Western Washington University Western CEDAR Huxley College Graduate and Undergraduate Huxley College of the Environment Publications
Winter 2013 Lake Whatcom land reconveyance: environmental impact assessment Chantal Wikstrom Western Washington University
Courtney Gilgore Western Washington University
Dominika Kwiatkowski Western Washington University
Lindsey Juen Western Washington University
Noah Crozier Western Washington University
Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/huxley_stupubs Part of the Environmental Studies Commons
Recommended Citation Wikstrom, Chantal; Gilgore, Courtney; Kwiatkowski, Dominika; Juen, Lindsey; and Crozier, Noah, "Lake Whatcom land reconveyance: environmental impact assessment" (2013). Huxley College Graduate and Undergraduate Publications. 31. https://cedar.wwu.edu/huxley_stupubs/31
This Environmental Impact Assessment is brought to you for free and open access by the Huxley College of the Environment at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Huxley College Graduate and Undergraduate Publications by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected].
Lake Whatcom Land Reconveyance Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Science 493
Huxley College of the Environment
Western Washington University
Winter 2013
Lake Whatcom Land Reconveyance Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Science 493
Professor Leo Bodensteiner
Huxley College of the Environment
Western Washington University
Prepared by:
Chantal Wikstrom
Courtney Gilgore
Dominika Kwiatkowski
Lindsey Juen
Noah Crozier
** This presentation represents a class project that was carried out by students of Western Washington University, Huxley College of the Environment. It has not been undertaken at the request of persons representing local governments or private individuals, nor does it necessarily represent the opinion or position of individuals from government or the private sector. **
Dear Concerned Citizen,
The purpose of this Environmental Impact Statement (EIA) is to assess the probable impacts of the Lake Whatcom Reconveyance on 8,700 acres of land surrounding the Lake
Whatcom Watershed. The lake is the source of water for nearly 95,000 residents of Whatcom
County including the City of Bellingham. Currently the Lake Whatcom Watershed is listed as a polluted water body and although the sources of the pollutants are varied they are a direct result of human activities.
Presently the Washington State Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) manages the State Forest Transfer trust lands by the watershed. The forests are used for timber and the sales provide Whatcom County with funds. Under the proposed action the land will be managed by Whatcom County and used for recreational purposes.
This EIA reviews the proposed action and two alternative actions and their impacts on both the natural and built environment. Water quality, slope stability, protecting the environment, and providing public recreation were all factors considered in the decided action. As a team we found that the proposed action would be the best suited for maintaining the watershed and the surrounding areas.
Sincerely,
Lake Whatcom Recreation EIA Team FACT SHEET
Title: Whatcom County Reconveyance and Recreation Plan
Description of Project: Project turning over management of over 8,800 acres of land in or around the Lake Whatcom watershed to Whatcom County under a reconveyance process outlined in RCW 79.22.300. This land has been managed by the state WDNR and has been leased to private companies for commercial forestry practices with financial benefit to trusts in this area, under the new plan the proposed action the land would be turned into a county run park with an emphasis on forest conservation with low impact recreation opportunities.
Legal Description of Project: Reconveyance and recreation plan deal with two large portions of land on either side of Lake Whatcom.
The western parcel of land contains much of Lookout Mountain (summit at N 48.688° N and 122.360719°W) and can be accessed through the Lookout Mountain Forest Preserve at 2537 Lake Louise Road. Contains WDNR lots RW-1 through RW-25 or under the Whatcom County Title 20 zoning designation contains portions of T37N R4E sections 7,17,18,19,20,29,30,31 and T37N R3E sections 1,11,12,13,24. Total acreage of western portion is 4,250.94 acres.
The eastern parcel of land contains much of Stuart Mountain (summit at 48.759°N and- 122.2679°W) And can be accessed through North Lake Whatcom Park at the south end of North Shore Road. Contains WDNR lots RE-1 through RE-27 and F-1 through F-11 or under the Whatcom County Title 20 zoning designation contains portions of T38N R4E sections 26,27,28,29,33,34,35 and T37N R4E 2,3,4,9,10,15,16. Total acreage of eastern portion is 4,592.82 acres.
Proponent: Whatcom County Parks & Recreation Department
Lead Agency: Bodensteiner and Associates Huxley College of the Environment Western Washington University Bellingham, WA 98225
Permits: Whatcom County Council requires a resolution for reconveyance request. Reconveyance request requires approval from Board of Natural Resources.
i Contributions by authors: Noah - Elements: Land use/shoreline change and Air Lindsey - Elements: Water and Animals/plants Courtney - Elements: Energy/natural resources and environmental health Chantal - Elements: Earth and Transportation Dominika - Elements: Public services
Distribution List: Dr. Leo Bodensteiner, Professor Huxley College of the Environment, WWU Bellingham WA 98225
Western Washington University Library Digital Collection – Huxley
Whatcom County Parks and Recreation Department 3373 Mount Baker Highway Bellingham, WA 98226
Whatcom County Council 311 Grand Ave., Suite 105 Bellingham, WA 98225
EIA Team Contributors
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the following people for their help and guidance:
Michael McFarlane, Whatcom County Parks and Recreation Dr. John McLaughlin, Ph. D., Professor, Huxley College Dr. Leo Bodensteiner, Ph.D., Professor, Huxley College
Issue Date: March 14th 2013
Public Presentation: 6:30 pm; Thursday, March 14, 2013. Bellingham REI 400 36th St. Bellingham, WA 98225
ii Table of Contents Fact Sheet...... i Table of Contents...... iii 1. Executive Summary...... 1 1.1 Purpose...... 1 1.2 Site Description...... 1 1.3 Problem Description...... 2 1.4 Description of Proposed Actions and Alternatives...... 2 1.5 Recommendation...... 4 1.6 Decision Matrix...... 5 1.7 Area Map...... 6 2. Project History...... 7 3. Elements of the Natural Environment...... 8 3.1 Earth...... 8 3.1.1 Geology...... 8 3.1.2 Soils…………………………………………………………….……....……...... 9 3.1.3 Topography………………………………………………………....……...... 10 3.1.4 Erosion………………………………………………………....……………..... 10 3.2 Air Quality………………………………………………………………...... ……………... 12 3.3 Water…………………………………………………………………….....….………...... 14 3.3.1 Surface Water……………………………………………….....….…………... 15 3.3.2 Runoff/Absorption…………………………………………....…….…...... 16 3.3.3 Groundwater Movement/Quantity/Quality…………………...………..…..... 18 3.3.4 Public Water Supplies……………………………………...……...... 19 3.4 Energy and Natural Resources………………………………………...…………..…... 20 3.4.1 Amount Required/Rate of Use/Efficiency…………………...………..…….. 20 3.4.2 Source/Availability……………………………………………...………..……. 21 3.4.3 Conservation and Renewable Resources…………………...………..……. 21 3.4.4 Scenic Resources……………………………………………...………...... 22 3.5 Plants and Animals……………………………………………………...……………...... 23 3.5.1 Habitat for Wildlife and Diversity for Plants, Fish, or Other Wildlife...... 24 3.5.2 Unique Species…………………………………………………………...... 25 3.5.3 Fish or Wildlife Migration Routes……………………………...... 26 4. Elements of the Built Environment…………………………………………………...... 28 4.1 Environmental Health……………………………………………...... 28 4.1.1 Noise………………………………………………………...... 28 4.1.2 Release or Potential releases to the Environment affecting human health, such as toxic or hazardous materials...... 29 4.2 Land and Shoreline Use…………………………………………………...... 29 4.2.1 Relationship to existing land use plans and to estimated population...... 30 4.2.2 Recreation………………………………………………...... 31 4.2.3 Historic and Cultural Preservation……………………...…...... 32 4.3 Transportation………………………………………………………………...... 33 4.3.1 Vehicular Traffic……………………………………………...... 33 4.3.2 Parking……………………………………………………………...... 34 4.3.3 Traffic Hazards/Safety…………………………...... 35 4.3.4 Water, Rail, and Air Traffic…………………………………...... 35 4.4 Public Services and Utilities……………………………………...... 36 4.4.1 Schools……………………………………………………...... 36 4.4.2 Maintenance……………………………………...... 37
iii 4.4.3 Police/Fire………………………………………………...... 38 4.4.4 Sewer/Solid Waste………………………………...... 39 4.4.5 Communications...... 39 5. References………………………………………………………………...... 41 6. Appendices……………………………………...... 45
iv List of Tables:
Table 1: Wildlife Species of Interest in Project Area
List of Figures:
Figure 1: Map, Lake Whatcom Watershed Figure 2: Chuckanut Formation North Outcrop Figure 3: Landslide Inventory
List of Appendices:
Appendix A: Reproduction of ‘Tribal Cultural Resources Matrix for Lake Whatcom Planning Area’ from 2004 FEIS of Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan Appendix B: Earth Figures
v Glossary
Alluvium - Sediment deposited by flowing water
Biodiversity - The variety of biological life in a habitat or ecosystem
Colluvium - Loose unconsolidated sediment that has been deposited at the base of hill slopes by either rain-wash, sheet wash or a slow continuous creep
Comme rcial- Concerned with or engaged in commerce (the activity of buying and selling)
Commercial Timber Harvesting - Tree-cutting operations for commercial sale
Conglomerate - A rock that consists of individual clasts that have been cemented together
Conservation - The act of conserving; prevention of injury, decay, waste, or loss; preservation
Debris Flow - Fast moving liquefied landslides composed of a mixture of unconsolidated water and debris, often times this looks like flowing concrete
Dissolved Oxygen - A health indicator of water, it tells how much oxygen is available for marine life
Facility - An amenity or resource
Groundwater - Water beneath the surface of the ground
Hatchery - A controlled environment for the hatching of fish eggs
Impervious Surfaces - Artificial structures covered by impenetrable materials or soil impacted by development where water cannot penetrate
Jurisdiction - The extent or range of judicial, law enforcement, or other authority
Lithification - A geological process where loosely deposited sediment is compacted into rock
Mature Forest - A forest stand that has achieved most of its potential growth
Mass Wasting - The geomorphic process by which sand, soil, regolith and rock move downwards by gravitational force
Metamorphic Rock - Sedimentary or igneous rock types that have been morphed via heat and pressure into a different type of rock
Metasedimentary Rock - Sedimentary rock that shows evidence of being subjected to metamorphism
Permeability - Interconnectedness of open space in soil
vi Phosphorus - Inorganic chemical nutrient that, when present in excess, leads to eutrophication and higher amounts of algal blooms in water
Reconveyance - To transfer back; pass the title to
Recreational - Relating to or denoting activity done for enjoyment when one is not working
Runoff - Draining away of water (and substances within it) from the surface of an area of land, especially development, buildings, and other impervious surfaces
Sediment Load - Soil particles being transported through a stream
Sedimentary Rock - Rock formed by the deposition of material at earth’s surface and within water bodies
Skidder - A type of four-wheel tractor equipped with a grapple, used to haul logs or timber, especially over rough terrain
Subduction - A geological process where one tectonic plate moves underneath another tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle
Temperate - Moderate in respect to temperature; not subject to prolonged extremes of hot or cold weather.
