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Projet3 Mise En Page 2 DIMANCHE 17 JANVIER 2016 20H MAISON DE LA RADIO - AUDITORIUM ORCHESTRE NATIONAL DE FRANCE DANIELE GATTI DIRECTEUR MUSICAL JAMES CONLON DIRECTION ELISABETH GLAB VIOLON SOLO PROGRAMME Johannes Brahms Ouverture pour une fête académique en do mineur, opus 80 (10 minutes environ) Antonín Dvořák Trois danses slaves opus72 n° 1 en si majeur n° 2 en mi mineur n° 7 en ut majeur (16 minutes environ) Symphonie n° 8 en sol majeur, op. 88 1. Allegro con brio 2. Adagio 3. Allegretto grazioso 4. Allegro ma non troppo (40 minutes environ) Fin de concert prévue à 22h environ › Ce concert sera diffusé le jeudi 11 février à 20h sur France Musique. Il est également disponible à l’écoute sur francemusique.fr › Retrouvez la page facebook des concerts de Radio France et de l’«Orchestre National de France». › Consultez le site sur maisondelaradio.fr rubrique concerts. JOHANNES BRAHMS 1833-1897 OUVERTURE POUR UNE FÊTE ACADÉMIQUE (AKADEMISCHE FESTOUVERTÜRE) EN DO MINEUR OPUS 80 COMPOSÉE À VIENNE EN 1879 / CRÉÉE LE 4 JANVIER 1881 À BRESLAU / DÉDIÉE À L'UNIVERSITÉ DE BRESLAU Brahms n'est pas pour rien fils d'un grand port, et l'on verra ce qu'il a voulu saisir de mélodies errantes, venues de tous les horizons. Marcel Beaufils En 1879, Breslau était la sixième ville d'Allemagne avec 270 000 habitants et son université s'enorgueillissait d'enseignants tels que le biologiste Ferdinand Cohn, l'un des fondateurs de la bactériologie moderne, le physicien Gustav Kirchhoff, dont les lois du même nom font encore autorité dans le domaine de l'énergie électrique, ou encore le poète August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, auteur du Lied der Deutschen (Deutschland Deutschland über alles…). Avec près de 1 500 étudiants, 130 professeurs et une bibliothèque contenant 400 000 ouvrages dont 2 400 incunables, l'établissement, fondé en 1702 par Léopold Ier de Habsbourg sous le nom d'Academia Leopoldina, était l'un des plus prestigieux d'Europe. Bien qu'ayant déjà été honoré par l'université de Cambridge deux ans plus tôt, Johannes Brahms reçut donc avec beaucoup de fierté le titre de docteur honoris causa de l'Universität Breslau en 1879, dans les somptueux décors rococo de l'Aula Leopoldina. Breslau, dont 70 des 104 bâtiments de l'université étaient en ruines en 1945, fut incorporée à la Pologne dès la fin de la Seconde guerre mondiale et rebaptisée Wroclaw, nom qu'elle avait porté au Moyen Âge. Aujourd'hui encore, on peut visiter cette vénérable Aula Leopoldina dans laquelle Brahms fut récompensé, ainsi qu'une salle similaire, récemment reconstruite, l'Oratorium Marianum où se produisirent des musiciens tels que Paganini, Liszt, Clara Wieck, Arthur Rubinstein, Grieg, Paderewski, Wieniawski, Wanda Landowska et Brahms lui-même, qui y dirigea la création de son Ouverture pour une fête académique, le 4 janvier 1881. N'écrivant d'abord que quelques lignes pour remercier l'Universitas wratislaviensis, Brahms fut convaincu par Bernard Scholz, le kappellmeister de Breslau qui avait proposé cette distinction, qu'il serait plus aimable de composer une partition entière. Pour ce faire, Brahms s'amusa à citer plusieurs chants d'étudiants, Wir hatten gebauet ein staatliches Haus, Alles schweige, Was kommt doch von der Höh, ainsi que l'universel et ancestral Gaudeamus igitur. «C'est un turbulent pot-pourri de chansons à boire