will serve as a dining room for delegates. 306 THE MID-PACIFIC

Bishop Hall, Punahou School, the oldest American educational institution west of the Rocky Mountains, will again be conference headquarters.

Women's Press Club, and Mrs. Edward partment of Home Economics, University Mahon, Vancouver, is president of the of Manitoba. Board of Education. Other prospective Dean Bollert, who is also national chair- delegates are Miss Margaret Macintosh, man of the Pan-Pacific Women's Asso- Dominion Department of Labor, Ottawa ; ciation in Canada, passed through Hono- Dr. Evelyn Farris representing the Uni- lulu on June 7th en route to. Japan, where versity Women's Club of Vancouver, Dr. she and seven other deans of women of Pilcher, psychiatrist at the University of Pacific coast universities have been invited British Columbia, and Miss Duncan, De- to make a study of economic and in- THE MID-PACIFIC 307

Some distinguished leaders attending the Conference: Miss Winnifred Kydd, Canada; Miss Ellen Melville and Mrs. Hariata Te Mauharanui Colwill, New Zealand, and Miss Takako Kato, Japan. dustrial conditions for working girls. The tions Conference. Other names recently invitation was extended by Japanese cabled to the Hawaii committee are : women in order that Canadian and Ameri- "Koizumi, Matsushiro, Kawachi." Mrs. can-born Japanese girls seeking employ- Tamura, director of the cafeteria of the ment in Japan may know the conditions Tokyo Y.W.C.A., is accompanying Miss in advance. Difficulties encountered at Kato and will be a delegate in the Home present have made additional problems Economics section. Miss Iku Koizumi is for the Y. W. C. A. Dean Bollert will a teacher at Aoyama Gakuin Women's extend an invitation to the other deans to College. return with her via Honolulu as special China has promised a good delegation, delegates to the conference. Mrs. Mei Hua-Chuen, national chairman While the Canadian chairman was in of the Pan-Pacific Women's Association Honolulu, Miss Takako Kato, chief secre- in China, having written that Shanghai is tary of the Tokyo Y. W. C. A. and a definitely planning to send two delegates, member of the Japanese delegation, was Nanking two more, and perhaps Peiping also passing through en route to the states and Tientsin or Canton will add another. where she will make a pre-conference Mrs. Mei is chairman of the Joint Com- study of educational and social institu- mittee of Shanghai Women's Organiza- tions on the west coast. Mrs. Matsu Tsuji tions (representing women of all races) of Tokyo is national chairman of the Pan- and is a prominent writer and speaker Pacific Women's Association in Japan, on subjects pertaining to Chinese women's which is composed of such organizations status, work, and progress in China. Dr. as the Zen Way Koh, International Institute Women's Medical Association Hospital for Women and Children, Shang- Women's Suffrage League Primary School Teachers' Association hai, is second vice-president of the Pan- Young Women's Buddhist Association Pacific Women's Association (interna- Young Women's Christian Associations tional). Other Chinese women interested Women Writers' Club Women's Peace Association in the conference are Miss Ting Shu Women's Christian Temperance Union Ching, general secretary, Shanghai Y. W. Socialist Women's Federation C. A. ; Miss Cora Deng, industrial secre- Mrs. Tsune Gauntlett, chairman of the tary ; Mrs L. C. King, and Mrs. D. Y. Japanese delegation, (also a delegate to Lin, presidents respectively of the Shang- the First Pan-Pacific Women's Confer- hai and Nanking associations. ence in 1928) is well known in the United States mainland and in Europe where she Korea, whose national chairman is Dr. was one of the hearers of a peace petition Helen K. Kim, Dean of Women, Ewha signed by 80,000 Japanese women and College, Seoul, will probably be represent- presented to the. London Naval I,imita- ed by Miss You Hyun Kang, who will 308 THE MID-PACIFIC be studying at the Queen's Hospital, Siam, Indo-China, India, and several Honolulu, and Miss Mary Kim, who Latin American republics. will be returning to Korea after six years' Outstanding among the United States study on the United States mainland. Dr. mainland delegates will be government Kim is preparing material to be sent di- representatives from the Department of rect from Korea for the conference and Agriculture, the Interior, and Labor. Con- states that the recent visit of Miss Mary firmation has been received of the appoint- Cady, a member of the Hawaii committee, ment of Mrs. Anna L. Burdick, Federal has stimulated new interests. Miss Cady Board for Vocational Education, and of also conferred with the national com- Dr. Hildegarde Kneeland, Bureau of mittees in Japan and China. Home Economics. Miss Mary Anderson, Mrs. Maria Valdez-Ventura, College of director, Women's Bureau, Department Education, University of the Philippines, of Labor, is very anxious that the con- is national chairman of the Philippines ference take up on its agenda the ques- and writes that there is a general awaken- tion of the member countries ratifying the inng among their women to questions of International Labor Office Conventions. local, national, and international impor- Through her solicitation the International tance. They have recently acquired a new Labor Office at Geneva has been asked to legal right—that of being able to dispose send a representative. Early confirmation of their paraphernal property without the is expected also of the appointment of Dr. husband's consent. They have also Mary O'Malley, St. Elizabeth's Hospital, achieved the right of suffrage for which and Miss Bess Goodykoontz, Assistant they have been fighting for the last Commissioner of Education—both under twenty-five years. The cooperation of the Interior Department. Mrs. Edgerton President-elect Manuel Quezon was Parsons, program chairman for the con- sought on his recent triumphant return ference and chairman of the United States to the Philippines via Honolulu. He was mainland committee, has named to date asked, in view of his country's new gov- these additional delegates : ernmental status, to send at least six dele- Mrs. Grace Morrison Poole—President, Gen- gates, one in each section of the program. eral Federation of Women's Clubs, Washington, D. C. Probably the most traveled delegate at Miss Anne Seesholtz—Secretary, Council of the conference will be Miss Gwen Ather- Women for Home Missions, New York City ton, a teacher from Suva, Fiji, who will (formerly with Y. W. C. A. in China). Mrs. Ernest Thompson Seton—League of come direct from a furlough in England. American Pen Women, Greenwich, Conn. There is a possibility that Mrs. A. Barker, Dr. Eleanor Stow Bancroft — Mills College, California. the wife of Suva's mayor, will attend. Mrs. George Norman Campbell—Washington No names of delegates have been re- State Federation of Women's Clubs, Kalama. Mrs. Ambrose N. Diehl—San Francisco, Cal. ceived from the Dutch East Indies Dr. Nadina Kavinoky—Los Angeles, Cal. (chairman, Mrs. J. Carriere Lagaay), Mrs. George B. Mangold—National League American Samoa (chairman, Mrs. Helen of Women Voters, Los Angeles, Cal. Miss Alida V. Shinn—Mills College Nursery R. Wilson), and Mexico, all charter mem- School Department, California ber countries of the Pan-Pacific Women's Miss Mabel D. Vernon-8225 Lookout Mt. Avenue, Los Angeles, Cal. Association, which in 1930 numbered Several United States delegates are en- thirteen. A fourteenth will be added this gaged in special study projects suggested summer with the attendance of Mrs. E. V. for the 1934 program, outlines of which Davies, a Malayan teacher from Singa- have been distributed in other countries : pore (chairman, Mrs. Edwin F. Lee). General Education, including Vocational Guid- Other Pacific countries with whom the ance and Rehabilitation of Handicapped— central committee has corresponded and Miss Bess Goodykoontz, Assistant Commis- sioner, U. S. Bureau of Education, and Mrs. who may later join the Association are Anna Lalor Burdick, Federal Board for Vo- THE MID-PACIFIC 309

cational Education (joint international project Officers of the Association are Mrs. directors ) . Francis M. Swanzy, Hawaii, honorary Cinematograph and Radio—Mrs. Ambrose N. Diehl, Chairman of Motion Pictures, National president ; Dr. Georgina Sweet, Mel- Council of Women. bourne, Australia, president ; Mrs. A. H. Standards of Living Study—Miss Louise Stan- Reeve, Philadelphia, first vice-president ; ley, Ph.D., Chief, Bureau of Home Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Dr. Zen Way Koh, Shanghai, second Diaries of Housewives—Mrs. Edward Rice, Jr., vice-president ; Miss Alice C. Brown, Ha- New York City (formerly of Australia). waii, treasurer ; Ann Y. Satterthwaite, Infant and Maternal Hygiene, Oriental Project —Dr. Zen Way Koh, China. honorary secretary. Infant and Maternal Hygiene, Family Health— The International Council of the Asso- Dr. Kameyo Sadakata, St. Luke's Interna- ciation, composed of the officers above tional Hospital, Tokyo, and Dr. Nadina Ka- vinoky, Los Angeles (joint international proj- mentioned and the national chairmen of ect directors). the member countries, will form the Diet and Teeth—Miss Martha R. Jones, Ph.D., executive committee at the second meeting Ewa Health Center, Hawaii. of the Association to be held immediately Mental Hygiene—Dr. Mary O'Malley, Clinical Director, St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Washing- preceding the sessions of the Conference ton, D. C. in August. Industrial Hygiene—Dr. Ethel E. Osborne, Uni- Whether or not the Association's ex- versity of Melbourne, Australia. Industry Project—Miss Agnes L. Peterson, istence during the last four years has been Assistant Director, Women's Bureau, U. S. justified may be judged from the follow- Department of Labor. ing paragraph from the national chair- Government: National Policies Affecting Inter- national Relationships in the Pacific—Mrs. man of New Zealand, Mrs. Elizabeth Tay- Marie M. Keesing, New Zealand, and Miss lor, to the international president, Dr. Nora W. Collisson, Melbourne, Australia Georgina Sweet : (joint international project directors). "The research material gathered so far in Drugs, and Traffic in Women and Children— New Zealand is quite sufficient and quite chal- Dame Rachel Crowdy, London, England lenging enough for us to go on with the Pan- (formerly with League of Nations). Pacific Women's Association work here for The Family from a Normal Sociological Point some years to come, even if we never had of View—Miss Edna Noble White, Ph.D., another international conference, and I am hope- Director Merrill Palmer School, Detroit. ful that it may form the basis of a permanent Hawaii as a charter member country of body of women who will go on with the work the Pan-Pacific Women's Association is and keep in touch with other countries in the pursuit of a common womanhpod and desire for allowed the full quota of delegates, some peace and understanding in this Pacific area. of whom are already serving on the Ha- Why should diplomatic and other relationships waii Conference Committee, of which the fail for the time being to bring about a world order in keeping with humanity's highest needs chairman is Mrs. A. L. Andrews. Other and ideals." members of this committee are Mrs. Note : After going to press names of Francis M. Swanzy, honorary president additional delegates from the United of the Association, Mrs. C. Montague States Mainland were received as fol- Cooke, Dr. Martha Jones (director of lows : Mrs. Roberta C. Lawson, Tulsa, "Diet and Teeth" project), Dean Leonora Oklahoma, and Dr. Josephine L. Pierce, Bilger, (Education), Dr. Carey Miller Lima, Ohio, both vice presidents of the (Home Economics), Dr. Muriel Cass General Federation of Women's Clubs, (Health), Miss Alice C. Brown (In- also Dr. Mary O'Malley, Clinical Di- dustry), Miss Sarah Mathews (National rector, St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Wash- and International Relations), Miss Mary ington, D. C., a representative of the In- Cady (Social Questions), Dr. Anita Wil- terior Department. Dr. O'Malley is in- son Harper (Mental Hygiene, a subdivi- ternational project director of the Mental sion under Health), Ann Y. Satter- Hygiene study project under the Health thwaite, secretary. Section. 310 THE MID-PACIFIC

Gazing shoreward, glimpses of golden crescent beaches fringed with coconut palms greet the traveler. THE MID-PACIFIC 311 The Sensory Appeal of Sight in Hawaii By MAURICE HILL

Of all the five senses, con- sisting of sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch, that one desig- nated as sight gives to the hu- man being his most delightful, satisfying and enduring sensa- tions. Can you imagine a world without form ? And, having once known the life and charm of color, could you conceive of, or be content with a sphere de- void of these glorious tints? To both of these questions I feel certain your answer would be in the negative ; for it takes form and color going hand in hand to make a world appreciable to the eyes of man. Some portions of our earth are more intricate in form and rich coloring than others ; and it is to these especially favored wonderlands that man has ever come, even from the ends of the world, to indulge to the fullest, through the medium of sight, his love of the beautiful. 3 view from the Halekulani Hotel at Waikiki. Of these scenic showgrounds there are many, but to Hawaii belongs the rightful honor of being one of The Hawaiian islands are of volcanic the most exotically formed and lavishly origin and are located in the mid-Pacific. colored lands in existence ; an honor be- considerably above the equator, in a lati- stowed upon her by those who have trav- tude with Mexico on its east, and south- eled extensively. Such well-informed ern China on its west. Although this travelers therefore do not question Ha- crossroads of the Pacific is visited almost waii's claim to being an earthly paradise; daily by vessels from all parts of the in fact, they are almost unanimous in de- world, it is said to be farther from land claring that here, and here alone, may be than any group of islands in any ocean. found the qualities conducive to peace, There are eight principal islands, and health and happiness, in their nearest ap- many tiny islets not shown on maps, proach to earthly perfection. which comprise the "Paradise of the Pa- As a further introduction to Hawaii, it cific." seems best to give a few facts in regard Of this group, the island of Hawaii is to its geographic location, formation, the not only the largest, but also the youngest, number and sizes of the more important geologically, being the only one incom- islands, as well as some idea concerning plete in its formation. This most south- their individual positions in the group. erly situated island of the group contains 312 THE MID-PACIFIC

4,015 square miles, and has a coastline of and shakes the sparkinlg white caps that 297 miles. spill their diamonds across the surface. Just north of the island of Hawaii is Flying fish leap from the depths, and Maui, the second in size, with an area of streak their silver way upon the wind. 728 square miles and a coastline of 146 Great legions of white cottony clouds trail miles. lazily over the eggshell blue of sky. How West of Maui are the two small islands near they seem to the ocean, how tranquil, of Lanai and Kahoolawe. A channel of and how beautiful ! Such sights as these considerable length is formed by these serve to whet the appetite for the feast islands on the western side, completed by of form and color which awaits. Maui and its northwestern neighbor, the Even the traveler of experience receives long island of Molokai on the east. a new feeling of stimulation and interest, West of Molokai is the Kaiwi Channel, on the eve of his arrival in Honolulu, separating this island from that of Oahu, which he has not known elsewhere. An which lies to the northwest. This latter atmosphere of exultation, of near fulfill- island is third in size, having an area of ment of a great desire, prevails through- 598 square miles, with a coastline of 177 out the ship. Everywhere, sounds of miles. It is 40 miles in length and 20 in laughter, song, and the dance suggest the width. spirit of carnival ; yet, with it all is a Kauai, northwest of Oahu, and fourth marked restlessness which can be noticed in size, has an area of 547 square miles, in the manners and expressions of the and a coastline of 106 miles. most reserved—a restlessness and impa- Niihau, one of the smallest and least tience which causes merrymaker and important of the eight principal islands, more seriously inclined voyager, one by is to be found to the west of Kauai. one, to steal out into the soft-winded and The islands are at comparatively short star-laden evening. Long, long into the distances from one another, ranging from night the watchers stand at the rail of the a few miles between Kahoolawe and boat and peer across the dark waters for Maui, and less than three hundred miles the first tiny flash from the island of Mo- between the island of Hawaii in the south, lokai : the beacon which brings the first and Kauai in the north. "aloha" from mysterious Hawaii now ly- ing so near. With the island foundations thus dis- closed by these bits of geographic knowl- All through the night is heard the pat- edge, one is ready to approach and ex- tering of feet along ship's corridor and amine the colorful settings that adorn the deck ; for, as some of those who have seen Hawaiian stage. the light from Molokai, retire, others arise to see the first bright gleam from The first trip to the islands is almost the lighthouse at Makapuu point, Oahu. invariably remembered as one of the Some there are who stay up all night in crowning thrills of a lifetime. There are order not to miss either one of these always many aboard ship who are return- flashes of light across Hawaiian waters. ing to their homes in Honolulu, and these Suddenly, out of the darkness ahead, residents, in their enthusiasm, have, comes a mighty sweep of light, warming throughout the journey, added fuel to the and thrilling the souls of the watchers. A pleasant anticipations of all new comers. new world has been reached—a world Long before the traveler lands, he is still void of form and revealing light. made aware of a change in the aspect of Hearts beat faster, and every eye is water, sky, and cloud effects. The former strained in the direction of that new, begins to take on ravishing hues of blue, great-blazing and searching eye, striving changing the former gray expanse to an to catch the first faint semblance of an undulating silken sea which shimmers outline. THE MID-PACIFIC 313

The lighthouse at Illakatuu Point.

It is a moment of real emotional inten- gray-black void there looms, abruptly, a sity, climaxing the five or six days spent high black cliff which rears itself like a at sea. All merriment is forgotten. Voices shadowy monster from the ocean's depths. are subdued ; many a group is silent ; Spellbound, one stands, observing this while here and there are seen those who new world evolve from departing night have found quiet spots to be alone during and sea. Slowly the darkness becomes this soul-thrilling moment, without a less black, the gray more pronounced ; sound to disturb its full significance. and with this change, the phenomenon Presently, that impenetrable curtain of grows, spreading and shaping itself in a the night begins to merge into the gray- marvelous way. It is a wonderful, awe- ness of coming day. And out of this some spectacle, this illusion of earthly 314 THE MID—PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 315 birth; a spectacle perhaps not unlike includes all those who have come under Oahu's real birth, when, in long ago ages, the living influence of its majestic pres- this island pushed its lofty peaks through ence. Its head or pinnacle, somewhat like the churning sea, parting the mighty a rough-cut diamond, forms the highest waters for untold centuries to come. point of a large sawlike rim which com- As the light increases, a rocky, hilly prises the mouth of the crater ; while the coast is dimly discerned, seeming but a steep and shaly sides of the extinct vol- vast, bare pile, colorless and desolate. Can cano are deeply grooved by the lava flows this be Hawaii, that green and flowered of past centuries. land immortalized in literature and song ? As the boat rounds Diamond Head, a On every side are heard expressions of most amazing panorama is laid in view. impatience for the slow coming of the A magnificent outline of high, jagged sun. What will it disclose ? Will there be, peaks piercing the clouds is seen in the after all . . . disappointment ? Or, will distance; from top to base are hung this island be, indeed, a dreamland of lovely tapestries closely woven from charm and enduring beauty ? Musing, countless varieties of vegetation of a hun- the traveler is bound to ask himself these dred shades of green ; while here and questions. there are the brighter threads of purple Slowly, surely, the translucent barrier and red of the bougainvillea which stand fades ; a new-born breeze wafts caress- out in bold relief. ingly from the nearby land ; the sound of Between, the mountains are peaceful a bird is heard from overhead ; there is a valleys sloping to the plains and adjacent bustle at the far end of the ship as sea- coast. Lovely homes dot the lower hills men hasten to open the hatches in prep- and valleys ; while from the verdant sides aration for hoisting goods from the hold ; of Punchbowl crater, the city of Hono- the clouds, now clearly visible in the lulu appears to gain in force, and then go heavens, become saffron and pink ; while sweeping down in unbroken line towards the sea begins to take on new life and the distant harbor. color. And then, up, up, pushing itself Gazing shoreward over the blue-green above the horizon, comes the sun. A burst sea with its purple streaks, one sees a of gold in chromatic hues floods firma- graceful crescent of golden sand lined ment, land and sea with radiant splendor, with palatial hotels which are set amid a and . . . it is dawn ! beckoning fringe of ironwood trees and And in the dawn, Oahu stands re- coconut palms. This is the world-famous vealed, a dazzling emerald between a Waikiki beach. foreground of opalescent water, and back- As the boat nears the harbor, a more ground of soft blue sky and ever-shifting comprehensive view of Honolulu is en- clouds. joyed. A city of skyscrapers ? No, in- Soon, Diamond Head is seen. This deed ! It is shown to be a big, overgrown gray-brown volcanic crater and promon- town, spreading over considerable terri- tory stretches itself into the ocean in a tory, and made up of one, two, and three- shape much resembling a gigantic lion, a story buildings, many of which are mod- lion reclining at ease with long paws ex- ern ; while others are of timeworn visage, tended in front, head erect, while the body some dating back to the early missionar- slopes back, untamed and tawny. This ies in the islands. Gibraltar of the Pacific, as it is often Once in the harbor, all eyes are cen- called, is known to all civilized nations. tered on the Aloha tower, and the nearing Prom ancient times, Hawaiians have pier. Native boys of splendid physique looked upon it with love and reverence, and sun-bronzed skin swim out to meet and today, this love for Diamond Head the boat. Crying lustily, they beg the voy-

316 THE MID-PACIFIC

over- e Rang

lau Koo

het 0

0

O 0

"fl

CZ CZ

.Cg O 0

'61

O

L O

O O

0 THE MID-PAC 1 F I C 317

KAUAI 0AI-1U

aneahe 0 MOLOKAI u wluk 30 MAUI _Lalama 0 a Nana

C)

The Hawaiian archipelago, the crossroads of the Pacific. agers, far up on the decks above, to throw the boat into the welcoming arms of Ha- out small coins. There are glints of silver waii ! towards the upturned hands, and as the Part II coins hit the water, each boy dives under, What wild exclamations of delight almost immediately arising with a piece arise from the visitor to Hawaii as he of money held triumphantly aloft. rides or walks through the residential Soon the ship draws close to the pier. sections of Honolulu. Enthusiasm knows The throng ashore wave their leis and no bounds. The sensory appeal of sight shout excitedly to friends and relatives is demonstrated in an abundant manner, who in return give shout for shout. The far exceeding all expectations. As the Royal Hawaiian band is quickly discov- newcomer goes on and on through the ered in the foreground as all aboard fol- fragrant and flower-lined streets, he feels low the sound of the welcoming "Aloha that this is, indeed, a fairyland, a para- Oe" to its source. The gangplank is low- dise . . . a land of which he has had many ered, and down this tiny bridge the arri- dreams, but dreams which seemed too vis- vals surge. Surely each one of them must ionary to realize until now. tremble with the sheer joy of the mo- Probably the first bit of garden color is ment—to some it means home and friends seen in some hibiscus hedge laden with —to others a new thrill . . . a new ex- those large and gloriously tinted blossoms perience. In another second each new- comer sees the realization of his long- which are the pride of Hawaii. Over five cherished dream as he steps safely from thousand varieties are said to grace these 318 THE MID-PACIFIC

islands, with almost every color repre- ders of a beautiful woman ; the blue, and sented except blue. The hibiscus has been the yellow alamanda cluster their blooms by law the flower of Hawaii since 1923 ; into poses of indescribable charm, draw- no flower is more profuse, and few more ing irresistibly towards them all who beautiful or more loved. chance their way ; the morning glory Then as the malihini (newcomer) pro- threads its pink and blue through every ceeds, he notices in quick succession a dreamer's garden ; while the haunting jas- host of exotic flowering trees, vines and mine showers lanai (veranda) and seques- flowers, the majority of which he has tered bowers with its white stars. never seen before. There are the golden, Then, there are the garden flowers, pink, and rainbow shower trees standing which are to be found, also, along the like great fluffy parasols on many a street lanes, the streets, and the highways. Be- and in countless gardens ; poincianas side the hibiscus which is seen at every flame along Wilder avenue, as the visitor, turn, there are a multitude of others. electrified, passes between a street-long Among these is the pink and the yellow row of these most brilliant of all Hawaii's .plumeria that make such exquisite and flowering trees ; the powder-blue jacaran- fragrant leis. These flowers grow on high, das nod their branches gracefully, shak- stalky tree-shrubs, and are found in many ing their hell-like flowers until they fall parts of Honolulu. as blue shadows on the ground ; olean- Late autumn brings the brilliant red ders of white and varying shades of pink poinsettias as well as the pink and yellow and red add their share of charm and of the same species. Could any place be loveliness ; while the tall African tulip unlovely with these magnificent petaled trees brighten the way with their orange banners flaunting vividly from hundreds lights. of pretty gardens ? I think not ; and when Over housetop, lattice, fence, and coral that place is Honolulu with its back- wall, and even in the tops of the trees are ground of natural scenic beauty, I am seen masses of tumbling radiance. Surely sure of it. From the bewildering array these are not vines but heavenly clouds of flowers greeting the eye of the visitor come to earth to rest on the abodes of may be discerned the red xorias, the vari- man. Everywhere the enraptured trav- colored lantana ; yellow, pink, white, and eler beholds these riotous blazes of red, red ginger, gardenias, spider lilies ; blue, purple, and brick-red which set fire to the pink and white water lilies, the rare bird houses, leaping up the sides and bursting of paradise, a wealth of pink begonias, seemingly from the roofs with a million and many, many others, to say nothing of tongues of flame. Such is Hawaii's most flowers common to more northern lands. common vine, the gorgeous bougainvillea. However, the color in residential Ho- If the time of the year is winter, the nolulu does not rest alone in its flowering "cup of gold," those great royal blossoms, trees, vines and flowers. The very foliage lift their yellow chalices to be filled with is rich in tints of surpassing brightness. the liquid sunshine, the golden wine of The various varieties of the croton shrub Hawaii. See these and you have seen that are sources of wonder and surprised ex- which constitutes real Hawaiian gold. clamations of delight as the traveler rev- The Mexican creeper with its delicate els in the shades of green, brown, yellow, but bright, pink, sweetpea-like flowers and red vying with one another for bril- and heart-shaped leaves, works intricate liancy. Trees in Hawaii are for the most figures in filigree as it twines and spreads part evergreen, though occasionally a tree itself over wall and hedge ; the scarlet is seen garbed in autumn gold. Ferns Kuhio vine clings to its walls, draping grow luxuriantly, including the none too itself like a flowered shawl on the shoul- hardy maiden hair fern. Each one of Ho- THE MID-PACIFIC 319

The night-blooming cereus epitomizes the charm of Hawaii's moonlight. nolulu's residential sections is suggestive heights are covered with verdure from of an enormous garden into which have base to crest, appearing blue or green been built the homes of man. This is in from a distance, according to the light. contrast to most cities where the garden Other mountains are gay with volcanic is marked by such distinct qualities as to clays ranging from Pompeian red to deli- separate it in character from its adjoining cate pink, from deepest yellow to faint gardens. Having seen the beauty of Ho- cream, while there are innumerable tints nolulu, the newly initiated is well pre- of brown and gray shading off into the pared for anything novel or lovely as he green of vegetation on the lower slopes. makes plans for tours about the island. Often these mighty steeps give the sem- A bus ride through Oahu gives one a blance of bleeding, as enormous splotches most comprehensive understanding and of volcanic red seemingly spring from appreciation of the form and beauty of their breasts to flow down through the this particular island. The greater portion tangled growth of yellow and green to of the ride will disclose interior Oahu as the valley below. Truly, the Great Art- a long fertile plain between two ranges of ist's paint box was upset in Hawaii, the steep and high-peaked mountains which colors drenching land and sea with intox- extend from one end of the island to the icating splendor—a splendor written in- other. The Koolau range is to the east delibly upon these exotic isles forever. and the Waianae to the west. This valley- A trip around coastal Oahu must be like plain is the home of agriculture, be- made part way by train and partly by bus ing dotted with pineapple and sugar cane or automobile. Starting from Honolulu fields. Numerous small plantation towns by the latter mode of transportation, the have sprung up near the sugar mills ; highlight of the entire excursion is both are interesting and well worth in- reached six miles from the city, when, spection. after traversing the lovely Nuuanu val- Varied are the views obtained of the ley one reaches the famous Pali. mountains on this trip. Some of the (To Be Concluded.) 320 THE MID-PACIFIC

Waimangu Geyser was the world's largest until it ceased about 1917 after the explosion of the adjacent Frying Pan Flat. THE MID-PACIFIC 321

Steaming holes and dazzling white-hot spring deposits occur at many places besides Whakarewarma, Tikitere, and Wairakei. New Zealand, Land of Geysers and Volcanoes By DR. HAROLD T. STEARNS A lecture accompanied by motion pictures given before the Pan-Pacific Science meeting, Honolulu, Friday, January 19, 1934.