Tributary - A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake
Wastewater - Water mixed with waste matter
Weathering - The process of breaking down rocks, soil and minerals by being exposed to earth’s forces
List of Acronyms or Abbreviations
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EIS - Environmental Impact Statement
WDNR - Washington State Department of Natural Resources
vii 1. Executive Summary
1.1 Purpose
This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) aims to evaluate the potential
environmental impacts of the proposed Lake Whatcom land transfer. The Washington
Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) and Whatcom County are proposing to
transfer 8700 acres of trust land that has been used for timber harvesting to Whatcom
County ownership. In order for the reconveyance to take place, the proposed area must
be converted into a recreation site. If the proposed action takes place, this area will
become the largest county park in Washington State. The plan includes restoring the
land to old growth forests where multi use trails will be readily available for backcountry
backpacking, hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding and front country camping. In this
EIA, we analyze and discuss effects the proposed land transfer will have on the earth,
land, air, water, plant and animal life. In addition, the effects on noise, energy, residential
areas, recreation, transportation and public services are examined. The water quality of
the Lake Whatcom watershed is of great importance to the City of Bellingham since it is
the source of drinking water for over 95,000 people residing in City of Bellingham and
Whatcom County (Water Supply and Treatment, 2013). In allowing the forests to
develop and mature into an older growth environment, the water quality of the lake will
likely improve. Furthermore, slope stability within the watershed will potentially increase
from the lack of new logging road construction which will also lessen the likelihood of
roads washing out and causing landslides like the 1983 Smith Creek Landslide.
1.2 Site Description
1 The Lake Whatcom watershed is located southeast of the city of Bellingham. The
proposed action includes two large parcels of undeveloped timber lands on the western
and eastern side of Lake Whatcom. The parcel on the western side of the lake is located
on Lookout Mountain and can be accessed from Lake Louise Road in Sudden Valley.
The eastern parcel can be accessed from the Lake Whatcom Park trailhead at the far
end of North Shore Road.
1.3 Problem Description
The City of Bellingham is concerned with the current timberland practices going on
within the Lake Whatcom watershed which is also the source of potable water for the
county and city. Harvesting timber for logging, along with slope instability and impervious
surfaces, create multiple problems that have negative impacts on the water quality and
ecosystem of the Lake Whatcom watershed.
1.4 Descriptions of Proposed Actions and Alternatives
Proposed Action
The proposed action restores 8700 acres of WDNR-managed trust lands, used for
timber harvesting, to Whatcom County. The purpose of this proposal is to create a park
in an old growth forest with a variety of low impact and non-motorized recreational
opportunities. The proposed action will prevent the construction of over 20 miles of new
logging roads, and 9 miles of preexisting logging roads will be abandoned. When
completed, approximately 55 miles of multi-use recreation trails such as will be
constructed, this includes hiking, biking, running and equestrian trails (Ryan, 2012)). In
order for the land transfer to be approved by the County and State, WDNR must
reimburse the income that would be generated by commercial forestry in the area. The
Whatcom County Council has also discussed with the Parks and Recreation Department
2 the possibility of building automobile roads to scenic view points in the reconveyance area allowing access to people who would otherwise be unable to enjoy the reconveyance area due to physical disability or other restraints. This road building option is currently not a key part of the recreation plan and there are no plans to implement it anytime soon.
Alternative #1
The WDNR no longer leases the state managed land for the purpose of commercial forestry and is responsible for creating and managing a recreational area in the Lake
Whatcom watershed.
Alternative #2
Whatcom County Council member Sam Crawford has proposed an alternative strategy that would reduce the size of the amount of land that would be reconveyed. About 1,755 acres of the original 8,700 acres would remain under management by WDNR and would still be available to be leased by the state for commercial forestry operations. While this
1755 acre area is still in the Lake Whatcom watershed, it is chosen in regards to low slope stability to reduce the occurrence of mass wasting events in the area.
No Action
WDNR retains management of the land and continues the practice of commercial forestry but follows the environmental impact reduction techniques that have previously been used in this area that are outlined in the Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan (Lake
Whatcom Landscape Plan, 2004).
3 1.5 Recommendation
After reviewing all of the literature and other materials on this proposal, our
recommendation is to implement the proposed action. This will benefit the residents who
receive their drinking water from the Lake Whatcom watershed and improve the affected
area’s ecological processes. In turn, it will provide recreational activities for user groups
and improve the area’s quality of life. By reducing the number of new logging road that
would need to be constructed, the amount of impervious surface runoff would be
reduced which would decrease the likelihood for mass wasting events and phosphorus
loading into the water supply. In addition, this action would allow the affected area to
grow into an older growth forest which would restore the historical ecosystem and create
a habitat for critical species. The proposed action would result in over 50 miles of
multiuse trails to be developed. These additions provide residents and visitors the
opportunity to explore and enjoy the area while improving their health.
4 1.6 Decision Matrix
Element of the Environment Proposed Action Alternative 1 Alternative 2 No Action Natural Environment
Earth:
Geology 0 0 0 0 Soils + + + 0 Topography + + + 0 Erosion + + + 0 Air:
Air quality + 0 +/0 0/- Water:
Surface water + + - - Runoff + + - - Groundwater + + - - Public water supplies + + - - Plants & animals:
Habitat for wildlife & diversity + + - - Unique species + + - - Fish/wildlife migration routes + + - - Energy & natural resources:
Amount required/rate of use 0 0 0 0 Source/availability 0 0 0 0 Conservation & resources +(-) + + 0 Scenic resources + + +(-) 0 Built Environment
Environmental health:
Noise 0 0 (-) 0 Toxic & hazardous material 0 0 0 0 Land & shoreline use:
Relationship to existing land +/- +/- +/- +/- Recreation + + + 0 Historical & cultural + + + 0/- Transportation:
Vehicular traffic - - - 0 Waterborne, rail & air traffic 0 0 0 0 Parking - - - 0 Traffic hazards - - - 0 Public services & utilities:
Fire/Police 0 0 0 0 Schools (-) (-) (-) (-) Maintenance - - - - Communications 0 0 0 0 Sewer/solid waste - - - -
Positive Impact: + Negative Impact: - Short Term Impact: () No Impact: 0
5 1.7 Area Map
6 2. Project History
This area in the Lake Whatcom watershed originally came in to county possession
piecewise through tax defaults or abandonment over the last century. Much of this land
had in the past been used for commercial forestry purposes and the county chose to
convey this land to be managed by the WDNR (Mann, 2013). The WDNR manages
lands across the state for the purpose of leasing to commercial forestry companies and
in turn returns revenue earned back to state trusts. While this land has a long history of
logging there also exists a history of problems and risks associated with logging that
affect the watershed one of the most prominent being mass wasting events (WCC,
1/15/2013) (Johnson, 2013). Lake Whatcom is the main source of drinking water for
people in Bellingham. Clear cutting practices and development have led to phosphorus-
laden runoff in the watershed which, in turn, has resulted in low levels of dissolved
oxygen. The lake is on Washington state’s list of 303(d) impaired water bodies because
it does not meet the state standard for dissolved oxygen and fecal coliform levels are too
high (Department of Ecology). In 2004 the WDNR and the Lake Whatcom Landscape
Planning Committee developed the Lake Whatcom Landscape plan that has regulated
the commercial forestry practices in the area with a greater emphasis on watershed
protection (May, 2004) by addressing riparian zone protection, road construction near
unstable slopes and other road management in the watershed. The proposed
reconveyance would return this land back into the hands of the county for the parallel
construction of a recreation area and for maintaining a higher degree of conservation
and protection in the watershed.
7 3. Elements of the Natural Environment
3.1 EARTH
Area Description
Lake Whatcom is situated in a valley between two north-south trending ridges.