estudiantines à la [Franz von] Suppé» écrit-il à son ami Max Kalbeck, enfant de Breslau. Brahms composa au même moment une Ouverture tragique qui fait pendant : «Die eine lacht, die andere weint», résume-t-il au sujet de ces deux ouvertures, «l'une rit, l'autre pleure». Hasard de la géographie, quatre années plus tard, en 1885, venait au monde à Breslau l'un des plus grands interprètes de cette musique, Otto Klemperer. François-Xavier Szymczak Ces années-là : 1876 : Peer Gynt de Edvard Grieg. Naissance de Manuel de Falla. L’Après- midi d’un faune de Stéphane Mallarmé, Tom Sawyer de Mark Twain, Michel Strogoff de Jules Verne. Naissance de Jack London, mort de George Sand. 1879 : Edison invente la lampe à incandescence ; La Marseillaise devient l’hymne national. Naissances d’Albert Einstein, Léon Trotski, Alma Mahler 1880 : Le 14 Juillet est déclarée fête Nationale ; création des lycées pour les filles puis gratuité de l’école en 1881 ; Auguste Rodin : Le Penseur, Publication des Soirées de Médan (manifeste du mouvement suréaliste), Fiodor Dostoievski : Les frères Karamazov , Émile Zola : Nana ; Edouard Manet : L’asperge ; Saint-Saens : Concerto pour violon n°2 ; Giacomo Puccini : Messa di Gloria ; Max Bruch : Kol Nidrei ; Alexandre Borodine : Dans les steppes de l’Asie centrale ; Naissances de Guillaume Apollinaire et Ernest Bloch ; décès de Jacques Offenbach, Henryk Wieniawski, Gustave Flaubert. 1881 : Loi sur la liberté de la presse ; gratuité de l’école : Fondation des concerts Lamoureux, Fondation de l’Orchestre symphonique de Boston; Naissances de Fernand Léger, Béla Bartók, Georges Enesco, Stefan Zweig ; Anton Bruckner : Symphonie n°4 ; Décès d’Henri Vieuxtemps, Modeste Moussorgski. Choix bibliographiques : - Claude Rostand, Johannes Brahms, Fayard, 1990. Le point sur la vie et l’œuvre, en attendant un livre plus ambitieux. - Stéphane Barsacq, Johannes Brahms, Actes sud/Classica, 2008. Pour s’initier. ANTONÍN DVOŘÁK 1841-1904 DANSES SLAVES COMPOSÉES EN DEUX RECUEILS DE HUIT DANSES CHACUN, EN 1878 (POUR L'OPUS 46) ET 1886 (POUR L'OPUS 72), D'ABORD POUR PIANO À QUATRE MAINS PUIS IMMÉDIATEMENT ORCHESTRÉES PAR LE COMPOSITEUR LUI-MÊME PREMIER RECUEIL CRÉÉ À DRESDE LE 4 ET LE 18 DÉCEMBRE 1878 ET SECOND RECUEIL À PRAGUE LE 6 JANVIER 1887 / LES DANSES N°1, 2 ET 7 JOUÉES CE SOIR FURENT CRÉÉES LE 6 JANVIER 1887 À PRAGUE SOUS LA DIRECTION DU COMPOSITEUR. Je traversais les belles campagnes de Bohême, ce pays priviliégié des joueurs de harpe et des chanteurs nomades. Dans un petit bourg, je fis la rencontre d'une de ces nombreuses troupes de musiciens ambulants, orchestre mobile composé d'un violon, d'une basse, d'une clarinette, d'une flûte, de deux cors, sans compter une harpiste et deux chanteuses femmes pourvues d'assez jolies voix. Pour quelques pièces de monnaie, ils exécutaient des airs de danse ou chantaient quelques ballades, et puis ils allaient plus loin recommencer le même manège. Richard Wagner, in Guy Erismann, Antonín Dvořák (Fayard) En 1878, profitant du succès rencontré par les Danses hongroises de Brahms l'année précédente, Fritz Simrock, éditeur avisé de ce dernier, suggère à Dvořák, alors simple organiste de l'église Saint-Aldebert de Prague, la composition de danses folkloriques sur le modèle de son aîné. Ainsi naissent les huit danses du premier recueil des Danses slaves (opus 46) et avec elles la renommée définitive de leur compositeur. Un second