Wanderings in Psychogeography

Home , Alexander Trocchi, Ivan Chtcheglov, Psychogeography

Wanderings in Psychogeography: Exploring Landscapes of History, Biography, Memory, Culture, Nature, Poetry, Surreality, Fantasy, and Madness (11.S942) Syllabus and Orientation Notes

Ezra Haber Glenn, Lecturer Fall 2017

1 Contact Information

name email oﬃce oﬃce hours Ezra Haber Glenn [email protected] 7-337 Tues. 9–10AM

Class website: http://stellar.mit.edu/S/course/11/fa17/11.S942

2 Overview

In his seminal article, “Introduction to a Critique of Urban Geography” (1955), Lettrist/Situationist founder Guy Debord called for a new field of inquiry, to be known as “psychogeography,” established to study “the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organized or not, on the emotions and behavior of individuals.” Despite this apparent attempt at concrete definition, the field of psychogeography has eluded the methodological and theoretical formalization common in other disciplines — it is, at heart, an undisciplined discipline — being more frequently associated with what even Debord himself referred to as “a rather pleasing vagueness.” (Indeed, one suspects a tongue-in-cheek smirk behind De- bord’s insistence on a “precise” and “specific” approach — the gentleman doth protest too much, methinks.) Equally important, although the Situationists may have been the first to recognize and name it, the practice of psychogeographical inquiry can be traced back though centuries of historical precedents and influences found in travel- ogues, real and invented biographies, opium-induced confessions, playful and

1 surreal works of art, and other literary, poetic, and geographical flights of fan- ciful reality (and realistic fantasy). Similarly, the past 60 years have seen further flourishing (albeit perhaps “underground flourishing,” reminiscent of the growth pattern of psychotropic subterranean fungi. . . ) in the field from novelists, poets, and essayists (Ackroyd, Ballard, Sebald, Self, Sinclair, Solnit), as well as geographers and planners (including DUSP’s own Kevin Lynch, who explored mental maps of urban spaces), photographers, filmmakers, anarchist communitarians, guerrilla artists, land- scape painters, musicians, game designers, and others. As a result, the quest to define “psychogeography” may in fact be a form of psychogeographical wandering itself — possibly futile, but nonetheless fun, fascinating, and rife with hidden meanings. (Or perhaps it is just one big inside joke. . . .) Through this seminar-style class we will explore the history, present, and future of psychogeography, hoping to map the center and the edges of this elusive field and to pioneer potential new directions and applications for the principles we discover (or invent) along the way. Class will meet once/week to discuss classic and more recent texts — including novels, essays, poems, reviews, films, and other works of creative nonfiction and speculative fiction. Students will also undertake their own psychogeographic wanderings and complete a final “carto-imagino-synthetic” project to document, describe, map, and otherwise “make sense of place” through these techniques.

3 Logistics 3.1 Structure of the Class This is a seminar class, which means a few important things:

a. The class will be small, and everyone is expected to participate; each of us is responsible for bringing material in to our discussions. b. The goal of the class is not for me to “convey” knowledge to you, but rather for us to work together to explore and generate ideas. (The term “seminar” originally comes from the Latin word for “plant nursery” or “seed plot” — it’s where insights for learning are generated.)

To “seed” our discussions, students will write short reﬂection notes on the week’s readings (see below).

3.2 Credits 9 (nine).

2 3.3 Assignments In addition to reading and participation, students are asked to complete the following assignments: weekly reflections: After completing the assigned readings each week,1 please write down your thoughts in the form of brief (1–2 pages) reflections; these can take a variety of forms: short musings prompted by the material, an essay on a single aspect that struck you as noteworthy, or even a comparison or contrast of some key aspects. Questions for discussion are encouraged as well. final psychogeographic project: By the end of the semester, each student will prepare and present a psychogeographic work based on their own exploration of some real or imagined place. Elements may include poetry or prose; photography, film, sound, smell, and tactilometry; bits, atoms, data, signal, and noise; history, biography, cartography, imagi- nation; blood, sweat, spleen, and other humorous elements; spirit, soul, pathos, hopes, dreams, memories, traces, hints, will-o-wisps, fears, night- mares, and whatever else you discover or invent along the way. (More details will be provided as the course progresses and we figure out what this subject is even about. . . .)