Surrounding Lake Whatcom are various mountains such as Lookout Mountain to the
west, Stewart Mountain to the east and Anderson Mountain to the southeast (see Figure
1). According to US Geological Survey topographic mapping, elevation changes from
307 feet at the surface of Lake Whatcom to 3,364 feet at the top of Anderson Mountain,
in total about 3,057 feet of vertical relief.
3.1.1 Geology
a) Existing Conditions
The geology of the Lake Whatcom watershed and its surrounding areas is quite varied.
The reconveyance site is composed of metasedimentary rock and metamorphic rock
that was deposited as oceanic sediment, then recrystallized under heat and pressure
and stacked via subduction to form what is the current Darrington Phyllite (Lapen, 2000).
Metamorphic rock has been uplifted, eroded and then buried in local basins by the
coarse-grained sediments. After a series of lithification, folding and faulting, the
Chuckanut Formation was produced (see Figure 2). The lake itself was created by the
release of an overlying glacier as it melted at the end of the last ice age, about 18,000
years ago. Glacial erosion removed the Chuckanut sedimentary strata and exposed the
underlying metamorphic rocks such as phyllite (Lake Whatcom geology, 2013).
b) Proposed Action
There is no change to the underlying geology in the proposed action.
c) Alternative Action #1
There is no change to the underlying geology with alternative 1.
8 d) Alternative Action #2
There is no change to the underlying geology with alternative 2.
e) No Action
There is no change to the underlying geology.
3.1.2 Soils
a) Existing Conditions
Soil in the reconveyance site is made up of sand, gravel and fine grains that come from
the weathering of rock and slope processes (Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan, 2002). In
areas where the phyllite is found, the soils contain mica platelets that can range from
fine-grained to sand-sized and some large rock clasts. Soil depths are usually less than
5 feet except for areas where mass wasting events have occurred, these areas can be
several 10s of feet deep at the base of the slope (Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan,
2002).
b) Proposed Action
With the conifer stand able to grow naturally into old growth, soil forming processes will
increase which will increase the depth and quality of the soil.
c) Alternative Action #1
With the conifer stand able to grow naturally into old growth, soil forming processes will
increase which will increase the depth and quality of the soil.
d) Alternative Action #2
With the conifer stand able to grow naturally into old growth, soil forming processes will
increase which will increase the depth and quality of the soil.
e) No Action
9 Soils will continue to be compacted due to the construction of new roadways which will
then create impervious surfaces that could potentially lead to blockage of waterways,
slope instability and mass wasting.
3.1.3 Topography
a) Existing Conditions
The surrounding mountainous landscape consists of sedimentary and some
metamorphic rocks from the Chuckanut Formation. The Chuckanut Formation, also
called Chuckanut Sandstone, is comprised of layers of sandstone, conglomerate, shale,
and coal (Mustoe & Gannaway, 1997).
b) Proposed Action
There is no change in topography within the proposed action.
c) Alternative Action #1
There is no change in topography within alternative 1
d) Alternative Action #2
There is no change in topography within alternative 2.
e) No Action
Under the no change alternative, the current topography would be altered when an
additional 61 miles of new roads in the next 60 years is constructed (Ryan, 2012). Some
of the road construction will occur on unstable slopes which would increases the
likelihood of mass wasting events and chance the topography.
3.1.4 Erosion
a) Existing Conditions
The mostly mountainous terrain of the Lake Whatcom watershed combined with the
Chuckanut Formation based soil creates conditions prime for landslides, debris flows
10 and other mass wasting events. The combination of volcanic ash, recently deposited
slope alluvium and unconsolidated colluviums makes this area even more prone to
erosion and deposition. Slopes underlain by the weaker rock units, especially by phyllite,
are prone to collapsing after the support provided by vegetation roots is removed (see
Figure 3) (Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan, 2002). Streams have eroded deep v-shaped
channels between ridges and valley bottoms. During long and intense rainfall events or
rain-on-snow events, debris flows can be triggered within the channels because the soil
loses its cohesion (Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan, 2002).
Other reoccurring mass wasting events occur in association with the logging roads
during heavy rain events. These mass wasting events create a potential safety hazard
for the general public when used. Surface erosion of the site is limited to where the
forest floor has been removed along road cuts, logging skid trails, landslide scarps and
along stream channels. Surface erosion is mainly human induced when logging roads
are constructed and the land is used for commercial forestry. b) Proposed Action
By allowing the current conifer stands to grow and develop into an old growth forest, the
potential for impacts to slope stability by existing roads is greatly reduced. Also no new
roads will be constructed and over 9 miles of current roads will be decommissioned.
However, there is a possibility of long-term reduction of slope stability and increase in
erosion from recreation trails such as horseback riding, hiking and mountain biking. c) Alternative Action #1
The potential for slope instability, mass wasting events and erosion will decrease. By
allowing natural vegetation to grow soils will become more developed. Also, by not
constructing new roads soils in the site will become more stabilized and decrease
erosion rates.
11 d) Alternative Action #2
With this alternative, 1,755 acres would be managed by WDNR for timber production.
The areas chosen for timber production would be chosen in areas with high slope
stability which would decrease erosion susceptibility and mass wasting events.
e) No Action
Constructing new roads on unstable slopes and soils will increase the chances of a
localized mass wasting event to occur. Impacts of mass wasting events include damage
to roads, drainage facilities being blocked, storm water runoff redirected into unstable
slopes and sedimentation increased into stream channels. Over a long time frame, road-
cut excavations on slopes of 70 percent or greater would likely destabilize the slopes
above then cause increased slope movement along and above the road-cut during
rainfall events (Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan, 2002). Redirected runoff has the
potential to wash out portions of affected road segments which would add to the
downslope sediment load. The sediment carried downslope into streams would likely
reach fish habitat and public or private facilities and structures (Lake Whatcom
Landscape Plan, 2002).
3.2 AIR QUALITY
Area Description
Air quality in the Lake Whatcom watershed has generally not been a guiding concern in
discussing how to protect the environment from potential impact. All actions have a low
probability of impacting air quality to a significant extent (McFarlane, 2012).
a) Proposed Action
Trail creation will be done primarily through human labor and thus should have no
impact on air quality (McFarlane [Whatcom County Council Meeting], 2013). If roads to
12 car accessible viewpoints are constructed, as has been discussed as a possibility, there
could be as much as 10 miles of road construction. There is also future tower
construction from county leases that will have potential air quality concerns from
operating heavy machinery to construct the future infrastructure. Any small scale
building projects such as parking lot and restroom construction projects should have
minor and temporary impacts on air quality if any. Aside from the potential for viewpoints
with roads accommodating automobile traffic they are no plans to include any other sort
of motorized recreation (dirt bikes, ATVs, etc.) in the reconveyance area (McFarlane
(WCC), 1/15/13). Any effects on air quality from potential traffic are expected to be
insignificant. With the discontinuation of logging in the recreation area, air quality may
increase from the passive removal of suspended particulate matter by developed forests
(Escobedo, 2007) but overall effects on air quality are expected to be insignificant in the
area. b) Alternative Action #1
Management of this land for the intent of recreation rather than commercial forestry by
WDNR would result in the impacts temporary if any resulting from heavy machinery
operation in the creation of whatever park infrastructure the WDNR recreation plan
would entail, which would likely be insignificant and temporary (Hare, 1991). With the
discontinuation of logging in the recreation area, air quality may increase from the
passive removal of suspended particulate matter by developed forests (Escobedo, 2007)
but overall effects on air quality are expected to be insignificant in the area. c) Alternative Action #2
Reconveying the smaller, select portion of land would potentially increase air quality in
areas that might otherwise be clear cuts through removal of suspended particulate
matter by developed forests (Escobedo, 2007) but overall effects on air quality are
expected to be insignificant in the area. There are potential temporary negative impacts
13 on air quality such as increased dust and release of hydrocarbons from clear cutting in
the portion of the land that is not being reconveyed resulting from running heavy
machinery and logging traffic these impacts would have a low potential of being
significant and would be reduced from current levels (McFarlane [Whatcom County
Council], 2013) (Hare, 1991). There will be temporary impacts from infrastructure
construction that would occur in the reconveyed area for recreation and conservation
this would include the construction of parking lots and restroom facilities and potentially
long-term but low impact effects in the event of viewpoint road construction (McFarlane
[Whatcom County Council], 2013).
d) No Action
Potential air quality impacts exist from operation of heavy machinery for logging
purposes and the creation of infrastructure that supports logging practices including dust
and hydrocarbons from exhaust (Hare, 1991). Enhanced uptake of suspended
particulate matter will not occur, since trees will continue to be removed in the area
(Escobedo, 2007).
3.3 WATER
Area Description
Lake Whatcom is the primary source of drinking water for people in the Lake Whatcom
Watershed. The water body covers 5,000 acres and has 30 miles of shoreline. The
watershed provides for half of the residents in Whatcom County (Lake Whatcom
Management Program), including those residing in Bellingham, the most populous city in
the county with a population of over 80,000 (2010 Bellingham census). Located in the
foothills of the North Cascades, the lake has 36 creeks flowing into it, including water
diverted from the Middle Fork of the Nooksack River. Along with supplying the
watershed residents with clean drinking water, the lake also supplies fresh water to two
14 fish hatcheries and the Lake Whatcom Water and Sewer District 10 (Lake Whatcom
Management Program). The lake naturally drains into Bellingham Bay via Whatcom
Creek with water level controlled by a low head dam at its source (City of Bellingham).