New Zealand consists of two major side of the North Island and the west side islands, inhabited by Britons and Maoris, of the South Island. On the North Island lying in the South Pacific 1,200 miles this range seldom exceeds 6,000 feet, but east of Australia and about 5,000 miles on the South Island it forms veritable west of South America. Their area is Alps, which reach heights over 12,000 slightly more than 100,000 square miles or feet. Because the precipitation on this somewhat larger than that of Great Brit- high range is in excess of 200 inches a ain. It is not generally known that In- year, it is covered with glaciers some of vercargill is the southernmost city in the which reach within 800 feet of sea level. world and that the southernmost univer- This rugged glaciated range ranks among sity is at Dunedin. In spite of the near- the great scenic areas of the world. ness of New Zealand to the Antarctic, the My lecture tonight is going to deal with climate of most of the area is temperate the North Island only, because it is there and snow rarely falls in the large cities. one finds the active volcanoes, geysers, In fact, Auckland has a climate similar to and native Maoris. that of western Oregon or northern Cali- New Zealand possesses three volcanoes fornia. Wellington, on the south end of which have erupted in historic time ; North Island, is the capital of New Zea- namely, Tarawera, White Island, and the land. Tongariro massif on which Ngauruhoe A linear mountain range forms the east is the most active vent. White Island, 27 322 THE MID-PACIFIC

miles off shore in the Bay of Plenty, con- lowed with increased intensity and much tinually belches great columns of white rumbling until 2 a.m. when Tarawera ex- steam, and because of its constant activity ploded with a fearful roar heard 500 is called the safety valve of New Zealand. miles away. The air was sucked in with It is difficultly accessible and is uninhab- such rapidity that it prostrated a forest ited, although formerly sulphur was on one side of the volcano. At about 2 :30 quarried there. A phreatic or steam-blast a.m. Rotomahana Lake, which covered eruption destroyed the sulphur works and 185 acres, blew up, mantling the country annihilated the workers in 1914. for miles around with mud. The explo- Ngauruhoe, an explosive type of vol- sions began on the northeast side of Tara- cano, with spasmodic periods of ash mak- wera Mountain and progressively mi- ing and extravasation of pasty short grated southwest along a crack later wid- flows of andesite is quite unlike our Ha- ened into a gaping fissure 6 miles long. waiian volcanoes. It has a Fujiyama type A downpour of ash and mud, destroying of cone that rises 7,515 feet above sea the village and most of the inhabitants, level, and because it lies in an uninhabited fell at Wairoa until 6 a. m. and then sud- section its eruptions do no damage. denly a suffocating hot blast occurred. Tarawera is situated in the Rotorua Lightning and balls of fire played in- district nearly midway between Ngauru- cessantly in the ash cloud and both the hoe and White Island. Prior to its erup- lightning and explosion cloud were seen tion it was a mountain of rhyolite not from Auckland 120 miles away. The ex- different from many of the other adjacent plosion cloud reached a measured height dormant volcanoes. Except for slight of 44,500 feet, or over 8 miles in the air, changes in thermal activity and possibly and the ash, besides falling over 5,700 a submarine eruption in the Bay of square miles of land, was carried seaward Plenty some months before, there was for miles. It is estimated that a cubic mile little warning of an impending catastrophe of ash was ejected. Logs, some of them at Tarawera.1 three feet in diameter and 20 feet long, On the 31st day of May, two sudden were hurled four miles through the air rises of about a foot in height were noted from the forest where they grew. in Lake Tarawera adjacent to the vol- The mountain was hidden until the cano, but there were no other observed morning of the 13th, when the great Ta- premonitory warnings until one hour be- rawera Fissure was revealed. Phreatic fore the eruption. Heavy showers of rain explosions continued until August 6th and fell on the 9th of June after a long period dense columns of steam rose three miles of drought but very little change occurred into the air above Rotomahana Crater for in the barometer. It is noteworthy, as in days afterwards. Fortunately the region many other great volcanic eruptions, that was sparsely inhabited so that only 111 the moon shone bright on the night of people, most of whom were Maoris, were eruption and an eclipse of Mars occurred killed during the whole eruption. that night. It appears that the moon's pull Rotomahana Lake filled up again in six on the earth's crust frequently is sufficient years, and in 1900 Waimangu Geyser, the to trip the trigger of an impending vol- world's largest, broke out near the south- canic eruption. west end of the crack in Inferno Crater. At 1 a.m. on June 10, 1886, a slight This geyser was semi-volcanic in nature earth shock was felt at Wairoa, 8 miles because it threw up mud and rocks 1,500 west of Tarawera, and others soon fol- feet into the air every 36 hours. About 1917 the adjacent Frying Pan Flat blew The following data are largely obtained from up in a phreatic or steam-blast eruption Smith, P. S., "The eruption of Tarawera, New Zealand," a report to the surveyor general, 1887, which destroyed the hotel near by, and Wellington. thereafter Waimangu Geyser ceased. THE MID-PACIFIC 323

Maori children spend their days in hot pools.

The New Zealand Geological Survey in three areas known as Rotorua, Wairakei, mapping the pumice deposits of the vari- and Tikitere. ous eruptions stumbled upon the cause of The chief geyser area in Rotorua is at bush-sickness—a sickness which had re- the Maori village of Whakarewarewa. sulted in the death of many cattle and Maori women in brilliant light red coats sheep, and the cause of which many sci- and head wraps act as guides for a nom- entists had been unable to determine. This inal fee and the income from this work is sickness is a form of aenemia and is the main support of the village. Not far caused by animals grazing over land defi- from the native village is a replica of an cient in iron. It was found that areas un- ancient village or pas especially built for derlain by the iron-poor pumice, such as tourists. This is exceedingly valuable rhyolite, were areas of bush sickness. By from a historic viewpoint because the an- mapping the various ash showers it was cient Maori village, like the Hawaiian, has disappeared, and in its place is usually a possible to predict where bush sickness group of tin-roofed shacks. would occur, and preventive remedies The important difference between the could be provided, such as salt licks con- geysers in New Zealand and those in Yel- taining limonitic iron. This has led the lowstone National Park is that those in Survey into soil mapping in the volcanic New Zealand are youthful and associated areas. It is another case of a scientific with active volcanoes, whereas those in study with no immediate economic object Yellowstone are very old and the asso- becoming exceedingly valuable. ciated volcanoes are completely eroded In this general area there are dozens of away. Although at times a few of New dormant volcanoes, countless hot sulphur Zealand's geysers have played on a grand pools, steam vents, geysers, and mud scale, they are at present smaller than pots. Most of them are segregated in the those in Yellowstone and are very irregu- 324 THE MID - PACIFIC

Cooking and washing at Rotorua hot springs. The temples are carvel laboriously with stone tools. THE MID-PACIFIC 325

This magnificent geyser is seldom witnessed by passing tourists. lar, and except for a few small ones are Zealand's thermal districts are smaller in seldom witnessed by the passing tourist. area than those in Yellowstone. To those A visitor to Yellowstone is always sure of who have visited Yellowstone, the Roto- seeing Old Faithful play and will usually rua district at present has little to offer see one of the other large ones also. The except Maoris and Maori customs, al- Rotorua district lacks the mountain scen- ery, beautiful waterfalls, and hot spring though it was spectacular and outstanding terraces of Yellowstone, although I be- in the past with the famed pink and white lieve New Zealand's paint pots are unex- terraces and the mighty Waimangu celled. As a whole the hot spots in New geyser. 326 THE MID-PACIFIC

The lovable little Koala bears of Justralia can be seen and played with in zoos, parks and the "bush" in and near the cities. They have beady, innocent eyes, soft gray fur and black rubbery noses. THE MID-PACIFIC 327

Mia-Mia to Metropolis MELBOURNE CELEBRATES HUNDRED YEARS OF ACHIEVEMENT By ARTHUR H. O'CONNOR Manager, Australian National Travel Association

One hundred years ago a crude shelter of hark and branches stood near the bank of a beautiful river running into a wide bay on the south coast of Australia. It was a hlackfellow's "Mia-Mia," so flimsy in construction that to call it a but would have been an exaggeration. Near- by were other mia-mias, set in wooded country through which primitive aborig- ines hunted kangaroos and opossums with boomerangs and spears. Then came John Batman and a little band of tough pioneers. They landed at the mouth of the River Yarra, in Port Phillip Bay, and set up a few tents. That was in 1834.

In 1934 there are neither mia-mias nor The kookaburra laughs all day I:ke a merry tents on the banks of the Yarra. but a clown. great city of a million white people, with the broadest and finest streets in the 1935. (See page 16 of the Bulletin sec- Southern Hemisphere, buildings that are tion of this issue.) The Duke of Glouces- splendid examples of classic architecture, ter, son of King George and Queen Mary, cathedrals and churches, the halls of a will be the principal guest among many wonderful university, and thousands of distinguished people invited to Australia mansion homes and red-roofed bungalows to participate in the celebration, and tour- set among incomparable gardens. ists are expected from all parts of the Batman made up his mind that the land world. by the river would be a good "site for a World-wide interest has been created village," as he expressed it, and he pro- in the international air race from England ceeded to make a deal with the natives. to Australia, for prizes totalling $75,000, Meeting eight chiefs, he offered in pay- given by Sir Macpherson Robertson, the ment for half-a-million acres of rich land, "chocolate" millionaire. In recent years 40 pairs of blankets, 130 knives. 42 toma- Sir Macpherson has been a great benefac- hawks, 40 mirrors, 62 pairs of scissors, tor to the country in which, starting from 250 handkerchiefs, 18 red shirts. 4 flannel nothing, he has risen to fame and fortune. jackets, 4 suits of clothes, and 150 pounds Many airmen will pilot the fastest ma- of flour, together with a small yearly chines ever built, and it is expected that rental of similar merchandise. The chiefs the long flight of 12,500 miles will be ac- eagerly accepted the offer, but Batman complished in no more than three days. failed in his effort to induce the British The record today is slightly under seven authorities to recognize the transaction. days. That time affords a striking con- The Centenary of Melbourne and of trast with the performance of the old Victoria, garden State of Australia, will "windjammers" which carried the early be celebrated by a series of events extend- settlers—sometimes they took up to nine ing from October of this year to April, months on the voyage. 328 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 329

There are still thousands of kangaroos in Australia. In some of the states they are protected, but elsewhere they provide exciting hunting, covering from ten to twenty feet in a single leap.

The Australians of this generation are San Francisco Council, and Mr. Raymond a sport-loving people, and horse racing is Hanson, organizer, will accompany the one of their chief diversions. The Cen- boys on their tour. tenary program will include many great An international rodeo will be staged turf events and outstanding will be the from October 13 to November 10, and the Melbourne Cup race, for prizes of $50,- competitors will include riders from the 000. In no country are the races better United States, Canada and Mexico, as managed than in Australia, mainly be- well as men from the Australian cattle cause there is such a large amateur ele- country and aborigines. ment in the sport. The Roman Catholic Eucharistic Con- In November the international golf gress is scheduled from December 2 to 9 ; championships will be contested, the prize there will be a Science Congress in Janu- money for professionals amounting to ary, and a Rotary Conference in March, $25,000. International players will appear which will include delegates from Ameri- also in the polo and tennis games. can clubs. Fifteen thousand boy scouts will take Naval and military sports, an All-Aus- part in the Pan-Pacific Jamboree, starting tralian Exhibition, festivals of flowers and on December 27 and continuing until music, and many other interesting events January 10, 1935. An American party of are included on the program, which will scouts is being organized and will sail for be spread over both the capital city and Australia from Vancouver on December country towns. S. Mr. J. A. McGregor, President of the A solemn and spectacular event will be

330 THE MID-PACIFIC

wn ho s is ion tr o p h a ic hw

•

••°-'

•

ralz **k'-

•

O Oi ‘.;

0

0

0 0 0 O

-tt ;""O''

0 O

O -ro

O V

O THE MID-PACIFIC 331

the dedication by the Duke of Gloucester of the Victorian Shrine of Remembrance, erected in honor of the men and women who served in the 'World War. The Shrine is one of the finest memorials erected in the British Empire, and the ceremony will take place on the anniver- sary of the Armistice—at 11 a.m. on No- vember 11. During the celebrations there will be much of pageantry, illustrating the devel- opment of the State from the time of Bat- man, through the pioneering clays of the cattle and sheep men, the stirring events of the gold diggings down to the present era of steady and peaceful development of rural and manufacturing industries. The visit of the Duke of Gloucester to Sydney will be marked by a "Festival Fortnight," during which that brilliant city will stage many striking events and the incomparable harbor and beaches will be seen at their best. Celebrations will also he held in the other Australian States The lyre bird is a peerless songster and mimics every sound. It is purplish brown, with a lyre- and in New Zealand. like tail which it fans while singing. Apart from the Centenary Carnival, there are many fascinating features of half-forgotten stages in the world's his- Australia and the island ports on the way tory ; its scenery is primeval ; its cities, thereto. The beautiful Blue Mountains farms, stations and industries are prod- and Jenolan Caves, Bulli Pass, the Dan- ucts of twentieth century science. denong Ranges near Melbourne, Mt. Buf- So complete is the range of climates falo National Park, the scenic features of that there is always dependable and in- Tasmania, Queensland, South and West- vigorating sunshine in some part of Aus- ern Australia, the strange animal and bird tralia at any time of the year. In winter life, fishing in the trout streams and on one can travel from snow-clad ranges to the Great Barrier Reef—these are but the sun-bathed surfing beaches in 48 hours. high lights of the island continent. For the adventurous the out-back pro- Tourist traffic to the South Seas and vides endless opportunities. There is good Australia has developed remarkably in the sport to be had with buffalo and croco- past year, and it is expected that in the dile and birds of every kind in North coming summer—during next American Australia. In Central Australia one can winter season—it will reach proportions still see aboriginal corroborees per- to tax the accommodation of the fine ships formed as they were in obscure ages. The now running from Pacific ports. fascinating coral islands and lagoons of the Great Barrier Reef, where there is Australia is " a land of endless con- excellent deep-sea fishing, justify half a trasts." Geologically, it is the oldest con- world of travel. tinent ; in civilization, the newest. Many of its aborigines still live in the stone age ; (Cuts on pages 326-7-9, and 331 supplied by its quaint animals are largely survivals of the Australian National Travel Association). 332 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 333

Chinese junks in the Yangtse in the vicinity of Hangkow, boo miles up the river Voyage Through Gorges and Rapids of the Yangtsze By DR. BOLIVAR LANG FALCONER, F.A.G.S.

On July 27, 1932, I sailed from Hong- the entire expenditure of the voyage as it kong on the magnificent new liner Chichi- was not necessary to spend a single night bu Maru of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha ashore. line, arriving in Shanghai on July 29. A The first hour after sailing from few days later I heard by accident of the Shanghai was occupied in the descent of excursion trips through the gorges and Whangpoo, the river on which Shanghai rapids of the Yangtsze Kiang, China's is situated. At the mouth of the Whang- greatest river. These excursion trips are poo we passed the former Woosung offered by the Yangtsze Rapids S. S. forts. We passed through the yellow Company, Federal Inc., U.S.A., of which mud-stained sea into the mouth of the Mr. Lansing Hoyt is president and gen- broad Yangtsze and for the next four eral manager. Mr. Hoyt is.an American days steamed steadily along, day and and was formerly the United States Trade night, without stopping until we reached Commissioner at Shanghai, but several Hankow, the central city of China, which years ago resigned and entered the ship- is 650 miles from Shanghai by steamer. ping business in Shanghai and has been Residents of China regard this lower river very successful. as a monotonous voyage, but to the tourist We sailed from Shanghai on August 4, it is full of interest. 1932, through the heart of China to The steamer on which we sailed was Chungking, a distance of 1,427 miles, and the Ichang, commanded by Captain J. returned on August 22. The entire cost Andersen. She is of 900 gross tons, has for first-class passage was about ninety spacious accommodations for twenty-two dollars, United States currency, or five first-class passengers, and is fitted with dollars a day. This, with the tips, covered transverse water-tight bulkheads. She is 334 THE MID-PACIFIC

propelled by three Diesel motors of 1200 "Although it is not the longest, or the widest, horse-power capacity. Her dimensions or the deepest, the Yangtsze River is potentially the most important inland waterway in the are : length, 175 ft. ; beam 31 f t. ; draught, world. It is navigable for 1,630 miles out of its 9% ft. She has three propellers and three 3,200. It drains a basin of approximately 750,- rudders. Her direction can be completely 000 square miles—more than a third of the territory of China proper—and is the main changed, from starboard over to port, in artery of trade, commerce, and every other form 12 seconds, ocean vessels requiring 34 of communication for a population estimated at seconds for this change. Formerly ships 180,000,000. "The Yangtsze basin absorbs not less than 60 navigating the upper Yangtsze were con- per cent of China's foreign trade. During the structed with two tunnels in the ship in high-water season it is navigable by vessels of which were placed the two propellers in the deepest draught—subject only to waiting on the tide at Langshan Crossing—as far as Han- order to protect them from the rocks in kow, 595 miles from its mouth, while vessels the channel, but the new motor ships of drawing 12 feet and even more can proceed as the Yangtsze Rapids S. S. Company have far as Ichang, 965 miles from the sea. "The variation in depth of the river may be their three propellers and rudders unpro- as much as 50 feet within 12 months at Han- tected in order that quick changes of di- kow, and 100 feet at Chungking. River steam- rection may be made. The cabins and ers plying between Shanghai and Hankow throughout the year therefore must be so con- dining rooms are protected by steel plates. structed to be able to make the passage on a The water for the excellent baths is drawn 10-foot draught in winter, while thence to Ichang from the muddy Yangtsze and cleared by not more than a 6-foot draught can be reckoned upon during the low water season. adding alum, which causes the sediment "The number of ports at which foreign ves- to settle quickly. The water is brought to sels may call on the river is limited. The open the tubs in Standard oil cans by the bath or treaty ports are, in order upwards, Chin- kiang, Nanking, Wuhu, Kiukiang, Hankow, stewards. Shasi, Ichang, and Chungking. There are, how- A book that should be bought by every ever, other places at which vessels under foreign flags may call to pick up or to discharge pas- tourist ascending the Yangtsze Kiang is sengers and/or cargo. "The Yangtsze and Its Problems" by "That the volume of traffic on the Yangtsze H. G. W. Woodhead, C.B.E. (Command- is already considerable may be gathered from the fact that in 1930 no fewer than 12,291 ocean, er of the Order of the British Empire), river, and sailing ships and launches, of an editor of the China Yearbook, and writer aggregate tonnage of 8,056,111 entered and of a daily column in the Shanghai Even- cleared at Hankow. "The surveying, lighting, and buoying of the ing Post and Mercury. Mr. Woodhead is channel are under the control of the Maritime one of the best informed of the foreigners Customs, and the river requires very careful living in China and his book is entirely watching, as the navigable channels are con- stantly changing. Masters of even short ex- reliable. He has kindly given me permis- perience on the river will point out many places sion to make as many selections from it at which the channel has shifted from one bank to the middle, or even to the other side of the as I desire, and almost all of the state- river. ments of fact in this article are based on "Much of the adjacent country is low-lying, his book, which was published last year by protected by dykes, and subject to floods during the Mercury Press of Shanghai and can the high-water season, resulting in the removal or submerging of landmarks, and rendering it be bought from the publishers and in all impossible to see the contour of the banks. The bookstores in China, but is not on sale in aids to navigation are not numerous enough to make the piloting of vessels an easy matter on the United States. It is based on data really dark nights. obtained by him during an up-river trip "All foreign river steamers carry two or more to Chungking, which lasted from May 20 Chinese pilots, who possess a practical knowl- to July 16, 1931. Mr. Woodhead stopped edge of the river, but know little or nothing of the theoretical side of navigation. Ocean steam- for several days at each port instead of ers are usually taken up and down river by ex- remaining the whole time on the steamer, perienced and fully qualified foreign pilots. "River steamers are furnished with river as most tourists do. He makes the fol- passes, valid for six months, which free them lowing general remarks about the Yang- from much of the red tape of entry and clear- tsze ance at each customs station. Ocean steamers have to surrender their papers at Shanghai in THE MID-PACIFIC 335

Washing clothes on the river banks at Wenhsien, about 150 miles below Chunking. exchange for a river pass, available for one visible in the fields. As in the Philippines, round trip only." the principal work animal used is the The Yangtsze River is divided into carabao or water buffalo, and as in the three parts : (1) the lower river from the Philippines it is a common sight to see a mouth to Hankow ; (2) the middle river child three or four years old riding and from Hankow to Ichang; and (3) the guiding the huge animal. The hills are upper river from Ichang to Chungking, covered with graves, which to the Chinese the last point to which foreign vessels are are sacred. Many of the houses of the allowed to ascend. Most vessels navigate farmers, built of mud with one door, look only one or two of these three parts of like hemispherical brick kilns. the river, transshipping their passengers Szechwan Province, at the head of and cargo to other vessels, but the ships steam navigation, claims to produce every- of the Yangtsze Rapids S. S. Co. go from thing raised elsewhere in China; the Shanghai to Chungking and return with principal crop along the lower river, how- no transshipping of either passengers or ever, appears to be rice, which is raised cargo. They go from Shanghai to Han- on terraced and irrigated land, transplant- kow, 650 miles, without stopping, and ed, and harvested by hand. usually on the trip up they remain one day at Hankow, one day at Ichang, one Higher up the river kaoliang, maize, night at Wenhsien, and two days at lotus (its roots are eaten), sorghum, and Chungking. Upon their return trip they sugar cane, reeds, excellent peaches, pears, stop at the same ports but not for so long. and grapes are produced. The dried stalks During our voyage the river was full of sorghum and reeds are bound into to its banks, overflowing them in many bundles and used for fuel. places and spreading for miles into the Tung oil trees are also seen and tung interior. We constantly passed steamers oil is now an important item of export ascending or descending the river. of China. During a tour of Florida and The country is low, flat, and fertile. As southern Mississippi a year ago I saw it is the most populous part of China it thousands of acres planted to young tung is surprising to note how few laborers are oil trees, which in a few years will pro- 336 THE MID-PACIFIC duce a large supply of excellent tung oil almost horizontally straining on the bam- and obviate to a great extent its importa- boo tow-ropes to the very limit of their tion. A narrow strip along the Gulf of ability and entirely stripped of clothing. Mexico has been found to be well adapted Mr. Woodhead makes the following re- to this plant. marks : Our first stop was at a point in the "When old man Yangtsze finally decided upon his course to the sea, ages and ages ago, he river where there are located three great must, I think, have chortled to himself and said : cities : Hankow, Wuchang, and Hanyang. 'I will make me a course which few human be- From them a railway extends to Peiping. ings will follow downward without grave peril, and up which none may venture with their puny For forty years or more attempts have craft.' But he reckoned without the patience, been made to extend this road southward persistency, and endurance of those who were to to Canton. Many years ago an American populate the upper portion of his basin. "There is, I fancy, no other race in the world company, in which the leading spirit was that would have faced and overcome the ob- Senator Bryce, had a franchise for build- stacles of navigation in both directions with ing this road from Canton to Hankow and nothing but the most primitive of craft, on a river so malevolent as the Yangtsze. The labors constructed a considerable part of it from of the galley slaves, spurred on by the task- Canton, but later abandoned the project. master's lash, cannot have been more exhausting It has since been extended by the Chinese than those of the Yangtsze tracker. "Before the advent of steam navigation (and from both termini but it is still far from to a lesser extent, today) he was called upon complete. When finished it will be pos- to tow up river craft of varying sizes, from the sible to traverse China from north to light sampan to the heavy Chungking junk. It might take him as much as sixty days of con- south by rail. tinuous effort, to haul a junk up river from There is a considerable foreign popula- Ichang to Chungking, through rapids and races, tion in Hankow, with foreign race tracks, whirlpools and torrents, a distance of 350 miles. He needed nerve and sinew, and a complete in- clubs, cabarets, etc. In fact, there are few difference to climatic conditions and to comfort, treaty ports in China which are not liber- for his task. ally supplied with cabarets where Russian The only artificial aid he received was in the form of specially constructed paths at various dance partners are always available to levels, some of them mere crevices scooped out soldiers, sailors, marines, and civilians. of the sides of the precipices, at dizzy heights, "The distance between Hankow and Ichang yet too low to admit of a full-grown man stand- by water is 370 miles. It is only some 150 miles ing upright. as the crow flies, and is covered by the amphi- "Along these, harnessed by scores to bamboo bian planes which now make the trip on alter- ropes, the trackers, fighting every inch of the nate days in about two hours. way, crawled up river, always straining on the "This section of the river is most tortuous, tow-rope, often bent double and often, too, able and it is the sharp curves and bends, rather to retain a foothold only by using hands as well than the depth of the channel, that make it as feet ; sometimes waist-deep in the swirling dangerous for vessels of more than 300 feet in water, and sometimes hundreds of feet up on length to attempt the passage. A glance at the a narrow ledge, in danger in either case of charts shows that the channel is constantly sudden death as a result of a single false step. swerving from bank to bank, and without the "Navigation of the section of the river with beacons as a guide it requires long experience which I am now concerned, Ichang to Chung- of the river to make the trip at any season of king—a distance of 350 miles—is beset with the year without stranding en route." difficulties. Until a comparatively few years ago the "First of all there is the abnormal rise and fall of the river. The difference between high Upper River (that is, above Ichang) was and low level may amount to as much as 53 navigated only by sampans and junks feet at Ichang, and 108 feet at Chungking. In with no propelling force except the wind the gorges it is much greater. In 1871 a level of 275 feet above zero was recorded in the Wind and what are called "trackers," that is, Box Gorge. The channel is strewn with rocks, coolies who perform the functions of the which cause rapids of intense violence at dif- ferent levels. Of these rapids there are 20 that horses that tow barges on American and are worthy of mention. European canals, horses never being used "Besides the rapids there are other dangers for this purpose in China. The work of to the navigator, including whirlpools, stationary the trackers is most arduous and exacting and running, what is described as a 'boil' of the water, quicksands, and the current, which varies and they are frequently seen extended from one and a half to eleven miles an hour. H E MID-PACIFIC 337

Tien Sing bridge at Wenhsien.