3.4 Walks, Tours, Explorations From time to time over the semester, students are welcome to attend — and encouraged to organize — optional group walks to explore various sites and neigh- borhoods, to put into practice the psychogeographic principles we are reading about. Individual d´erives and attempts at d´etournement are also recommended. All class participants will be eligible for membership in the Tech Sychogeo- graphic Psociety (TSP), with all the rights and privileges pertaining thereto.

3.5 Grading Final grades for the class will be based on the following formula:

Weekly Reﬂections 11 x 5 = 55% Class Participation 25% Final Project 20% Random Surrealist Coin Toss 1% Total 101%

Notes:

- Weekly reﬂections are due for 11 of the 12 weeks with readings; students may miss one week without excuse or penalty.

1Note: you are allowed to miss one week without excuse or penalty

3 - Class participation grade includes preparation of discussion questions when assigned.

3.6 Office Hours I’ve posted office hours for the class, and I’m always happy to meet with you if you need to talk about something; if you are planning on coming, please let me know in advance, so I can make sure I’m free. If these times don’t work with your schedule, we can easily arrange some other time to meet outside of class—just email or talk to me in person and we’ll figure something out.

4 Schedule 4.1 Weekly Topics/Readings 09/11 Guy Debord and the Situationists: Ludo-Political Psychogeography Ivan Chtcheglov. Formulary for a new urbanism. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situationist International Anthology, pages 1–8. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006. Originally published in 1953. Guy Debord. Introduction to a critique of urban geography. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situationist International Anthology, pages 8–12. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006a. Originally published in 1955. Guy Debord. Theory of the D´erive. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situationist International Anthology, pages 62–66. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006b. Originally published in 1958. Lettrist International. Proposals for rationally improving the city of Paris. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situationist International Anthology, pages 12–14. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006. Originally published in 1955. Constant. Another city for another life. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situation- ist International Anthology, pages 71–73. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006. Originally published in 1960. McKenzie Wark. The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life an Glorious Times of the Situationist International. Verso, 2011, chapters 2 (“No More Temples of the Sun”) and 5 (“A Provisional Micro-Society”). Merlin Coverley. Psychogeography. Pocket Essentials, 2006, chapter 3 (“Guy Debord and the Situationist International”). Will Self. Psychogeography. Bloomsbury Press, 2007. Pictures by Ralph Steadman, “Introduction: Walking to New York.” 09/18 Some Urban Planning Roots: Socio-Spatial Psychogeography Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess. The City: Suggestions for In- vestigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment. University of

4 Chicago, 1925, chapter 1 (“The City”) Allan B. Jacobs. Looking at cities. Places, 1(4), 1984. Kevin Lynch. The Image of the City. MIT Press, 1960, chapters 1–2 (“The Image of the Environment” and “Three Cities”). Grady Clay. Close-Up: How to Read the American City. Praeger Publish- ers, 1973 (selections). Denis Wood. Lynch Debord: About two psychogeographies. Cartograph- ica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisu- alization, 45(3):185–199, September 2010. 09/25 18th and 19th Century London and Paris: Literary Ur-Psychogeography Daniel Defoe. Journal of the Plague Year. Oxford University Press, 2010. Originally published in 1722. William Blake. London, 1794. Online at https://www.poetryfoundation. org/poems/43673/london-56d222777e969. Edgar Allan Poe. The man of the crowd. In The Works of Edgar Allan Poe: the Raven Edition, volume 5. Project Gutenberg, 2008. Originally published in 1840; online at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2151/ 2151-h/2151-h.htm. Charles Baudelaire. The Parisian Prowler. University of Georgia, 1989. Originally published in 1861 as Le Spleen de Paris. Petits Poèmsen prose; translated by Edward K. Kaplan. 10/02 Weimar Wandering in Berlin and Paris, 1920-1940: Philosopho-Critical Psychogeography [Special Guest: Howard Eiland] Franz Hessel. Walking in Berlin: A Flâneurin the Capital. MIT, 2017. Originally published in 1929; translated by Amanda DeMarco, “The Sus- pect,” “I Learn a Thing or Two,” “A Bit of Work,” and “A Tour.” Walter Benjamin. The Arcades Project. Belknap/Harvard, 1999. Trans- lated by Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin; prepared on the basis of the German volume edited by Rolf Tiedemann, “Paris, the Capital of the Nineteenth Century (1935)” and “Convolutes M: The Flâneur.” Howard Eiland. Reality as palimpsest: On Benjamin’s Arcades Project, April 15, 2010. Recorded lecture, available online at https://soundcloud. com/cirucberkeley/reality-as-palimpsest-on-benjamins-arcades-project-howard-eiland-4152010. Michel de Certeau. The Practice of Everyday Life. University of California Press, 1984. Originally published in 1980 in French as L’invention du quotidien; translated by Steven Rendall, chapter VII, “Walking in the City.” Optional Reading: Walter Benjamin. One-Way Street. Belknap/Harvard, 2016. Edited by Michael W. Jennings, translated by Edmund Jephcott. Optional Film: Walter Ruttmann. Berlin: Symphony of a metropolis, 1927.

