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Little River Drainage District Conversion of Big Swamp to Fertile Agricultural Land Kenneth R

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Little River Drainage District Conversion of Big Swamp to Fertile Agricultural Land Kenneth R doi:10.2489/jswc.71.2.37A FEATURE Little River Drainage District conversion of Big Swamp to fertile agricultural land Kenneth R. Olson, Lois Wright Morton, and David Speidel ore than a century ago, Ameri- Figure 1 can swamps and river lowlands The Mingo National Wildlife Refuge, a 8,670 ha bottomland preserve, is a small Mwere considered wasteland of restored remnant of the original 480,000 ha Missouri swamp that was transformed no value and a hindrance to land devel- into fertile agricultural lands by extensive drainage systems in the early 1900s. opment. The Swamp Land Acts of 1849, 1850, and 1860 granted states the right to reclaim 26 million ha (64.9 million ac) of swamps through the construction of levees and open channels (ditches) to control flooding; to encourage settlement, land cultivation, and commerce; and to eliminate widespread mosquito breed- ing (USGS 2014). Southeast Missouri, Copyright © 2016 Soil and Water Conservation Society. All rights reserved. once one of the world’s largest tracts of Journal of Soil and Water Conservation forested bottomlands, was a vast wilder- ness of bald cypress (Taxodium distichum L.), tupelo (gum; Nyssa L.), hardwoods, and water (figure 1), barely accessible to settlers migrating west. In the early 1890s, these historic river floodplains and their tributaries were drained and transformed into fertile agricultural lands in an ambi- tious engineering feat comparable to the construction of the Panama Canal (Pracht and Banks 2002; Pierce et al. 2012). 71(2):37A-43A Today this vast network of ditches (figure 2), channels, and levees in south- Figure 2 east Missouri bottomlands makes possible The five drainage ditches in the southern Little River Drainage District just north an intensive system of agriculture, which and east of the Arkansas border. Map by Mic Greenberg. www.swcs.org produces almost a third of Missouri’s agri- cultural economic output and has changed the hydrology, nutrient cycling, biodiver- N sity, and structure of the entire ecosystem (Pierce et al. 2012). Unified and man- aged by the Little River Drainage District (LRDD; figure 3) with support from the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Little River Little River (Camillo 2012), this region drains 208,000 five ditches Conservation ha (520,000 ac) of bottomlands and is the Area drainage outlet for the runoff from 480,000 County line ha (1.2 million ac) of bottomlands and road uplands to the Mississippi River at Helena, Five bridges Five bridges SR412 Kenneth R. Olson is professor of soil science in the College of Agricultural, Consumer, and SR412 Little River 0.50 km Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, five ditches Urbana, Illinois. Lois Wright Morton is profes- 0.25 mi sor of sociology in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Legend David Speidel is a Soil and Water Conservation River, Four-lane Society member, Benton, Missouri. ditch, or Bridge Cultivated soil Wetlands Roads highway canal JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MARCH/APRIL 2016—VOL. 71, NO. 2 37A Arkansas. The LRDD is comprised of an SWAMPS, SLOUGHS AND FERTILE 2014a). In the New Madrid area, thou- west-east headwaters diversion system of MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY sands of years of seismic activity (Vaughn 288,000 ha (720,000 ac), which drains the BOTTOMLANDS 1994) have affected the Mississippi River northeast lands directly to the Mississippi Historically the path of the Mississippi channel (Olson and Morton 2014a, 2014b; River at Cape Girardeau (Olson et al. River just south of Cape Girardeau Olson et al. 2016). 2016), and a complex north-south drain- turned southwest into the current state The shifting of the ancient Mississippi age system collecting runoff from 480,000 of Missouri and traveled more than 48 River to a new channel left behind an ha (1.2 million ac) of agricultural and km (30 mi) to the west before turning expansive network of perennial streams, forest lands with 1,540 km (957 mi) of south towards Morley, Missouri (Morton swamplands, sloughs, bayous, and fertile ditches draining 208,000 ha (520,000 ac) and Olson 2013), where it joined with riverine bottomlands inundated during of LRDD bottomlands running south the ancient Ohio River waters draining much of the year. This Mississippi allu- from the diversion channel to the Arkansas through the Cache River valley (ancient vial valley dissected by Crowley’s Ridge border (figure 3). Ohio River valley) (Olson and Morton produced Big Swamp and bottomlands extending from just below the southern boundary of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, Figure 3 to the Arkansas state line (figure 3), and as far west as the escarpment of the Ozark Little River Drainage District map including the upland that drains into the Copyright © 2016 Soil and Water Conservation Society. All rights reserved. Headwaters Diversion and the Mississippi River and the upland areas and bottom- Plateau. Because of the swampy condi- Journal of Soil and Water Conservation land area that drain into the St. Francis River. Map by Mic Greenberg. tions, less than 15% of the land was suitable for cultivated agriculture. Plans to turn the LATITUDE 37 30' 800,000 ha (2 million ac) of swampland Legend Farmington 67 into farmland date back to 1840s, but the Birds Point-New task was too big for individual farmers to Madrid Floodway Illinois Little River undertake. Not even the federal govern- St. Francois Headwaters Fredericktown 55 Mississippi Diversion Mountains River ment, which owned the swamplands at Watershed Little River Carbondale that time, had ever undertaken a project of Drainage St. Francis Watershed River that magnitude. 57 Missouri not in Little River 72 When the European settlers arrived Watershed Jackson 71(2):37A-43A Ozark Castor in southeastern Missouri in 1820s, they Plateau River Crowley’s Whitewater settled on Crowley’s Ridge, which stands Ridge River Cape St. Francois 76 to 170 m (250 to 550 ft) above the Mountains Girardeau Illinois Ozark Plateau 34 Mississippi River bottomlands (figure 4) and extends 240 km (150 mi) from south- Kentucky www.swcs.org 67 Diversion channel Commerce east Missouri to Helena, Arkansas (Joiner Tennessee 2008; Stroud and Hanson 1981) (figure 3). 34 Ohio Many settlers built homes on top of the Arkansas River semiforested ridge and out of the way of Interstate Charleston 57 highways N Crowley’s the Mississippi River floods. They used Ridge St. Little River 57 Levee in Little Cairo the trees to build homes and make furni- Francis Drainage River Watershed River District Sikeston ture, and as fuel for heat and cooking. The Roads 60 New Dexter gently sloping ridge had spring fed creeks City or village Madrid Floodway 25 and soils suitable for cultivation (Memphis Water, lakes, Missouri Little rivers, ditches Ditch Ohio silt loam), with the richest soils at the base River of the ridge (figure 4). The settlers who 25 km Malden Kentucky farmed the uplands of the ridge found that Arkansas 25 Little 67 River 55 the loess soils eroded very easily and large gullies formed on some of the slopes of Crowley’s Kennett Ridge Tennessee Crowley’s Ridge (Blackwell 2007). 412 St. Five Francis ditches River Mississippi NATIONAL SWAMP LAND ACTS River The National Swamp Land Acts of 1849, 412 Five ditches 1850, and 1860 transferred public domain LONGITUDE 89 15' swampland considered of no value to states to help them control river flooding and incentivize land development (USGS 38A MARCH/APRIL 2016—VOL. 71, NO. 2 JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION Figure 4 and services was the Crowley Ridge road At the eastern base of Crowley’s Ridge are fertile soils, which are irrigated. stretching 320 km (200 mi) from Cape Girardeau to Helena, Arkansas. Carl Kochtitzky and his sons saw an opportunity to move cotton to market more quickly and formed with four other businessmen the Little River Valley and Arkansas Railroad partnership to install 42 km (27 mi) of rail from New Madrid to Malden on the Dunkin-New Madrid county line. The winter of 1877 to 1878 was so cold that oxen dragged timbers across ice to the bridge sites. The first year’s opera- tion freight volume from cotton only paid the operating costs. To increase the volume of freight, the partners looked at drain- age reclamation to create cotton cropland. Copyright © 2016 Soil and Water Conservation Society. All rights reserved. A new partnership in 1885 contracted to Journal of Soil and Water Conservation dredge and straighten the Little River from the railroad to the county line. The contract was for US$0.18 m–3 (US$0.14 yd–3) with payment in land valued at US$3.13 ha–1 (US$1.25 ac–1). This brought new land into 2014). Although the continuously flood- known as the Bootheel, a natural basin agriculture and boosted cotton produc- ing Mississippi River bottomlands were which caught the runoff from adjacent tion. Farmers in Pemiscot, Dunkin, New the original target, over a 100-year period uplands and created the Missouri swamp- Madrid, and Stoddard counties in 1890 15 states were authorized to carry out wet- land. After the Civil War (1861 to 1865), reported to the United States Department land land reclamation programs under this the opening of the American West by of Agriculture (USDA) 16,450 ha (41,491 legislation. Swamplands were categorized railroads offered greater settlement oppor- ac) of cotton, almost double the 9,190 71(2):37A-43A according to capacity of the land to be tunities in western lands that were more ha (22,981 ac) reported in 1880 (USDA made fit for profitable agriculture (USGS suitable for cultivation than the southeast NASS 2014). Another rail venture, started 2014).
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