"The Captain of the I-Ping, on which I "The pilot usually brings his own quarter- traveled, recalls an experience in the Chi Ping master, who fully understands his mysterious in March, 1929, when he had no fewer than eight signals. He seldom gives verbal orders, which it wires out, with some 400 coolies hauling, at would, in any case, be difficult to hear above the Hsin T'an, and, after struggling for four the noise of the swirl, but issues his instructions hours and twenty minutes, his windlass was torn by lifting one or more fingers', or by gesture of out, and with great difficulty he backed down the hand. The quartermasters themselves are stream and got out. usually experienced men who know the river, "The aids to navigation on the Upper Yang- and intend in due course to qualify as pilots, tsze consist mainly of watermarks [by which also. the height of the river may be read by the cap- "Most of the pilots are Hupeh men. The tain] painted on rocks and cliffs, in white paint I-Ping's No. 1 pilot on this trip was one of the on a tarred background. These are quite numer- best known of the upper river pilots. His name ous. At bad bends and approaches to the rapids is Hsu Ta-hai, he comes from Hupeh, and he there are signal stations, which hoist signals has never had an accident on any steamer when showing when up- or down-bound steamers or he has been on the bridge. Although a fragile, junks are in the channel. A steamer is not ex- youthful-looking man, he told me that he had pected to enter a bad rapid if it can be avoided started as an ordinary member of a river junk's when junks are signalled in the channel. For crew at the age of fifteen. There are now the wash created by them often renders the no foreign pilots on the upper river, though channel unsafe for junks for an hour or more several foreign captains are quite competent to afterwards. As a general rule the down-bound take their ships, unaided, up and down. steamer has the right of way when up- and "The world has many beauty spots, of which down-bound vessels are approaching the same it has fallen to my lot to see a few. The delicate rapid, but this right has to be waived if the beauty of Miyajima, Japan's sacred island, when the maples turn russet-brown in the autumn; up-bound craft is already in a rapid. "A few beacons, consisting only of tarred the stereotyped beauty of Fujiyama, its snow- poles, are placed on the top of dangerous rocks capped top reddened by the setting sun; the on the Wenhsien-Chungking section and there crystal beauty of the Canadian rockies in the are also flagmarks, trees in rocks, and a few early spring, when the rugged peaks are mantled in snow, and down their sides cascade the icy mark-boats. "Piloting is entirely in the hands of the Chi- waters which convert the Fraser river into a nese. The pilots serve an apprenticeship of six raging torrent—all these have I seen. But the or seven years and usually have had consider- first hundred miles up river from Ichang will able practical experience as helmsmen of junks. bear comparison with any other beauty spots They have no theoretical knowledge of naviga- in the world. "It is not merely the rugged grandeur of the tion, never look at a compass, and could not take scenery that awes and impresses the traveler ; a cross bearing. But they are able to read underwater conditions from the appearance of there is the added spice of danger, of steaming over races and rapids, of twisting and turning the surface with almost uncanny accuracy. 338 THE MID-PACIFIC

to avoid hidden shoals and rocks. Yet one al- of the mountains have a perfectly pyra- most forgets the risks as the panorama of the gorges unfolds before one's eyes—mile after midal shape, as if artificially built. mile of varicolored cliffs, some purple, some the The cliffs in this gorge are chiefly of gray of the bare rock, some bright-green with trees and shrubs, but all impressive and awe- chalk and red sandstone ; there is very inspiring when viewed from the deck of a steam- little foliage, but in spite of the bareness er fighting her way upward against the current the gorge appears to be full of color, the that swirls through each gorge." effect of the sun on the many colored Approximately 1,000 miles from the cliffs being most beautiful. sea lies the important town of Ichang, the At Mile 32 we encounter the famous gateway to the Gorges. There are visible from the ship the Bund, the Standard Oil "Kung Ling Tan." This is the most plant, the Catholic Mission, and the hos- dangerous spot on the Upper River dur- ing the low water season; many ships and pital. Above Ichang there is no navigation at night, so we anchored here by the side junks have come to grief here in the past. A big rock blocks the river at this point of the I-Ping of the same line, which ac- companied us to Chunking and was com- and during low water only a narrow chan- manded by a brother of our Captain An- nel is left for the passage of vessels. On dersen. account of the presence of a smaller rock in the direct path of this channel, the As this was the seventh day of the maneuvres of vessels negotiating the seventh moon and as our captain had lost passage are most extraordinary, and it is his ship on his last voyage on the Upper doubtful that there is in any part of the River the Chinese crew held a great cele- world a passage requiring such skill and bration to propitiate the evil river spirits. careful handling to avoid disaster. It is Our ship was enveloped in lighted Chinese not possible to describe the maneuvre in lanterns, paper garments for the use of a few words, but the visitor during the the spirits being placed between the lan- low water season will surely enjoy this terns. Lighted candles were set afloat, passage. each in its little boat, and on this we Presently we enter the "Ox Liver and looked for an hour or more. There was Horse Lungs Gorge." The cliffs rise to a long beautiful stream of lighted candles heights of 2,000 to 3,000 feet. The rocks extending down the river for a mile. in all the gorges assume most fantastic Two large junks were moored to the shapes at or near the water level, provid- ship and a Chinese company of several ing continual interest, and as the sun actors in magnificent costumes performed illumines the gorge there is a blaze of an old Chinese play which flowed on from color impossible to describe, quickly hour to hour. The expense of all this changing to the utmost gloom when the was contributed by the captain and crew. sun is obscured by . clouds or mountains, Five miles above Ichang we enter our and as quickly resuming its glow of color first gorge, known as "Ichang Gorge", 11 miles long. with its reappearance. It is difficult to describe our sensations The western entrance of the Windbox on our first entry into the Gorges—we Gorge is specially remarkable for its experienced an entirely new world. Just beauty. Many legendary tales of heroes imagine the river 1 to 1% miles wide and gods are connected with this gorge. suddenly closing in to a mere 300 yards An old story tells of a Chinese army and shut in on both sides by stupendous trapped in the river by a heavy chain, cliffs rising sheer out of the river to stretched from one shore to the other, heights of 1,000 to 1,800 feet. The first which stopped the junks from going up- sensation is one of awe at the magnitude river. The general in command realized of the cliffs, and we feel that the chasm that to be caught here meant the destruc- is about to close in and engulf us. Many tion of his army, so he ordered his men THE MID-PACIFIC 339

Fishing at Shasi, too miles below Ichang. to build a ladder which would reach to down to lower levels during the cold sea- the top of the cliff. For nights the sol- son. There is plenty of good tennis as diers worked, carving steps in the side, well as riding. The local ponies are sure- inserting wood rungs, and by standing on footed and run along the mountain tracks the last foothold making the next. When at a great rate. During the low-water sea- the ladder was finally finished the soldiers, son a huge shingle bank is uncovered in one by one, climbed the dizzy path and so the river bed, and this becomes the local were saved. Incidentally they captured race course where successful meetings are on the plateau the city which had forged held each season under the auspices of and fastened the chain. The steps of the the Chungking Club. ladder survive today, and an inscription We passed our second night in the carved in the precipitous stone bank of the gorges at Wenhsien, a city of considerable river records the feat. size and with an impressive stone stair- The lowest cliffs in the Windbox are way, probably 200 feet wide, leading up 2,000 feet, the highest 4,000 feet, rising from the river to the town. It has quite a precipitously from the river level. At creditable park, something rather un- high-water the level in this gorge is as usual in Chinese cities. Our ship an- much as 275 feet above that of the low- water season. The torrent rushes along chored across the river from the town like a gigantic sluice, causing the water and I went across to the stone stairway to bank up on both sides, there being a with the collector of customs and the salt distinct trough in the center of the river. inspector and his wife in the customs At Mile 350 we reach our destination, launch, propelled, not by a motor, but by Chungking, an important walled city with half a dozen liveried boatmen. As the many gates. Chungking has a foreign river is very swift here they had to row population of about 150 ; they have built several hundred yards up the side of themselves beautiful homes on the hills the river before crossing the swift current 800 to 1,000 feet above the river, where in the center of the stream. Chinese al- they mostly pass the summer, coming ways stand and push forward on the 340 THE MID- PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 341

River freighting on the Whangpoo. handles of the oars instead of pulling river the white or foreign passengers con- while seated, as white boatmen do. sisted of two young American professors Chungking is located in Szechwan from St. John's University, an Episco- Province, the largest province in China, palian university in Shanghai of more whose area is 218,533 square miles and than fifty years standing ; a Seventh Day whose estimated population is 76,673,000. Adventist missionary and his wife and Its principal exports are bristles, hides, two children, returning from a year's visit casings, hemp, silk, native medicines, tung in the United States and bound for an oil, and opium. Its imports amount to al- inaccessible station in Szechwan Province, most nothing. hundreds of miles north of the river ; and The captain of the Ichang was the only a graduate of the Harvard School of white officer on our ship. Going up the Business Administration, who was making 342 THE MID-PACIFIC a trip of exploration to Thibet, having a radio sending and receiving set and com- plete supplies of all sorts. The Chinese passengers were an in- spector of the Salt Tax Administration and his wife, who were going to Chung- king to take station ; the wife of the Salt Tax Administration Commissioner at Chungking, accompanied by her son and daughter and niece, the last of whom is a graduate of the McTyeire School of Shanghai ; a young professor of botany 4 modern Chinese girl's costume. from Peiping ; and a returned Chinese student who is a graduate of New York On wash day in the city of Ichang hun- University and was accompanying the dreds of persons are lined up on both American explorer to Thibet. He was sides of the river. formerly a member of the Roosevelt ex- The streets of Chinese cities are much pedition to Thibet. more gay and colorful than are those of On the return trip, in addition to the Europe and America. In China streets two professors of the St. John's Univer- are invariably called roads. sity and myself, who made the round trip, The costume of the modern Chinese there were a zoological collector for the girl, adopted a few years ago, is very Field Museum of Chicago, bringing with fetching. It consists of a long one-piece him many animals ; and a professor of the garment, extending from high on the neck University of Hongkong, who had spent to the calf of the leg, and moulded to fit his vacation in the wilds of western China. the form. Its opening is from the neck The approach to a city of any size on diagonally down to below the right arm- the Yangtsze is always marked by a pit, then vertically down to the top of the pagoda erected at the most prominent right of the two slits described below. point on the river. I was informed by a It is inclosed by cloth buttons fastened missionary that a pagoda in China varies into frogs. The two slits, one on each in height from five to seventeen stories, side, extend from the bottom of the gar- but that there is always an odd number ment up a varied distance, usually to just of stories. above the knee, but sometimes up to mid- The Chinese living along the Yangtsze thigh. These slits exhibit the leg at each river devote a good deal of attention to step, especially on the frequent windy fishing. They use fish nets about thirty days. feet square supported at the corners by a The modern Chinese girl cuts her hair bamboo frame. There is a system of bam- in the latest American and European boo levers by which these nets are low- styles and wears the latest style shoes and ered into and raised from the water. They silk stockings, or sometimes no stockings are lowered and allowed to stay for some at all, exactly as do our girls. They (that time before being raised. As our steamer is, many of them) are tall, slender, and passed near the shore Chinese fishermen well-formed. There is an ancient Chinese could be seen rushing to raise the nets prejudice against exposing the neck, before the wash from the steamer reached breasts, and arms and seldom do the and destroyed them. sleeves terminate much above the elbows, As everywhere throughout the Orient and still more seldom are the neck and clothing is washed in the public streams. bosom exposed. THE MID-PACIFIC 343

The simplicity and harmony of a Japanese home.

The Japanese Ideal of Harmony By KEN KAWACHI

Harmony is the ideal attained in a eluded, nature is the primary factor with Japanese room. It expresses the general which harmony is attained. The Japanese spirit of the room within and without. are lovers of nature and richly express it A Japanese room has practically no fur- through the attainment of harmony. A niture except a "hibachi" which is used "kakemono" for instance, which may to warm one's self, deposit tobacco ashes represent some natural scene, a land- or to boil the kettle. The only wall scape or something typical of animal, decoration is the "kakemono" hanging in bird, fish life, or which may be an ex- the "tokonoma," the place of honor in a ample of the calligraphy of some dis- Japanese room, in front of which is tinguished person, is changed with the usually a small narrow table which bears change of seasons. The "kakemono" a vase containing branches or flowers ar- must also have an aesthetic combination ranged according to a traditional style. with the arranged flowers. A Japanese This simplicity in furnishing and decora- strives to attain harmony by being har- tion is pervaded with the spirit of har- monious with nature. At least his room mony ; something which is felt rather is decorated or furnished to attain this than seen. harmony. Harmony, in the western sense, sug- The love of nature or the ideal of har- gests color and music. In the eastern mony is best expressed in a Japanese sense, however, though these are in- garden. A Japanese garden is an in- 344 THE MID-PACIFIC tegral part of life in Japan. It is seen waterfalls, and finally winding out into and is enjoyed everywhere. Even the a plain and a more placid course. humblest home has a small patch of soil A Japanese garden is characterized set aside in which a tree, a shrub, or by its composition, every part showing rock is placed to indicate that a garden a careful relation to every other part, exists. Every home with a moderate in- one element leading into another in a come, except those which are in the heart happy sequence ; and by perfection or of a city, has a garden which is treas- detail in small things, every plant, rock ured. Unlike that of a "yard" of an or bit of water is a matter of long study American home, which is usually in the and deliberation. If one does not know front of a building, a Japanese garden enough of garden culture to appreciate is in the rear, away from the hurry and these fine points, the technique which is bustle of the streets. It is a place where carefully followed to build a Japanese one may retreat for pleasure or relaxa- garden, or to evaluate the rocks, plants tion. Every restaurant has a garden and and water in a garden, there is at least the best room where food is served is one thing a person may feel when he the one which faces it. One finds it at stands in the midst of it and that is any hotel and most certainly at inns or harmony. Only as one feels the presence "ryokans." All temples have it, some of this harmony will one truly appreciate centuries old. The most famous in Japan the love of nature of a Japanese as ex- are found here. pressed in his garden. The Japanese garden takes nature as As I write these lines, my thoughts its model and ideal. It is an artistic ex- fly swiftly to Kyoto and the many gar- pression of people who love nature. A dens of this ancient capital pass before garden is enjoyed not only for its beauty my eyes in a parade. When Douglas and masterly composition, but as an ex- Fairbanks stopped at Kyoto while en pression of nature. It is an aesthetic re- route to take his "Around the world in production of a bit of nature. This may eighty minutes," he was most impressed be a representation at a reduced scale of by the garden of Kinkakuji and took a some famous scenes of Japan, one of the few of his scenes there. The first im- famous views of Matsushima or Miya- pression a western-trained student re- shima for instance ; or it may be an im- ceives when he visits one of these gar- aginary landscape taken from some dens is that of smallness, a toy-like classical literature. thing. How different they are from the The three essential elements of a Jap- Yellowstone Park of Wyoming and the anese garden—plants, rocks and water— Grand Canyon of Arizona. However, are placed to give perfect composition, with a longer stay and frequent visits to but with nature always as their model. the gardens they commence to show Rocks may represent mountains, boul- meaning and significance. The general effect produced by the garden loses what- ders in a stream, or islands. Moss or ever artificiality there was experienced in lichens represent forests and tiny the beginning and becomes very natural dwarfed trees and plants simulate the to him. picturesque pines of real islands. Small Closely associated with the Japanese pools may represent lakes or oceans ; garden is the "chanoyu." This art is tiny streams, mighty rivers. In a brief understood only when it is taken as a space of twenty feet square, one beholds part of this natural appreciation. The mountain ranges, forests on their slopes, orthodox "chashitsu," or tearoom, unim- villages clustering in the valleys, a long pressive in appearance, which is four- winding river deflected in its course, mats and a half or ten feet square, is fre- hurling over giant boulders to form quently built in the section of a house THE MID-PACIFIC 345

Three essential elements of a Japanese garden—plants, rocks and water. where it commands the best view of the of winds, the pounding rain, the distant garden. The general effect enables one sea breaking upon rocks ; the delicate to enjoy fully the aestheticism of being motions of hands and fingers ; and the harmonious with nature. Even in the silent and studied formality, combine to midst of a city, one feels that one is far produce these effects. away from the dust and din of civiliza- I may state in conclusion that the tion. "chanoyu" is not a lost art, even if Japan The purpose of the "chanoyu" is to pro- is westernized. In Hawaii, if we are to duce the effects of serenity and purity. study this art, our purpose should not be When guests are seated in the tearoom, merely to acquire the forms and meth- quiet reigns. There is harmony. The ods, but to learn to appreciate nature singing kettle, suggestive of the rush and to feel oneself in harmony with it. 346 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 347 The Philippine Republic By ALEXANDER HUME FORD Director of the Pan-Pacific Union

I have seen the birth of a nation : for so the arrival of Senator Manuel Quezon was regarded by the hundred thousand people from every part of the Philippine Islands who received him on his arrival at Manila as their uncrowned King. I joined Senator Quezon at Shanghai to talk with him and his leaders on the Empress of Canada regarding the calling of a Pan-Pacific Trade and Commerce Congress to convene in Manila sometime during 1937. The Governor-General and Senate President Quezon had approved the project, and the invitation of Japan to James A. Farrell at the Honolulu meet to preside at a Pan-Pacific Trade and Commerce Congress to be held in Osaka has been withdrawn by the Japanese delegation in favor of Manila. Senate President Quezon was wel- comed as a conquering hero when the great Empress boat steamed into Manila Bay. Near a hundred big boats and launches, each loaded with ardent adher- ents, put out from Manila at daylight, and as they approached the Canada an incessant blowing of whistles and firing of bombs awoke the passengers, and from then on until the landing two hours later there was not a moment of silence. Each Manuel Quezon, president-elect of the tug carried banners bearing welcome to Philippines. "President Quezon" and the Senate President himself told me that he expects Philippines will be under one of two flags, the American or the Japanese. Let to be president of the Commonwealth by me say right here that never from a Fili- next January and move into Malacanang pino have I ever heard a word of dis- Palace, the Governor-General then be- loyalty to the United States. The Fili- coming High Commissioner and moving pinos have a sincere affection for the to another residence until the Philippines United States but they wish their own actually become a full-fledged Republic, independent Republic. God bless them. an event the Senator predicts will hap- pen during the administration of It was interesting to see Senator President Roosevelt, whom he conf i- Quezon's reception. The tens of thou- dently expects to be present at his in- sands on the wharf went mad and as he auguration. The Senator wafts aside my landed the crowd broke through the suggestion that in twenty years the cordons of police to be near him and to 348 THE MID - PACIFIC

shake hands with their idol. He was al- the Pan-Pacific Trade Congress of 1937 most crushed making his way to his car, in Manila, and all of the Orient is won- and when he got aboard, with a car in dering when Honolulu will ask for an- front fitted up to make movies of the other Pan-Pacific gathering. It is hers event, his own car was boarded by a hun- for the asking. dred enthusiastic admirers who clung like I am booked for several important flies to every available hold. Quezon is meetings with the Filipino leaders here. the one great hero and idol of the Fili- pino people. A Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum will be the feature of the 1937 Pan-Pacific I met Quezon and the Independence Trade and Commerce gathering in Ma- Commission in Shanghai in the midst of nila, and already I have assurances from the "Hands of China" excitement. The the chambers of commerce of Japan and Pan-Pacific Club gave a banquet at the China that they will send splendid ex- Astor House attended by hundreds and hibits, and I have plans for Hawaii's the mayor a reception attended by many dignitaries. representation that if carried out will place her as queen of the exhibitors. The Commission was also entertained Just now all is "Quezon." He has at the home of Dr. H. H. Kung, Min- brought back "Independence in his ister of Finance and President of the Packet" and I quite agree with him that Pan-Pacific Association of China, at it is better to live in a country the peo- which practically all of the members of ple of which govern it like hell than to the Cabinet were present, including our live in a land governed by others like own Sun Fo, who was married to his Heaven. A nation is being born here to- wife in Honolulu, both of them Island- born. day and I am going out to see the rest of it. It was a great gathering and gave an opportunity to hold a meeting of the di- Note : An interesting side light on Pan- rectors of the Pan-Pacific Association of Pacific affairs in the Philippines is con- China. As director of the Pan-Pacific tained in a letter received in Honolulu Union, I was invited to remain in China from Mrs. Valdez-Ventura, acting chair- and help perfect the national organiza- man of the Pan-Pacific Women's Asso- tion ; an off ice with stenographer and ciation as follows : "There seems to be a staff is to be at my disposal if I accept. general awakening of our people, women President Senator Quezon is head of the included, to questions of local, national and international importance. The men Pan-Pacific Association in the Philip- have organized a Pan-Pacific Associa- pine and makes me a similar offer, and tion whose activities the leaders in the I am invited to Siam to organize them government have endorsed. It is this and that's that. So I may just go float- ready recognition of the importance of ing around the Orient to these truly re- the work and the needed support of our markable Pan-Pacific headquarters that leaders that the women need. We are are now being established everywhere in the Far East. now working for a women's auxiliary of the Pan-Pacific Association so that our The formation of the Hiroshima Pan- Philippine committee of the Pan-Pacific Pacific Club was an event because of the Women's Association may have the 20,000 returned Hawaiian Japanese in prestige and backing which the men now that district, but cities all over the Orient have. Recently our women have acquired are now crying for their own Pan- a new legal right—that of being able to Pacific Clubs, so that I feel my three dispose of their paraphernal property years in the Far East have not been without the husband's consent ; we have wasted. China wishes in 1938 a Pan- also achieved the right of suffrage for Pacific Agricultural Congress to follow which we have fought for 25 years. THE MID-PACIFIC 349

Off port at Suva, the capital of Fiji.