5 10/09 No class 10/16 Smells, Sounds, Sickness, and Sensing the City: Hidden Patterns of Data-Driven Psychogeography Edward Tufte. Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative, chapter 2 (“The Cholera Epidemic in London, 1854”). Graphics Press, 1997. Ian McHarg. Design with Nature. Natural History Press, 1969 (selections). Richard Saul Wurman. Making the City Observable. MIT Press/Design Quarterly 80, 1971. William H. Whyte. City: Rediscovering the Center. Doubleday, 1988 (selections). Hildegard Westerkamp. Soundwalking, 2001. Originally published in Sound Heritage, Volume III Number 4, 1974; Revised 2001; available online at https://www.sfu.ca/~westerka/writings%20page/articles%20pages/ soundwalking.html Optional Film: Walter Ruttmann. Weekend (Wochenende), 1930. 10/23 Madness and Altered States: Insanito-Psychedelic Psychogeography Allen Ginsberg. Howl and Other Poems. City Lights, 1955. Alexander Trocchi. Cain’s Book. Grove Press, 1993. Originally published in 1960. David Foster Wallace. Inﬁnite Jest. Back Bay Books, 1996, pp. 128–135. Optional Reading: Thomas De Quincey. Confessions of an English Opium Eater. Penguin Classics, 2003. Originally published in 1821. Optional Reading: Robert Louis Stevenson. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Dover Thrift, 1991. Originally published in 1886. 10/30 Flights of Fancy: Journeys in Imaginato-Occult Psychogeography [Spe- cial Guest: Peter Bebergal (invited)] Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Kubla Khan; or, a vision in a dream: A fragment, 1816. Online at https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43991/kubla-khan. Percy Bysshe Shelley. Ozymandias, 1818. Online at https://www.poetryfoundation. org/poems/46565/ozymandias. Iain Sinclair. Lud Heat: A Book of the Dead Hamlets. Skylight Press, 2012. Originally published in 1975. Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell. From Hell. Top Shelf Productions, 2004. Originally published in 1999. Optional Reading: Xavier de Maistre. A Journey Round my Room. Hurd and Houghton, 1871. Originally published as Voyage autour de ma chambre in 1763; translated in 1871 by Henry Attwell.; available online at https://archive.org/details/journeyroundmyro00maisrich.

6 Optional Reading: Jan Morris. Hav. NYRB Classics, 1985. Optional Reading: Peter S´ıs. The Three Golden Keys. Frances Foster, 2001. 11/06 Language, Ethnicity, and Race: Subaltern Psychogeographies [Special Guest: Garnette Cadogan (invited)] W. E. B. Du Bois. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. University of Pennsylvania, 1995. Originally published in 1899, (selections). Federico Garcia Lorca. Poet in New York: A Bilingual Edition. Grove Press, 2007. Originally published in 1930; translated by Pablo Medina and Mark Statman. Garnette Cadogan. Walking while Black: Garnette Cadogan on the realities of being Black in America, July 8, 2016. Online at http://lithub. com/walking-while-black/. Optional Film: John Sayles. Brother from another planet, 1984.

