Rathbone Greenbank Review

Modern slavery: whose business is it?

19th Annual Investor Day 2016

Guest speakers: Steve Chalke MBE Stop the Traffik Miriam Minty Modern Slavery Unit, Home Office Louise Nicholls Marks and Spencer Plc Greenbank Investor Day 2016 rathbonegreenbank.com

Contents

Steve Chalke MBE Founder, Stop the Traffik 4 Miriam Minty Deputy Head of Modern Slavery Unit Home Office 6 Slavery and the smartphone: making the connections 8 Matt Crossman Ethical Research & Corporate Engagement Rathbone Greenbank Investments 10 Louise Nicholls Head of Responsible Sourcing Marks and Spencer Plc 12 Steve Chalke in conversation with Matt Crossman 14

Editor Deputy editor Perry Rudd Andy McCormick Head of Ethical Research Infographic research Serena Winther

If you have any comments on this publication, please let me know. [email protected]

The views expressed are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of Rathbone Greenbank Investments.

Cover image: Migrant worker from Cambodia at work on a fishing boat in Mahachai on the outskirts of Bangkok. © Nicolas Asfouri /AFP/Getty Images Inside cover image: The stairwell at the Institution of Engineering and Technology, where this year’s Investor Day was held, displaying over 200 portraits of engineering icons from the past and present.

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Welcome to the Investor Day 2016 edition of the Rathbone Greenbank Review

efore and during the event, a number of delighted to see several years of engagement clients asked for more information about effort, led by our own Matt Crossman, We were delighted to welcome Bthe image featured on the invitation, culminate in the inclusion of a supply chain which also appears on the front cover of this transparency clause in the UK’s Modern our largest ever audience to edition of our Review. Slavery Act 2015. the Institution of Engineering and Technology to hear an The picture is of an unnamed Cambodian Our efforts have carried on through our fisherman working on a prawn fishing boat in co-sponsorship of Finance Against Trafficking’s impressive lineup of speakers Thailand. Human trafficking and forced labour 2015 report on forced labour and we will discuss the twin scourges is endemic in the fishing industry, primarily continue to press for enhanced disclosure in the developing world, although cases have by companies on efforts to eradicate slavery of modern slavery and been identified as close to home as the coasts from their supply chains. human trafficking. of Ireland and Scotland. We were therefore delighted to be able to It is not uncommon for migrant workers to assemble such a knowledgeable panel of how the company’s ethical trade programme pay to be smuggled across the border, only to speakers for the event — and were especially has advanced over the past decade. find that they have been sold on and enslaved privileged to have Steve Chalke, founder of to a boat captain. They may end up working in Stop the Traffik, as our keynote speaker. In this Review we have chosen the manufacture, dangerous and squalid conditions, remaining By way of his infectious enthusiasm — and no sale and disposal of smartphones to illustrate at sea for years at a time and being traded little humour — Steve filled the auditorium the complexity of modern supply chains — and from boat to boat. Sickness or injury can often with the idea of bringing about change by both the stages at which slavery can occur. lead to unprofitable workers simply being empowering individuals and collective action. pushed overboard. Aside from the moral obligation to give thought Our thanks also go to our other speakers who to human welfare in all regions of the world, This image shows just one face of modern represented the policy making and corporate as consumers and investors we may find slavery but, as our speakers were keen to stress, response to modern slavery. Miriam Minty was ourselves more closely connected to slavery this is an issue which takes many forms both recently appointed deputy head of the Modern than we might think. overseas and close to home. Slavery Unit at the Home Office so we were grateful that she agreed to speak in her first John David The broader issue of human rights and labour month in the post. Louise Nicholls, head of standards has always been integral to our responsible sourcing at Marks & Spencer, has Head of Rathbone Greenbank Investments research at Rathbone Greenbank so we were been with M&S for over 20 years and outlined

Video highlights of the event and interviews with Steve Chalke are available on our website: rathbonegreenbank.com/investor-day

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Steve Chalke MBE Stop the Traffik

Steve is the founder of Stop the Traffik and special adviser to the UN Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking. He began public life as a Baptist minister and created the Oasis Charitable Trust before setting up Stop the Traffik as a global coalition to prevent the sale and exploitation of people, prosecute traffickers and provide ongoing protection to victims.