Education of Girls in Fiji By MISS A. M. GRIFFIN, B.A. Chairman of the Pan-Pacific Women's Association in Fiji. (Excerpts from a paper prepared for a recent Teachers' Conference in Suva.)

During my eleven months' stay in In- to take their place beside those of the dia I was very much interested to see conference, for their minds were not suf- the active part taken by Indian women ficiently trained to see the needs even of in the life of the country. The first In- their own circle. dian woman I met in India was an In- Yet in India less than 3 per cent of spectress of girls' schools in the south. the women are literate. The educated All girls' schools in India are inspected women of the conference felt their re- by women. sponsibility to the illiterate, and in vari- At the All-India Women's Conference ous ways the opinion was expressed that that I attended in Lucknow were edu- education is the panacea for all ills. cated women from all over India, and It is a commonplace to say that girls they represented many spheres of work. as well as boys should be educated. This From Mysore came a woman magistrate, is easy to say and few would go so far from Madras was one who had intro- against public opinion as to say in public duced a bill into the Madras Legislative that this is not so. There are many even Council, from Srinigar the Director of in Fiji who agree in words, but they do a Women's University. There were doc- not mean their own girls or the girls tors many and teachers many. they wish to marry. I would appeal to And these women showed that they all present to so cultivate public opinion had studied the conditions of their coun- that there will soon be a whole-hearted try as only trained minds can. My demand for compulsory education of thoughts went back to this group in the both boys and girls. Pacific .where the women were not able The education of girls is comparative- 350 THE MID - PACIFIC

ly modern even in western countries. land, whether Indian or Fijian, have Here in Fiji there have always been learnt to think more intelligently and greater facilities for the education of independently. boys than girls. Fijian women are near- To plan a girl's education with the ly all literate, but I would not like to idea that she is a future home-maker will think that that was sufficient. Boys are not limit its scope but should enrich it often sent to school and their sisters kept and give it a definite aim. at home because a boy is expected to earn In every country there is need for for the family, the aim of school being public service given by trained women. merely to increase earning powers. It In Fiji at the present time there is a seems to me that schools should not be great need for women teachers and for increasing powers of earning so much nurses. as to increase powers of judgment, and Schools must prepare girls before enjoyment of wholesome things, and of they begin their specialized training for service. these professions. The best preparation In Fiji about 87 per cent of Fijian would be along the lines already indi- women are literate, while of Indian cated. women about 3 per cent. It is said that At the present time it would be an no race can rise higher than its women, impossibility to gather all girls into and though school is not the only place schools, even were the buildings and fi- where character is developed, yet the il- nancial support ready ; the number of literate woman is shut off from much women teachers with a certificate of any of the treasures the world has to offer kind is extremely small. Almost every of the thoughts of great minds. In India girls' school is understaffed, and assist- according to the figures given at the ants are very young and unable to take Women's Conference 2Y 2 per cent of the responsibility for discipline or the actual women are literate. work of the class. There is no provision The majority of girls will become for the training of girls as teachers and home-makers and as such they will have what is done in that direction is done tremendous influence and power to under the greatest of difficulties. Teach- raise, retard or lower the standard of ers already burdened with the care of home life and of the community. An edu- understaffed schools are making some cation of the boys without'. a corre- attempts to meet the need in the first in- sponding one of the girls will have stance for their own schools. something of the same effect on the so- Some system for training needs to be cial life of the people as putting a mod- begun as in a few years a tremendous ern suit on a savage—the man inside re- number of women teachers will be mains the same. The education of the needed if Fiji is not to remain behind girl gets to the heart of the community, all other countries in the matter of the for it is she who gives so much of her education of the girl. At the present time ideals to her child. there are few Indian girls who them- Here in Fiji where there are three selves have reached a standard of edu- races with customs most different this cation sufficiently high to commence discriminative attitude is most necessary. training. Older girls who are sufficient- No race is left just as it was. Changes ly far advanced or who are, say, four- in clothes, houses, house furnishings and teen or even fifteen and class VI or VII foods are the outside signs of this. There should be encouraged to remain at is a corresponding inward change which school if there is any chance of their shows itself also. Change is inevitable, taking up teaching. I should like to see and I venture to say will become easier government take the responsibility of and less hurtful when the women of this keeping at school girls who are over four- THE MID-PACIFIC 351

On the beautiful Re,-Lva River near Suva. teen, but suitable as future teachers. At girls could be begun in earnest. How present no grants-in-aids are given for the matter be financed does not concern girls over fourteen, yet a girl cannot me much—but the ideal would be I sup- commence training until she is fifteen. I pose from an education rate. This sys- would suggest that a limited number of tem has been successfully tried in the girls be allowed to remain on the roll at Soudan where conditions were some- approved schools as a group definitely what similar. preparing for teaching. If desired such I should like to see the entrance ex- girls could be bound in some way to aminatioA such that those in training can teach for a certain number of years. give almost the whole of their time to As schools are needed in many places learning how to teach the subjects re- and it is advisable that a girl in the early quired to be taught in a primary school. years of her training live at home unless At present the student has to spend so teaching in a boarding school, there much time on the subjects for examina- needs to be evolved some scheme where- tion that the teaching of method is by girls from various places where merely one of many subjects and far too schools are needed, can be brought where little time can be given to learning how they can receive the preparatory teach- to teach the subject. For instance if a ing and then training. If the commun- sufficient standard of geography were ity which is in need of a girls' school reached before entering training then the could now choose out one or two of their emphasis could be laid on how to teach most intelligent girls, collect sufficient geography. In training schools that I funds to pay the yearly expenses of visited in India I found that teachers preparation and training, and stipulate were being trained to teach certain for a number of years of service, it classes. There was both in the north and would not be many years before a sys- south training given to those who were tem of primary education for Indian to be vernacular teachers only. These 352 THE MID-PACIFIC

after their two years' training are allowed ture, Indian girls educated in Fiji will be to teach only up to what is our class able to take their place at such gather- three ; but I found that they had a very ings as the Pan-Pacific Conference, and thorough training in what they had to they will have as good a contribution to teach. In one small training department make as the women who come from in a girls' school the students had three Japan or China or Australia. periods of about forty minutes devoted One of the stumbling blocks in the to this training each day. Part of the way of much of what I have spoken of, time was a practical lesson given under is still early marriage. When it is really supervision. This was followed by criti- realized that a girl of thirteen or four- cisms of the lessons given and the third teen or even fifteen is rarely physically period was a method lesson. This was or mentally ready to become a mother, part of every day's program. there will be a greater desire for the full The foundation of an educational education of girls. system is the primary school which here This country is very much in the is considered to be that between the ages making. It has the example of many of six and 14. Between these ages a somewhat similar countries before it. Let girl (or boy) would acquire certain the young teachers of Fiji especially skills, such as reading and writing, which those who are Fiji-born realize the tre- will be as instruments by which further mendous opportunity they have in form- knowledge may be acquired, certain ing the opinions of the next generation. knowledge that will enable her to under- Let them endeavor to create open- stand the common interests of to-day ; minded, fair-minded, and public spirited interests in many things that will enable citizens. Let them in particular see that her to use her leisure time ;and a cer- the sisters of the boys they teach have tain attitude to life that will help her to the same chance as they themselves have, see the reasonableness of things and to even though the boy and the man may see things in their right perspective. thereby lose some of their former At the present time there is, I think, privileges. They will find they and only one hospital where Indian girls can their children are really the gainers. be trained as nurses. Further provision An Indian girl at school requires more is sure to be made in future. If the girls attention paid to physical education than are to receive anything like a really use- either European or Fijian girls, as so ful training they must have had a very much of their home life is inside and good general education first. many Indian people think girls should In India a very large number of just "sit still." One girl was removed women train as doctors. The demand is from my school because it was con- very much greater than the supply. sidered that the girls had too many It seems to me that there must be room games. I have found that the average girl for a limited number of Indian women is not robust. Many of them work very doctors. It should be quite possible for hard before going to school. In school girls to reach, in Fiji, the required the proper provision for physical exer- standard for entrance to a medical col- cises and games, and an outdoor occupa- lege in India. I should like to see the tion such as gardening whether flower Indian community putting by, year by or vegetable is necessary. The latter year, what would in time be a fund for would later be an excellent hobby. Many providing scholarships that could be of the girls of to-day who are at school competed for, and which would enable a are inches taller than their mothers and girl of eighteen or so to go to some this with a corresponding increase in medical college in India. robustness is a good augury for the fu- Some day, in the not very distant fu- ture. THE MID-PACIFIC 353

Some Impressions of Canada By W. G. CROSSLE C. T. A. of Victoria on staff of "The Australian Traveller."

Canada is such a large country, and the character of the people on the West so different from that of those on the East, that it is hard to make a compari- son with Australia. British Columbia, the principal lumber section, has 500 saw- mills, cutting approximately 2,000,- 000,000 B. M. of timber per year, of which 800,000,000 B. M. is exported, af- fording an annual revenue of $3,000,000. The timber stands in British Columbia amount to 276,000,000,000 feet B. M., so that, with proper control and reaf foresta- tion, there should be no shortage of lum- ber for many years to come. There are also extensive mining and agricultural in- terests, and the natural barrier, the Canadian Rockies, more or less isolates British Columbia from the rest of the Dominion. Miss Mary L. Bollert, noted educator and dean The Central Provinces—Alberta, Sas- of women at the University of British Columbia. katchewan and Manitoba, all more or less similar, and mainly agricultural, are the Australian market (where right-hand gradually developing secondary indus- drive is the order, as in England), and tries, especially in Manitoba around Win- one would have thought it would have nipeg, which now is the fourth manu- paid Britain to have catered especially facturing city in the Dominion. for Canada. It is seldom that an English Next there is Ontario, between the car is seen in Canada, and now General Central Provinces and Quebec; and Motors manufacture the Chevrolet car finally Quebec, which, owing to its in its entirety in Canada, while the Ford French origin, is very different from the Company manufacture the Ford "Four" other provinces. and "V Eight" there. Those two cars are In manufacturing, Canada now has the most popular in Canada. entered upon a policy of protection for The paper and pulp industry has been her secondary industries, with the result developed to an astonishing degree. So that quite a number of British and many mills have been built that only American firms have started manufac- about half of them are able to carry on turing in Canada, the predominance being at the present time, and amalgamation in favor of the United States. In the of various interests has been brought motor-car field alone, there have been about as a result of the depression. Now, big developments, but entirely from the the consolidated interests only operate United States. Britain has made no ef- the mills that are most suited for their fort in the Canadian market that one can purpose. It will be many years before notice. The drive for the cars is on the the demand will overtake the supply, or, left-hand side, as in the United States. should we say, the possibility of supply. Still, the United States developed cars for The same condition applies in the case 354 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 355

The three main species of fur seals in the North Pacific are Alaskan, Russian, and Japanese. of hydroelectric power, as there are ple. The reserves cover 350 acres, and the 100 permanent buildings represent more stations than at present are re- quired or likely to be required for some an expenditure of $20,000,000. Close to Toronto are the Niagara time. Canada's tourist traffic is an amazing Falls, an awe-inspiring sight. The feature. For example, the tourist traffic Niagara River, by the way, runs parallel into British Columbia alone amounts to with the Welland Canal of which the more than 800,000 persons per annum, fourth construction was completed in with a revenue to the city of over $24,- 1931. The Canadian, or Horseshoe, Falls 000,000. Naturally, the tourists have to have a crest length of 2,600 feet, and a be catered for, and, consequently, large height of 162 feet ; the American Falls and costly hotels and summer resorts have a crest length of 1,000 feet, and a have to be developed, and all this creates height of 167 feet. The average dis- an atmosphere conducive to a more gen- charge of the river is 210,000 cubic feet erous scale of expenditure than if cater- per second, and the watershed area that ing for local inhabitants alone. supplies it about 260,000 square miles in Toronto in the province of Ontario is extent. Much power is developed from the a fine city, with beautiful parks and gar- dens, and is located on the shores of Lake Niagara River, there being three power Ontario, with plenty of beach amuse- stations on the Canadian side ; two of ments and bathing facilities. It also is these use only the "head" due to the the scene of the Canadian National Ex- Falls, and have a combined capacity of hibition, the world's greatest yearly ex- 180,000 horsepower. The third is situ- hibition, and there are permanent ex- ated further away, and uses as much as hibition pavilions and reserves for this possible of the available "head" and other purpose. The exhibition is held during water sources, and has about double the the last week in August and first week capacity, but owing to the falling off in in September, and there is an average demand, at present is not in use. There is an agreement between the United attendance of more than 2,500,000 peo- 356 THE MID-PACIFIC

Mt. Erebus in Jasper National Park, province of Alberta, one of the most magnificent peaks in the Canadian Rockies. THE MID-PACIFIC 357

Canada, like New Zealand, is a fisherman's paradise.

States and Canada whereby each coun- ritory. It really was the settlement that try takes the same load from the Falls, grew up to accomodate the people em- and sufficient water must be left so as ployed in carrying out this work (which not to interfere with the scenic beauty. took five years to complete) that laid the Ottawa is the seat of the Dominion foundation of Ottawa. The town was Government, and the capital city. It is first called Bytown, and in 1854 changed very beautiful, and is located in an ap- to Ottawa ("The meeting of the propriate setting, there being rivers, and waters"), and f our years later was se- canals with weirs, and lakes to lend lected by Queen Victoria as the seat of variety to the scenery. The Parliament government. buildings are magnificent, and the central Montreal derives its name from Mt. tower houses a carillon of 53 bells and Royal, alongside of which it is located. the Memorial Chamber. This is the largest city in Canada, with An interesting feature of Ottawa is the a population of about 800,000, located in Rideau Canal, and locks which connect the province of Quebec, which has a the Canal with the Ottawa River. The population of 2,750,000, of whom five- construction was carried out originally sixths are descendants of the original as a military work by the Royal Engi- French settlers, and speak the French neers, under the direction of Colonel language. The remaining one-sixth are John By, and cost $4,000,000 in 1826. located principally in the cities and towns. The object was to enable British gun- The above fact makes one feel, on en- boats to be transported from the St. Law- tering Montreal, that one has entered a rence River into Lake Ontario without different atmosphere. Everywhere the having to pass close to United States ter- notices are in French and English ; often 358 THE MID-PACIFIC in French only. The theaters are French Leaving Quebec, we journeyed down and English—mostly French—and every- the St. Lawrence. To the poor sailor where there are churches of all kinds this affords the opportunity of becoming and descriptions. Every village in Que- acclimatized in the boat before having bec, regardless of size, has a church. to face the elements outside. The last Montreal is situated on an island view of Canadian shores is of Labrador, formed by the Ottawa River joining the looking rather bleak from the steamer ; St. Lawrence River at this point, 1,000 quite a number of fishing villages are miles from the seaboard. The St. Law- passed, and on our trip we saw a num- rence River is navigable for seven months ber of icebergs which apparently had of the year, as far as Montreal for large drifted down the coast of Labrador to ocean-going vessels, and smaller vessels the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, can pass right through to Fort William where the warmer water causes them on Lake Superior. gradually to melt. Quebec is located at Cape Diamond, When it is remembered that each on the St. Lawrence River, and famed province has its own local parliament and in history as the scene of the Battle of governor, in addition to the dominion the Plains of Abraham, when General parliament and governor-general, it will Wolfe captured the city from the French be realized that Canada, like Australia, General Montcalm. It is a quaint, old- is faced with a large overhead for gov- fashioned place, with narrow streets, and ernments and government officials. In buildings constructed in many cases with the raising of loans, each province acts walls three feet thick, and after old independently and enters the money mar- French designs. ket not in conjunction with the others, There are many interesting places to but when it thinks fit. In Australia, we see around Quebec. Founded in 1608, it have made some progress, as there is no has some of the oldest Canadian tradi- doubt that our Central Loan Council tions behind it, and some of the build- method is a better arrangement. ings have been erected for more than 300 My impression, therefore, is that ex- years. This enables a comparison to be penditure per capita in Canada would be made with our Australian conditions, on a higher scale than in Australia, and, where our history dates back such a short in the past, income certainly has been time, and it should be possible for us to higher, though all that seems to be in the visualize from the development of "melting pot" at present, and what will Canada the possibilities of the future for result from the "pour" is for the future Australia. to reveal.

The Celilo Falls of the Columbia River. THE MID-PACIFIC .359

Diamond .11 °tinfoil!, once a stronghold of Buddhism. Scenic Beauty of Korea (Chosen) Excerpts from the Japan Times

Kongo-san (Kum-Kang-san in Ko- down in many sparkling falls before rean) or Diamond Mountain as it is bet- settling for a while in deep, emerald- green pools, creating a veritable fairy- ter known by foreigners, is situated in land. Altogether, it is the form not the the province of Kogen near the east height of the rocky peaks in the moun- coast of Korea and is part of the great tain that makes it a sight at once unique mountain range forming the backbone and wonderful, as the rocks, composed of the peninsula. The mountain, about for the most part of coarse biotite- 50 miles in circumference, consists of a granite, are diversified through the pro- large cluster of countless rocky peaks cess of thousands of winters' weathering reputed to number "twelve thousand." into all manner of fanciful forms, and All the peaks are very rugged and fan- these, seen from afar, present a purplish- tastic in form, towering boldly into the brown color which adds greatly to their sky from a wild growth of primeval grandeur and impressiveness. This is sylvan vegetation below, and embrace most strikingly typified in Bambutsuso, numerous ravines and canyons through perhaps the finest part of the mountain. which run crystal waters amid and over The admirable beauty of the mountain, huge rocks of grotesque shape. It is displayed in its endless variety of scenic these streams that impart infinite charm to the mountain scenery as they rush features, is highly and justly appreciated 360 THE MID-PACIFIC

2Z

"t3

h

t:2 Oi

O O

Ot • •

Oi •S.■

*.Ct

O THE MID-PACIFIC 361 by Mr. Yuho Kikuchi, an eminent Jap- Yuten-ji (the largest of all). Choan-ji anese novelist, who has a personal ac- Shinkei-ji, Shoyo-ji Makayun, etc. quaintance with it. There are two routes to Kongo-san, "To me," says he, "Kongo-san is one the one from Tetsugen on the Kei-Geu of the greatest sights of nature I have line to Choan-ji, a starting point for the seen. Yabakei in Kyushu, Japan, is the ascent of Inner Kongo, and the other nearest approach to it, though on a far from Gensan on the same line by land smaller scale. Yet a hundred Yabakei or water via Chanzen to Onsiri, a gate- would not suffice to illustrate the maj- way to either Outer or Sea Kongo. Be- estic and mystic features of Kongo-san, yond Coan-ji one must be prepared to so magnificent and so grotesque are its tread steep, narrow, zigzag paths. It valleys. No one would, I venture to would be, however, the height of folly think, object to its being called a most to give up Kongo-san because of the notable world mountain." Indeed, the arduousness of the passage, for the en- mountain has been held by Koreans in chanting panoramic view unrolling it- great esteem from of old, and they are self at every turn is more than enough so proud of it as to say, "Do not discuss to recompense one for the labor. scenic beauty until you have seen The best season for visiting the moun- Kongo-san." tain is mid-autumn, when the country The mountain popularly goes under enjoys an unbroken spell of ideal weath- three names. The western side of it er for outings and the entire mountain is facing inland is called Uchi or inner agleam with the gorgeous tints of Kongo, and the eastern side looking autumn foliage. The next preferable toward the sea, Soto or Outer Kongo, season is spring as the cherry trees and while the extension of it jutting into the azaleas are in glorious bloom between sea in broken masses near Kojo is known April and May and are accompanied by by the name Umi or Sea Kongo. Besides, a luxurant verdure of young leaves. there is Shin or New Kongo lying to the Summer is also a good time for those southeast and recently introduced to the desiring to escape the heat, for it is de- outside world by a Japanese artist. Of lightfully cool on the mountain, though the innumerable interesting views the it has the drawback of the rainy season best known are Bambutsuso, Kyuryu-en falling within the early part of it. Biroho, Bogun-dai, etc., each possessed A visit to Keishu is important. It takes of its own characteristic beauty. about two hours by train from Taikyu The early history of the mountain is to this ancient capital of Korea. Keishu shrouded in mystery. If it is true that is really and truly the greatest pride of Keisho Hokudo. It is where fifty-six the name Kongo was taken from the kings of Shiragi reigned more than a Buddhist scriptures, as some think, then thousand years ago. Every tree and it suggests the great antiquity of its stone there are relics of the Korean fame dating as early as three thousand civilization of bygone days. years ago. A sacred mountain, it was One can pay a round of visits to all once the heart of Buddhism in Korea, places of historical interest in Keishu in and the temples and cloisters on it in the about six hours on foot and three hours height of their glory numbered, it is by motorcar. There is a motor-bus said, as many as 100. But the decline of service by means of which tourists can Buddhism brought ruin to many of them, make the round of visits for one yen. and there are now not more than twenty- Apples produced in and around Tai- five, the majority of which are found in kyu are noted all over Chosen for their Inner Kongo. Among the temples and delicious taste, but rice and wheat are cloisters still standing may be mentioned the staple products of the province. 362 THE MID-PACIFIC

The province of Heian Nando is a outside of the present activity of various thriving industrial centre of the penin- industries in the city, the Dai Nippon sula and has many places of historical Sugar Refinery has opened a branch fac- interest and scenic beauty. While the in- tory at Senkyori at the cost of more than dustrial enterprisers could spend days Y5,000,000. The Chosen Electric Enter- inspecting the coal mines where 500,000 prise Company has also erected a large tons of coal are turned out annually, plant, including a big power plant. The cement factories where 1,000,000 barrels Corn Starch Company of New York has of cement are produced each year, and also purchased a site of land covering live stock yards, rice fields, beet sugar 80,000 tsubo, or 66.15 acres, on which a plantations, raw cotton fields, tobacco factory was built at the cost of Y8,000,- fields, and elsewhere, a casual visitor 000. could also enjoy making a pilgrimage to The famous garden of Shokei-en, in places noted in the history of the penin- Keijo, first belonged to the Prince Yi sula such as the hills of Botandai and household, but was thrown open to the Otsumitsudai where a decisive battle public some time ago. It is noted for its was fought during the Sino-Japanese cherry blossoms. The garden has a war of 1894-5, or famous architecture of museum, a botanical garden, a zoo, etc., old Korea. There is no such gorgeous all of which are managed by the family sight as Mt. Kongo (Diamond Moun- of Prince Yi. Rare ancient relics of tain) in this province, but the scenery Korea with immense historical value are there is beautiful and peculiarly charac- shown in the museum. teristic of Korea. One of the first enterprises of the Heijo is the city where the provincial Japanese authorities in Korea was to government of Heian Nando is located. establish model farms, because Korea, Its population has suddenly increased to like Japan, is essentially an agricultural 140,000 since the spring of 1929 when country, about 80 per cent of its popula- the neighboring towns and villages were tion being engaged in agricultural pur- annexed in accordance with the city con- suits of one kind or another. Korea, like struction program. Japan, is a mountainous country having Fusan is the main entrance to Korea few large plains, but still it has fields in the south. With the population of large enough to produce rice and other approximately 110,000 including 71,000 agricultural products sufficient to feed natives, it is one of the most important teeming millions. Hence the vital im- cities in the peninsula. In the 10th year portance of agricultural improvement of Meiji, or in 1877, Fusan's annual for the welfare of Korean life. trade amounted to only Y460,000. With Sericulture in Korea is a family in- the industrial development in recent dustry, as in Old Japan, and for the most years, however, things are not what they part, is carried on as a sideline. The used to be. The annual trade in recent Korean climate and soil are highly favor- years, including that with the main is- able for the raising of silkworms, but land, totals well over Y240,000,000. Par- not much progress was ever made in this ticularly of late, Fusan exporters en- line, as the species reared were of in- deavor to export maritime products to ferior kinds, while the method of rear- the South Seas, and their efforts are ing them was very primitive and the cul- gradually meeting with favorable re- tivation of mulberry trees, on whose sults. It must be added also that the leaves they feed, received little if any at- city has many places of scenic beauty tention. The government since 1910 has and historical interest in its vicinity. employed every appropriate means to Heijo has a big potential future as a secure thorough improvement in both successful industrial city. For instance, quality and quantity of cocoons, and THE MID-PACIFIC 363

Temples and cloisters are found in Inner Kongo (Diamond Mountain). regulations were issued in 1919 to pro- eral agricultural enterprise due to the vide for the examination of egg-cards, abundance of sunshine and rainfall. prevention of diseases, care of mulberry Keisho Nando occupies one-seventh of seedlings, etc., and institutions necessary the coastline of the peninsula of Korea for the encouragement of this profitable and is rich in marine products. The total business were established in the provin- haul comes to more than Y20,000,000 an- ces. The result of all these efforts is already evident in the greatly advanced nually, which is just about one-third of condition of the industry. The number the entire haul of Korea. Thus Keisho of families engaging in sericulture in Nando can compare very favorably with 1910 was calculated at 76,000 and the any place in Japan proper in fishery. volume of cocoons gathered at 14,000 In Keikido agriculture has not been koku, but in 1929 the figures were 648,- regarded as so important a trade despite 000 families and 484,000 koku. the fact that the soil is quite suitable for Another interesting province is Zenra agriculture. More attention has been de- Hokudo, screened by mountains on three voted to trade there, and it embraces sides, the western side fronting on the Keijo (Seoul), the capital of Korea, and Yellow Sea. It has an area of 5,530,000 Jinsen, the best-equipped port of the pen- square ri, with a population of 1,378,161, insula. Keikido has a population of about of which 29,944 are Japanese, 3,291 Chi- nese, and 40 other foreigners. 1,949,000 and some 378,000 houses. It Contrary to the general notion that has an area of some 830 square ri. The Korea has a very disagreeable climate, this rivers Kanko and Rinshinko run through peninsula as a whole, especially this prov- the district and vast fertile plains stretch ince, may be regarded as rather ideal in along the basin of these rivers and are this respect, and is well adapted to gen- both navigable. 364 THE MID-PACIFIC