11/13 Gender: Feminist Psychogeography Rebecca Solnit. Wanderlust: a History of Walking. Penguin, 2000, chapter 14 (“Walking After Midnight: Women, Sex, and Public Space”). Laura Elkin. Flâneuse:Women Walk the City in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice, and London. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2016, pp. 3–93. Optional Film: Agnes Varda. Cléode 5 à7 (cléofrom 5 to 7), 1962. 11/20 Undergrounds and Underworlds: Cops and Robbers; Detectives and Voyeurs; Explorers and Stalkers; Pushers and Pickpockets; Hackneys, Ho- bos, Hustlers, and Hookers; Perversive-Subversive Psychogeography [Spe- cial Guest: Stuart Spina] Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess. The City: Suggestions for In- vestigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment. University of Chicago, 1925, chapter 9 (“The Mind of the Hobo”) Weegee. Naked City. Essential Books, 1945. Samuel R. Delany. Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. NYU, 1999. Geoff Manaugh. A Burglar’s Guide to the City. FSG Originals, 2016. Optional Reading: David Macaulay. Underground. HMH, 1983. 11/27 Jaywalking, Détournement, Hacking, Squatting, Occupying: Trespas- sive Psychogeography Guy Debord and Gil Wolman. A user’s guide to Détournement. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situationist International Anthology, pages 14–21. Bureau

7 of Public Secrets, 2006. Originally published in 1956. Banksy. Wall and Piece. Random House, 2007. McKenzie Wark. Zuccotti park, a psychogeography, October 6, 2011. On- line at http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/735-mckenzie-wark-zuccotti-park-a-psychogeography. Bradley Garrett. Explore Everything: Place-Hacking the City. Verso, 2013 Optional Film: Banksy. Exit through the gift shop, 2012. 12/04 Branches, Twigs, Sprouts, Leaves, Debris: 1975–present Georges Perec. An Attempt at Exhausting a Place in Paris. Wakeﬁeld Press, 2010. Originally published in 1974. W. G. Sebald. Rings of Saturn. New Directions, 1995, chapters V and VII. Iain Sinclair. Lights Out for the Territory. Granta Books, 1997, chapter 1 (“Skating on Thin Eyes: The First Walk”). Optional Reading: William Carlos Williams. Paterson. New Directions, 1995. Originally published in 1958. Optional Reading: Will Self. Psychogeography. Bloomsbury Press, 2007. Pictures by Ralph Steadman. Optional Reading: William B. Helmreich. The New York Nobody Knows: Walking 6000 Miles in the City. Princeton University Press, 2013. Optional Film: Wim Wenders. Wings of desire, 1987. Optional Film: Patrick Keiller. London, 1994. 12/11 New Directions: Student Projects Final projects due; in-class presentations.

5 Additional Notes 5.1 Feedback Somewhere in here I wanted to be sure to mention that I really do care about your ideas and feedback on the course, and ideally would want it during the semester so I can be aware of problems (or opportunities) and make changes as necessary. Please feel free to contact me with issues as they arise, either in person or through email (or even anonymous notes).

5.2 Some Other Required Elements Although all of this should go without saying, the Institute requires us to say the following:

8 5.2.1 Accommodation for Disabilities If you have a documented disability, or any other problem you think may aﬀect your ability to perform in class, please see me early in the semester so that arrangements may be made to accommodate you.

5.2.2 Writing and Communication Center The Writing and Communication Center at MIT (WCC) offers free one-on-one professional advice from communication experts. The WCC is staffed com- pletely by MIT lecturers. All have advanced degrees. All are experienced college classroom teachers of communication. All are all are published scholars and writers. The WCC works with undergraduate, graduate students, post-docs, faculty, staff, alums, and spouses. The WCC helps you strategize about all types of academic and professional writing as well as about all aspects of oral presentations (including practicing classroom presentations & conference talks as well as designing slides). No matter what department or discipline you are in, the WCC helps you think your way more deeply into your topic, helps you see new implications in your data, research, and ideas. The WCC also helps with all English as Second Language issues, from writing and grammar to pronunciation and conversation practice. The WCC is located in E18-233, 50 Ames Street). To guarantee yourself a time, make an appointment. To register with our online scheduler and to make appointments, go to https://mit.mywconline.com/. To access the WCC’s many pages of advice about writing and oral presentations, go to http://cmsw. mit.edu/writing-and-communication-center/. Check the online scheduler for up-to-date hours and available appointments.

5.2.3 Academic Misconduct Plagiarism and cheating are both academic crimes. Never (1) turn in an assignment that you did not write yourself, (2) turn in an assignment for this class that you previously turned in for another class, or (3) cheat on an exam. If you do so, it may result in a failing grade for the class, and possibly even suspension from the college. Please see me if you have any questions about what constitutes plagiarism. Anyone caught cheating on an exam will be reported to the provost in line with recognized university procedures.

References

Banksy. Wall and Piece. Random House, 2007. Banksy. Exit through the gift shop, 2012.

9 Charles Baudelaire. The Parisian Prowler. University of Georgia, 1989. Origi- nally published in 1861 as Le Spleen de Paris. Petits Po`emsen prose; translated by Edward K. Kaplan. Walter Benjamin. The Arcades Project. Belknap/Harvard, 1999. Translated by Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin; prepared on the basis of the German volume edited by Rolf Tiedemann. Walter Benjamin. One-Way Street. Belknap/Harvard, 2016. Edited by Michael W. Jennings, translated by Edmund Jephcott. William Blake. London, 1794. Online at https://www.poetryfoundation. org/poems/43673/london-56d222777e969. Garnette Cadogan. Walking while Black: Garnette Cadogan on the realities of being Black in America, July 8, 2016. Online at http://lithub.com/ walking-while-black/. Ivan Chtcheglov. Formulary for a new urbanism. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situ- ationist International Anthology, pages 1–8. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006. Originally published in 1953. Grady Clay. Close-Up: How to Read the American City. Praeger Publishers, 1973. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Kubla Khan; or, a vision in a dream: A fragment, 1816. Online at https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43991/ kubla-khan. Constant. Another city for another life. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situationist In- ternational Anthology, pages 71–73. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006. Originally published in 1960. Merlin Coverley. Psychogeography. Pocket Essentials, 2006. Michel de Certeau. The Practice of Everyday Life. University of California Press, 1984. Originally published in 1980 in French as L’invention du quotidien; translated by Steven Rendall. Xavier de Maistre. A Journey Round my Room. Hurd and Houghton, 1871. Originally published as Voyage autour de ma chambre in 1763; translated in 1871 by Henry Attwell.; available online at https://archive.org/details/ journeyroundmyro00maisrich. Guy Debord. Introduction to a critique of urban geography. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situationist International Anthology, pages 8–12. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006a. Originally published in 1955. Guy Debord. Theory of the D´erive. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situationist Inter- national Anthology, pages 62–66. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006b. Originally published in 1958.

10 Guy Debord and Gil Wolman. A user’s guide to D´etournement. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situationist International Anthology, pages 14–21. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006. Originally published in 1956. Daniel Defoe. Journal of the Plague Year. Oxford University Press, 2010. Originally published in 1722.

Samuel R. Delany. Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. NYU, 1999. W. E. B. Du Bois. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. University of Pennsylvania, 1995. Originally published in 1899. Howard Eiland. Reality as palimpsest: On Benjamin’s Ar- cades Project, April 15, 2010. Recorded lecture, available online at https://soundcloud.com/cirucberkeley/ reality-as-palimpsest-on-benjamins-arcades-project-howard-eiland-4152010. Laura Elkin. Flˆaneuse: Women Walk the City in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice, and London. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2016.

Bradley Garrett. Explore Everything: Place-Hacking the City. Verso, 2013. Allen Ginsberg. Howl and Other Poems. City Lights, 1955. William B. Helmreich. The New York Nobody Knows: Walking 6000 Miles in the City. Princeton University Press, 2013.

Franz Hessel. Walking in Berlin: A Flˆaneurin the Capital. MIT, 2017. Origi- nally published in 1929; translated by Amanda DeMarco. Allan B. Jacobs. Looking at cities. Places, 1(4), 1984. Patrick Keiller. London, 1994.

Lettrist International. Proposals for rationally improving the city of Paris. In Ken Knabb, editor, Situationist International Anthology, pages 12–14. Bureau of Public Secrets, 2006. Originally published in 1955. Federico Garcia Lorca. Poet in New York: A Bilingual Edition. Grove Press, 2007. Originally published in 1930; translated by Pablo Medina and Mark Statman. Kevin Lynch. The Image of the City. MIT Press, 1960. David Macaulay. Underground. HMH, 1983.

Geoﬀ Manaugh. A Burglar’s Guide to the City. FSG Originals, 2016. Ian McHarg. Design with Nature. Natural History Press, 1969. Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell. From Hell. Top Shelf Productions, 2004. Originally published in 1999.

11 Jan Morris. Hav. NYRB Classics, 1985. Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess. The City: Suggestions for Investigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment. University of Chicago, 1925. Georges Perec. An Attempt at Exhausting a Place in Paris. Wakeﬁeld Press, 2010. Originally published in 1974. Edgar Allan Poe. The man of the crowd. In The Works of Edgar Allan Poe: the Raven Edition, volume 5. Project Gutenberg, 2008. Originally published in 1840; online at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2151/2151-h/2151-h. htm. Thomas De Quincey. Confessions of an English Opium Eater. Penguin Classics, 2003. Originally published in 1821. Walter Ruttmann. Berlin: Symphony of a metropolis, 1927. Walter Ruttmann. Weekend (Wochenende), 1930.

John Sayles. Brother from another planet, 1984. W. G. Sebald. Rings of Saturn. New Directions, 1995. Will Self. Psychogeography. Bloomsbury Press, 2007. Pictures by Ralph Stead- man.

Percy Bysshe Shelley. Ozymandias, 1818. Online at https://www. poetryfoundation.org/poems/46565/ozymandias. Iain Sinclair. Lights Out for the Territory. Granta Books, 1997. Iain Sinclair. Lud Heat: A Book of the Dead Hamlets. Skylight Press, 2012. Originally published in 1975. Peter S´ıs. The Three Golden Keys. Frances Foster, 2001. Rebecca Solnit. Wanderlust: a History of Walking. Penguin, 2000. Robert Louis Stevenson. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Dover Thrift, 1991. Originally published in 1886. Alexander Trocchi. Cain’s Book. Grove Press, 1993. Originally published in 1960. Edward Tufte. Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Nar- rative, chapter 2 (“The Cholera Epidemic in London, 1854”). Graphics Press, 1997. Agnes Varda. Cléode 5 à7 (cléofrom 5 to 7), 1962. David Foster Wallace. Infinite Jest. Back Bay Books, 1996.

12 McKenzie Wark. The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life an Glorious Times of the Situationist International. Verso, 2011. McKenzie Wark. Zuccotti park, a psychogeography, Octo- ber 6, 2011. Online at http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/ 735-mckenzie-wark-zuccotti-park-a-psychogeography. Weegee. Naked City. Essential Books, 1945. Wim Wenders. Wings of desire, 1987. Hildegard Westerkamp. Soundwalking, 2001. Originally published in Sound Heritage, Volume III Number 4, 1974; Revised 2001; available online at https://www.sfu.ca/~westerka/writings%20page/articles% 20pages/soundwalking.html. William H. Whyte. City: Rediscovering the Center. Doubleday, 1988. William Carlos Williams. Paterson. New Directions, 1995. Originally published in 1958. Denis Wood. Lynch Debord: About two psychogeographies. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 45(3):185–199, September 2010. Richard Saul Wurman. Making the City Observable. MIT Press/Design Quar- terly 80, 1971.