Lake Whatcom is the only public water source in the state that is open to the public for
recreational purposes. This adversely affects the lake’s water quality through excess
nutrient inputs resulting in algal blooms. The lake has been put on Washington state’s
303(d) list of impaired water bodies because it does not meet the state standard for
dissolved oxygen and its fecal coliform levels are too high (Department of Ecology). At
the City of Bellingham Water Treatment Plant, impurities are thoroughly filtered out,
leaving Bellingham with some of the cleanest drinking water in the nation (City of
Bellingham). High levels of phosphorus are the major contributors to Lake Whatcom’s
water quality problems. Phosphorus increases in areas with development and leads to
dangerously detrimentally low levels of dissolved oxygen.
Timber harvesting lowers water quality by depriving the environment of natural
resources necessary to sustain a healthy ecosystem (FOA). Trees, vegetation and soil
provide a natural water filtration system for precipitation and groundwater.
3.3.1 Surface Water
a) Existing Conditions
Surface water quality refers to the quality of creeks and tributaries in the area, as well as
Lake Whatcom itself. Surface water in and around the lake is poor due to tree clearing
and removal, as well as other human impacts that are detrimental to the environment,
such as development and waste-dumping (Whatcom County Public Works). The volume
and velocity of storm water runoff increases as trees are cleared from the landscape.
15 The heavy machinery and vehicles used to aid in tree removal also add to surface water
problems by compacted soil.
b) Proposed Action
Creeks and Lake Whatcom itself will have improved surface water quality. Trees will no
longer be clear-cut and storm water runoff will decrease in volume and velocity. The
heavy machinery used in commercial timber harvesting compacts the soil, also leading
to increased runoff. Once the machinery leaves the area, soil will be able to redevelop
into a natural state. The exception, of course, will be maintenance vehicles using access
roads and visitors driving their personal vehicles to parking areas.
c) Alternative Action #1
This alternative action will have the same effects on surface water
movement/quantity/quality as the proposed action.
d) Alternative Action #2
In the areas that would be reconveyed by Whatcom County, this alternative would have
similar effects as the proposed action. The land remaining in WDNR’s possession for
timber harvesting will not change from its current state. The reconveyed county land
within close proximity to the WDNR land will not change, however the quality of land
furthest from the harvest operations may improve slightly because they will not be
heavily impacted.
e) No Action
Surface water quality will remain low due to the pollution from the heavy machinery.
Water quality will continue to degrade as long as the timber harvesting operations
continue.
3.3.2 Runoff/Absorption
a) Existing Conditions
16 As heavy machinery is used to access and harvest timber, soil gets compacted, leading
to increased overland flow and decreased absorption. Since the soil is too compacted to
allow infiltration, pollutants from the harvesting operation run off into the surface water
rather than absorbing into the ground. Clear-cut sections are also areas of increased
storm water runoff. b) Proposed Action
Once the timber removal operations cease, the areas of disturbed soil are expected to
recover as plants and animals restore them to their natural state. Soil will become less
compacted so permeability will increase, allowing water to be absorbed into the ground.
Water will seep into the ground and increase the land’s fertility by providing a natural
filtration system. Water will also be less susceptible to pollution by hydrocarbon
emissions and spills from vehicles used to harvest timber since those vehicles will have
left the area. c) Alternative Action #1
This alternative will have the same effects on runoff and absorption as the proposed
action. d) Alternative Action #2
Runoff and lack of absorption will continue to be problematic in the areas where the
WDNR retains land for timber harvests. Continuous soil compaction will lead to
decreased soil quality. Runoff will flow over the soil and liquids, including precipitation,
will not be able to permeate the ground. This will lead to standing water and overland
flow. The land that gets reconveyed by the county will start to redevelop back into a
healthy soil state, as described in the proposed action. e) No Action
If no change is made to the land, and timber harvesting continues, heavy machinery and
loss of vegetation will lead to soil compaction. Compacted soil leads to overland runoff
17 and little-to-no absorption. The result is erosion of topsoil deposited in the creeks and
the lake. Also, nutrients are carried to the lake, leading to eutrophication.
3.3.3 Groundwater Movement/Quantity/Quality
a) Existing Conditions
Groundwater refers to water that remains beneath the soil surface, flowing through pore
spaces in the soil and cracks in rocks. Groundwater can be shallow to deep depending
on the time of year and geology, and it typically flows with the changes in topography.
The groundwater around Lake Whatcom contains elevated levels of nutrient loads due to
synthetic chemicals from human activity and also from the decomposition of naturally
occurring organic matter (Department of Ecology). Heavy machinery also leads to
compacted soils making it difficult for precipitation to reach the water table.
b) Proposed Action
Groundwater would likely increase in both quantity and quality. As the impacted soil
recovers, pore space will increase, allowing for increased absorption and improved
water filtration. Any amount of nutrient input from harvesting operations will also be
eliminated.
c) Alternative Action #1
This alternative action in which the WDNR retains the land but repurposes it as a
recreational area will have the same effect on groundwater properties as the proposed
action.
d) Alternative Action #2
Groundwater properties will improve in the areas that are reconveyed by the county as
the soil is able to redevelop back into a natural state. Since groundwater flows across
the land, the poor conditions of the WDNR land will affect the groundwater in areas
18 where WDNR land abut county land. Also, any area with heavy machinery is at risk for
pollution via nutrient input.
e) No Action
The groundwater condition will continue to be poor if no changes are made to land use.
Soil will continue to be compacted by machinery and loss of vegetation. Precipitation will
not sufficiently absorb into the soil, but rather, over the ground, leading to runoff
problems. Increased nutrient loads will continue to be a problem in the groundwater.
3.3.4 Public Water Supplies
a) Existing Conditions
Lake Whatcom is the primary source of drinking water for people in the Lake Whatcom
Watershed, so its quality is of the utmost importance.
b) Proposed Action
Public drinking water would not change because it is already thoroughly filtered. By
allowing the lake water to improve in quality, the filtration process would be slightly less
extensive because there would not be as many nutrients to filter out.
c) Alternative Action #1
This alternative action in which the WDNR retains the land but repurposes it as a
recreational area would have the same effects on the public water supply as the
proposed action.
d) Alternative Action #2
This action in which the WDNR and Whatcom County split the area’s ownership rights
would continue to put a strain on the water filtration system as WDNR operations would
continue to pollute the waterways.
e) No Action
19 Nutrients and increased sediment loads would continue to enter into waterways. The
public water supply would not be very affected because it is already filtered extensively.
By taking no action, the water filtration process would continue to be very expensive.
3.4 ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Area Description
Logging in the Pacific Northwest began later in the 19th century. Forests in this region
are more productive than tropical rainforests of equivalent size. In Washington alone, the
forest industry accounts for approximately 45,000 jobs (Helfield, class discussion). The
natural resources of the Pacific Northwest are both a pristine ecosystem and a huge
component in the labor industry.
3.4.1 Amount Required/Rate of Use/Efficiency
a) Existing Conditions
Currently on the lands proposed for the reconveyance, there is no energy or natural
resources being used. The trees are currently in trusts to be harvested in rotation when
a certain size is attained.
b) Proposed Action
There is no energy or natural resource being used.
c) Alternative Action #1
There is no energy or natural resource being used.
d) Alternative Action #2
There is no energy or natural resource being used.
e) No Action
There is no energy or natural resource being used.
20 3.4.2 Source/Availability
a) Existing Conditions
The energy and resources on the lands have a significant source of natural resources
from timber harvesting and they are currently available to access through the WDNR.
b) Proposed Action
The proposed action removes all lands from the WDNR's jurisdiction but are still open to
the county for logging. (McFarlane, 2013, personal communication)
c) Alternative Action #1
This action leaves the WDNR as land manager, to maintain and enhance existing
recreation. The forest still remains available for harvesting if resources are needed
d) Alternative Action #2
This action removes most lands from the WDNR management but are leaves 1,755
acres for logging by WDNR
e) No Action
The resources remain in WDNR’s timber harvesting trusts
3.4.3 Conservation and Renewable Resources
a) Existing Conditions
On land managed by the WDNR, conservation is not the overall goal of the forest. The
trees are allowed to grow into what is considered a mature harvestable size. These trees
that are in a mature condition are defined by diameter at breast height greater than 21
cm (Norse, 1990). At the mature stage the forest is available to be harvested, usually
either thinned or clear cut. Therefore, this forest comprises of a renewable resource that
can be harvested approximately every forty to sixty years. The area in the reconveyance
has only approximately 2,000 acres that are harvestable according to WDNR
regulations. (McFarlane, 2013, personal communication)
21 b) Proposed Action
With this action, all lands will be taken out of WDNR management and conveyed to the
county. The county will maintain the option for logging open if needed, but the proposed
park plan is to allow the forest to mature into an old growth stand, converting the area
from a renewable resource into a conservation asset. (McFarlane, 2013, personal
communication) As long as logging is included within the created park plan the county
will be able to retain the ability to log within the park. (McFarlane, 2013, personal
communication)
c) Alternative Action #1
The action proposed will correlate with the existing conditions except the recreational
aspects will be maintained by the WDNR.
d) Alternative Action #2
This action is most similar to the proposed action; however the area that would be used
for logging will be either thinned or clear cut to generate money under WDNR
management.
e) No Action
The lands will stay as the existing conditions describe
3.4.4 Scenic Resource
a) Existing Conditions
Currently, this area is forested with no WDNR maintained trails throughout the grounds.