INDEX TO VOLUME XLVII. (January to June, 1934, inclusive)

Auckland, The War Memorial Museum of, by W. F. Kennedy 139 Australia: Land of Beautiful Trees, by David G. Stead 3 Australia, Gum Trees or Ecalypts of, by David G. Stead 129 Australian Skiing Center, Kiandra, An, by Kenneth Hunter 225 Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, New Series, Nos. 167, 168, 169, 170 Pages 49, 149, 249, 381 Butterflies Under the Equator, by W. Judson Coxey 25 Canada and the United States, A Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo Program 19 Canada, Some Impressions of, by W. G. Crossle 353 Canadian Cities, Trails to Two, by Natt N. Dodge 243 'China Medicinal Herbs from, A Pan-Pacific Science Program, Honolulu 29 'Davao, Center of the Manila Hemp Industry, by Alexander Hume Ford 125 •Education of Girls in Fiji, by A. Maud Griffin 349 • Fiji, Education of Girls in, by A. Maud Griffin 349 • Hawaii, The Sensory Appeal of Sight in, by Maurice Hill 311 Japan in a Nutshell, by Sometaro Sheba 143 Japanese Ideal of Harmony, The by Ken Kawachi 343 Japanese Mandate Island, Palau A, by Alexander Hume Ford 211 Japanese Mandated Islands, En Route to the, by Alexander Hume Ford 11 Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. Vol. IX, No. I 33, Vol. IX, No. 2 365 Malayan Silhouettes, by John Harden Connell 239 'Manila Hemp Industry, Davao, Center of the, by Alexander Hume Ford 125 'Medicinal Herbs from China, A Pan-Pacific Science Program, Honolulu 29 Melbourne Centenary Mia-Mia to Metropolis, by Arthur H. O'Connor 327 Mexico, Sunlight and Shadows in, by Newton Bell 103 Mongolia, To the Mecca of Inner, by George and Geraldine T. Fitch 113-215 Mosquitoes in New Zealand by J. Drummond 15 • New Zealand, Land of Geysers and Volcanoes, by Dr. Harold T. Stearns 321 New Zealand, Mosquitoes in, by J. Drummond 15 •Oahu, The Building of, by Dr. Harold T. Stearns 203 Palau a Japanese Mandate Island, by Alexander Hume Ford 211 Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo Program, A, 19, 233 Philippine Republic, The, by Alexander Hume Ford 347 Scenic Beauty of Korea 359 .Solomon Islanders 123 United States and Canada, The, A Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo Program 19 War Memorial Museum of Auckland, The, by W. F. Kennedy 139 Women's Conference, The Third Pan-Pacific, by Ann Y. Satterth'waite 303 Yangtze River, A Voyage Through the Gorges and Rapids of the, by Dr. Bolivar Lang Falconer, F.A.G.S. 333

Statement of the ownership of the Mid-Pacific Magazine at Honolulu, required by the Act of August 24, 1912; Editor, Alexander Hume Ford; Managing Editor, Alexander Hume Ford; Business Manager, Alexander Hume Ford; Publisher, Alexander Hume Ford; Owner, Alex- ander Hume Ford; Mortgagee, None. A. Y. SATTERTHWAITE, Assistant Editor. Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of June 1934. (Seal) H. J. Evensen, Notary Public, First Judicial Circuit, Territory of Hawaii. (My Commission expires at the pleasure of the Attorney-General.)

VOLUME IX APRIL-JUNE, 1934 No.

JOURNAL

OF THE Pan-Pacific Research Institution A Periodical Record of Investigations Bearing on Problems of Food Production, Distribution, Conservation and Consumption, as well as on Public Health, and Race and Population Problems as Related to the Countries Bordering on the Pacific.

INDEX ✓New Species of Careproctus from Alaska 2 By Wilbert M. Chapman and Allan C. DeLacy ✓The Cottoid Genus Hemilepidotus of the North Pacific - 5 By Leonard P. Schultz and Arthur W. Welander ,Migrations of Food Plants in the Pacific 7 ,Among the Mangroves in Fiji 9 The Musk Mystery 10 -'1,1edical Service in Papua 12 ✓Oriental Vegetables in Hawaii 15 Pan-Pacific Science Council for China 16

AT PRESENT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT HONOLULU, HAWAII BY THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION More frequent publication as acceptable material is contributed. 2 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

New Species of Careproctus From Alaska By WILBERT M. CHAPMAN and ALLAN C. DZLACY Department of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle.

In a shipment of fishes sent to the side of the pectoral fin, the anterior half authors from Petersburg, Alaska, by Miss of the lower jaw, and the snout. Eye Dorothy Ruth Scott, an apparently un- moderate, entirely black ; the pupil small described liparid of the genus Careproctus (contained 7 or 8 times in eye) and round was found. Later five additional speci- or nearly so; interorbital space wide, the mens were obtained from Miss Scott. gelatinous material making it appear con- These six specimens and five others in vex externally so that the eye is situated the Collection of Fishes, Department of midway between the dorsal outline and Fisheries, University of Washington, are the corner of the mouth. Snout short, here described, and named Careproctus rising abruptly from the mouth. scottae after the donor. Posterior nostril absent ; anterior nos- Careproctus scottae, new species tril tubular, much projecting. Two supra- Holotype.—A female 207 mm. from tip branchial pores separated by a space equal of snout to base of caudal ; taken by a to about half the diameter of the eye ; two shrimp trawler off Petersburg, Alaska, in snout pores, the upper of which is be- September, 1932 ; depth of capture un- tween the nostrils ; maxillary pores six, known ; Cat. No. 2742, Collection of the one posterior to the eye being much Fishes, Department of Fisheries, Univer- smaller than the.others; seven mandibular sity of Washington. pores, pores along the lateral line, if pres- Paratypes. Five specimens from Peters- ent ; not noticeable in the lax skin. Maxil- burg, Alaska, obtained from a shrimp lary ending beneath the anterior third of trawler ; depth of capture unknown ; Cat. the horizontal diameter of the eye. No. 2743, Collection of Fishes, Depart- Gill-slit either entirely above the pec- ment of Fisheries, University of Wash- toral or extending down in front of one ington. Five specimens from Thomas pectoral ray, except on the holotype, in Bay, Alaska, collected by C. L. Anderson which it extends down in front of three from a shrimp trawler, in 1920; depth of rays on the left side but is entirely above capture 100 fathoms ; Cat. No. 2741, Col- the pectoral on the right side.1 Four gills, lection of Fishes, Department of Fish- with no slit behind the last. Gill-rakers eries, University of Washington. very short and blunt. Gill-raker formula One paratype has been deposited in the 2 10 on the anterior arch of one of the United States National Museum and one paratypes. There are no pseudobranchiae. in the Museum of Zoology, University of Teeth on both jaws arranged in oblique Michigan. series, which give a rounded, pavement- Description (based on the holotype and like grinding surface. Teeth short and the ten paratypes).—Body shorter and slender, without distinct lateral lobes, al- deeper than usual in the genus, its great- though on some there is a small lateral est depth just anterior to the origin of the hump. No teeth on the vomer, palatines dorsal fin ; body and head enveloped in a or tongue. A semispherical knob of teeth, loose, flexible skin under which is a layer apparently supported by the third and of gelatinous material that is most prom- fourth suprabranchials, works against a inent on the anterior portion of the body smaller knob of teeth on the fourth basi- and the top of the head ; body and head branchial and a triangular plate of teeth compressed. Skin thickly set with groups of long slender "cactus-like" prickles 'Because of the lax condition of the skin and flabbiness of the body, some of the characters everywhere except on the tail, the under show considerable variation. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 3

on each infrapharyngeal bone. No teeth caeca 15 (18 in one paratype). The di- on the first two suprabranchials nor on mensions of various characters are con- the first three basibranchials. tained the following number of times in Anterior edge of disk reaching a verti- the standard length: Length of head 4.1 cal through the posterior margin of the (3.5 to 4.4, 3.9) ; greatest depth 2.9 (2.8 eye. Disk small, and made triangular and to 3.5, 3.1) ; greatest diameter of eye 18.8 slightly cupped by the folding under of (16.2 to 22.7, 19.4) ; length of upper jaw its lateral and posterior edges. Vent at 10.9 (8.2 to 11.9, 10.1) ; length of snout the end of a distinct papilla, which is sep- 12.2 (9.9 to 15.1, 12.4) ; greatest width arated from the disk by an interval equal of head 5.2 (5.0 to 6.5, 5.7) ; length of to the longitudinal diameter of the disk. longest ray of upper lobe of pectoral 6.1 Pyloric caeca 15 in the holotype and 18 in (5.2 to 6.8, 6.1) ; length of lower lobe of one of the paratypes ; the longest about pectoral 4.2 (3.4 to 5.5, 4.4) ; mandible 1.5 in the length of the head. to disk 10.3 (8.7 to 10.4, 9.5) ; mandible Origin of the dorsal fin over or slightly to anal papilla 6.5 (5.4 to 6.5, 6.2) ; disk behind the gill-slit. Anterior third of the 41.4 (18.6 to 41.4, 26.4) ; length of gill- dorsal fin rays hidden in the gelatinous slit 12.2 (10.8 to 13.4, 11.9).3 The di- mass of the anterior portion of the body, mensions of various characters are con- the rays becoming progressively longer tained the following number of times in and more slender posteriorly. Dorsal con- the length of the head : Diameter of eye nected to the anterior third of the caudal. 4.5 (4.0 to 6.2, 5.0) ; length of upper jaw Anal originating at the vertical through 2.6 (2.2 to 2.9, 2.6) ; length of snout 2.9 the posterior end of the upper lobe of the (2.6 to 3.6, 3.1) ; length of longest ray in pectoral; its rays similar to those in the upper lobe of pectoral 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7, dorsal fin. Anal connected to the anterior 1.6) ; length of lower lobe of pectoral 1.0 half of the caudal fin. Pectoral fin divided (0.9 to 1.4, 1.1) ; mandible to disk 2.5 into two lobes by a deep notch. Seven or (2.1 to 2.9, 2.5) ; mandible to anal papilla eight rays of the lower lobe thickened and 1.6 (1.4 to 1.7, 1.6) ; disk 10 (5.4 to 10.0, more or less separated from each other ; 6.8) ; gill-slit 2.9 (2.9 to 3.3, 3.1). the longest of these, either the fourth or Relationships.-Careproctus scottae is fifth, not reaching the origin of the anal closely related to the group containing fin. Distance from the tip of the mandible C. pellucidus, C. acanthodes, C. rastrinus to the end or the lower lobe of the pec- and C. trachysoma. From all of these, ex- toral about 0.9 the distance from the tip cepting C. rastrinus, it is distinguished by of the mandible to the anus. The caudal the greater depth of the body4 (3.5 for fin is short, slender, and truncate. C. pellucidus, 3.6 to 3.7 for C. acantho- Body translucent. Color pinkish in des, and 3.5 to 4.1 for C. trachysoma). specimens which had been in formalin for C. scottae is further separated from C. a month, but entirely faded after six pellucidus by the smaller eye (3.7 in the months. Gill cavity, mouth, peritoneum head for the latter) ; the gill-slit not ex- and stomach pale and undotted. tending down in front of 5 to 6 pectoral The stomach of the holotype contained rays ; and by the presence of prickles on a large amphipod and the remains of a the skin (in C. pellucidus there are none). shrimp about three inches long. From C. acanthodes, C. scottae is dif- Dorsal 54 (52 to 56, 55.0) 2 (Table I) ; ferentiated by the smaller eye (3.5 to 4.0 anal 48 (47 to 51, 49.5) ; pectoral 32 (32 in the head in C. acanthodes) ; the whole to 34, 32.4) ; lower lobe of pectoral 8 (7 eye being black, instead of the lower half to 8, 7.5) ; caudal 9 (8 to 9, 8.7) ; pyloric The range and mean of gill-slit measure- ments are for nine specimens only. The number outside the parenthesis repre- 'Figures for other species than C. scottae are sents the type; the numbers inside give the taken from Burke, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 150, range and mean, respectively, for all specimens. 1930: 1-204, figs. 1 to 110. •

4 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

cc c0 CD VD CA CD AO CA 00 (-0 cO CA C) CD ,r CO ul VD CD VD 7r VD C) cc co „r an er er er 00 er CD. .1 en 7r CO (.0 V; v; en e. ,r VD CD en LO M CA VD VD ec) 7r (V co ,4 6 (.4 so 06 cc cc cc CA cc

U t■ VD 00 0,1 4 ,r) 00 0 Un VD r, un un cn r, og og cc CD c. CA co uo V; V; 7r VD CD CA v; 7or CA cc co cc CS en vD ei ,16 NF 00 v5 ,N6 e4 un -4 cq -4 m cq -4N

CT un cY r, CO 7r Ch CD CA 71- CD 7t r. 46. '0 to VD 71- cc CA C; CD cc un CD CA uo cc •■■cr c4 *1. cc -4 .1- VD ci v3 Ni 0K v5 Ni ei ,4 CD CA N4 ui N c4

CD co cc r. t. 00 VD CA CA go t. co oo el 04 r. Ch cc cc 00 00 Cy e. r, QD Ch Jr. VD cc co 00 e. er er r, ef -4 -4 U) M v6 NI- 05 m e4 e4 cA cc -4 c4 ,4 ui M cyN e. CY e.

CA CA en CO 00 In 00 CA en N - 00 C> CD C> (7:, 00 N. un 00 V; CT un et un CT Ci kg et CO VD V; er VD \C! ,n CA M 00 cps ch v5 ("6 vD tri Ch VD CO CA cc cc

. CA t. N. C. 00 cc co C. 7h N. CO ,n VD VD CO crz! en ,0 7r VD 00 e. etO V; CA 7 un e. CD ci cc 00 6 .6 cq 00 .6 ,4 • c‘i cn -4 e4 v5 c,5 N N

• r. c; CD un co CA 00 71- vD cl c0 ,1 m 00 .1 m glO c'ii 1: gl Ln kg CY un 00 VD CA • e4

7r CA 0\ 00 N. CO CA CA un N. cp r. N. eq CD VD C2 7C LT-1 oo oo co co cq m er e. un kg CT er CD cT un ao CT Ne4 ei DO CD 04 ui (.4 v5 NF 05 VD e4 C CA CA ,4 ,4 cA -4 .(E;. N V N. co un un 00 co 0\ CO (.0 gp CD CD co .c N. CO N. cp CD LT.4 (Voi %c! CA CT CA CO -1- CP CD 0. uO e.N. r. c; v; c) M VD 00 6 .6 c4 s46 .6 oi sti c4 „. • cq c4 ,4 ri e4 s.46 vo O '-' CA cc VI E CD CD CD CA t.. (-4 m r. ,t (...) cl VD op o) 00 !f- w. Un t. t sop Z El cc co un vo CD CO CO v; CA el cn 00 CD ,n CD 10 CA co V; V; 00 w .-1 ri 0 0 cc ui CA ,e; .1- 00 so .6 c5 .6 (si ei -4 ,4 ci -. VD CA cc cc CA cc

LTI un CA CA N.. m .4- ,-. 'er en 1-n C) en -,1- c) NI- en ,0 vD .1- cp 00 P4 V; CA cc CA C; C> cv 00 .4. m e4 cq .1.- ,e) v; 71- CD 00 r. 4.70 CD • v.. en VS 0.■ e6 ,e) ei ul ei c5 v6 0. ,4 -,4- e4 (.6 -4 ,4 el --4 oo c6 Er; ..., .i (N) _

°4-+ as 40 4) . 03 77 1. 77 . 2 2 lc _5 C.) 0. B "S 840 aJ Cl.) 4. 4. „X '4., 0 `. .) 0 >1 0 0 M 0 '''' W 0 0 us ✓ •`. 0 1-, • s. 0 (1.) '0 co 4) V V "0 m re. 0 4. .-' Z .10 .ct - 0 rtt 0 2 0 V -..,..- ■ • "" 0000v = a) ,.., 0) u. '5 4:1:: a.) v 03 ',' 0 :t I. ..'' 1. T. 0 . Cd T'n •-• ;.., - .... - - - 0 77 cy „E .9., 77 r. o o 04 8 c, ,e 4o 77 cc .;',0, (2 A (st g , c, 0 .4 j„ O ''' 03 co 0 +4-, v. '... 4. 4. m .5 4. ✓ .. IS 79 '-'0' OW 4. 1::,-4 `:-.„ E ...... ,,, ,-., - ,- 0 0 0 O E.d 0 0 0 ,.. v -0 t, ,= '; . 4. 4. B ...F. ,q s.., ..,..1 ... ■-• 4. .., ,..[ 4. .... co v V) b0 bA bA „_,+-' 4-, bA b-0 ° ° t:t0 t t E ,1 b.0 bi) b0 ° ° b,0 :,A ..o 410000.0 0400,01,00 03(0000000, 0 C O 1-, c.) 0 v V ›. 0 v 0 •-, •-+ 0 0 3. 4. 0 0 0 0 , •*. 0 01.) .....W -0M 1-4 1.4 1-.7 ,• A 1-4 1-4 E--1 Eq .Z ,i 21 121 1.4 i )--1 14 EN E-1 1.1 )-.1 V/ 0 C.) JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 5 being silvery as in C. acanthodes; the scribed for C. rastrinus); the lower lobe longer lower pectoral lobe (1.8 to 2.0 in of the pectoral has seven or eight rays in- head in C. acanthodes) ; and the smaller stead of ten rays as shown by Burke 1. c., disk (4.5 to 4.8 in the head for C. acan- p. 136, fig. 57) for C. rastrinus; the thodes). longest rays of the lower lobe of the pec- C. scottae differs from C. trachysoma toral fin do not reach to the origin of the in the smaller number of dorsal rays (58 anal fin as they do in C. rastrinus; the to 60 in the latter) ; in the smaller num- gill-slit is usually above the pectoral fin or ber of anal rays (53 to 55 in C. trachy- extends down opposite one pectoral fin soma) ; by the absence of dark pigment ray,. instead of 4 to 5 rays as in C. ras- (C., trachysoma has dark pigment on the trinus; and dark pigment is absent in lips, peritoneum and stomach) ; and by C. scottae (in C. rastrinus pigment occurs the smaller gill-slit (the gill-slit in C. tra- on the stomach and part of the intestine, chysoma extends down in front of one to and on the bases of the caeca). five pectoral rays). The four species of Careproctus to C. scottae is most closely related to C. which C. scottae appears to be most simi- rastrinus, from which it differs in the fol- lar are all confined to the Asiatic side of lowing respects : The pectoral rays are the Pacific, while C. scottae has been fewer (32 to 34 instead of 34 to 37 as de- taken only in Alaskan waters.

The Cottoid Genus Hemilepidotus of the North Pacific By LEONARD P. SCHULTZ and ARTHUR W. WELANDER Department of Fisheries, University of Washington During the summer of 1933, Dr. Carl in the second (H. hemilepidotus) between 12.0 and 18.6% of the same length. The variation is L. Hubbs, curator of fishes, Museum of also nearly continuous and gives no ground for Zoology, University of Michigan, gave separation of these two species. The coloration us the opportunity to work up a series is very variable and one can also find specimens with wide interorbital space (that is, belonging of collections of fishes made in Alaska to H. hemilepidotus) and with a spotted belly by W. J. Eyerdam during 1931 and 1932. (cf. No. 1655 of our collection) as in H. jordani. "I regard therefore the form with wider inter- Although these collections contained little orbital space not as a separate species but as a of especial interest, they did furnish a subspecies—Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus jordani series of specimens which enabled us to Bean." clarify the status of certain North Pacific Our measurements of the interorbital fishes. The Gadidae are being treated in space for each species cover almost the a separate contribution, and one genus of entire range of variation indicated by Cottidae is treated in this paper. Schmidt for both forms (Table I). We In a recent paper P. Schmidt (1929: find other characters, however, which in- 360-364), with very limited material, dicate specific differences. They are : took Hemilepidotus jordani to be a sub- 1. The belly is usually white and un- species of H. hemilepidotus, saying, spotted in jordani, but heavily spotted in "But if we compare the measurements of hemilepidotus. Occasionally there are a forms of our collections which have a wider few spots along the sides of the belly in interorbital space and a pure white belly (Table jordani, but the chin in that species is II) with measurements of Hemilepidotus hemi- lepidotus Til. (Table I), we shall see that the invariably unspotted, whereas it is always variation of the length of the head, the depth spotted in hemilepidotus. of the body, the diameter of the eye and the width of the band of the scale-like plates is in 2. There are 13 to 16 pairs of dermal both groups very similar and can not be used cirri around the head, usually 14 to 15 in for distinguishing both species. The width of adults of hemilepidotus, but only 7 to 13 the interorbital space varies in the first group between 19.2-24.2% of the length of the head, on jordani. The dermal flap beside the 6 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION nasal spine in hemilepidotus is large and overlapping in the number of rays be-- very distinct, while in jordani it is either tween the two species occurs. Our data wholly absent or represented by a very were obtained from specimens collected in small conical structure. California, Oregon, Washington and 3. The number of soft rays in the dor- Alaska, and show no evident latitudinal sal, anal, and pectoral fins consistently variation in the number of fin rays. averages one or two more in each fin in The results of our study confirm the jordani than in hemilepidotus (Table II). view of Gilbert and Burke (1910: 53-54), If the number of soft rays in the dorsal, that jordani is specifically distinct from anal and two pectoral fins of each speci- hemilepidotus, and contradict the state- men are added together and these totals ment of Schmidt (1. c.) that the two arranged in the form of frequencies, no forms are only subspecifically distinct.

