Slide 1

Observing Change in the Present Moment: Lessons from Leaders and Teachers

Jody Condit Fagan, PhD James Madison University [email protected] Full paper will appear online after the conference in JMU Scholarly Commons https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/leadcc/

 Good afternoon. The full paper will be online, I believe after the conference.  When asked to define in one phrase, the teacher Shunryu Suzuki said, “Everything Changes.” For this reason I thought taking a look at how Zen leaders talk about change might be illuminating for this conference.  The research I’m presenting today is highly exploratory – I was not able to find studies out there about zen and leadership.  Now, the scholarship of leadership tends toward models and definitions, while Zen teachers exhort practitioners to avoid forming specific views. The moment something is expressed in words, the complete truth you’re trying to express is lost. So this presentation about Zen is somewhat antithetical to Zen.

Slide 2

Zen: “awareness of reality through an alteration of perception a definition that includes the derailment of cognitive linear thought” (Cooper 2014)

Credit: Victoria Zen Center,Center free use

 So what is Zen? Not surprisingly, true Zen experts shy away from a clear definition! And there is a lot of diversity in Zen. There does seem to be agreement that the point of Zen practice is “awareness of reality through an alteration of perception that includes the derailment of cognitive linear thought.”  This can permit more intuitive ways of knowing.  Common practices to develop this awareness include sitting meditation (), shown in the photograph, study, dialogues with a teacher, and “moment-to-moment during all daily activities” (Cooper 2014).

Slide 3

[A headshot of Japanese Shunryu Suzuki from the back cover of Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind, removed in consideration of copyright]

Credit: Shii, public domain Credit: Bethanie Hines, CC 3.0

 For this research I analyzed sources from three prominent Zen leaders: o Dogen wrote in 13th century Japan o Shunryu Suzuki wrote in mid-20th century America o Angel Kyodo Williams writes and speaks in the present day. o Each of these leaders were or are Zen priests, and radical change agents as well.

Slide 4

Transformational • Idealized Influence Leadership • Inspirational Motivation

• Intellectual Stimulation

• Individualized Consideration

(Bass & Riggio, 2006)

 To help orient myself, I first considered each dimension of Bass & Riggio’s transformational leadership model.  Idealized Influence: leaders serving as role models  Inspirational Motivation: leaders’ ability to envision the future and communicate “expectations that followers want to meet,”  Intellectual Stimulation: stirring up followers’ innovation and creativity  Individualized Consideration: supportive climate for learning, recognition of individual differences  Zen leaders align fairly well with this model, but I’d like to highlight a few differences I noticed between Zen leaders’ approach and the transformational model.

Slide 5

Idealized Influence

Credit: Erniep1972, CC 4.0

The leader in this photograph is in the lower left. Notice everyone is facing away from him. In Zen the leader has a clear role, and is respected – but they are also extraordinary because they are very ordinary. And students are encouraged not to form an attachment to the leader.

Slide 6

Inspirational Motivation

Credit: Ciri Crowell Used with permission www.upaya.org Credit: Kanzeon Zen Center, CC 2.0

 In traditional transformational leadership, inspirational motivation is linked to the idea of visioning the future.  In Zen, the emphasis is always on the present moment. So this seems contradictory.  This is a leadership position in monasteries known as the tenzo, or cook. And Dogen wrote an entire essay on the cook’s work.  Because a cook must make careful plans for tomorrow, maybe even the whole week.  The idea is to avoid living in the future, or being attached to the future.  So when you’re planning, that’s this moment’s work. You bring the future into the present with you. When you’re executing the steps toward the vision, that’s also each present moment’s work.  So if perhaps a future visioning or strategic planning meeting led by a Zen practitioner would wrap up by inviting people to reflect on what the discussions would mean for their present work.