The area is maintained as a harvestable stand with a few areas, such as Hertz trail, that
are accessible to visitor viewing.
b) Proposed Action
With the proposed action trails will be put in for hiking, biking, and horseback riding uses.
The area will be more accessible to visitors to enjoy the scenic views of nature. There
22 will also be designated areas for camping. The area will become a scenic resource for
the public.
c) Alternative Action #1
With this alternative action the area will be similar to the existing conditions. However if
use is unmaintainable, with transient, damage to forests, or trash dumping, the WDNR
the can close the area to public access to protect the forest.
d) Alternative Action #2
Generally this action follows the proposed action, except the areas up for logging will not
have trails or access, except to logging crews, due to public safety.
e) No Action
With no action the area will stay the same as the existing conditions
3.5 PLAN T S AN D AN IM ALS
Area Description
The natural areas around Lake Whatcom are home to a variety of plant and animals
species. Development and timber harvesting lead to decreases in both plant and animal
populations (Bowyer). By harvesting trees and clearing vegetation, the WDNR is taking
away prime habitat areas. There is only one threatened plant species around the lake,
the water lobelia (May, et al). Some animal species that might be expected to occur in
the proposed project area are listed in the following table.
Species Scientific Name Status
Common loon Gavia immer SS
Great blue heron Ardea herodias SM
Osprey Ardea herodias SM
23 Bald Eagle Haliaetus leucocephalus FT, ST
Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis FSC, SC
Pileated woodpecker Accipiter gentilis SC
Vaux’s swift Chaetura vauxi SC
Purple martin Chaetura vauxi SC
Olive-sided flycatcher Chaetura vauxi FSC
Tailed Frog Chaetura vauxi FSC, SM
Townsend’s big-eared bat Plecotus townsendii FSC, SC
Western toad Bufo boreas FSC, SC
Keen’s myotis Myotis keenii SC
Yuma myotis Myotis yumanensis FSC Table 1: Wildlife species of interest within the proposed project area. FE – Federal Endangered, FT – Federal Threatened, FSC – Federal Species of Concern, SE – State Endangered, ST – State Threatened, SC – State Candidate, SM – State Monitor. (May, et al.).
3.5.1 Habitat for Wildlife and Diversity for Plants, Fish, or other Wildlife
a) Existing Conditions
There is a diverse array of plant and animal species in the Lake Whatcom area but many
of them face challenging habitat changes as development continues to increase around
the lake. Most animals have very specific requirements for habitats in order to mate and
raise their offspring. Some species of interest that were known to inhabit the area like
the spotted owl, grey wolf and the wolverine have since been pushed out due to
extensive human impact and activity (Lake Whatcom Management Program). Clear-cut
areas left by the WDNR are highly visible sections of land that have been completely
eliminated as potential habitat areas.
b) Proposed Action
24 Plant and animal populations that thrive in forest habitat would grow and flourish after
timber harvest operations ceased. The forest would begin to mature into an old growth
forest, which is a prime habitat for many species of concern such as the spotted owl.
c) Alternative Action #1
This alternative action in which the WDNR retains the land but repurposes it as a
recreational area would have the same effect on plant and animal habitats and
biodiversity as the proposed action
d) Alternative Action #2
The population numbers of some plant and animal species of interest may begin to
increase in the area, but the WDNR-managed land would likely diminish quality of the
habitat for species of interest. Some animals would not return to areas with human
activity and loud noises. New animal habitats would not develop. Biodiversity would not
increase much, if at all. The only land that would see the return of threatened species
would be the reconveyed county land.
e) No Action
Plant and animal populations will continue to decline if harvesting and development
continues to increase. The Lake Whatcom area if timber harvests continue. The loud
and destructive human activity would put too much of a strain on the environment for
delicate species to exist undisturbed.
3.5.2 Unique Species
a) Existing Conditions
The land surrounding Lake Whatcom is home to a variety of unique species (City of
Bellingham). The water lobelia is the only plant species on the threatened list, however
there are several animals of interest including the bald eagle.
b) Proposed Action
25 Unique species such as the water lobelia and migratory bald eagles would be able to re-
establish if the forest were to mature to an old growth state. Since there would still be
human activity in the area, animal populations most likely would not return in great
numbers, but they would increase in relation to their current numbers.
c) Alternative Action #1
This alternative action in which the WDNR retains the land but repurposes it as a
recreational area would have the same effect on unique species as the proposed action.
d) Alternative Action #2
A small number of unique species could establish on the reconveyed county land, but
would not approach the WDNR land because of continued harvesting operations.
e) No Action
Unique species that depend on old growth forest habitat still existing in the area are
likely to decrease in number as vegetation continues to be removed. There is too much
human activity and pollution in the area to support a diverse array of unique plant and
animal species.
3.5.3 Fish or Wildlife Migration Routes
a) Existing Conditions
Migration routes are good indicators of ecosystem connectivity. If threatened or of-
interest bird species are able to successfully engage in seasonal migrations, populations
are comfortable enough to inhabit the area, at least for a short while.
b) Proposed Action
Fish and wildlife would be able to migrate through the connected habitat areas. The
forest and vegetated areas would mature and aid in wildlife migration because there
would be a less fragmented habitat.
c) Alternative Action #1
26 This alternative would have the same effects on fish and wildlife migration routes as the
proposed action. d) Alternative Action #2
Migration routes would not improve as much as for the proposed action because of the
extractive timber harvesting operations. e) No Action
No action would cause the populations of unique species to decline because the timber
harvesting operations are too stressful on the migration process.
27 4. Elements of the Built Environment
4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Area Description
This area of Whatcom Lake is currently forest, with few disturbances. A few logging
roads have been built in the area throughout the years for harvesting and potential
timber sales.
4.1.1 Noise
a) Existing Conditions
Currently there are no existing noise problems, however, timber harvest resulting noise
from operations of tractors, trucks, skidders, tree falls, chainsaws, helicopter traffic, and
other machinery. Also road construction to logging sites creates noise
b) Proposed Action
The building of trails will cause noise in the early stages of the reconveyance. This is a
short term disturbance and is a result of trucks hauling gravel and brushing tools to clear
areas of roadway.
c) Alternative Action #1
There will be no new noise created, however, if the WDNR decides to harvest, road
construction, tree felling, heavy machinery, trucks, helicopter traffic, and chainsaws will
create noise.
d) Alternative Action #2
There will be no new noise created. However, in the area where the WDNR will have the
option to harvest, road construction, tree falling, heavy machinery, helicopter traffic, and
trucks will create noise.
e) No Action
28 There are no existing noise problems. However, when harvesting begins, there will be
tractors, trucks, skidders, tree falls, chainsaws, helicopter traffic, and other machinery.
Also road construction to logging sites creates noise
4.1.2 Release or Potential releases to the environment affecting human health, such as toxic or hazardous materials
a) Existing Conditions
Currently, as managed by the WDNR, access to the area is limited to gated logging
roads. This area is mostly tended by the WDNR, when issues such as transients, litter,
or damage to the timber are found, it is usually located by foresters or other state
workers. There are no known releases of toxic or hazardous materials but without public
use and management monitoring it increases chances of such releases. (McFarlane,
2013, personal communication)
b) Proposed Action
As Managed by the county, workers will maintain the trails and public facilities. Also,
those who use the trails and facilities expected to report disturbances and issues within
parks. (McFarlane, 2013, personal communication)
c) Alternative Action #1
Same as the existing conditions
d) Alternative Action #2
Same as the proposed action
e) No Action
Same as the existing conditions
4.2 LAND AND SHORELINE USE
Area Description
29 Of the four plans examined in the EIA, all but the No Action Alternative take sensitive
areas in the Lake Whatcom watershed and remove the commercial forestry zoning
currently in place. Even under the No Action Alternative much of the forested watershed
lands are not harvestable because of steep slopes and other environmental concerns
such as riparian buffers. (May, 2004) (McFarlane 2013, presentation) The Crawford
Alternative (AA#2) would still leave over a thousand acres of the land in the hands of the
WDNR for commercial forestry practices and under the WDNR Rec. Plan (AA #1) it is
unsure exactly how much of this area would be stripped of the commercial forestry
zoning.
4.2.1 Relationship to existing land use plans and to estimated population
a) Existing Conditions
None of the land is currently zoned for residential development it is currently zoned for
commercial forestry. Any changes in land use would be from commercial forestry use to
recreation and conservation use. This change in land use occurs to varying degrees in
each of the possible actions. There will be no change in population of any sort in the
proposed action or its alternatives. (McFarlane, 2012)
b) Proposed Action
All of the land in the proposed reconveyance would no longer be used for commercial
forestry. The county would use all land for recreation and conservation. (McFarlane,
2012)
c) Alternative Action #1
The WDNR would implement recreation areas in the Lake Whatcom Watershed as well
as manage forestlands with the intent of creating recreation and conservation areas.
Commercial forestry may still be practiced in some areas as the WDNR sees fit and
30 according to the forest management practices already outlined in the 2004 Lake
Whatcom Landscape Plan (McFarlane, 2013, personal communication) (May, 2004).
d) Alternative Action #2
All land reconveyed to the county would be converted to recreation and conservation
uses. The 1755 acre parcel that will remain under WDNR management will still be used
for commercial forestry (McFarlane, 2013, council presentation) (May, 2004).
e) No Action
All land currently managed by WDNR will continue to be used for commercial forestry
under the current practices outlined in the FEIS - Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan (May,
2004).