TABLE I. SUMMARY OF THE PER CENT OF INTERORBITAL SPACE INTO THE LENGTH OF THE HEAD Interorbital space in hundredths of the length of the head 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 H. jordani Alaska 1 1 7 13 27 39 35 6 2 2 H. hemilepidotus Alaska 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 Washington 1 4 7 4 1 1 Oregon 1 1 6 10 7 7 3 California 2 3 9 8 5 5 TABLE II. THE NUMBER OF SOFT RAYS IN HEMILEPIDOTUS HEMILEPIDOTUS AND H. JORDANI (The Alaskan specimens counted are all from Sitkalidak and Kodiak Islands) Number of fin rays 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Total Average Anal fin : H. hemilepidotus Alaska 1 9 Washington 19 1 Oregon 4 26 6 California 11. 11 19 2 99 14.91 H. jordani 38 89 133 16.76 Dorsal fin : H. hemilepidotus Alaska 3 7 Washington 4 16 Oregon 1 7 27 1 California 1 6 25 1 99 18.78 H. jordani 4 51 74 3 1 133 20.59 Pectoral fin : H. hemilepidotus Alaska 2 15 Washington 6 34 Oregon 9 60 3 California 46 235 6 419 15.88 H. jordani 35 201 30 266 17.98 Total number of soft rays in anal, dorsal, and the two pectoral fins. Aver- 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 Total age H. hemilepidotus 3 17 15 45 8 1 _ 89 65.46 H. jordani 9 32 28 4- 3 16 3 1 1 133 73.32 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 7

Migrations of Food Plants in the Pacific By LORIN TARR GILL Did the early inhabitants of Polynesia ized for the growing of food, medicinal, have contact with tropical America? If clothing, fiber and ceremonial plants. not, how did they obtain the pineapple? When the original vegetation was de- A new light on the origin and migra- stroyed, new strains of plants were care- tion of the natives of the South Pacific fully selected, and grown under condi- islands—information which bears defi- tions best suited to them in plantations nitely on the time and source of immigra- having a definite order in the area occu- tion of the early inhabitants of the Mar- pied by the tribe. quesas and their subsequent intercourse Valleys which were extremely difficult with other parts of the Pacific—is found of entrance were set aside for the grow- in the discoveries of Dr. Forest B. H. ing of food plants intended for use in Brown, botanist of the Bishop Museum. emergency. Dr. Brown describes one in It becomes increasingly evident that, the interior of northwestern Fatuhiva, though the main stream of Polynesian several miles in extent and so difficult of immigration to the Marquesas came from access that not a single pig, goat or other the west, there was undoubtedly some destructive animal has ever found en- contact between those natives and the trance to it. There, he says, the many natives of the American continent. phases of Marquesan agriculture which The botanist paints a remarkable pic- have been more or less completely effaced ture of the dependence of the aboriginal elsewhere in the islands exist intact and inhabitants upon their plant life and can be traced in detail. shows conclusively that, while most of There is no doubt but that the pan- the indigenous seed plants of the archi- danus is by far the most important and pelago have allies in America, nearly all useful plant to the Polynesian inhabitants plants of aboriginal introduction which of the tropical Pacific islands. In all like- were growing in the islands at the time of lihood the useful species were cultivated discovery had their origin in Asia. Also, from the very beginning of their agricul- many weeds of Asiatic origin which tural practices and the many characteris- were of no use to the natives were unin- tics of the various forms are the result, tentionally introduced by them. in part, of native selection. It may be The islands included in the survey em- found, too, that certain species are of an- brace every condition of soil, topography cient aboriginal introduction. and climate under which the Polynesians Throughout the Tuamotus the pandan- were living at the time of discovery by us was the chief source of plant food. On Europeans. those low coral islands where taro, banana, It would be hard to devise a more per- sweet potato, breadfruit and every other fect plan for utilizing the natural condi- native food plant, with the exception of tions of an archipelago than that devel- coconut, is grown with the greatest diffi- oped by the Marquesans, Dr. Brown says. culty, it flourishes without cultivation. It As the indigenous vegetation offered was also important in the Ellice, Gilbert little in the way of food, it was necessary and equatorial islands and to the inhabi- for the first arrivals to bring native food tants of northern Australia. plants with them and also to develop a While the pandanus was not much used system of agriculture best adapted to the as a food plant on high tropical islands climate and soil conditions and the grow- such as the Marquesas, it served many ing needs of the population. other purposes, being used for adornment, Every available space in the valleys the scenting of coconut oil, intoxicating and even on the mountain sides was util- drinks, mats, sails, thatch for houses, fiber JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION for cordage, and wood for spears. One covery of the archipelago by Europeans. variety, with deep red fruits, believed to Today pineapples are found in all in- have originated through native methods habited valleys, yet they are planted more of selection and cultivation, became so commonly in the arid uplands in situa- closely associated with religious practices tions too dry and exposed for other as to be considered sacred. plants of the native agriculture. The coconut, it is believed, was indige- One of the largest pineapple planta- nous to the Marquesas, where the natives tions in the Marquesas is in eastern Patu- cultivated not less than 5o varieties. Al- hiva, on the dry, rocky exposed slopes of though the breadfruit ranked first in im- Mouna Natahu, at an altitude of over portance, the coconut played an important 1000 feet. The trees and shrubs origin- part, yet on account of the large popula- ally covering the mountain have been re- tion, it was used as food only on festive moved and there the pineapple grows lux- or special occasions or during famine. uriantly without cultivation of any kind, With the advent of modern houses and the long stems covering the rocks and appliances the coconut still serves many stones where few other plants can grow. purposes and its use as a food plant has The Marquesan pineapples are small in increased. The steam from its heated comparison with the commercial varieties flesh is considered to have a medicinal but they are extremely fragrant and su- quality ; the sap from the green nut fre- perior in flavor, Dr. Brown says. They quently takes the place of water on long were valued in ancient times for their trips ; the soft curdlike flesh of the imma- fruits and leaves, the former being used ture nut is fed to babies and young suck- more extensively for leis and for scenting ling pigs ; an intoxicating drink is made coconut oil than for food. by fermenting the sap, and the oil is used The ti, an Indo-Malayan plant, was of in many ways. Empty coconut shells still ancient aboriginal introduction and many serve as containers and the nuts as play- varieties were grown in Polynesia. Culti- things for children ; the fibers of the husk vated in the Marquesas, as elsewhere, for are braided into cordage of sennit and its leaves, the roots of some types yielded are rolled together to make fishing lines ; food which was appreciated in time of and the leaves serve as thatch for houses f amine. and for fans and baskets. The midribs, The leaves are valued chiefly as wrap- fastened together as bundles, are used as pers for food stored. Leis are made brooms, and flowers are strung on them from them ; they are fashioned into skirts for use as leis. The terminal bud of the to be fastened around the waist and an palm makes delicious salad. intoxicating drink is still made from the Taro, undoubtedly ranked next to fermented root. breadfruit as one of the leading food The banana seems to have been one of plants of the ancient Marquesans and, the first important food plants introduced though the varieties which are extremely by the Polynesians at the beginning acrid and require long baking in the oven period of their agriculture and not less are not cultivated to any extent today, than 75 varieties were cultivated by the the improved rapid-cooking types are ex- ancient Marquesans. The natives had a tensively employed in making modern thorough understanding of the plant's dishes. cultural requirements and the knowledge Six forms of the pineapple, originated of all its useful properties in connection by the Marquesans from a single species with ancient practice. endemic to Brazil and which have been In times of great shortage the fresh known there since ancient times, offer fruit was used in the place of breadfruit evidence that the early Polynesians, or taro in the making of poi. It was through contact with America, obtained baked in the native oven, substituted for their original stock long before the dis- breadfruit and used in combination with JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 9 coconut cream to form some of the native those of modern introduction are more delicacies. The fruits of certain varieties valued for food. All the native varieties, were selected for sacrificial offerings. however, yield abundantly with little cul- The outer tissues of the trunk, stripped tivation. into narrow ribbons, were used as cord- The wild ginger is doubtless of early age. The green leaves served as the outer aboriginal introduction and has become lining of "ma" pits for storing fermented naturalized in all the high islands of trop- breadfruit and the juice and green tissues ical Polynesia. The Hawaiians as well as of several forms were used in native the Marquesans used the clear, watery medicines. juice from the inflorescence for sprink- At the time of discovery the banana ling upon the hair and, in emergencies, had become subordinate to the breadfruit for quenching the thirst, and the foliage as a food plant ; and, at the present time, was used to scent tapa.

Among the Mangroves in Fiji By MARGUERITE W. CROOKES, M.A.

It was with very considerable eager- It is a good old Anglo-Saxon proverb ness that I awaited my first visit to a that says you cannot have your cake and tropical mangrove swamp. I was also ap- eat it. Well, if you happen to be a tree prehensive, for our New Zealand man- you cannot expect to live a pleasant, am- grove swamps are apt to be somewhat phibious life in situations where few noisome places which one contemplates others venture to compete with you, and with greater pleasure from afar. A trop- at the same time enjoy all the ease and ical mangrove swamp is very different. security of orthodox life on land. There To begin with, some mangroves attain are all sorts of difficulties about the am- the height of forest trees, so that we phibious environment, and the mangroves have a forest rather than a swamp—a have their own way of meeting them. forest with all its implications of dignity There are in Fiji two main kinds of and mystery. I used to love the roadway mangrove, those belonging to the family through the swamp best when the tide Rhizophora and those belonging to the was in—when all the silent winding family Bruguiera. Rhizophora means channels brimmed with water so still that literally "root-bearing," and you do not not a leaf was blurred. Along the bank need to look closely at the plant to un- multitudes of young mangroves grew in derstand the name. The Rhizophora serried ranks, covering the swamp floor flings down quantities of aerial roots everywhere, and over all the full-grown from its branches, even from its highest mangroves, gnarled and massive, spread ones. their great green crowns in almost all Now, this mass of roots gives the man- parts, shutting out the sun. A quiet place, groves a most bizarre appearance ; in the mangrove swamp—very quiet and some cases it gives them the aspect of peaceful, its silence broken mainly by the having spindly legs, not unlike gigantic long-drawn haunting call of the honey- stick insects. These roots not only give eaters, the soft rustling of brightly the mangroves secure foothold among colored soldier crabs scuttling to their the moving water, but they also serve the holes, or the sudden soft "plop" as a long very useful purpose of enabling them to green mangrove fruit detached itself and augment their supply of oxygen. Salt dropped into the quiet tide. And strange mud may be very cool and damp, but it indeed these fruits are, like many other is not the best aerated thing in the things about the mangroves. world. Our own New Zealand mangroves 10 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

deal with the oxygen shortage in quite salt water they become horizontal in a different way. Instead of sending roots fresh. down from above they send roots up Cast forth upon the water, the seed- from below, hence the slimy little "pegs" lings of Rhizophora can float unharmed that are so annoying if one is trying to for three or four months, those of cross the swamp barefoot. Bruguiera for even longer. Once estab- But having safeguarded its own foot- lished in a suitable position they strike hold in the mud or coral sand, the man- very quickly and soon become flourishing grove has a still graver difficulty to deal young plants. with. How can it safeguard the interests Even from this brief and of necessity of its children ? The situation is a com- superficial sketch my reader will gather plicated one. In the first place, the fruits by what delicately adjusted means the are likely to fall into the moving tide ; mangrove fits itself to its chosen sur- in the second, how can they root on roundings. How, then, shall we regard ground that is being constantly covered the mangrove ? As one of the most spe- by moving water ? On the one hand, cialized "up-to-date" plants, that has by they must be prevented from drowning, slow degrees fitted itself for the ex- on the other hand they must be given igencies of amphibious life ? Mr. Guppy, some means of gaining a foothold in their however, that fascinating authority on slippery home. the Western Pacific, has other views. Not content with the formation of a The mangroves, he thinks, are essen- fruit in the ordinary way, the tree ac- tially survivals. They come down to us tually produces a young plant. The seed a remnant from a far-distant past, a past germinates while still attached to the tree, when the earth was clothed in dank and and grows steadily till it is several inches clinging mist that stifled out the sun, a long. At this stage it is a sturdy cylin- past in which no human voice had yet der, shaped somewhat like a big green troubled the immemorial solitudes. At cigar. It is now finally cast forth from that time, thinks Mr. Guppy, the germi- the parent, and left to fend for itself. nation of seedlings while still attached to Various interesting provisions have, the plant was not the exception but the however, been made for its future. In rule. the first place, mangrove seedlings are Then with the slow passing of the able to float. Not only that, but they ages the climate of the earth gradually float in a vertical position. Thus on calm, changed, and it is only in such situations hot days they are to a very considerable as those represented by the chosen habi- extent protected from the sun's rays. tation of the mangrove swamp that some- Their weight, however, is so nicely bal- thing resembling the old conditions still anced that while they float upright in remains. •

The Musk Mystery By A. W. of the Auckland Star

That very insignificant-looking little A. W. Hill, Director of Kew Gardens, plant, the common musk, has never been revived interest in the problem when in content to grow unseen. It first made an address to the Botanical section of the itself popular by a distinct and all- British Association at its meeting in Bris- pervading perfume, and in losing this it tol he alluded to the unexplained change provided a first-class botanical mystery that had come over the plant. which has ever since kept the musk well Botanically, the scented musk is in the forefront of public attention. Dr. Mimulus moschatus, and it is a native of JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 11 western Canada. It never had anything Chronicle" during 1909, asking if any- to do with the musk perfume of com- one knew of the existence of a scented merce, of which the best is of animal specimen. No altogether satisfactory ex- origin, being derived from the musk deer. planation of the loss of scent has been The first plants to be grown in England arrived at, although many interesting were raised from seed sent from near theories have been advanced. One is that Vancouver in 1826, and it rapidly became the plant was subjected to the influence so popular that eventually no home was of other varieties of mimu/us, partly complete without a pot of musk. The through inadvertence, and partly also by same may be said of New Zealand. As the efforts of horticulturists to breed a late as the 'nineties a pot of the sticky- variety which would have the showy, leaved, yellow-flowered plant kept com- spotted flowers of the garden miimulus, pany with a singing canary in practical- while retaining the scent of the musk. ly every Auckland bay window. It was Reliable nuserymen, however, have also the sign manual of shops which sold claimed that they conserved their orig- milk and butter. Its disappearance was inal stocks quite uncontaminated by the sudden and complete. There did not introduction of other varieties, and yet seem to be any comment on the loss of the perfume vanished completely and scent at that time. It was the plant itself with comparative suddenness. The fact that disappeared. That is quite under- that the scent of the musk, instead of standable. People whose plants had be- being centered in the flowers as in most come scentless would think they had be- plants, was apparently contained in a sort come exhausted and throw them out ; of secretion which made the leaves and thus the musk would gradually disappear stems sticky, is also held to be of in- from cultivation. Not until notes were terest. One scientist is of opinion that compared from widely separated coun- this secretion was an indigested residue tries was it understood that this was part of the plant's food, which it has since of a world-wide happening. evolved means of absorbing, thus remov- According to the "Gardening Year ing the basis of the perfume. Book," which has recently been investi- The most feasible explanation so far gating the history of the musk plant in advanced, however, is that the scented England, it is generally accepted that the musk was itself a variant of an unscent- scent was lost during the first decade of ed stock, and that the plant has gradual- the twentieth century. The version that ly—as plants have a habit of doing—re- finds most popular favor is that it was verted to the original type. This is con- lost during the first year of the war. firmed by a statement from Canada that The editor of the "Gardening Year the scented musk was never really com- Book," however, maintains that there mon in that, its native, country, and that were always two varieties in England, it had been entirely wiped out by the one with scent, and the other without, over-export of the plants. and that the wild one was usually scent- Hope of discovering some lingering less, had larger foliage, and was not so survivor of the scented musk has not sticky as its more valuable relative. Other been entirely abandoned. The inquiry people, however, claim to have found conducted by the "Gardening Year Book" wild plants with the same scent as the has brought to light the fact that a few cultivated ones. One of the first definite pieces of evi- plants at Wadsworth, in Sussex, had re- dence of the general change which the tained their perfume as recently as 1929, musk plant was undergoing was an in- only to become entirely scentless by the quiry published in the "Gardeners' following year. 12 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Medical Service in Papua By DR. W. M. STRONG

(At a meeting of the Australian Medi- lages was badly damaged by a wild pig. cal Association, Victorian branch, with The natives agreed that I should take Sir James J. Barrett presiding, Dr. charge of the case, but on the distinct Strong referred to medical work in the understanding that there should be no more primitive parts of the Empire, es- cutting and no sewing up. I had to agree pecially in Papua where he worked for to this. Surgical aid was rendered in a some 30 years, emphasizing the changes large native house with an audience of which have taken place in the medical about 30 natives. All I could do was to work since early territorial days.) use antiseptics and adhesive plaster in I first went to Papua as a member of place of surgical needles and thread. an anthropological expedition, and on the Another incident of a somewhat sim- termination of the expedition entered the ilar character occurred some few years Government service. At that time my later a long way from port in the north- work was more magisterial than medical. ern division of Papua. I was coming My first appointment was that of an As- down the Mambare River in a canoe and sistant Resident Magistrate in charge of visiting the villages on the bank. The vil- a district. I set out on a small sailing lagers had all been warned that I was boat for my headquarters some 60 miles coming and told to remain in their vil- west of Port Moresby, and on the first lages. But I do not think I saw a single night of my arrival learnt that in a neigh- patient. At one large village I landed, boring village there had been a village and the village policeman came along affray, with several cut heads as a re- smiling and expecting his usual stick of sult. The village policeman duly re- tobacco. I enquired if the people were ported to me, so I intimated that the as- all in the village, and he said they were. sailants would be arrested and those with I duly inspected them and found no pa- cut heads would be , sewn up. However, tients. I then said to the village police- the last was clearly a mistake. There was man, "Are there no sick in the village ?" no difficulty in arresting those guilty of He said, "Oh, yes." I then said, "Where an "unlawful assault" if they were un- are they ?" He replied that they had damaged, but it was otherwise with those heard I was coming, so all the sick had who were injured. I found that there was hidden in the bush. One can deduce considerable difficulty in getting the lat- from this that before one can treat sick ter, as the idea of being sewn up was natives, and for that matter any sick quite new and most alarming to the vil- people, it is necessary first to gain their lagers. A more civilized native explained confidence and to assure them that you to me that human beings were not bits not only really are trying to help them, of cloth. However, all the cut heads but will also deal very tenderly with their were duly sewn up in the most approved fads and fancies. hospital style. The medical policy of a country like Shortly afterwards I was called on to Papua is by no means an easy one to act as chief medical officer in Port decide upon. The population of Papua is Moresby, and incidentally as an assistant about 300,000 natives, and to treat Pa- resident magistrate also. At this time it puans on the lines on which patients are was considered hardly possible to treat treated in Australia, some 300 doctors the natives medically, so afraid were with drugs, &c., would cost some they of the white man's magic. But a £300,000 per year, an amount about native of one of the Port Moresby vil- twice the yearly revenue of the territory. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 13 The natives' monthly wage, in addition earlier days a native was taught to give to their food and a minimum of cloth- these injections, although he could not read ing, is only 10s. a month, and medical or write. He used simply to make a stroke practice amongst them is naturally given on a piece of paper as a record of how gratis. Papua has an area approximately many cases he treated. Now, however, 100,000 square miles, and with the ex- the leading native medical assistants ception of the neighborhood of Port have been taught to make and to send Moresby, transport is still of the most in their reports in the same way as the primitive description. Europeans. The exigencies of European popula- Recently the traveling staff have had tion have made is necessary for a fully to deal with village epidemics of dysen- qualified doctor to be stationed at Port tery. Two epidemics amounting in all to Moresby and another at Samarai. At over 30 cases have been very success- these two places a native as well as a fully dealt with by native medical assist- ants without immediate European super- European hospital is maintained by the vision. In addition, a great variety of government. Both are well patronized. trivial conditions are treated by the But much of Papua is too far away from traveling staff. Perhaps I should also these two centres for the average village mention the dispensary work which is native to make much use of them. The being carried on in Port Moresby. This difficulty in Papua has always been to is in the immediate charge of a native reach the quarter of a million natives or who has been taught the use of a limited so who are under control but far away. number of simple medicaments. This dis- Much of this village work is done by pensary is freely used by the natives missionaries, government officers and living in or working around Port Mores- other Europeans. In fact, in Papua al- by. It is also well patronized by the more most all Europeans living outside of distant natives who apply for such things Port Moresby and Samarai have to take as quinine, skin treatment or Epsom salts some part in treating those out of health. when they visit port. At times they come The government maintains a traveling quite long distances simply for the pur- medical officer and four traveling Euro- pose of getting medicine. The work done pean medical assistants. Their work is in it is in no sense hospital work. It mainly that of treating village natives. rather represents a free chemist shop. A large number of traveling native medical assistants are also maintained by The native in charge keeps a record of the government. The medical assistants, all applicants and of what they are given. both European and native, get some Fiji has done much very valuable work training in the native hospitals and other- in the matter of training some of the wise, but it is not of a very systematic Fijians along systematic lines. I under- nature, and in no way comparable with stand that the training now given extends the training a qualified doctor gets. Still over four years. I am hoping that in the much very useful work has been and is not very distant future it may be pos- still being done by both European and sible to make arrangements for sending native assistants. I would more particu- Papuans for training in Fiji. I am aware larly mention the injection work for that difficulties will be encountered. The yaws. This tropical disease was very greatest difficulty I have had in the mat- widespread in Papua, as it is on other ter of getting natives to do traveling parts of the Southern Pacific. Many medical work has been that of getting thousands of injections have been given them to travel alone in districts of Papua by medical assistants, and the ulcers which they do not know. It was the greatest used to be so common in the villages are obstacle I had to overcome when first now comparatively seldom seen. In the introducing the plan of using natives to 14 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION carry out independent medical treatment. ing to a European and is very sensitive It required at one time infinite tact and to ridicule. He may fear that he will be patience. Another difficulty experienced compelled to do something he strongly at first was to get Europeans to acquiesce dislikes and does not believe in. He is and assist in carrying out the policy. But aware that the European thinks and feels such difficulties are gradually disappear- along different lines. If he were being ing. Several of these native medical as- treated by other native he would feel that sistants are now stationed in the differ- he still had considerable say in the mat- ent magisterial divisions and districts. ter of doing things he did not like. If Although as regards their medical work treated brusquely he soon gets frightened they are directly responsible to the Chief and warns all his friends against apply- Medical Officer, they are supervised by ing for treatment. the resident magistrates. I have also on Some years ago there was an alarm several occasions been asked by those in that some of the Dutch islands near charge of non-government plantations to Papua had smallpox, and a beginning send such natives to help in the treating had to be made in the matter of intro- of the plantation labor force. There are ducing vaccination, more especially several advantages in using natives for around the ports of entry. I explained this work. Few natives can talk English this to several natives and told them they fluently. A European medical prac- need not be afraid, as the government titioner is very helpless amongst natives would "make medicine" (i.e., vaccinate) unless he can converse fairly readily with so that the disease would do them no the patient or his relatives. The native harm. Nothing more was done for a languages of Papua differ very much in fortnight. Then two natives asked me grammatical structure from European when the government was going to be- languages, and it is impossible to trans- gin making this medicine. I said, "Well, late from one to the other by merely if you will come back at two o'clock I giving a word for word translation. will make this medicine." At two o'clock Apart from the matter of translating, it they duly turned up and with two of their is very difficult for a European to fol- friends. They were all four vaccinated. low the native method of thinking, and And when their arms got sore they were both understand and sympathize with his in the position of the fox without a tail fears and fancies unless he can under- and naturally had to explain to their stand a native language. I would remind you that doctors not only have to do friends what powerful medicine it was such things as take temperatures and and how it would protect them from dis- count pulses, but they have to listen to ease. In point of fact since then there the patient's description of his troubles has never been any difficulty in getting as they appear to the patient. Such de- natives around Port Moresby to submit scription by the patient gives the doctor to vaccination. Had the first few cases as a rule a valuable guide as to the lines of vaccination been done by compulsion of further investigation in the case. In or even by quasi compulsion, I am cer- a few cases the doctor may treat his tain it would have been quite otherwise. patient on quite the wrong lines if he Several hundred vaccinations have since has not obtained a correct medical history been done by the native medical assist- of the case. In practice the great dif- ants in the villages around Port Moresby ficulty is to find someone who can not and without immediate European super- only get a history of the case but has also vision. sufficient technical knowledge to make This paper would not be complete with- use of the history. Again, it is seldom out a tribute being paid to the missions that a native is quite at ease when talk- of Papua, who have rendered assistance JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 15

to the medical work there. The Euro- a real interest in the bodily well-being pean missionaries in Papua far outnum- of the native. Their work is, therefore, ber the European doctors and medical as- of great value. In addition, two of the sistants. They are in closer contact with missions have a qualified doctor who the natives as a rule than are govern- supervises the medical work done by the ment officials, and many of them take mission.

Oriental Vegetables in Hawaii In addition to the ordinary garden and is said to be indigenous to China, In- variety of vegetables, such as carrots, dia and Persia. peas, beets, beans, and lettuce, markets in "Bean sprouts are prepared daily for Hawaii exhibit other vegetables quite un- the vegetable market in Honolulu, mainly familiar, according to Earl Nishimura, by the Chinese. The sprouts are obtained country agent at large for the agricultural by germinating the soy bean and mungo extension service, University of Hawaii. beans. They are tender and crisp and are Among the exotic vegetables, mostly of proving very popular here. Asiatic origin, displayed in Hawaii's mar- "Chinese spinach is another new variety kets in bamboo baskets and trays are the which is eaten in the seedling stage. It is following : a native of India but not related to the "Chinese cabbages of a dozen or more true spinach. varieties, natives of Asia. Probably the "Balsam pear or Chinese bitter melon, best known of the Chinese cabbages and conspicuous in the Oriental garden, is most extensively grown is the Wong Bok, long, ribbed and covered with blunt warts. a compact, blanched head type. Fine It is bitter and is not readily taken as specimens are produced in the vicinity of food by others than the Chinese. It must the volcano district in Hawaii and Kipapa be picked immature for table use. Gulch of this island. "The dishcloth gourd, a viny, monoe- "Watercress, a floating perennial and a cious annual and indigenous to India, is native of Persia, is a vegetable which ap- another unique vegetable. Like the balsam pears on the mart throughout the year. It pear the gourd must be picked immature is frequently observed growing in fresh, for table use. running water, adjacent to springs in the "Great burdock, a native of Europe and vicinity of Honolulu and Pearl City. Asia, is an elongated root. It is largely "Edible bamboo shoot, which is a native confined to the Japanese for table use. of China and Japan, is the immature stalk Some of the finest specimens of burdock of certain species of the larger bamboos. come from the Kamuela district of Ha- It is greatly relished by the Japanese and waii. the Chinese in making many of their "Butterbur, cultivated in a limited choice dishes. Occasionally, one finds quantity, is a perennial herb with creep- them growing in Pauoa, Palolo and Ma- ing rootstocks and " broad leaves. The petiole of the butterbur is sold on the noa Valleys. market. "One hardly thinks of green soy beans "Chives, a native of Europe and Asia, as vegetables. The green pods full of is commonly used by the Oriental people beans are boiled with a little salt, and in flavoring their dishes. It is prepared eaten. They are very appetizing and nu- for the local market in bunches. tritious. Their native home is Asia. "One will occasionally find Oriental "Lotus root is one of the unique vege- vegetables like honeywort, perilla, and tables grown here. It is aquatic in habit mugwort in very limited quantity on the 16 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION market. They are principally used for tan population. Any person who is inter- flavoring soup and coloring festival rice ested in our exotic Oriental vegetables cakes. can read the 'Utilization and Composition "Root and aquatic vegetables like ar- of Oriental Vegetables in Hawaii,' Bulle- rowhead, arrowroot, ginger bracts, water tin No. 60, of the Hawaii Agricultural chestnuts and yam bean roots are popular Experiment Station. ingredients in many Oriental mixed "The agricultural extension service has dishes. as one of its projects commercial vege- "The aforementioned vegetables are table growing, specializing in the growing some of the Oriental vegetables intro- and improving of more introduced vege- duced here and have found an important tables of the Old and New World to en- place in the dietary of the local cosmopoli- rich the market gardening of Hawaii."