Working to end the crime of global teve came to found Stop the Traffik in human trafficking, Steve and Stop 2006 armed with plenty of insight into Sthe world of trafficking through his the Traffik have learned over the engagement projects with Oasis, a charity years just how resourceful and he set up 30 years ago to help communities motivated those that profit from it with their educational, housing and healthcare needs. are. Their intelligence-led response aims to reduce the advantages Growing up in south London with an Indian enjoyed by traffickers through father, Steve had the impression that India was a wonderful country where appliances collective, coordinated community never broke and nothing ever went wrong! action worldwide. Increased When he began to think about extending the investor scrutiny of company work of Oasis to countries outside the UK, activities and supply chains is an India seemed like an obvious place to start. He travelled through the country, speaking in important part of that response. various cities along the way, but what he saw there devastated him. India is a country of great beauty and wealth, but it is also afflicted with huge poverty. It was during this time that he first witnessed human trafficking.

Having begun by establishing schools among the rag-picking communities of Mumbai — communities established around railway stations, living off the refuse thrown from trains — Steve soon discovered that many of the children they were working with were disappearing. At the time, it was assumed that parents were pulling their children out of school to beg, but research into these disappearances uncovered a far

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Left: Sex workers in Mumbai.

Stop the Traffi k’s information gathering and sharing app for mobile devices.

more horrifying truth. These children were represent? We don’t know enough about the person eventually looks for a way to stop them being stolen and traded, forced into domestic impact we’re making, even at home, and that’s falling in. Investors, businesses, thinkers and or military service or pressed into the sex why right now we’re on the losing side. policymakers alike all have a role to play in industry — sometimes even being sold for going upstream because the traffi ckers are body parts or human sacrifi ce. Stop the Traffi k determined to put more people in that river was born out of a response to this harrowing A bullet or a shot of heroin can only and make more of that easy money. introduction to modern slavery. be sold and used once but a person Coordinated, intelligence-led prevention is the The UN agencies Steve works with have can be sold ten times a day. key. To this end, Stop the Traffi k was inspired all manner of statistics at their fi ngertips. by the wartime work of Gordon Welchman, But they also know that until communities the forgotten hero of Bletchley Park, who are mobilised against human traffi cking, these When Steve took up his role with the UN, created giant maps of traffi c analysis to plot statistics won’t help. In 2010, the UN Offi ce on human traffi cking was the world’s third-biggest and pre-empt enemy movements. Seeing the Drugs and Crime produced a book analysing crime behind the illegal traffi cking of drugs life-saving eff ects of his work, Stop the Traffi k aspects of traffi cking in every country in the and arms. Now, modern slavery has overtaken realised that it had to do something similar to world. At its launch, the agency’s executive drugs and is catching up fast on arms because map modern slavery. Over two years, it has put director, Antonio Maria Costa, held up a copy, no-one gets out of bed each day to traffi c together an app — the STOP APP — that gives quoted some leading statistics from it then people — they do it to make money. A bullet anyone anywhere in the world the means to advised those present to throw it away! or a shot of heroin can only be sold and used feed in and share information about actual or It wasn’t defi nitive — a collection of guesses once but a person can be sold ten times a suspected traffi cking, forced labour or abuse. at best — but it was a means to begin working day — and can continue to be sold, used and All the data is then interpreted and shared on something more useful. abused until he or she is dead. with companies, NGOs and law enforcement agencies to expand the analysis and our Statistics are easy enough to fi nd: Google can For traffi ckers, the returns are exceptionally understanding of it. off er up plenty of results showing how many high and the risks are minimal. They’re smart, people are aff ected by modern slavery around syndicated and very well connected. To end With communities creating intelligence and the world, but none of these people will ever human traffi cking, we have to be just as smart, investors looking at who and what they’re fi ll out a census form. The truth is that we don’t just as connected and work together to reduce investing in more closely, we can start to know how many people are aff ected worldwide the rewards and raise the risks. We also have mobilise all the resources that wealth can or in our own society. We hear stories about to move our intervention eff orts upstream generate in the fi ght to ‘stop the traffi k’. prosecutions for traffi cking in the UK but from rescue to prevention — if you’re forever what percentage of existing cases does this pulling people out from a river, the smart Visit: stopthetraffi k.org/uk/

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Miriam answering questions alongside fellow panellists (from left to right) Ruth Dearnley (CEO, Stop the Traffik), Miriam Minty Louise Nicholls and Matt Crossman. Modern Slavery Unit, Home Office

Miriam joined the Modern Slavery Unit in May 2016 and will lead on the Protect and Prepare strands of the unit’s strategy. Miriam was previously head of evaluation and finance in the Troubled Families team at the Department for Communities and Local Government and, before that, a member of the Office of the Commissioner for Victims and Witnesses within the Ministry of Justice.

The Home Office is committed to the protection of people targeted by illegal traffickers as well as the prosecution of those individuals benefiting from the trade. Having identified a significant number of potential cases here in the UK, it is also on hand to offer practical guidance and support for domestic organisations working to eradicate modern slavery in their business activities.

odern slavery is an umbrella term that The UK Government is fully committed to Particularly groundbreaking is Section 54 actually encompasses a number of stamping out the heinous crime of modern of the Act requiring certain businesses to Mthings — human trafficking, servitude, slavery, to identifying and supporting its regularly audit their supply chains and work to forced labour. It’s often hidden which makes victims and to prosecuting those who reduce the likelihood of exploitation through it difficult to assess just how widespread it perpetrate it. In November 2014, the Ho me them. This piece of legislation is so important is or how to provide the right preventative Office published a modern slavery strategy because of the massive proliferation of modern infrastructure and assistance. Victims of devised around the framework of its successful modern slavery find it hard to recount their prevention activities in the fields of counter- abuses and are often too traumatised by terrorism and organised crime. Commercial organisations in the their experiences to take up the opportunity UK with an annual turnover in of support. Between 10,000 and 13,000 people excess of £36m will have to produce In 2014, the Walk Free Foundation estimated could be victims of forced labour in a statement each financial year that nearly 36 million people worldwide were this country. indicating what they’re doing to affected by modern slavery. In response, the Home Office tasked its chief scientific adviser, eliminate modern slavery in their Professor Bernard Silverman, with assessing Central to this strategy are the ‘four Ps’: supply chains. what that might mean in the context of the pursue, prevent, protect and prepare. UK. His research suggested that between Together, these actions provide a coordinated 10,000 and 13,000 people could be victims of and collaborative approach for protecting slavery worldwide. The International Labour forced labour in this country. While experience vulnerable people from exploitation by Organisation indicates that almost 21 million tells us that many of these people will never disrupting the efforts of those forcing them people are victims of forced labour, generating come into contact with public services, we’re into servitude. The passing of the Modern around $150bn in profits globally — a huge nevertheless starting to see an increase in Slavery Act into law in March 2015 brought revenue source attracting both organised the number of cases of modern slavery being with it a whole range of tools and powers to and opportunist criminals. referred — rising by 40% between 2014 and support the aims and activities of the strategy, 2015 alone — which, in terms of reporting at including stiffer sentences for perpetrators and The UK was the first country to adopt this least, is a positive sign. greater and more easily accessible protection kind of transparency requirement in relation for victims seeking support. to modern slavery. But it’s not about creating

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an additional burden for businesses: it’s about following some simple steps. Commercial organisations in the UK with an annual turnover in excess of £36m will have to produce a statement each financial year indicating what they’re doing to eliminate modern slavery in their supply chains.

Organisations like Rathbone Greenbank have been at the forefront of the campaign to The UK government is focused on ending to include a transparency clause and include a transparency clause and the misery of modern slavery and wants contribute to associated guidance. contribute to associated guidance. to be proactive in taking this transparency Transparency is a positive thing for legislation forward. Alongside government everybody: for workers along those and business interest is the growing impact supply chains, for consumer confidence of the media in reporting instances of modern when making purchasing choices and for If they aren’t doing anything, the statement slavery, generating greater public awareness investors to see how serious companies needs to reflect this too. Organisations are and raising the profile of the issue with a are about fulfilling their commitments. required to publish their statements so whole range of new audiences. For businesses, it reduces the risk of that prospective investors and business bad publicity, protecting their brands partners can clearly assess their Because of events like this Investor Day, and reputations. commitments. We hope this becomes and through contacts the Home Office has an iterative process that also encourages with the business community, it’s clear that Modern slavery is a hearts-and-minds organisations with a turnover below the there’s a real appetite for legislation of this issue and those organisations that work to specified threshold to follow suit. kind. Organisations like Rathbone Greenbank eradicate it are going to have an advantage have been at the forefront of the campaign in the world of business.

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Supply chains are highly complex, with Slavery and the smartphone: many opportunities for slavery to be present. This graphic shows some key making the connections points where slavery may occur in the supply chain of an everyday consumer product — the smartphone.