4.2.2 Recreation
a) Existing Conditions
Trails currently exist in this area and are maintained by the people who use them with no
specific recreation management by the WDNR. Trails and other dispersed recreation are
currently allowed and advertised as long as they do not disrupt the interests or
management of the trusts (WCC, 1/15/2013).
b) Proposed Action
Implementation of the proposed recreation plan would create over 55 miles of new trails
with plans to accommodate horseback riding, mountain biking, backcountry camping and
hiking. This recreation area would be managed by Whatcom County Parks (WCC,
1/15/2013).
c) Alternative Action #1
WDNR would manage recreation activities in the area. Existing user created trail
infrastructure would be used as a basis to develop more recreational opportunities and
31 developed trails. Motorized recreation would not be allowed at the site because of the
sensitivity of the watershed (WCC, 1/15/2013) (McFarlane, 2/15/2013).
d) Alternative Action #2
Recreation opportunities would be expanded in the portion of the land reconveyed to the
county and would be managed by Whatcom County Parks. Much of the same recreation
plan for the Proposed Action would be imposed. This steeper portion of Watershed lands
already contains the larger share of informal trail infrastructure. (WCC, 2013)(McFarlane,
2/15/2013)
e) No Action
Dispersed recreation would still occur in this area as it has historically. No specific
recreation infrastructure would be developed or maintained by the WDNR (May, 2004)
(WCC, 1/15/2013).
4.2.3 Historic and Cultural Preservation
a) Existing Conditions
Historic, archaeological and cultural landmarks exist in the area. A full list of historic and
cultural sites of significance has been reproduced in full from Appendix G of the 2004
WDNR FEIS of the Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan. This is included in the appendix of
this EIS. Sites that are important to Lummi Nation heritage are protected through the
Lummi Nation Cultural Management Plan (May, 2004) and the amount of protection that
each of these sites requires is noted in the appendix.
b) Proposed Action
All sites would not be damaged by the proposed recreation plan. The proposed
recreation plan will improve access to some sites but would largely be left alone by the
trail infrastructure that is developed in the future (McFarlane, 2012) (McFarlane, 2013).
c) Alternative Action #1
32 The WDNR is aware of all cultural or historic sites in the area and would take this into
account when developing recreational opportunities. (May, 2004).
d) Alternative Action #2
No sites would be damaged by the proposed recreation plan in the area that will be
reconveyed. The recreation plan will improve access to some sites. Commercial forestry
occurring in the area managed by the WDNR will not occur in historic or cultural sites
designated in the 2004 WDNR Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (McFarlane,
2012) (May, 2004).
e) No Action
Areas designated as historic and cultural sites will be protected from commercial forestry
practices. Access to these sites will remain unmanaged and undeveloped by the WDNR.
(May, 2004)
4.3 TRANSPORTATION
Area Description
Roads in the proposed area are used primarily for timber harvesting or for access to
communication towers and power line maintenance. There is some recreational use of
the roads for mountain bikers, hikers and horseback riders. All roads leading to WDNR
managed areas are gated year round to prevent vandalism to reduce damage to roads,
and to protect water quality. Currently, there are more than 44 miles of active forest
roads and 42 miles of decommissioned roads owned and managed by the WDNR in the
proposed area (Ryan, 2012). Decommissioning roads simply means to restrict road
access by gating the decommissioned road.
4.3.1 Vehicular Traffic
a) Existing Conditions
33 Traffic in the proposed area consists of large trucks carrying logs from timber harvest.
There is light traffic from maintenance vehicles checking on communication towers and
conducting power line maintenance (Ryan, 2012).
b) Proposed Action
The change in land ownership will not likely affect road traffic. The existing trailheads
adjoining the proposed areas already have WDNR managed access roads that the
public has access to. The general public will be encouraged to use public and alternative
transportation such as bus, walking or biking to get to the adjoining trails (Ryan, 2012).
Multi use trails for pedestrian and biking use will be proposed by the WDNR to the City
of Bellingham to connect the proposed sites to other county park facilities (Ryan, 2012).
c) Alternative Action #1
Vehicle traffic would likely increase on roads leading to trailheads and access points
because additional road construction will not occur.
d) Alternative Action #2
It is unlikely that vehicular traffic would increase.
e) No Action
If no action were to take place in the area proposed for reconveyance, new roads would
have to be constructed to accommodate new timber harvest. Traffic would be limited to
WDNR, maintenance and log hauling vehicles.
4.3.2 Parking
a) Existing Conditions
Currently there is a trailhead at the North Lake Whatcom Park that accesses one of the
parcels complete with graveled parking.
b) Proposed Action
There is no proposed change or impact to the existing parking conditions.
34 c) Alternative Action #1
Parking would be limited to trailheads; there will not be any change to parking facilities.
d) Alternative Action #2
Parking for recreational access would not change.
e) No Action
Under the no action alternative, parking would not be affected.
4.3.3 Traffic Hazards/Safety
a) Existing Conditions
Traffic hazards are confined to logging roads.
b) Proposed Action
It is unlikely there will be traffic or safety hazards from the proposed action.
c) Alternative Action #1
Traffic hazards are limited to roads in areas with unstable slopes. This will probably be
decommissioned as the vegetation matures into old growth forest.
d) Alternative Action #2
Traffic hazards are confined to areas accessed only by WDNR employees, maintenance
and logging vehicles.
e) No Action
There are safety risks associated with rock falls or other mass wasting events for
recreational use of forest roads, but these roads are closed off to unauthorized vehicle
traffic.
4.3.4 Water, Rail, and Air Traffic
a) Existing Conditions
35 There is currently no water or rail traffic affecting the area proposed for reconveyance.
Air traffic is limited to helicopters being used in commercial logging areas.
b) Proposed Action
Water and rail traffic will not be impacted. Air traffic for the purpose of logging in the
proposed area will no longer occur.
c) Alternative Action #1
Under alternative 1, air traffic in the form of helicopters used for logging would no longer
occur in the area proposed for reconveyance.
d) Alternative Action #2
Air traffic is limited to helicopter logging in WDNR-managed areas.
e) No Action
Under this alternative there is no water, rail and air traffic affected. Impacts to air and
traffic would only affect the use of helicopter logging on WDNR managed lands (Ryan,
2012).
4.4 PUBLIC SERVICES AND UTILITIES
Area Description
The area is primarily forested land with logging roads used for accessing the site. There
are currently no restroom facilities on site or areas available to dispose of waste.
Adjacent recreational sites do support public utilities and these sites include Bloedel-
Donovan Park, Whatcom Falls Park, the North Shore Trail and public access to Lake
Whatcom.
4.4.1 Schools
a) Existing Conditions
36 The land is managed by the WDNR under which the Forest Board Transfer trust exists.
This trust funds Bellingham School District No. 501 and Mt. Baker School District No.
507 (Sutherland, 2003).
b) Proposed Action
Conveying 8,700 acres to Whatcom County for the purpose of creating an old growth
forest land recreational area reduces the funds that the schools were receiving from
timber sales.
c) Alternative Action #1
Same as the proposed action.
d) Alternative Action #2
The 1755 acres will remain under WDNR management for commercial forestry
practices. This would allow for future revenue to be collected from timber harvest and
used to maintain the recreational area.
e) No Action
School districts continue to receive funds from the Forest Board Transfer trust.
4.4.2 Maintenance
a) Existing Conditions
Currently the parcel of land is maintained by the WDNR, this would include logging
roads for use in the transportation of machinery and timber. There is no current
maintenance of hiking trails or roads for public access as they are managed by the
WDNR for the purpose of timber harvest. Public facilities are available in existing
adjacent park areas such as parking lots and restrooms which are serviced by the Parks
& Recreation Department.
b) Proposed Action
37 Under this action 60 miles of trails within the park system will need to be maintained by
the Parks and Recreation Department. Creation of campsites and new trails will all
require maintenance as well as existing trails and roads. Some existing logging roads
will be decommissioned and let to go back to their natural state (McFarlane, 2007).
c) Alternative Action #1
The WDNR will be required to maintain the public trails, roads, and campsites.
d) Alternative Action #2
The 1,755 acres that will remain in WDNR hands to be leased by the state for
commercial practices will generate revenue for the County to cover the maintenance of
the county-managed recreational area. Maintenance will be divided between area of
managed forest logging and that for old growth preserve and recreation.
e) No Action
Same as existing condition
4.4.3 Police/Fire
a) Existing Conditions
The Sheriff’s Office responds to law enforcement issues that occur on WDNR trust lands
as it does on other public and private forest land in the County. The WDNR is
responsible for fire protection on both private and public forested lands.
b) Proposed Action
Under the action the sheriff will continue to respond to law enforcement calls on lands
under Whatcom County ownership, the Parks and Recreation Department will provide
staff to monitor the trails.