Pan-Pacific Science Council for China

Among the distinguished speakers be- requiring them to have all students take fore the Pan-Pacific Science Council of up science. Dr. Wang admitted that this Manila on May 10 were Senator Manuel movement has been overdone to some ex- Quezon, Alexander Hume Ford, Director tent, but he said it proved how important of the Pan-Pacific Union, and Dr. C. T. the movement along scientific lines is to a Wang. The latter spoke on the need of a nation. Pan-Pacific Science Council in China Other speakers during the evening were along the lines of those in Manila and Dr. Manuel L. Roxas, under-secretary of Honolulu, where a weekly dinner and dis- agriculture and commerce, Gregorio cussion hour precedes a more formal lec- Nieva, secretary of the Manila Pan-Pa- ture or talk illustrated with slides or mo- cific Association, and Ryozo Hironuma, tion pictures. Mr. Ford, who is now on member of the Japanese House of Peers his way to Siam, where he was invited to and head of the Japanese delegation to the help organize a Pan-Pacific Club in Bang- Far Eastern Olympic Games. kok, will return to Shanghai to inaugurate The big lecture hall of the Hygiene In- the Pan-Pacific Science Council Friday night programs, first in Shanghai, then in stitute adjoining the Manila Bureau of other large centers. The experiments tried Science has been turned over to the Pan- out during the past twenty years in Ho- Pacific Science Council Friday night nolulu are now being utilized throughout meetings. Here the scientists of all races the Orient in a most practical way. in Manila discuss their affairs at a buffet Dr. Wang stated that recently all the supper, then get down to the real work of efforts of the Pan-Pacific associations are the evening, Dr. Manuel Roxas acting as directed towards making the Chinese sci- leader. Senator Quezon promised Direc- ence-conscious. These efforts are bearing tor Ford the services of a stenographer results. About a year ago a regulation was whenever he is in Manila. The stenog- passed in China prohibiting all colleges rapher will also take verbatim notes at the and universities from adding new classes Pan-Pacific Club and Science Council on law, medicine and other courses, and weekly lectures. BULLETIN of the PAN-PACIFIC UNION and PAN-PACIFIC YOUTH An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all In bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area.

CONTENTS

New Series No. 170, April-June, 1934

Aims of the Pan-Pacific Union 2 A Pan-Pacific Club Organized at Hiroshima - - 3 Tribute to Prince Tokugawa 4 Pan-American Day Message to Youth 6 Pacific Area Council of Youth 7 Employment and Unemployment in New Zealand - - 8 By Alice H. G. Basten International Relations Report from New Zealand - - 12 By Mrs. Leicester P. Webb Government and National Policies of Salvador - - 14 By Mrs. Edmund A. Osborne Centenary Celebrations in Victoria and Melbourne, Australia 16

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

HONORARY PRESIDENTS Franklin D. Roosevelt ___ ...... -....- ...... _ ..... _...._....President of the United States J. A. Lyons._ Prime Minister, Australia The Prime Minister New Zealand Chiang Kai Shek President of China Dr. A. C. D. de Graeff Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies The Prime Minister Canada Prince I. Tokugawa Former President, House of Peers, Japan His Majesty, Prajadhipok King of Siam A. L. Rodriguez President of Mexico Don Carlos Ibanez President of Chile M. Pasquier. Governor-General of Indo-China HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Frank W. Murphy... Governor General of the Philippines John W. Troy Governor of Alaska OFFICERS IN HONOLULU Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1934 AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION I

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly unofficial Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and, most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is following up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establish- ment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area—land and sea. Added to this will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who inhabit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the good will of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropriations and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its location at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : L To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advance- ment of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance international justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems, including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and, if possible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peoples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material resources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men together who can under- standingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round-table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understanding and coopera- tive effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advance- ment, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific com- munities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of interracial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN A Pan-Pacific Club Organized at Hiroshima By ALEXANDER HUME FORD Director, Pan-Pacific Union Exactly a week after, and as a result of lish, and think in that language—an Eng- the welcome reception to Prince Toku- lish-speaking school where English-speak- gawa by the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo, ing teachers of English might be gradu- a sister body in Hiroshima was organ- ated for service in and to Japan. ized with a charter membership including This plan was discussed at the first the president of the chamber of com- luncheon of the Pan-Pacific Club of merce, high officials and leading educa- Hiroshima, at which I was a guest of tors, both Japanese and foreign. honor, and I heartily approved of it, for I The initiative in organizing the Hiro- know that the missionary boy brought up shima Pan-Pacific Club belongs to Mr. with his Japanese friends and playmates Tameo Kajiyama, who on reading the in Japan, sent away at the age of four- account of the flag pageant and reception teen for four or eight years in an Ameri- to Prince Tokugawa, called together a can university, returns with a superiority number of the leading men and women of complex that never again permits him to all races in Hiroshima and explained to form the close intimate relationships with them the working of the Pan-Pacific Club Japanese, based on an equality he really of Tokyo, before which he had spoken, believes in. For the son of a missionary and suggested that Hiroshima apply to in Japan, I sincerely advocate an English- Prince Tokugawa as head of the Pan- speaking university in Tokyo, and that's Pacific Association of Japan for a charter. that, and I mean it—an English-speaking An invitation to the Director of the university open to both foreigners and Pan-Pacific Union was telegraphed to Japanese who speak English. ' Tokyo to come to Hiroshima and assist But to return to Hiroshima. I was in the organization plans, so the director met at the train by a delegation that way- changed his route to China and spent led me from one side of the city to the Saturday in Hiroshima as a guest of the other, presenting me to the governor, the newly formed Pan-Pacific Club there. mayor, the university president, the heads Writing to friends in Tokyo, the di- of the commercial colleges and high rector highly praised the activity of the schools, and what not. They even mo- Hiroshima Club members. tored me to the Women's College and had "They work like chain lightning," he me address the children, a hundred or wrote. "Hiroshima is waking up with a more of whom had come from Hawaii great start. I wonder if the fact that and spoke as good English as I do—and many thousands of her population have here I met the most remarkable translator lived for many years in my own Hawaii I have ever come in contact with, a young has anything to do with it. Four million Japanese teacher whose mother had at- yen a year pour into Hiroshima from tended this mission school. She herself sons and daughters in Hawaii, and this had spent but three years in America, at in some years has amounted to ten mil- the Peabody University, yet she spoke lion yen. English in that soft, charming southern Hiroshima desires to be an industrial accent that so enthralls. She spoke as city. Today she is a great educational rapidly in Japanese as I do in English center, and some of her people are dis- and with infinitely more charm. I spoke cussing an English-speaking school for at full speed for ten minutes and stood 200 Hawaiian-Japanese of the second gen-. back, smiling for her to translate, and she eration residing with their parents in smiled and went to it. Never have I Hiroshima, but who speak perfect Eng- heard any translator speak so fluently, 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN with such vim and firm grip of the sub- in existence of this first Pan-Pacific flag ject. She translated again at the Pan- pageant. He will show them at the Pan- Pacific lunch, and for once in my life Pacific Club of Hiroshima on my return. I really enjoyed being translated. Hiro- He also has a film showing Prince Toku- shima has a treasure in that young wom- gawa speaking at the dedication of the an. I may never see her again, but I pay Pan-Pacific Clubhouse in Honolulu. I my tribute to her. She is a true genius. think a lot of that Pan-Pacific Club of No translator I have ever met can equal Hiroshima and its possibilities. her. It was a great lunch, and after it was At the Pan-Pacific lunch the fifty char- over the committee wafted me by auto to ter members got down to work and or- the Hiroshima Castle, whose existence I ganized. Newspaper magnates, govern- had never suspected, and gave me the ment representatives and educators pulled surprise of my life—the most dainty, together in harmony and the thing was charming feudal castle in all Japan, and done. The leading commercial photog- I had never heard of it—and I am a castle rapher of the city was present and at the hound. This castle is but 40 minutes by lunch shook me by the hand and looked electric from Myashima, and cars every me in the face. " Pop,' don't you remem- 20 minutes. Wake up, Hiroshima. Get ber me ; I'm one of your Honolulu boys" busy with your publicity stunts ; your —and he was, way back in 1915 when he castle is great, and in this cherry season made movies of our first Pan-Pacific flag it is a dream never to be forgotten. when I had ex-Queen Liliuokalani placed It is understood that the Hiroshima back on her throne for an hour to re- Club is not the only Pan-Pacific Club the ceive the flags of all Pacific lands on that formation of which is inspired by the first Pan-Pacific or Balboa Day, Septem- reception to Prince Tokugawa. Sendai ber 25—the 400th anniversary of the dis- sent delegates to the reception-lunch and covery of the Pacific by a European—a now wishes a charter for a Pan-Pacific day now observed entirely around our Club in that city. Nara, Osaka, Nagoya ocean as Pan-Pacific good-will day, and and Kyoto in the Hanshin district have he has there in Hiroshima the only reel in already organized. Tribute to Prince Tokugawa Mr. Alexander Hume Ford, Director tion of Japan. Every Latin Minister, of the Pan-Pacific Union, left for Charge d'Affaires or Consul in Tokyo and Shanghai yesterday to cooperate with the Yokohama gave the flag of his country Pan-Pacific members in China. Seen at to be presented to Prince Tokugawa as a the Imperial Hotel as he was leaving for token of welcome and respect of his peo- the train, Mr. Ford was asked what he ple. It may be said of Prince Tokugawa, felt had been accomplished by the gather- as of the Prince of Wales, that he is the ing of six or seven hundred people of first gentleman of his land (outside, of all Pacific races last Saturday to greet course, of the actual Imperial family). Prince Tokugawa on the return from his He is great enough to be courteous to all, good-will mission to America and Europe. to the highest and to the lowest, the "Much," said Mr. Ford. "First, it Nordic ideal of the perfect gentleman, brought about forty or fifty people of the and a man whose courteous demeanor also Latin American countries together in a appeals to the Latin. I am certain that desire to unite with the work of the Pan- Prince Tokugawa is the most valuable Pacific Union in Japan. In fact, the .man in Japan, if not in the entire Pacific Latins here have asked to be represented area, in moulding a Pan-Pacific friendly on the board of the Pan-Pacific Associa- attitude. The preparation for his recep- PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5 tion by the Pan-Pacific workers resulted each week, if the directors approved, and in the formation of a Filipino Club of with such a guarantee to the hotel, a most fifty members, all loyal adherents now of excellent meal. Prince Tokugawa and the Pan-Pacific "Another most excellent result was that Association of Japan, banded together to it gave us the twenty flags of Pacific na- aid each other in weeding out any Fili- tions and colonies for use at future pag- pinos who may not be a credit to their eants and functions of the Pan-Pacific race in Japan. During the preparation for Club on Balboa or Pan-Pacific Good-Will the big lunch of 700, the Hawaiians in Day, September 25th. For instance, on Tokyo also formed a chapter, and the that day we have addresses from the am- Japanese born in Hawaii are planning to bassadors and ministers of Pacific lands ; get together for service in bringing about now their flags can be displayed and I better relations. We had a table of Ca- hope that the idea of last Saturday of an nadians and another of Australians and open square in the center of the hall may New Zealanders. In time I hope such be maintained and that on Balboa Day tables may become a weekly event at our this year we may use this square in which Pan-Pacific luncheons. to stage the dances and folk songs of the "It is an odd thing. Men of like races several Pacific nations ; it would be most and like thinking like to be seated to- attractive, and the flag pageant last Sat- gether. In our Pan-Pacific clubhouse in urday taught us the possibilities of such a Honolulu men and women of all races program. meet in the big lobby for half an hour "I believe these great gatherings of before lunch each Monday, and while peoples of all Pacific races are excellent there is a long interracial lunch table, the in themselves, and if out of them will Koreans prefer to sit together, the elder grow a little group that will interest itself Japanese like to have their table, the in the actual well-being of the individuals Portuguese theirs, and the young Ameri- of each Pacific race in our midst, then far can Japanese theirs, and so with the Chi- far greater results may ensue. I feel that nese and others. Often they invite one or if we could know our Filipino and Ha- two friends of another race to sit with waiian guests better and give a thought them, but, as a rule, they like to sit with to their material welfare here, it would their own people. Here in Tokyo, there is make better citizens of them, increase usually fifteen or twenty minutes of con- their self-respect, and friendship for the versation before sitting at the tables and Japanese : for as we treat the stranger groups form after lunch. It was possible within our gates, so his fellow men at to get 700 together at the lunch last Sat- home will be likely to treat us. There are urday, as the tables of ten each were but fifty or sixty Filipinos in Japan, per- made up in various racial and club tables. haps as many thousand Japanese in the The American Embassy members had Philippines. That is worth thinking of. their table. The ladies of the Tokyo There is but a handful of Hawaiians in Women's Club had two tables, the Ameri- Japan, but half the population of Hawaii can Association three tables, the Siam is of Japanese stock, and the sons of Society a table, the American Japan So- Japan in Hawaii send back millions and ciety a table, the Mexican Japan Society tens of millions of yen to the homeland a table, the Circle Francaise two tables, every year. We might think of that. the Latin Americans two tables, and a Hawaii, I believe has been kind to her dozen children in the flag pageant, and so Japanese and they have been useful to it went. Hawaii, an even exchange. Hawaii and "It would be easy to have, partially, the Philippines would appreciate kindly such a plan at the Friday Pan-Pacific feeling toward the very few sons of these luncheons, with at least a hundred present lands in Japan. 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

"You know, if I had my way I would and selfish interest is the only interest in abolish the post in every land of Min- this world that can be successfully ap- isters of War, and Ministers of the Army pealed to. Let us find our common selfish and Navy, substituting Ministers of interests in the Pacific and work for them. Friendship, and that time is coming just as soon as the countries about our ocean. That is our only real practical hope of the home of more than half the popula- peace and united prosperity in this Pa- tion of the globe, realize that it is to their cific world of ours. I am going now to united selfish interest to bring this about, try to make the Chinese see this."

Pan-American Day Message to Youth By GABRIELA MISTRAL We of North and South America have pattern of good will on the warp and accepted with our heritage of geographic woof of the social virtues. unity a certain common destiny which Heirs of the Old World and of at least should find a threefold fulfillment on our two native cultures, we are endeavoring continent in an adequate standard of liv- to outstrip both Europe and our indig- ing, perfect democracy, and ample liberty. enous empires in the perfection of a de- We whom Providence has favored by mocracy which shall express the broadest giving us an immense territory for our possible concept of human liberty. Our home had first to take possession of this very situation, between Europe and Asia, mighty land. Our second task was to se- obliges us to comprehend conflicting view- cure from the wilderness which we had points ; even our coast line, looking both tamed that social well-being promised by to east and to west like that of Greece, democracies to their citizens. Our pres- gives us the mission of welcoming differ- ent duty is to create a culture worthy of ent races with understanding. our racial inheritances and our geographic We must realize that the fact that two endowment. cultures differ outwardly does not imply We have enough land so that no one that one is necessarily inferior to the need be envious of his neighbor, a repub- other, and that the expression which hu- lican sobriety to which vicious luxury is man groups give to the same idea is some- repugnant, a unanimous religious and lay times simple and touching, sometimes sentiment which considers fair dealing the nobly beautiful. We should begin on this only lasting basis for world relations, and very continent, with a loyal interpretation scenic beauty such that peace appears the of North by South America, of South by natural state for the Americas. North America ; our first duty is to our Throughout our 105 degrees of lati- nearest neighbor. A better understanding tude, the earth seems to be more ready, of the rest of the world will come later more eager, and quicker than elsewhere to and be as natural for .us as following a fulfill its mission of bestowing happiness well-known path, down which habit leads on mankind. Perhaps because the soil of us. America has been less exhausted by a long Latin culture has found in the nations succession of generations, or because it is of South America a realm vaster than the more richly blessed with the generative classic Mediterranean Basin for the gov- elements of heat and moisture and less ernment of men according to its own high burdened with population, it lends itself standard, while all cultures are trying to more readily than other lands to the men achieve in Anglo-Saxon Ameria, so far who, moved by the ideal of justice, strive without misadventure, the ideal of uni- for the equitable distribution of wealth versal brotherhood in a single land. And and for a civilization woven in a shining until today no attempt to realize this ideal PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7 had met with success anywhere in the In American stock and American ideals, world. both formed in an environment of vast Our heroes of North and South Amer- spaces and little hampered by tradition, ica—Washington and Bolivar, Lincoln unprejudiced observers have noted a and San Martin, might all have been splendid assurance in the face of our high fashioned in a single hour, in the same emprise, and a happy confidence in the mold; they were laborers in a common future. We believe that war will seem to task. Our constitutions, the fruit of their the next generations of America like an insight, were inspired by equal vision, and illustration in a musty tome, an ancient have the family resemblance of plants order belonging to times forever gone, nurtured in the same soil. thanks to the wisdom of our lawgivers Anglo-Saxon America, sprung wholly and our educators. The effect of war in from Europe, has succeeded, more or less America would be to devastate our entire easily, in its task of amalgamating in new continent, despoiling its natural beauty surroundings the great cultures of Eu- and depraving the collective conscience so rope. Latin America has effected, and is that we should once more have to lay the still effecting, with greater difficulty and foundation and laboriously reconstruct the therefore with more suffering, the fusion edifice of society. The memory of the of European and Indian, two races of dis- building of America is too recent for us tinct physical endowments and even more to be willing thus to jeopardize the work distinct emotional temperaments ; the tri- of our forebears. umph over such obstacles is more signifi- We of North and South America have cant than anything hitherto accomplished been nurtured on 22 constitutions, all of by man. which proclaim respect for the independ- North Americans and South Americans, ence of others as a basic principle of self- together we shall give a new key, a new respect. Other republics were launched in rhythm, a new democratic interpretation life by Washington and Bolivar under the to European culture, European institu- auspices of the rights of nations. From tions, and European customs, art, educa- the kindergarten through the university tion, and science, blending them all into a we have been indoctrinated with a firm harmony of greater beauty and greater belief in the gospel of our national laws. sweetness. Americans all, we affirm to the heroes We have summoned men from the four from whom we are sprung our determina- corners of the earth with an utter lack of tion to hold the independence of all our prejudice and with the hospitality of our fatherlands as sacred as our own. We far-flung shores, creating on our continent renew our vow that, in the intercourse races in whose features may be traced between these 22 nations, we shall repudi- their heritage from all the world—races ate violence as treachery to the principles capable of enlarging the older, classic of eternal right, and challenge injustice view of life, and capable, too, of living as a blot on that glorious honor by which the epic of the future. we now and shall forever live. Pacific Area Council of Youth Under the auspices of the World Coun- The conference is open to all students cil of Youth (Council of the Pacific and young people, whatever their back- Area) a conference will be held in July, ground or belief, whatever their stand on 1935, in Manila, Philippine Islands, for any issue. one week, and in addition stopovers at This conference does not seek unanim- Hawaii, Tokyo, and Shanghai for confer- ity of opinion. It has no program to sup- ring with students of these countries. port, no credo to ratify. 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

It will be a focus or a council of the persons. It is not the action of condemna- variant opinions, beliefs, and philosophies tion, but that of construction. —which cause the different interpreta- No action, per se, will be undertaken tions of the same data. by the conference, however, because The pooling of interpretations enables 1. protection of minority opinions and individ- an understanding of why the different ual expression must be maintained, and interpretations exist, founded upon the 2. action may better be carried out by separate same factual basis. organizations according to their own func- This analysis opens the road to new tioning. understanding and to new combinations Round Tables—Commissions on Econom- based on a wider knowledge than one ics, Education, Civic and Political Af- background could afford—adding fact and fairs, Race and Sociology, Religion and experience to purpose. Philosophy. Methodology—The methodology of the 8 :00—Breakfast conference will be that of the discussion 9 :00-10 :30—Round Table Sessions ground or round table—not the meander- 10 :45-12 :15—Round Table Sessions ings of the bull session, nor the directed 1 :00—Luncheon 3 :30- 4 :30—Round Table Sessions counsellor guidance (preconceived solu- 5 :30—Dinner tion) of the usual forum. 7 :15- 8 :15—Round Table Sessions There will be a logical thought pro- 8 :30—Recreation gression based upon : Information: 1. a felt difficulty, Frances Condit—Secretary Pacific Area 2. its location and definition (underlying causes), Council of the World Council of 3. a study of present methods of adjustment Youth, Bethel Box 533, Shanghai and suggested methods, China. 4. development and integration of these solu- Herbert C. Wilson—Chairman of Pub- tions, licity and Delegations, World Council 5. help through further study and research (by individuals and groups after the conference), of Youth, 435 West 42nd Street, Los and Angeles, California, U.S.A. 6. experimental action (after the conference). Charles Kenn — Chairman, Hawaii This is the basis for constructive action, Council, World Council of Youth, not that of one group against another, nor 944 20th Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii. of the majority riding roughshod over the Ray Avolon Cromley, Chairman, World minority, but action cognizant of the Council of Youth, 1411 East Ninth rights and principles of all groups and all Street, Long Beach, California. Employment and Unemployment in New Zealand By ALICE H. G. BASTEN Accredited Public Accountant, Auckland (In taking the following excerpts from the Official Yearbook for data to submit to the Third Pan-Pacific Women's Conference no actual tables are quoted, being too numerous and elaborate to reproduce in this article, but the writer is reducing this information to more compact form for reference later, if desired.)

Except for occasional returns relating owing to the paralyzing effect of the to State unemployment relief which were Maori wars in the North Island and to presented to Parliament from time to the collapse of the alluvial gold booms in time, practically no direct statistical evi- Otago and Westland. At no time, how- dence as to the extent of unemployment ever, during the depression of the late in New Zealand prior to 1892 is available. "sixties" does there appear to have been Unemployment was well known to have any unemployment among females. With been acute in the middle and late- "sixties," the inauguration at the beginning of the PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9