Re ning Raw materials 1 2 and smelting

Smartphones contain over 40 minerals.

Co Sn

of the world’s cobalt Cobalt Tin of the world’s Ore from thousands of mines is supply comes from tin supply bought by hundreds of traders the Democratic comes from who sell it to smelters. Republic of Congo. Indonesia. It is processed before being sold to manufacturers. This makes traceability down the supply of which is from chain extremely diffi cult. artisanal mines.

. million billion people are estimated to be in modern in illegal profi t each year is slavery in countries. generated through forced labour. of the top 100 UK of UK’s listed companies’ population. annual profi t 2015.

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Types of slavery

Child labour Debt bondage Forced labour

Component Sale and and device Disposal ownership 3 manufacturing 4 5

million A modern smartphone smartphones were Americans change contains over components. sold in 2015. their phones every . months.

years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% global electronics exports by value. Up to of the world’s electronic waste is illegally traded or China Malaysia dumped; much ends . up in West Africa.

of companies suspect the Even leading companies On average, companies presence of modern slavery in fi nd it diffi cult to know audit their supply chains. The actual their supply chains: of their direct suppliers, level of exposure is likely to be but this drops oﬀ to much higher. under at the third layer in Source: Rathbone Greenbank ethical research team the supply chain.

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Matt Crossman Rathbone Greenbank

Matt has led Rathbone Greenbank’s engagement activity since 2006 and also acts as Rathbones’ group corporate governance manager. He is an expert in socially responsible investment and corporate responsibility, and specialises in the analysis of key social, environmental and governance themes as they apply to a wide variety of industries.

The 2004 Morecambe Bay cockle picking tragedy galvanised a wide range of concerned parties (including NGOs, asset managers and civil society at large) into reconsidering the ways in which companies and investors could be mobilised in the fi ght against modern slavery. Coordinating their eff orts into a unifi ed push for legislative change, the result not only demonstrated the eff ectiveness of collaborative action in the fi nancial community but also the supportive power of the investor voice.

Main image: Morecambe Bay.

Above: House of Commons’ Grand Committee Room as over a hundred business leaders, investors, NGO representatives and members of both Houses of Parliament gathered to express their support for Transparency in Supply Chains (TISC) legislation to form part of the ﬁ nal Modern Slavery Bill.

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or Rathbone Greenbank, supply chain direction of the problem, it also represents an pressure was nevertheless building on the transparency and respect for human opportunity cost in lost taxes, which is keenly government to begin developing modern Frights are fundamental issues that felt in developing countries. So there’s a clear slavery legislation. Over the next year, are central to how the team has worked to alignment between the moral and financial policymakers and companies continued to mobilise the financial community to help case against modern slavery, particularly talk and a draft bill was announced in the make a difference. for those investing in emerging markets. summer of 2013. Companies and investors saw a need for Concerns about sweatshop labour and fairer sector, even economy-level, action to tackle In January 2014, Rathbone Greenbank trade have been paramount from the outset, modern slavery and recognised that it would was invited to give evidence to a joint but there was perhaps an idea that these were need regulation. select committee which showed how issues that affected other parts of the world. much the investor voice was being heard On 5 February 2004, that assumption was Voluntary efforts at that time had largely in efforts to move closer towards formal challenged when 23 Chinese migrant workers stalled and nothing was going to change by legislation. As more colleagues from drowned while cockle picking in Morecambe making the crime of modern slavery any the UK investment industry became Bay. Pictures of those who died were more illegal, so a fresh approach was sought. involved, the next level of engagement published, but the wider network of This eventually came in the seemingly calling for Transparency in Supply Chains criminals who trafficked them is invisible. unexciting form of a mandatory corporate (TISC) legislation was backed by assets transparency law passed in California in worth £195bn. Alongside all the other The tragedy prompted a change in thinking 2010 requiring companies operating in the institutional voices calling for change, it about how some of the UK’s leading brands state with a turnover greater than $100m resulted in the announcement in October might be exposed to hidden trafficking. to report publicly on their efforts to combat 2014 that a TISC clause would be included Several years were spent talking to some of human trafficking. Companies were forced in the forthcoming Modern Slavery Act. the big food retailers (such as Tesco, ASDA and to address the issue but were able to respond Eventually, institutions with some £950bn Morrisons) to understand how they intended appropriately and creatively in a way that of assets under management supported to combat this threat. In 2009, this culminated wasn’t burdensome. The first successes were this important addition. in a report by the Ecumenical Council for observed in the technology sector where Corporate Responsibility on migrant workers, Apple and Samsung, in particular, began to In keeping with the timeline of the which Rathbone Greenbank sponsored. From talk more openly about their supply chains. bill, Rathbones is conducting its own this, it became clear that, while companies felt Those results and the availability of new company-wide supply chain audit via a responsibility to address issues of modern information to investors prompted a a working group and will publish its slavery, they felt they were lacking the tools to campaign for something similar in the UK. findings in 2017. If that process were to be make a significant difference. repeated in 12,000 companies in the UK, In 2012, a private member’s bill was tabled in considerable change could be achieved. At the time, the global revenue figure for illegal parliament proposing to adopt the Californian forced labour was around $30bn. The recent law and this was used as an opportunity International Labour Organization estimate to write to the prime minister encouraging of $150bn not only points to the severity and support. While the bill was eventually rejected,