WDNR will continue to be responsible for fire protection on lands that are reconveyed to
the county under the reconveyance (McFarlane, 2007).
c) Alternative Action #1
38 Same as the proposed action
d) Alternative Action #2
Same as the proposed action
e) No Action
Same as existing condition
4.4.4 Sewer/Solid Waste
a) Existing Conditions
Under the current use the WDNR manages the waste created by the commercial
activities with receptacles provided by the logging companies. There has been no need
for sewer or wastewater planning. Waste generated by recreational activities is currently
not managed. There are no public facilities on site (City of Bellingham).
b) Proposed Action
The Whatcom County Parks and Recreation Department will create facilities to
accommodate the public in both the recreational area and campgrounds. There currently
are no plans to create more public restrooms as there are some available in the
surrounding park areas: Bloedel-Donovan Park, Whatcom Falls Park, the Northshore
Trail and public access to Lake Whatcom (Sutherland, 2003).
c) Alternative Action #1
WDNR is in charge of maintaining the waste generated by recreational activities and
camping.
d) Alternative Action #2
Same as proposed action with the exception of the 1755 acres
e) No Action
No change
4.4.5 Communications
39 a) Existing Conditions
On the land that is to be reconveyed there are two communication sites (Browne, 2013).
The first site is on Lookout Mountain which currently has a vacant self-supporting 100’
foot tower. The second site is on South Lookout Mountain, it has towers and buildings
owned by three different communication companies who lease the plot from the WDNR.
The three companies that have leases at South Lookout Mountain are Verizon Wireless,
Crown Castle GT Company, and Spectrasite Communications (Kurowski, 2013). b) Proposed Action
Under the reconveyance the leases of the two communication tower sites will be
transferred to Whatcom County. The towers and buildings themselves would not be
leased to the County (Kurowski, 2013). c) Alternative Action #1
The communication sites will remain under WDNR management along with the
respective leases. d) Alternative Action #2
Same as the proposed action e) No Action
No change
40 5. References
Bellingham, C. O. (n.d.). City of Bellingham Washington. Retrieved from http://www.cob.org/services/index.aspx
Bowyer, Jim, Dr. "The Power of Silviculture." Dovetail Inc. Dovetail Partners, Inc., 28 May 2009. Web. 6 Mar. 2013.
Browne, R. (2013, January 23). Reconveyance aids natural amenities and will aid business. Bellingham Herald. Retrieved from http://www.theolympian.com/2013/01/23/2394241/reconveyance-aids-natural- amenities.html
Department of Natural Resources. “DNR Table 11 Breakdown and Interpretation of Forest Board Transfer Timber Revenue Distribution- Lake Whatcom Landscape Area”: http://www.whatcomcounty.us/parks/development/pdf/DNR-table-11-revised.pdf
"Environmental Impacts of Forest Utilization and Mitigation Practices." Environment and Forest Utilization. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 29 Sept. 2005. Web. 6 Mar. 2013.
Escobedo, F. (2007). Urban forests in Florida: Do they reduce air pollution?. Informally published manuscript, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr184
"Fish and Wildlife." Protect Your Drinking Water. Lake Whatcom Management Program. Web. 2 Mar. 2013.
Hare, C., et al. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air & Radiation. (1991). Nonroad engine and vehicle emission study report (EPA-21A-2001). Retrieved from website: http://www.epa.gov/nonroad/documents/21a2001.pdf
Helfield, J. (2013, March 13). Classroom Discussion. Jobs vs. Environment. Retrieved from website: https://courses.wwu.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1 &url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id %3D_30192_1%26url%3D
Johnson, T. (2013, February 6). Moving heaven & earth. Cascadia Weekly, Retrieved from http://www.cascadiaweekly.com/currents
41 Kurowski, S. (2013, March 08). Interview by DK Kwiatkowski [Personal Interview]. Communication tower locations.
"Lake Whatcom Fish and Wildlife." Lake Whatcom. City of Bellingham. Web. 08 Mar. 2013.
"Lake Whatcom Water Level." Lake Whatcom Reservoir. City of Bellingham. Web. 6 Mar. 2013.
"Lake Whatcom Water Quality." City of Bellingham, 2012. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. Lake Whatcom geology. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.lakewhatcom.whatcomcounty.org/about-the-lake/geology
Lapen, T.J., 2000. Geologic map of the Bellingham 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open File Report 2000-5, 36p., 2 plates, scale 1:100,000 http://www.DNR.wa.gov/Publications/ger_ofr20005_geol_map_bellingham_10 0k.zip
Mann, K. (2013, February 17). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://blogs.bellinghamherald.com/kenmann/
May, J., Saunders, S., Trettevik, S., & MacGregor, B. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Lake Whatcom Landscape Planning Committee. (2002). Pdeis - lake Whatcom landscape plan. Retrieved from website: http://www.DNR.wa.gov/Publications/lm_lkwa_pdeis_body.pdf
May, J., Saunders, S., Trettevik, S., & MacGregor, B. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Lake Whatcom Landscape Planning Committee. (2004). Feis - lake Whatcom landscape plan. Retrieved from website: http:// http://www.DNR.wa.gov/Publications/lm_lkwa_feis.pdf
May, Jeff, Barbara MacGregor, Stephen Saunders, and Susan Trettavik. Preliminary Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan. Tech. Sedro Woolley: Department of Natural Resources, 2012.
McFarlane, M. (2007). Whatcom county parks and recreation. Retrieved from http://www.co.whatcom.wa.us/parks/
McFarlane, M. Whatcom County Parks & Recreation Department, (2012). SEPA environmental checklist (Form PL4-83-005A). Retrieved from website: http://www.co.whatcom.wa.us/parks/development/pdf/sepa-dns-051512.pdf
42
McFarlane, M. (2013, February 15). Group Interview [Personal Communication].
Mustoe, G. E., & Gannaway, W. L. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, (1997). Washington geology: Paleogeography and paleontology of the early tertiary chuckanut formation, northwest Washington (Vol. 25 No. 3). Retrieved from website: http://www.DNR.wa.gov/Publications/ger_washington_geology_1997_v25_no3. pdf
Norse, E. A. (1990) Ancient Forests of the Pacific Northwest. (p.58) Washington, D.C.: Island Press
Pitz, Charles F. Lake Whatcom Total Maximum Daily Load Groundwater Study. Rep. no. 05-03- 001. Olympia: Washington State Department of Ecology, 2005. Print.
Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010. Rep. Bellingham: Washington State Office of Financial Management, Forecasting Division, 2010.
Ryan, S. Whatcom County, Planning and Development Services. (2012). SEPA determination of non-significance (SEP2012-00028). Retrieved from website: http://www.whatcomcounty.us/parks/development/pdf/sepa-dns-051512.pdf
Stark, J. (2012, September 13). County council: Lake Whatcom land transfer needs more study. Bellingham Herald. Retrieved from http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2012/09/13/2687678/county-council-lake- whatcom-land.html
"Surface Water Problems Identified in the Lake Whatcom Watershed." Lake Whatcom Comprehensive Stormwater Plan. Whatcom County Public Works. 2 Mar. 2013.
Sutherland, D. (2003). Retrieved from Department of Natural Resources website: http://www.DNR.wa.gov/Publications/lm_lkwa_draft_eis.pdf
Washington State Department of Ecology, (2009). 2009 clean water act assurances review of Washington’s forest practices program. Retrieved from website: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/nonpoint/ForestPractices/CWAassurances -FinalRevPaper071509-W97.pdf
Washington State Department of Natural Resources, (2002). Preliminary draft environmental impact statement - Lake Whatcom landscape plan. Retrieved from website: http://www.DNR.wa.gov/Publications/lm_lkwa_pdeis_body.pdf
43
Washington Department of Natural Resources, (1995). Lake Whatcom watershed analysis. Retrieved from website: http://fortress.wa.gov/DNR/forestpractices/lhzproject/wsasmt/lake_whatcom/intr oduction.pdf http://fortress.wa.gov/DNR/forestpractices/lhzproject/wsasmt/lake_whatco m/stream_channel.pdf
"Water Quality Improvement Project Lake Whatcom Area: Multiple Parameter." Water Quality Improvement Project. Washington State Department of Ecology, Feb. 2013. Web. 05 Mar. 2013.
"Water Supply, Use, and Treatment." Protect Your Drinking Water. Lake Whatcom Management Program, n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2013.
Western Washington University. (2011) Logging Industry Snapshot: January 2011. College of Business and Economics. http://www.pacificedc.org/Library%20Docs/Industry%20Snapshot%20- %20Timber.pdf
Whatcom County Council. (2013, Jan 15). Special Committee of the Whole 2013. [Meeting Minutes]. Retrieved from http://www.co.whatcom.wa.us/council/2013/minutes/draftscotw0115am.pdf
Whatcom County Council. (2013, Feb 12). Special Committee of the Whole 2013. Personal notes from county council presentation, Noah Crozier.
44 6. Appendices
Appendix A – Reproduction of “Tribal Cultural Resources Matrix for Lake Whatcom Planning Area”
These two tables have been reprinted in their entirety from the 2004 FEIS Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan (May, et al, 2004) - Appendix G and are from appendices p99-104 in that document. These tables catalogue more than just the Tribal and Historical Cultural Resources for the area to be reconveyed as this table was created for the larger area effected by the Lake Whatcom Landscape Plan. These tables are included as disclosure of historical and cultural sites that are known about and managed to protect.
TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES
Type of Use Size of Fixed or Number of Priv Protection Needs— Comments/ Recommendations Historic (H) Site(s) Move known ate Distance requirements or Current Over sites (P) consistent with the See Purity, Privacy, Isolation Use (CU) Time in planning or Lummi Nation Cultural and Permanence discussion area (only Stat Management Plan in Lummi e (S) PDEIS text Nation data Lan Note—Federal Laws may been used). d apply including National Historic Preservation Act and Historic and Archaeological Data Preservation Act, etc. Relevant State Laws are found within the matrix. Purity- stable streambed w/ cool, clear water. No Location can change as a result human activities in of natural processes such as watershed above bathing stream meanders--should not sites that would impact change due to human activities. water quality or purity, Each location may have a Fixed privacy, and isolation. specific local “spirit.” Ritual Site & within 8 sites Privacy- visual screening Water quality & quantity, and Bathing watershed reach of a identified, P, S from other human sediment buildup issues H/CU above stream others may activity; no entry (300’ Some families and individuals site that may be present buffer), or whatever is have bathing areas that they meander necessary to ensure line of will sight privacy. not divulge to tribe or any Isolation- at least ¼ mile outside entity. from active roads (300’ Buffer needs to be evaluated on buffer) or whatever is a site-specific basis to ensure necessary to ensure visual screening. isolation. Permanence-long-term site protection needed.
45 Type of Use Size of Fixed or Number of Priv Protection Needs— Comments/ Recommendations Historic (H) Site(s) Move known ate Distance requirements or Current Over sites (P) consistent with the See Purity, Privacy, Isolation Use (CU) Time in planning or Lummi Nation Cultural and Permanence discussion area (only Stat Management Plan in Lummi e (S) PDEIS text Nation data Lan Note—Federal Laws may been used). d apply including National Historic Preservation Act and Historic and Archaeological Data Preservation Act, etc. Relevant State Laws are found within the matrix.
RCW 27.53-- 45WH88 is the site number Archaeologic < 25 Archaeological Sites and assigned by Office of al Sites— acres Fixed Unknown P, S Resources Archaeology and Historic H Protection plans based Preservation. specific to each site based Identify and record sites in on proposed activities and compliance with DNR policy unique characteristics. PO06-001.
Culturally Privacy- visual screening Can include historic trees. For Modified from other human example, in Section 18, T 37N, Trees activity; no entry 100’ R 4E, is a stump with (CMTs): 320 Fixed 1 S buffer) or whatever is springboard notches w/1895 Known acres necessary to ensure line of date H/CU sight privacy. carved into it. A hatchet is also Isolation- at least 200’ present. Possible 5-80 Unknown P, S from active roads and Record sites with OAHP and H/CU acres from slope break, or develop MOU (Agreement with whatever is necessary to Gifford Pinchot is model). ensure isolation. See comments under Hunting Permanence- Buffer for and Gathering. windthrows and sunscald 200” around groves.
RCW 27.53 Archaeological Sites and Resources Protection plans based specific to each site based on proposed activities and unique characteristics. Any harvest activities should fall and yard away from buffers.
46 Type of Use Size of Fixed or Number of Priv Protection Needs— Comments/ Recommendations Historic (H) Site(s) Move known ate Distance requirements or Current Over sites (P) consistent with the See Purity, Privacy, Isolation Use (CU) Time in planning or Lummi Nation Cultural and Permanence discussion area (only Stat Management Plan in Lummi e (S) Note—Federal Laws may PDEIS text Nation data Lan apply including National been used). d Historic Preservation Act and Historic and Archaeological Data Preservation Act, etc. Relevant State Laws are found within the matrix.
Privacy- visual screening from other human activity; no entry 100’ Any harvest activities fall and buffer or whatever is yard away from buffers. Spirit Quest necessary to ensure line of Sites and 1,280 Fixed 6 sites P, S sight privacy. No entry zone Traditional acres Isolation- at least ¼ mile Song Places from active roads and a H/CU 100’ no entry buffer or whatever is necessary to ensure isolation
Traditional Named Fixed 7 areas P, S Site-specific consultation Places H required. Access Issues include physical Fixed access, access to variety of within necessary species, and access Area 417 to for non-contaminated species. Lummi Provide access consistent with Nation Access needs Article 5 of the Point Elliot Hunting and No chemicals, herbicides, Treaty. Gathering Entire For pesticides application Sites Planning Nooksack Unknown P, S without consultation Implement Forest Plan Special (H&G) Area Within (consult w/tribe on Lands Policies 13, 14. H/CU those current use areas). areas can Develop access MOU similar to move in that developed by Mt. Rainier response NPS and Nisqually Tribe and to natural Draft Lummi Nation MOA with processes Whatcom County and National . Park Service. Investigate and evaluate
Ceremonial See H&G above Flora/ See See Downed woody debris source Medicine H&G H&G Unknown P, S See H&G above of paint. Sites above above See comments under Hunting H/CU and Gathering above
47 Type of Use Size of Fixed or Number of Priv Protection Needs— Comments/ Recommendations Historic (H) Site(s) Move known ate Distance requirements or Current Over sites (P) consistent with the See Purity, Privacy, Isolation Use (CU) Time in planning or Lummi Nation Cultural and Permanence discussion area (only Stat Management Plan in Lummi e (S) PDEIS text Nation data Lan Note—Federal Laws may been used). d apply including National Historic Preservation Act and Historic and Archaeological Data Preservation Act, etc. Relevant State Laws are found within the matrix. Privacy- visual screening from other human activity; no entry within 300’ buffer or whatever is Gear 5 acres necessary to ensure Snags evidence of Old Growth Storage Sites (includes Fixed Unknown P, S privacy. Forest and also used for gear H/CU buffer) Isolation- at least 300’ storage. from active roads or For harvest activities fall and whatever is necessary to yard away from buffer. ensure isolation. Permanence- Longterm protection, buffer for windthrow of 50’. Privacy- visual screening from other human activity; No entry within 300’ buffer radius. Coincident w/Petroglyph; 5 acres Isolation- at least ¼ mile coincident w/village sites—see Caves (includes Fixed 1 S from active roads (250’ also archaeological sites H buffer) buffer from cave mouth). Other cave sites may occur in Permanence- Long-term planning area. protection Implement HCP Section IV-F, pp. 153-154) RCW 27.44 Indian Graves Burials— and Records divisible into Known burial in Blue Canyon cairns and Unknown Fixed Unknown P, S RCW 27.53 area. tree burials Archaeological Sites and H Resources
RCW 27.53 Archaeological Sites and Resources Protection plans for trails Trails Trail Fixed 3 P, S Protection plans based usually H/CU specific to each site based the same as for limited harvest on proposed activities and along riparian zones—i.e. limit unique characteristics number of crossings etc.
48 Type of Use Size of Fixed or Number of Priv Protection Needs— Comments/ Recommendations Historic (H) Site(s) Move known ate Distance requirements or Current Over sites (P) consistent with the See Purity, Privacy, Isolation Use (CU) Time in planning or Lummi Nation Cultural and Permanence discussion area (only Stat Management Plan in Lummi e (S) PDEIS text Nation data Lan Note—Federal Laws may been used). d apply including National Historic Preservation Act and Historic and Archaeological Data Preservation Act, etc. Relevant State Laws are found within the matrix. RCW 27.44 Indian Recorded petroglyph is Graves and Records coincident with cave —see also 4 historic RCW 27.53 archaeological sites. 3 current Archaeological Sites and Petroglyphs often coincident use Resources with village sites Petroglyphs Boulder Fixed 1 recorded P, S Long-term protection 45WH88 is site number H Rock -- needed. assigned Face 45WH88 Protection plans based by Office of Archaeology and Austin specific to each site based Historic Preservation. Creek 1 on proposed activities and desecrated unique characteristics
Implement Large Implement Forest Plan Special Structurally Unique Trees Lands Policies 13, 14 and Old Growth P, S and Snags Special Forest Products Policy H/CU Recommendations of the No. 8 HCP F- IV pp. 156-157.
Provide access consistent with Wildlife Article 5 of the Point Elliot H/CU P, S Treaty.
Provide access consistent with Fish P, S Article 5 of the Point Elliot H/CU Treaty. RCW 27.53 Investigate and evaluate. Totems/ 20 Fixed 1 P Archaeological Sites and Seek permission of landowner Canoes acres Resources to record site. H No entry
49
HISTORIC CULTURAL RESOURCES
Protection Needs Number of Note—Federal Laws Type of Size Fixed or Physical known Private (P) may apply to these Use of Move Descrip- sites in or State cultural resources, Comments/ Site(s) Over tion of planning (S) including National Recommendations Historic (H) Time site or area Land Historic Preservation or Current use area (only Act and Historic and Use (CU) Lummi Archaeological Data Nation Preservation Act, etc. data has Relevant State Laws been used). are found within the matrix RCW 27.53 Identify and record sites Archaeological Sites in compliance with and Resources DNR policy PO06-001 Protection plans Historical based Bed of the Bellingham Archaeologi < 25 specific to each site Bay and Eastern RR cal acres Fixed Varied Unknown P, S based on proposed recorded at OAHP Sites— activities and unique H characteristics Physical remains of historic activities. For example, 34 Homesteads recorded on GLO notes may have left archaeological remains Historic < 5 Buildings/ acres Fixed 1 P Park Store/Town Hall Structures RCW 27.53 Archaeological Sites < 5 Bed of and Resources Shipwrecks acres Fixed Lake 5 S State owned aquatic Whatcom Protection plans lands based specific to each site based on proposed activities and unique characteristics
50 Appendix B – Earth Figures
Figure 1: This map shows the Lake Whatcom watershed located east of Bellingham, WA.
51
Figure 2: This Figure shows the extent of the Chuckanut Formation and the members included in the outcrop; Bellingham Bay (BB), Bald Mountain (BM), Governor’s Point (GP), Maple Falls (MF), Padden (P) and Slide (S).
52
Figure 3: This area map shows the past landslide sites in the area proposed for reconveyance
53