Slide 7

Intellectual Stimulation

Credit: sarangib, Pixabay license

 The dimension of intellectual stimulation doesn’t seem that different in Zen. As with traditional transformational leadership, the emphasis is on the follower’s knowing rather than the teacher’s teaching.  Lots of metaphors, , and stories are used. For example, to illustrate the relationship between perception and reality, Dogen told this story: “There were two monks arguing, one saying it is the flag moving, one saying it is the wind moving. As they argued ceaselessly back and forth like this, the patriarch said, ‘It is not the wind moving, it is not the flag moving — it is your minds moving.’ The two monks immediately accepted this”

Slide 8

Individualized Consideration

Credit: ShakataGaNai, CC 2.0

 Zen leaders recognize individual differences and the value of each person.  And, there’s this idea in Zen that the entire universe exists in your mind.  On the other hand there is a strong emphasis on interdependence and interbeing.  Angel Kyodo Williams illustrates this seeming dichotomy beautifully:  “[Flowers] bring pleasure to us when we see them simply because they are flowers. We may find that the striking beauty of orchids or the sweet, clinging smell of white Casablanca lilies is especially moving for us, but … we see them first and foremost as flowers”

Slide 9

Zen and Change

All 3 leaders: 2 leaders:

• Self/No-Self • Calmness/Excitement • Perception • Concentration/Observation • Permanence/ • Independence/Interdependence • Attachment/Non-Attachment • Leadership • Time • Movement • Knowledge

 I also looked at Zen leaders’ writings directly on the topic of change.  Fifty-seven quotes from the seven sources reviewed were identified as especially related to change in some way. (Keep in mind everything in Zen is related to change).  All three leaders talked about the concepts Self/No-Self, Perception, Permanence/Impermanence, Attachment / Non-Attachment, Time, Knowledge  Two of the leaders talked about the concepts Calmness/Excitement, Concentration/Observation, Independence/Interdependence, Leadership, Movement  The paper goes through each of these concepts, but in the interests of time, I will skip to the discussion across concepts.

Slide 10

Public domain

 Zen offers a great approach to understanding the place of our selves within frames of reference. We are a person, on a boat, in a river – are we moving? Is the boat moving? Is the shore moving? It’s a matter of perspective. Even definitions of things are perception- based. Dogen said, The boat is only a boat because the people are on it. Our organizations are organizations only because of what the people in them are actually doing.  Keeping an open mind isn’t something to do just during times of stressful organizational change, but to practice as a basic way of life

Slide 11

Public domain

 The three people in this photograph are demonstrating focus on the present moment. In fact all three of them are connected by the same present moment. Meanwhile there is a lot going on around them – the score of the game, the runner on third base, the roar of the crowd. The Zen approach to dealing with both enthusiasm and stress is the same: simply observing the present moment. After all, the only time we can control anything (if ever) is in the present moment.  Suzuki writes, “If you become too busy and too excited, your mind become rough and ragged. This is not good. ... Usually we become busier and busier, day by day, year by year, especially in our modern world. …if we become interested in some excitement, or in our own change, we will become completely involved in our busy life, and we will be lost. But if your mind is calm and constant, you can keep yourself away from the noisy world even though you are in the midst of it. In the midst of noise and change, your mind will be quiet and stable” (2011, 42).

Slide 12

Credit: Strathmore Rodeo Bull Riding, CC 2.0 Credit: Jonathon Stenner, CC 2.0

 Organizational change involves getting people to go in the same direction. Suzuki’s advice to leaders is to observe, rather than try to control change.  He writes, “To give your sheep or cow a large, spacious meadow is the way to control him. So it is with people: first let them do what they want, and watch them. This is the best policy. To ignore them is not good: that is the worst policy. The second worst is trying to control them. The best one is to watch them, just to watch them, without trying to control them” (2011, 15).

Slide 13

CC 2.0

 Observing change in the present moment allows leaders to be patient and recognize the inherent value in what might seem like slow progress.  Suzuki writes, “In a fog, you do not know you are getting wet, but as you keep walking you get wet little by little. If your mind has ideas of progress, you may say, ‘Oh, this pace is terrible!” But actually it is not. When you get wet in a fog it is very difficult to dry yourself. So there is no need to worry about progress. It is like studying a foreign language; you cannot do it all of a sudden, but by repeating it over and over you will master it..... Just to be sincere and make our full effort in each moment is enough”

 This exploratory research illuminated future avenues for investigation.  No literature was found where Zen leaders discussed organizational change.  No case studies of organizational change influenced by a Zen leadership approach were found. How might Zen philosophies about change actually be operationalized in an organizational setting?  Given the interest of Zen leaders in dialogue, using interviews with Zen leaders seems a promising approach.  The transformational leadership model was explored in this study; servant leadership and spiritual leadership seem helpful to examine as well.

Slide 14

Public domain

While recognizing that teaching can have some value, Zen leaders unanimously advise the best way to understand anything about Zen is to just sit and observe the reality of the present moment. So tonight, or tomorrow morning, I invite each of you to set a timer for just 5 minutes, sit quietly and just observe all the change that happens in each moment. In the room around you, in your body, and in your mind. Thank you.

Slide 15

References

• Bass, Bernard, and Ronald Riggio. 2006. Transformational Leadership, 2nd edition. Psychology Press. • Cooper, Paul C. 2014. Zen. In Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion., edited by D. A. Leeming. Boston, MA: Springer. • Dogen. 1243/1991. Shobogenzo: Zen Essays by Dogen. Translated by Thomas Cleary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. • Dogen, and Kosho Uchiyama Roshi. 1237/2005. How to Cook Your Life: From the Zen Kitchen to Enlightenment. Translated by Thomas Wright. Boulder, CO: Shambhala • Suzuki, Shunryu. 2011. Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind: Informal Talks on Zen Meditation and Practice. Shambhala. • Williams, Angel Kyodo. 2002. Being Black: Zen and the Art of Living with Fearlessness and Grace. Penguin. • Williams, Angel Kyodo. 2013. Why Contemplation / Awareness Matters to Change… and How. The Garrison Institute. https://youtu.be/nKdd8RsbKto • Williams, Angel Kyodo. 2017. It’s Not About Love Afterall. TEDxWashingtonSquare. https://youtu.be/PztCw49OQ2g • Williams, Angel Kyodo, Owens, Rod, and Jasmine Syedullah. 2016. Radical : Talking Race, Love, and Liberation. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books

Slide 16

Image credits

• Victoria Zen Centre. [Two people meditating]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vzc_jundo_maggie.jpg. This work is free and may be used by anyone for any purpose. • Hines, Bethanie. [Headshot of Angel Kyodo Williams]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angelkyodowilliams.jpg. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. • Shii. [Dogen looking at the moon]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dogen.jpg. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin. • Boni, Robert. [Shunryu Suzuki from 1970 back cover of Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind]. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2f/Shunryu_Suzuki_by_Robert_Boni.jpg. This image is used under the terms of Fair Use for in-person educational presentation. • Erniep1972. [Group zazen]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zazen_en_shobogenji.jpg. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International. • Crowell, Ciri. Upaya Tenzo Joshin Byrnes. https://www.upaya.org/2016/07/upaya-tenzo-joshin-byrnes/ Used with permission. • Sarangib. Tibetan Flag. https://pixabay.com/en/tibetan-flag-monastery-mundgod-201297/. Pixabay License. • ShakataGaNai. [Orchids]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2010_Pacific_Orchid_Expo_06.jpg. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported. • [The Nawab of Murshidabad's boats on the Ganga]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Nawab_of_Murshidabad%27s_boats_on_the_Ganga_(6125141004).jpg. Public Domain. • [Softball pitcher and hitter]. https://pxhere.com/en/photo/596718. Public Domain. • Jonathon Stenner. The Water meadows looking west. https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/549249. CC BY-SA 2.0. • Strathmore Rodeo Bull Riding. [Bull riding]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strathmore_Rodeo_Bull_Riding_(28387133410).jpg. Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic. • Steve Wilson. Misty Walk. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pokerbrit/16442757749. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ • [Japanese Room]. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Shokin-tei.jpg. Public domain.