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Louise Nicholls Marks and Spencer Plc

Louise is head of responsible sourcing at Marks & Spencer and oversees the strategic direction of its food sustainability programme. She works on issues such as ethical trade, water stewardship, global community programmes, lean manufacturing and sustainable raw material procurement. Louise travels widely as part of her job, meeting with suppliers and local stakeholders to understand their issues and perspectives.

Marks & Spencer has long been an advocate for, and a practitioner of, ethical business. Initiatives like its Look Behind The Label marketing campaign and the sustainability-focused Plan A provide evidence of its ongoing social and environmental commitments. Here, delegates learned that the company is also dedicated to the responsible use of labour in its global supply chain.

hile supply chain risks are increasing trade unions and NGOs to tackle the root vulnerable during seasonal peaks as amply in parts of the world, the unprecedented causes of irresponsible practice. Of the 1,200 demonstrated by the agricultural supply Wuse of social media can help us to audits it conducted in the last year, M&S found chain. Some very knowledgeable NGOs in identify and address occurrences sooner. 14 instances of forced labour with passports the fi eld are mapping the traffi cking risks as The aftermath of the collapse of the Rana being withheld and fees being charged, they’re identifi ed. Through this knowledge, Plaza building in Bangladesh in 2013, which pushing victims further into indebtedness. M&S is working to disaggregate risk, resulted in the loss of 1,130 lives, was screened In response, eff orts have focused on going identifying which countries and sectors are on YouTube within seven minutes. So many people have access to digital devices around the world that news of such disasters spreads Of the 1,200 audits it conducted in the last year, M&S found 14 instances immediately, enabling us all to be witnesses of forced labour with passports being withheld and fees being charged, to the impact of poor business standards on people’s lives — and perhaps identifying more pushing victims further into indebtedness. quickly the necessary steps for businesses to adopt. This immediacy is rapidly changing the way people think about risk. beyond audit: to build and support capability sourcing forced labour, and helping partner and capacity in supply chains; to prove the businesses to identify and mitigate their M&S works to mitigate its own risks through economic necessity in each business case own risks. a structure of basic compliance. M&S has for investing in people; and to draw the link operated an ethical audit programme since between that investment and increased M&S has also been involved in the the 1990s which sets out what the company productivity and environmental benefi t. formation of voluntary schemes like the expects from every one of its suppliers. Those that take this journey with the Gangmasters Licensing Authority (GLA), For example, in the case of third-party labour company are rewarded with more business. writing guidance for responsible labour provision, is the provider properly licensed provision and helping to provide third- to operate and supply labour? Likewise, these While intelligence could be better, there’s a lot party labour suppliers with a means to expectations are applicable to its raw materials that’s already been learned: high-risk industries participate in legislation and improve supply chains. M&S has also been a member and geographies have been identifi ed; people long-term partnerships. of the Ethical Trading Initiative since the 1990s, targeted for traffi cking in supply chains are uniting the collaborative eff orts of businesses, often low-paid, low-skilled and are most

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More recently, the M&S’ Stronger Together The Modern Slavery Act is a ‘gamechanger’ initiative has brought together a coalition of particularly in regard to supply chains. businesses and NGOs to promote awareness Many suppliers have never had to report to and off er in-depth training on how to spot the their investors on their commitment to ethical signs of hidden risk. As of March 2016, it had trading before and they’re asking themselves run 49 educational workshops for 1,200 people a lot of questions. It’s therefore important to across 550 organisations. Ethical exchanges are stand behind those suppliers who uncover also run on a quarterly basis for HR directors instances of illegal traffi cking. One of our as well as global conferences to share fi ndings chicken suppliers did just that, reporting their and improve intelligence networks. fi ndings to the GLA — despite an unfortunate misreporting of the facts, it nevertheless In June 2016, M&S will publish its fi rst resulted in the imprisonment of the human rights report along with its annual criminals involved. modern slavery statement. It will also share a map of its food and clothing supply chains identifying reliable sources to overlay other intelligence maps as well as reissuing some labour guidance that extends to the whole of its international supply base. Buying teams continue to be informed through ethical training. As co-chair of the Consumer Goods Forum sustainability group, M&S has worked with Unilever over the past 18 months to create a coalition of consumer goods companies committed to tackling forced labour together.

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Steve Chalke in conversation with Matt Crossman

At the moment we’re raising awareness, but we’ve got to go beyond that to damage and, eventually, destroy the business of modern slavery

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MC You mentioned your early experiences in India — how where I started, I would’ve made contact with the have things developed over the years with the work business community sooner. you’ve done out there? MC Understanding the need to coordinate, and with the SC Stop the Traffi k has worked so hard over the years issues explained to us in such stark terms, how do you in concert with many other agencies and charities. get through those darker days when it doesn’t feel like It’s that coordination that drives the work there your e orts are making a di erence? forward and through it we’ve realised two things. Firstly, that the mobilisation of communities is central SC Someone said to me once that success in life is to making a real diff erence. You need small community three days either side of two crises! Like most of us groups and industries thinking about employment struggling against something, I often feel defeated policies and strategies on the ground and we think — I’m too old, too small or I don’t have enough this process is starting to happen. insight — but I still believe it’s extraordinary what we can achieve if we work together. Individual autonomy Secondly, it’s the understanding that we’ve got to is our greatest enemy: the belief that I should have get connected. We’ve got to get our eff orts joined up a vision for ending modern slavery or poverty or for because we can’t win the battle otherwise. Sometimes reforming education. You have to learn to suppress I look at all the good things going on around me and the need to be in control, to understand that your think life’s a bit like a luxury liner, but I know that it individuality can thrive in diverse community shouldn’t be. It should be like a battleship because environments like the one that’s gathered here today. we’re at war. Millions of children around the world woke up to slavery this morning so we have to work I once spoke to someone from Homeland Security in together to win this war. New York who told me that they could easily end the drugs trade in the city if only the agencies operating MC How do you see companies and their investors inside it would share the information they had, but becoming part of that connected solution? nobody at that time was willing to.

SC To know what their product is. To know what they’re MC Collective action has really been the inspiration investing in. To know what the labourers building their behind our campaign for supply chain transparency. offi ces are being paid. To know who’s supplying the As investors, what signs do we need to look out for to labour to clean them. To know about all the creative know we’re reaching a tipping point on the issue of steps in the development of their products, services modern slavery? and supply chains. The Modern Slavery Act creates the obligation to be proactive and transparent, but it needs SC I think in Maria Costa’s terms, when we have a to be taken seriously. book of trusted, intelligence-led research we can all understand, share and work together with. We have MC If we had the means to take you back to the founding to reach a place where we fi nd out enough about what of Stop the Tra k, is there anything you’d tell yourself we don’t know to start building a picture of what we that you’ve learned since? Any mistakes you’d avoid? do know. We’ve got to work smarter to get to that point where we can say with confi dence that we’re making SC I think I’d go back a lot further — to the battle to end a visible dent. At the moment we’re raising awareness, the transatlantic slave trade that William Rathbone IV but we’ve got to go beyond that to damage and, was so involved in. What a proud history that is! eventually, destroy the business of modern slavery.

An interesting thing about the campaign of abolitionists like William Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect was the length of time it took to get a result: Wilberforce’s original bill was rejected 19 times by parliament before it went through. One of the things he realised in that time was the need to build coalitions with the industrialists he’d previously battled against, to begin putting forward the economic case for ending slavery — a fact that’s often Get the STOP APP – End Traffi cking: forgotten. The great initiative that Rathbone Greenbank’s taking forward here needs to highlight the economic stopthetraffi k.org/uk/page/the-stop-app arguments for ending modern slavery: that ethical business is good business. William Rathbone IV clearly made that distinction, and if you took me back to

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