recueil (opus 72) de huit danses suivra huit ans plus tard, sous l'insistance de Simrock et malgré les hésitations de Dvořák. Ces pièces deviennent pour Dvořák l'occasion de montrer la valeur de la musique des peuples slaves et font presque acte de militantisme dans le contexte politique européen effervescent de ces années-là. Pourtant, contrairement à Brahms, ses danses ne sont pas des transcriptions de musique populaire mais bien des recréations personnelles inspirées du folklore slave. On y retrouve les rythmes de musiques tchèque (furiant, polka, sousedská, skočná, šparcika), polonaise (mazurka), ukrainienne (dumka), slovaque (odzemek) ou encore serbe (kolo) Mathias Roger Ces années-là : 1877 : publication de L'Assommoir de Émile Zola. Création du ballet de Tchaïkovsky Le Lac des cygnes au Théâtre du Bolchoï à Moscou. L'américain Thomas Edison invente le phonographe. 1878 : troisième Exposition universelle de Paris. Mort de Victor Emmanuel II, roi d'Italie. 1885 : la Statue de la Liberté arrive à New York. Mort de Victor Hugo. Louis Pasteur découvre le vaccin contre la rage. Nietzsche publie Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra. 1886 : Auguste Rodin sculpte Le Baiser. Mort de Franz Liszt. Rimbaud publie Les Illuminations. Choix de lectures : Jean-Claude Berton, La Musique tchèque (Presses Universitaires de France, 1982). Un large panorama historique de la musique en Bohême. Guy Erismann, Antonín Dvo`r´ák, (Fayard, 2004). L'ouvrage bibliographique en langue française de référence. SYMPHONIE N° 8 COMPOSÉE PENDANT L’ÉTÉ 1889 À VYSOKA (BOHÊME) / CRÉÉE LE 2 FÉVRIER 1890 À PRAGUE SOUS LA DIRECTION DU COMPOSITEUR. NOMENCLATURE : PIANO SOLO ; 2 FLÛTES (DONT 1 PICCOLO), 2 HAUTBOIS (DONT 1 COR ANGLAIS), 2 CLARINETTES, 2 BASSONS ; 4 CORS, 2 TROMPETTES, 3 TROMBONES, 1 TUBA ; TIMBALES ; LES CORDES La musique de Bohême et de Moravie jouit d'un pouvoir de séduction dont on cherche en vain les raisons objectives. Guy Erismann, Antonín Dvořák Dvořák ? La Symphonie du Nouveau monde, pardi ! Les symphonies de Dvořák ont pourtant été la cause de bien des malentendus. À commencer par leur nombre. Il y a vingt ou trente ans encore, il n’était pas rare de voir écrit sur une pochette de disque : Symphonie n° 5 « Nouveau monde » alors que la «Nouveau monde», comme chacun sait, est la neuvième (et dernière) symphonie de Dvořák. C’est qu’à l’époque les quatre premières symphonies du compositeur étaient considérées comme des esquisses de jeunesse, c’est-à-dire comme des quantités négligeables. Tout commençait avec la Cinquième, faussement baptisée Première (et dédiée à Hans von Bülow), et s’achevait logiquement par la fausse Cinquième, la fameuse « Nouveau monde ». Quant à la Huitième, au risque de décevoir les amateurs de pittoresque, son histoire n’a rien de fascinant ou de désespérant. Point de message caché, de manuscrit perdu, de création désastreuse. Une histoire simple, un succès immédiat. La composition de la partition eut lieu au cours de l’été 1889, dans le petit village de Vysoka en Bohême. Tout ou presque tout, dans les quatre mouvements de la symphonie, n’est que réjouissance populaire, ambiance rustique, valses paysannes, nature féconde, même si l’on sait, comme l’écrit Roland de Candé, que « comme la plupart des grands compositeurs d’Europe centrale jusqu’à Bartók, Dvořák crée un folklore imaginaire ».
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