"seventies" of the Vogel policy of public women, and twice discontinued as urgency works and assisted immigration, employ- passed. ment was available for large numbers of Commencing with 1926, unemployment, new arrivals. At the beginning of the particularly during the winter months, as- "eighties" scarcity of funds for the prose- sumed substantial proportions, in spite of cution of public works necessitated, along steps taken by the Government, local with other considerations, the checking bodies, and private organizations to pro- for a space of the stream of assisted im- vide work. In 1929 and 1930 matters migrants. By 1883 the position had ma- reached a stage which led to the passing terially improved ; but unemployment once of the Unemployment Act, 1930. more became serious in the late "eighties" The slackness in industry and trade and early "nineties," mainly owing to the already evident when the Unemployment fall in the prices that New Zealand's Act came into force has intensified to products (notably wool) were fetching in such an extent since the end of 1930 that, the world markets, and to a further slack- despite the employment of large numbers ening of the rate of prosecution of public of men on various relief works under works. During both these periods the the control of the Unemployment Board, unemployment position was so acute as to the number of unplaced applicants on the be responsible for a considerable exodus registers totally unprovided for steadily of male population to Australia and else- increased until the beginning of 1932. where. During 1932 the increase in the employ- Direct statistical evidence as to the ex- ment of men under the schemes of the tent of unemployment in New Zealand is Unemployment Board more than offset available from the census (since 1896) new registrations, so that the number of and from the records of the Labor De- men unprovided for was much lower in partment (since 1892). In addition, sta- 1932 than was the case in the previous tistics of unemployment among trade- year. unionists (from trade-union secretaries), During the last twelve months a weekly and of monthly employment in factories average of upwards of 40,000 registered and works, have been collected in recent unemployed have been provided with par- years by the Census and Statistics Office— tial employment under Scheme 5 of the the former from 1925 to 1930 and the Unemployment Board. These men are latter from 1926. still included on the unemployment regis- Employment Bureau of Labor Depart- ters. Men employed on the more perma- ment. The creation of the Labor Depart- nent relief schemes of the Unemployment ment in 1891 has not only assisted in deal- Board, however, are withdrawn from the ing with the problem of unemployment, unemployment registers. but has been the means of useful statisti- The peak level up to September, 1933, cal data being obtained and recorded. The was reached in Auckland on September 2, figures relating to the activities of the em- 1933, with 11,366 registered unemployed ; ployment bureaus of the department, do in Wellington on January 11, 1932, with not show the full volume of unemploy- 7,610 unemployed ; in Christchurch on ment, but they may safely be regarded as August 5, 1933 (6,196) ; and in Dunedin roughly symptomatic of the general un- on May 16, 1932 (3,952). employment situation. It should be remembered that only The government figures exclude the males are registered at the Unemployment operations of the Women's Employment Bureaus of the Labor Department, so that Branch of the department, which was the figures quoted do not take account of twice created (not under identical names) unemployment among women. Although on those somewhat rare occasions when no recent data are available as to the num- there was a dearth of employment for ber of women and girls unemployed, this 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN aspect of the unemployment problem is within a specified time for all genuinely also serious, and a special committee was unemployed men, provided that they reg- set up by the Unemployment Board in istered at the government labor bureaus 1931 to cooperate with voluntary organ- and were willing and able to accept the izations in the relief of unemployment work offered. among women ; and grants have been The magnitude of unemployment has since made from the Board's funds for grown very considerably since the be- this purpose. ginning of 1930. The question of pro- In utilizing the data as an indication of viding some permanent solution of the the extent of unemployment in the Do- problem has received a good deal of at- minion, the following considerations must tention, and, in 1928, arising out of a be borne in mind : recommendation of the National Indus- 1. The provision of employment for women trial Conference of that year, a commit- and juveniles is outside the scope of the relief tee was set up to go fully into the matter. schemes of the Unemployment Board. While the farm employment subsidy schemes contain Following on the report of this committee, certain limited provision for the employment of an Unemployment Act was passed in the youths, registration and employment under these 1930 session of Parliament. schemes are, in the main, confined to adult males only. Seasonal Fluctuations in Employment. 2. The Board has been forced by consideration The growth of unemployment throughout of finance to limit assistance to the more urg- the world in recent years has prompted in ently necessitous cases. Consequently, it is prob- able that a considerable number of unemployed most countries statistical examination of men whose present financial position would de- the fluctuations or periodicity of employ- bar them from receiving relief would not trouble ment. Until recent years the statistics to register as unemployed. In June, 1933, 19,779 men—or 29 per cent of available on this phenomenon in New Zea- the total receiving relief—were engaged in farm land have been somewhat scanty, being schemes, gold prospecting, and other directly restricted to employment on public works. productive work, while in June, 1931, only 5,800, or 13 per cent of the total, were so engaged. Public Works. Seasonal unemployment In addition, a considerable number of Scheme 5 has to a certain extent been coped with by men are now employed on land development and the institution of relief works by the similar productive work. Public Works Department, which has Unemployment Relief. Immediately un- tended to swell the numbers engaged on employment began to be seriously felt in public works. This employment on public the winter of 1926, steps were taken by works may be classified according to the the State and by local authorities to ab- authority meeting the cost of the works : sorb as much labor as possible on ordinary (a) Public Works Department. public works and on relief works. One of (b) Public Works Department and local the first enactments of the 1926 session of authorities. Parliament was the Local Authorities Em- (c) Local authorities only. (d) Unemployment Fund. powering (Relief of Unemployment) Act, Local Authorities. Employment by local which empowered local authorities, with- authorities comprises principally the con- out taking a poll of the ratepayers, to struction and maintenance of roads and borrow moneys for the purpose of pro- streets, and the operation and maintenance viding relief works for unemployed men. of public-utility industries (gas, electric In addition to providing direct employ- supply, and tramways), and social serv- ment as far as possible, the State further ices. assisted by subsidizing expenditure by Unemployment of Youths. As, doubt- local authorities. In spite of the efforts less, in most countries, the most serious of the general and local governments, outlook from the national standpoint is however, unemployment continued in evi- inability to find employment for youths dence ; and, with a view to remedying leaving school. Although various sub- the situation, the government undertook, committees have been set up and diverse in September, 1929, to find employment schemes are operating in the principal PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11

centers, the ill effects of the non-absorp- the work center receive payment up to tion of boys leaving school during the 7/6 per week with meals. At the time of past three years will have the greatest writing this report, which is at the begin- permanent effects owing to idleness when ning of winter, the position as far as the training, study and experience should be employment of women is concerned is the acquisition of the coming workers, definitely improved. mental cultural and manual, of the very As far as statistics are concerned it has near future. never at any time been possible to obtain This aspect will require careful pon- the number of unemployed women work- dering when matters have eased in all ers in the Dominion for the reason that other directions as the professions already the centers and bureaus functioning un- overcrowded will not be ready for any der the Unemployment Board have dealt great addition to their ranks for some principally with employees of factories years. However, the technical schools, and shops and domestic workers. educational institutions generally, indus- There was in the early history of the trial, commercial and professional inter- depression considerable unemployment ests, are all bending their energies to over- amongst nurses and teachers, but the peak come this most difficult phase, and with time in this direction has also passed. The the cooperation of parents and boys them- position was met in the early stages by selves, the position must eventually right the nursing and teaching professions, itself. respectively, dealing with their own un- Unemployment of Women. It will be employed, rationing of work and mutual seen that so far as the government is assistance. concerned the unemployment of women As regards teachers, the Hon. K. Mas- has not loomed largely in the compilation ters, Minister of Education, has just of information and statistics. When the stated : "The 1934 staffing would be the most liberal depression first set in the position was the school had ever had, and 1934 would stand most acute, but the peak time of unem- out as the first year during which all trained ployment amongst women was soon certificated teachers were fully employed reached and, as compared with other throughout the year." The unemployment problem has re- countries, the position this last two years, vealed an amazing adaptability amongst at least, could not be described as very the women of this Dominion to face up acute. After the unemployment amongst to difficult times and to present a brave men had been taken in hand and the ma- front to adversity and show a wonderful chinery of organization was fairly started, capacity for mutual help. attention was drawn to the question as it Conclusion. With the decided improve- affected women. Briefly, the situation as ment in industrial matters generally it obtains today is that the Unemployment comes the reflection that the world is en- Board appointed a commission of three tering upon a new phase of industrial women to report on the question of work- history. It is certain that in the new ad- less women. This commission has twice justment there will be shorter hours and traversed New Zealand and reported to greater leisure, and this will obtain until the Board, but the report has never been such time as the new leisure has created released. In the four main centers of a new industry, and those who in the New Zealand work centers have been in future are destined to guide the new gen- operation for the past three years where erations and to mould the history of na- unemployed women and girls register and tions will, if they are wise, concentrate positions are obtained for them where as much upon the profitable employment possible. There are classes for cooking of leisure for the individual as well as and sewing, and arts and crafts, and the commercial industry which is for the similar occupations. Those employed in benefit of the masses. 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN International Relations Report From New Zealand By MRS. LEICESTER P. WEBB, M.A. Answering Question III in the outline prepared for the Third Pan-Pacific Women's Conference (August 8-22, 1934), Mrs. Felix M. Keesing, New Zealand, and Miss Nora Collisson, Australia, joint international project directors : National Policy as it affects International Relations (from the point of view of New Zealand). What limitations on Nationalism are desirable.

Political. The chief factor determining Owing partly to the great distance of New New Zealand's relationship with other na- Zealand from Geneva, which makes the tions is her membership in the British submission of League matters to the home Commonwealth, and all national policies government often difficult, she has in most having external affect are colored by this matters followed the lead of Great Brit- membership. She is, for instance, content ain. Only on the matter of the adminis- to let the British diplomatic corps repre- tration of her mandate, Samoa, has New sent her in other countries with the addi- Zealand been at all conspicuous in the tion of a New Zealand trade commis- affairs of the League, and here her policy sioner or honorary representative ; and has been mainly to oppose any extension the only treaties she has negotiated on her of the power of the Mandates Commis- own initiative have been trade agreements. sion.1 Defense. In the matter of defense and Economic Tariffs. Other national poli- disarmament the New Zealand policy is cies which influence international affairs very closely associated with that of Great are tariffs, migration and fiscal policies. Britain. She has small permanent military New Zealand has in recent years made and air forces supplemented by territorials increasing use of the tariff for protective and cadets. The training of the latter, purposes. She has also considerably ex- from 1909 until 1931, was compulsory ; tended the principle of giving preference but since then has been organized on a to British goods, but without generally voluntary basis. Since 1914 there has going so far as to subject her own indus- been a New Zealand division of the tries to British competition. British Royal Navy which, however, In 1921 an Act was passed empower- passes under the control of the British ing the Minister for Customs to levy an Government in time of war. The New exchange dumping duty on goods coming Zealand division consists of a couple of from countries with depreciated curren- training ships lent by the British Govern- cies. This, however, did not refer to other ment and a New Zealand Royal Naval British countries until, in 1931, recourse Reserve, organized on a basis of volun- was had to special provisions authorizing tary enlistment. In recognition of her de- the imposition of a duty "in cases where pendence on Great Britain for defense, the goods are sold to the importer under New Zealand, in 1927, promised a con- conditions which might injuriously affect tribution of £1,000,000 towards the con- manufacturers in New Zealand."2 It was struction of the Singapore base.' under this provision that action was taken League of Nations. It has been mainly against Australian goods when the Lon- through the League of Nations that New don-Australian exchange went up 20% Zealand has come into direct contact with higher than that between London and other governments, though she has not New Zealand. used this opportunity, as some of the Do- During the depression, in 1930, a spe- minions have done, to develop an inde- cial surtax was imposed on all dutiable pendent attitude in international politics. goods, about 1/20 of the previous duty, except in the case of goods coming from 'N. Z. Yearbook, p. 191. 'Manning. Policies of the British Dominions in the League of Nations. p. 106. 2 Economic Record, Vol. IX, No. 16, p. 43. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13

Australia, which continued to pay a terest rates within the country have been primage duty of one or two per cent. drastically reduced during the depression, The following year a primage duty of though foreign payments have been met 3% on most free imports was introduced according to contract. for revenue purposes. Migration. There remains for discus- Imperial Preference. At the Ottawa sion the subject of migration. Since 1881 Conference in 1932, New Zealand agreed the policy of the Government has been to to free imports from the Untied Kingdom control immigration into the country ; but, and her Colonies from this surtax and to until the last depression, this control did remove the primage duty on Australian not concern people of British origin. On goods, although the products of the other persons not of British origin a quasi- Dominions and India remain subject to educational test was first imposed and the surtax. She has also agreed "that then this was changed to a reading test. protection by tariff shall be afforded Since 1925 permission to enter the coun- against United Kingdom products only try has only been given to persons holding to those industries which are reasonably individual permits from the Minister for assured of sound opportunities of suc- Customs ; while Chinese who wish to live cess" ; and that "protection afforded to here have, in addition to securing the per- the New Zealand producer shall be on a mit, to pay a poll tax of i100.1 level which will give the United Kingdom The Immigration Restriction Act of producer full opportunity of reasonable 1899 prevented the landing, from any competition on the basis of efficient pro- country, of lunatics, criminals or persons duction."1 with certain diseases ; and provision is The quota system seems likely to be of made under an Act of 1919 for exclusion increasing importance in the future. The of those whose influence the Attorney New Zealand attitude has, generally General thinks subversive to the good speaking, been opposed to it, and she government of the country. On account secured a promise from Great Britain at of the depression, in 1931, an act was Ottawa that free entry of butter into the passed allowing restriction of those of United Kingdom should continue "for British birth and parentage "on account three years certain." The arrangements, of any economic or financial conditions however, which have been made with affecting trade and industry in New Zea- Great Britain concerning meat exports, in land or any other conditions which render fact, amount to the acceptance by New it expedient to impose such restrictions.2 Zealand of a meat quota ; and a further From 1921-27, as over various earlier extension of this system seems likely periods, the Government assisted the im- when the Ottawa agreements expire. migration of people from Great Britain Fiscal Policy. The fiscal policy of the who were nominated and guaranteed em- country, resulting in the raising of the ployment by a New Zealand resident. exchange rate by 25% in 1933, has, in Since 1927, however, this scheme has effect, given a bounty to the export trade been restricted in various ways and is now and a considerable degree of extra pro- practically in abeyance. tection to home industries. Several coun- Limitations of Nationalism. The fur- tries replied to this action by imposing or ther question, of what limitations on Na- raising tariffs on New Zealand goods ; tionalism are desirable, opens up such a and, though New Zealand's trade with wide field of discussion that one can only foreign countries was not in itself suffi- offer a few tentative suggestions and ciently important to call forth retaliation make one or two comments on the pres- in kind, manipulation of the exchanges in ent state of affairs. various other countries has followed. In- N. Z. Affairs. I. P. R. Publication, Chap. V. A-6A. 1932. N. Z. Parliamentary papers. 2 N. Z. Yearbook, p. 62. 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Economic. It seems evident that the seems most necessary ; since once this principle of laissez faire is on its death- manipulation has begun it so easily and bed and that we can look forward—for a speedily starts a vicious circle of com- time at any rate—to a system of con- petitive depreciation. The exchange pari- trolled, and generally nationally controlled, ties might perhaps be removed from the economics, since most governments have control of the national legislatures to that made themselves responsible for provid- of a group of eminent national bankers ing work, pensions, and poor, relief for meeting under the auspices of the Bank their nationals it is only reasonable that of International Settlements. they should claim control of migration Political. In the political sphere there and trade. To struggle against this trend, already exists machinery of the kind in the interests of Utopian ideals of world which I have suggested for the regula- free trade and freedom of migration, is tion of economic relations. The countries useless. Attention must now be centered which are members of the League have on securing as harmonious working as is promised not to go to war without first possible between the various organized submitting their dispute to judicial settle- economics. ment, arbitration or conciliation by the For instance, tariff and migration poli- Council. Thus every opportunity is given cies, instead of being the subject of inde- for discussion of the matter with the other pendent legislation by national bodies, parties concerned, and provision made for might be arranged by treaty and agree- settlement according to right or expedi- ment between the parties concerned. The ency rather than strength or cunning. Ex- suggestion has been made of an Inter- perience, however, of the working of the national Economic Council, which should League machinery has shown its weak- receive notice of intended changes in na- ness to lie in the matter of sanctions. tional legislation which are likely to affect the economic interests of other countries. There must be definite agreement as to These countries could then, if they wished, what sanctions are to be imposed and the appeal to the council before the proposed nations must endow the international legislation had taken effect, and the coun- body with sufficient power to order or to cil, where necessary, mediate between the impose these sanctions. Whether for parties. breaking the peace, evading disarmament Fiscal. As regards manipulation of the agreements, or illtreating protected mi- exchanges, some arrangement to avoid norities, there should be some speedy and sudden action and to provide for discus- certain way of registering the disapproval sion of the matter with other countries of the world.

Government and National Policies By MRS. EDMUND A. OSBORNE P. 0. Box 59, San Salvador, Central America Data submitted for the Third Pan-Pacific Women's Conference

There not being an organized Women's Executive. The Executive is vested in a Association capable at this time to give President and a Cabinet of four Ministers information regarding all questions under aided by several subsecretaries. The Presi- this general head, I am able to give you dent is elected by popular vote every four only a scant outline. years, the Cabinet is appointed by the The country of El Salvador is a repub- President on holding office. The Legisla- lic, the government being composed of tive has only one chamber, called the three powers : Legislative, Judicial and Assembly, and is composed of deputies PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15

elected every year. The Judicial is elected Syrians, Turks, Negroes, and similar by the Assembly every year. races, other foreigners have free entrance. In prehistoric times the territory of The Government maintains an official what is now the Republic of El Salvador organ of publicity called Diario Oficial was the seat of several Indian races, the and La Republica ; other private news- principal amongst them being of Aztec papers are Diario Latino, La Prensa, and Maya origin. Diario Nuevo, Diario del Salvador, Early in the sixteenth century Spanish Patria and several minor ones. invaders conquered the Indians and estab- Women, up to a few years ago, were lished themselves firmly on the latter's a negligible factor in anything outside of territory. • This portion of the country their homes. Not so now. They do not became a part of the large kingdom of have the vote, but at the recent Conference Guatemala under Spanish rule. This re- at Montevideo a resolution was taken to sulted in enormous changes in every work toward this end in countries of the sphere of life. American continent where women have In 1821 a concerted movement through not yet acquired this right. Central America culminated in complete There is no political association of independence from the mother country, women, but during elections they are Spain. Since then the idea of a federa- active in directing public opinion. tion of the Central American states has Women's organized activities are found been attempted at different times without mostly in the field of charity and in success. Catholic church affairs. They are leaders The above political changes have nat- in such organizations as the Red Cross, urally produced racial changes. Pure In- the White Cross, Sociedad de San Vicente dian strains still subsist in out-of-the-way de Paul, Casa del Nifio, Gota de Leche. villages conserving their old culture level ; Smaller groups have united at various they raise corn for food, live in thatch- times for mutual protection of their spe- roofed huts, and dress in scanty tradi- cial interest. For instance, the Teachers' tional tribal clothes and speak the lan- Union, a Labor Women's Union in Santa guage of their forefathers. They are Ana (the second largest city in El Sal- rapidly learning Spanish and are not now vador). isolated from social intercourse with the Women are not internationally minded. rest of the population, but are negligent Though the moneyed class have been edu- in political affairs. Only 7% of the popu- cated and have traveled extensively lation are pure Indians. abroad, their trend is decidedly national. The intermarriage of Indians and The forming of a duly organized Wom- Spanish produced a new race called mes- en's Association for studying the various tizo or ladino. The descendants of this programs included in the Women's Pan- new race are now the majority of the Pacific Association is a difficult matter population of El Salvador. They have which will require time and patience. adapted themselves to changing conditions Women in this country are not trained and have left far behind the culture levels to any organized and systematic effort of their ancestors. They are to be taken which needs continued and sustained ap- into consideration in all political and eco- plication. For instance, I am the only nomic questions affecting the country. woman belonging to the Ateneo de El The descendants of pure Spanish blood Salvador, an association for the further- also constitute a big factor in present- ance of literary, historical, geographic, day problems, but the percentage of these artistic, etc., pursuits ; notwithstanding is small compared to the ladinos. They the fact that men are willing to accept are proud of their pure descent. women in their associations on the same With the exception of Mongolians, footing. 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

VISIT AUSTRALIA During the Centenary Celebrations of Victoria and Melbourne

FROM OCTOBER 13, 1934, TO APRIL, 1935

Travel by way of the fascinating South Sea Islands, enjoy the glories of the Australian "Bush," see the strange animal and bird life, and take part in some of these outstanding features :—

Oct. 13-Nov. 10—ALL AUSTRALIAN EXHIBITION, including manufactures, Gold, Wheat, Wool, Fruit. Oct. 18-Oct. 27—ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SHOW. October 20 —WORLD'S GREATEST INTERNATIONAL AIR RACE ($75,000 and MacRobertson Trophy) from England. CAUFIELD CUP RACE MEETING. October 23 —CENTENARY HORTICULTURAL SHOW opens. October 27 —MOONEE VALLEY GOLD CUP November 3 —DERBY DAY RACE MEETING, Flemington. LIGHT CAR RACING. November 6 —MELBOURNE CUP RACE of $50,000 at Flemington. November 10 —NAVY, ARMY and AIR FORCE COMPETITIONS, Displays and Pageants. November 11 —DEDICATION OF NATIONAL WAR MEMORIAL by the DUKE OF GLOUCESTER. November 17 —HENLEY REGATTA. 'Nov. 16 to 19 —PORTLAND CELEBRATONS and PAGEANTRY. Nov. 19 to 26 —WOMEN'S WEEK. Dec. 1 to 3 —ROMAN CATHOLIC EUCHARISTIC CONGRESS. December 28 —GIRL GUIDE PAN-PACIFIC GATHERING. January, 1935 —BOY SCOUTS' WORLD JAMBOREE. SCIENCE CONGRESS. March 20 to 24—ROTARY CLUB CONFERENCE.

For Information and Bookings consult shipping offices, or write to:

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL TRAVEL ASSOCIATION SIR FRANCIS DRAKE HOTEL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. THE MID-PACIFIC 1

Welcome to the Fijian and Australasian Delegates

TO THE

Third Pan-Pacific Women's Conference

who it is hoped will induce the members they meet in Honolulu to visit the scenic wonders of New Zealand and Australia, particularly stressing the marvels of the Melbourne Centennial in October. See Suva, Fiji en route.

The Canadian Australasian Line, Ltd. THEO. H. DAVIES & COMPANY, LTD., AGENTS BRANCH TRAVEL BUREAU, HALEKULANI HOTEL

Where Your Travel Questions Are Answered

In this beautiful edifice on Merchant Street is to be found a travel bureau equipped to serve the public in the fullest capacity. Information regard- ing rates and schedules of Rail- roads, Steamship Lines, Air- lines and Hotels around the world are available. Tickets may be arranged to any point. Call 1221 or come in to Castle & Cooke Travel Bureau, Mer- chant St., Honolulu. Branch in Royal Hawaiian and Mo- ana Hotels.

ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

ALOHA . . . DeleAates to the Third PAN-PACIFIC WOMEN'S CONFERENCE We're glad you're here and hope'you will enjoy your visit with us!

You are going to be busy, we know, but with all your "busy-ness" if you find certain necessities lacking—pieces of apparel—cosmetics —swim or beach suits—call on us and we will gladly fill your needs.

For eighty-four years we have been catering to the needs of Honolulu people, and in those years we have supplied the wants of many a tourist and delegate . . . no wonder we feel we have had some experience along that line. We await an opportunity to serve you.

KAA NA DEPAHouse RTMENT STORE The LibeAM rty HONOLUL U THE MID-PACIFIC 3 Greetings Waikiki to the Beach Beauty Salon Ethel Campbell Beauty Studio DELEGATES Louise Welsh Beauty Studio from the Members Royal Hawaiian Hotel Beauty Shop of the Vaughan's Waikiki Beauty Shop

Down town Carmen Joyce Cherry Beauty Salon England-Hauck La Pompadour Beauty Salon Louise Smith Marinello Shop . . . the Insigne of the Marcell de Paris Salon de Beaute Honolulu Sally's Beauty Shop Hairdressers and Wave Beauty Shop Cosmeticians Schofield Association Kemoo Beauty Shop

Aloha to the Delegates Zonta Club of Honolulu From Member of Zonta International Honolulu Business and Extends Greetings to Delegates of Professional Women's the Third Pan-Pacific Women's Club Conference Member of N. F. of B. & P. Women's Clubs REBECCA M. POTTER, President Residence—Pleasanton Hotel Business Address—American Mutual Bldg. & Loan Assn., 915 Fort St.

MARGARET KELLY, Secretary Residence—Moana Hotel Business Address—Board of Agricul- ture & Forestry, King St. A noon luncheon meeting on the first Tuesday of each month, Gold Room, Young Hotel A noon luncheon meeting on second Tues- day of each month in the Gold Room, BESS M. SCOBIE, President 1557 Hastings St. Telephone 65341 Young Hotel. KAREN E. JOHNSON, "Fair, square, everytirne, everywhere" Corresponding Secretary Eastman Kodak Stores. 1059 Fort St. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

Me P. Y. Chong numba one China cook allsame te) big boss. LAU IlEE CHAI

WAIKIKI Honolulu, Hawaii AIKIKI LAU YEE CHAI lest- Embroideries, Silks lant numba one China style beau- Wtiful, plenty big, one tousan eat and Curios one time can do. Nicey plivate loom sposey from India, China, Japan, eat small pahty, big pahty 500 allsame banket, lunchey, tea, any way you like. the Philippines and Java. Me P. Y. Chong long time bef oh China side sabe any kind cook numba one good. Canton style, Peiping style, Japanee EAST INDIA style, Melican style, allo numba one good tasey, healthy allsame. Me P. Y. Chong wely glat lady come STORE Honolulu talk, talk. Sposey you come me 1017 Fort St. placey eat, dlink, enjoy, sposey eat 50 Honolulu cent, 50 dolla, allsame wely welcome. Aloha.

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with FOR a power station generating capacity of 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and power service to Honolulu and to the BOOKS ON entire island of Oahu. It also maintains its cold storage and ice-making plant, HAWAII and supplying the city with ice for home consumption. The firm acts as electrical Hawaiian Lore. contractors, cold storage, warehousemen and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- Novels based on Hawaii and plies, completely wiring and equipping buildings and private residences. Its Books on Plant and Bird Life splendid new offices facing the civic of the Islands center are now completed and form one of the architectural ornaments to the city.

GET THEM AT The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, has its motor trucks meet all incoming steamers and it gathers baggage from every part of the city for delivery to Nonolulu Paper the outgoing steamers. This company Co., Ltd. receives, and puts in storage until needed, 1.045 Bishop St. excess baggage of visitors to Honolulu and finds many ways to serve its patrons. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 GREETINGS, DELEGATES ! For Dry Cleaning, Dyeing and Laundry

AMERICAN SANITARY LAUNDRW Ltd. The Largest Dyeing and Dry Cleaning Plant in Hawaii HAT AND RUG CLEANERS IVORY SOAP USED EXCLUSIVELY PHONE 6011 QUEEN AND EMILY STREETS

The Haleakala Ranch Company, with The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- head offices at Makawao, on the Island tion supplies the pure milk used for children and adults in Honolulu. It of Maui, is, as its name indicates, a also supplies the city with ice cream cattle ranch on the slopes of the great for desserts. Its main office is in the mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku feet above the sea. This ranch breeds streets. The milk of the Honolulu pure Hereford cattle and is looking to Dairymen's Association is pure, it is a future when it will supply fine bred rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- ciation has had the experience of more cattle to the markets and breeders in than a generation, and it has called Hawaii. upon science in perfecting its plant and its methods of handling milk and de- The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- tomers. Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Renny Co., Ltd, 20 South Queen Street. mercial printing plant, where all the de- Men of almost every Pacific race are employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading eve- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ning newspaper and publishes many cient is the loading and unloading of elaborate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

I

The Rill Uzi: :// of in Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7

C. BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED

C. Brewer and Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Planta- tion Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance.

Im- Famous Hau Tree Lanai The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- ing automobile dealers, have their office The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- and store in the Alexander Young lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach at Building, at the corner of King and Bishop streets, and their magnificent Waikiki." Includes Jack London's Lanai automobile salesroom and garage just and House Without a Key. Rates from in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. $5.00 to $8.00 per day. American plan. Here one may find almost anything. Clifford Kimball, owner and manager. Phone No. 6141. ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

Home of Alexander C.1 Baldwin, Ltd.

Anyone who has ever visited the Ha- Ltd.; Baldwin Packers, Ltd.; The Mat- waiian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing-named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd. ; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 30 years by & Marine Insurance Co. ; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited ; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd.; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd.; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co.; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd.; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd. ; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, tation; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., Asst. Treas- ADVT. urer ; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer.