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MONOECIOUS and DIOECIOUS GRASSES of the AMERICAS MONOBCIOUS Ii.ND DIOECIOUS GRASSES of the Ai\1ERICAS

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MONOECIOUS and DIOECIOUS GRASSES of the AMERICAS MONOBCIOUS Ii.ND DIOECIOUS GRASSES of the Ai\1ERICAS 1 MONOECIOUS AND DIOECIOUS GRASSES OF THE AMERICAS MONOBCIOUS ii.ND DIOECIOUS GRASSES OF THE Ai\1ERICAS By CLAY SPURLOCK •.· Bachelor of Science Panhandle Agricultural and Mechanical College Goodwell, Oklahoma ') 1940 Submitted to the Department of Agronomy Oklahoma Agricultural a.nd Mechanical College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the degree of :MAS'.l.'ll;R OF SCIENCE 1941 , '~ C 0 i: )-"~ ;,,J~ ~-. l~ ~·-~~ ~ ~ 0 , 0} C, u '~ () So ,,,, AJ?PROVED BY: Chairman, Thesis Committee .J-+ ~~~Dean of G-raduate School iv The writer wishes to express his app:rooiation to the follow­ ing people for their services in preparing this paper: Dr. w. B. Gernert. of the Agronomy Department, under whose direction this material was compiled. for his constant advice and criticism and aid in securing materials; Dr. H. F. :Murphy, Head of the Department of Agronomy; and Dr. H. I. Fea.therly. of the Botany Department for their helpful suggestions and aid in securing materials. T PREFACE In this paper there are described 30 genera and 77 apeciea. which include 17 genera and 6i apeoiea ot monoeoioua. and 13 genera and 23 species of dioeoioua grasses of the Western Hemisphere. Special note has been DJlde to include striking characteristics peculiar to each species. especially relative to t heir flowering he.bits and infloreaoenoe location in regard to pistillate and staminate spikelets. Thia list makes no pretention of being complete since it includes only those grasses. with at least some recognized or eoonomio import­ ance. of which botanists have some knowledge. · The South American apeoiea of Poa and Distichlis are not yet well understood. &Dy species of Po.riana. and Olyra are also vaguely presented and are of no particular importance. The number of species of a few genera. therefore. is uncertain and there may be a ff1ff more which should have been included. For the sake of convenience this paper has been divided into two parts; the first. a. brief consideration of some of the various grasses. the second and more extensive part. includes the description. distri­ bution. location of staminate. a.nd pistillate inflorescence. habitat, and general remarks. These grasses are classed according to tribes. genera. and species. Monoecious and dioecioua grasses are listed separately. vi Page I!-tfliODTTCTI.O}J • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ·• ., • • 'I • l A g;eneml discussion of some of the gras:::;os., • ••••••• ., • 4 A list of the monoecious [~rasses listed according to tribes. • • 8 A list of tl1e dioerJious r;rasses listed according to tribes • • • 33 Plants sonwtimes monoecious sometimes dj_oor3ious •• . , 33 Bibliography • • . .. .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45-46 Page 1. Goix lac:r;ym.a-jobi.. • • • • • 9 B,. 'I'ripsacum. dact~rlo:ides. " .. • ., 9-10 3. 'I'ripsftcua floritl0.:m.m .,. • • • • 10 4. Tripsacu:m laneeolatum ••• • • 10 fi. Tripsacum latifol:i..wn • • .. • 10-11 G. Tripsncv_m • • • • 11 7. Tripsacura pilosv..m. • • • • • ll 8. Bncb_laena 1;1exieana • • • • • 11-12 9. Euchlaana perennis ••• ., • 12 10. Zea w~ys •••••••• •., 12 11. L:tthachrw paucif'lora • • • • 14 12. Lithachno pineti.,. • • • • 14 13. J'IIniochloa pulchclla. • • • • 15 14. Il'E.niochloa st::rephioidcc. • ,. 15 15. Ekmanochloa subaphylla • • • 15 •16 16. Ekmanochloa tl.ristata • • • • 16 17. Hadd:i.a concinna • • • • • • • 17 18. lw.ddiec\ s·brictiflore, •• • • • 17 19. Haddia costaricensis •••• 17•18 20. Hf.tt:ldia capills:ba • • • ,. • • 18 21. Raddia s;innpod:i,ca • • •• c • 18 22. Haddia gv.ianonsis •••••• 18-19 23e Raddie. nan,_-:t... • • • • • • • " 19 2,1:. Haddia malrrvaana. • • .. • • • 19 25. Olyra latifolie., • • • • • • 20 26.. Olyru J.e.-\:;ifolia variety arundina.cea. • • • • • • • 20 27. Olyra ciliatifolia ••••• 20-21 28. Olyra lateralis. • • •. • • 21 2~. Olyru caudata~ • • • • • • • 21 30. Olyra yue-atana • ,, • • .. o • 21-22 31. Olyra standlcyi •••• • • • 22 32. Olyra ecaudata. • • • • • • 22 vii Page 33. Olyra hel ioonia. • • • • • • • • 23 34. Olyra buchtienii • • • • • • • • 23 36. Olyra surinamensis • • • • • • • 23 36. Olyra cordifolia • • • • • • • • 23-24 37 . Olyra loretensis • • • • • • • • 24 38 . Hydroohloa caroliniensis • • • • 26 39. Luziola peruviana. • • • • • • • 25-26 40. Luziola bahiensis. • • • • • • • 26 41 . Luziol a spruoeana. • • • • • • • 26 42 . Zizaniopsis miliaoea • • • • • • 27 43 . Zizania aquatica • • • • • • • • 28 44. Zizania aquatica variety angustifolia. • • • • • • • • 28 45. Zizania texa.na . • • • • • • • • 28 - 29 46 . Pbarus parvifolius • • • • • • • 29 47. Pha.rus glaber. • • • • • • • • • 29 ..30 48. Pharus latifolius. • • • • • • • 30 49. Ph:arus cornutus. • • • • • • • • 30 60. Pa.ria.na zingiberina. • • • • • • 31 51. Pa.riana lunata • • • • • • • • • 31 52 . Pariana sylvestris • • • • • • • 31 53 . Cathesteoum. ereotum. • • • • • • 32 54 . Cathesteoum stoloniferum . • • • 32 55. Distiohlis spicata . • • • • • • 34 56. Distiohl is stricta • • • • • • • 34- 36 67. Di stiohlis dentata • • • • • • • 36 68 . Distichlis texana. • • • • • • • 36 59. Poa araohnifera. • .. • • • • • • 36 60. Poa m.aorantha. • • • • • • • • • 36 61. Poa douglasii. • • • • • • • • • 36 62. Poa confinis • • • • • • • • • • 36- 37 63. Poa fendl eriana. • • • • • • • • 37 64. Poe. l ongiligula. • • • • • • • • 37 65. Cortaderia selloana. • • • • • • 38 66. Cortaderia rudiuscula. • • • • • 38 67. G-yner ium. sagittatum. • • • • C • 38- 39 68. Scleropogon brevifolius. • • • • 39 69. Eragrostis repta.ns • • • • • • • 39- 40 70. Festuca kingii • • • • • • • • • 40 n . Mona.nthoohloe littoralis • • • • 40 72. Opi zia stolonifera • • • • • • • 41 73. Buchloe dactyl oides . • • • • • • 41 74. Jouvea straminea • • • • • • • • 42 75. Jouvea pilosa. • .. • • • • • • • 42 76. Fourniera mexicana • • • • • • • 43 77. Pringl eochl oa stoloni£era. • • • 44 l INTRODUCTION Al l plants have come from simple forms without flowers which existed r emote ages ago; these plants all change somewhat as a result of time and enviromnentJ this process or the sum of such changes make up what we call evolution. Some of these ancestral pl ants gradu• a lly, through the span or many generat ions bocome more compl ex in structure, these more complex kinds evolved from the simple kinda, from anoestral forms which were much l ike the simple plants whioh exist today. The results being th.at those plants whose new structure was of advan- tage were more likel y to live than those forms whose structure was of no particular advantage. In order to understand the gras s flower better we first con- sider these prooesses. The type of flower which we are considering here is one of the simpl e or modified f l ower types. By that we mean the s impl est flowers have no perianth, and they are composed of essential parts onl y. The two kinds of essential parts are stamens and pistils. The flowers which have only stamens or only pistils are unisexual or imperfect. those which have both stamens and pistils are cal led bisexual; perfect, or -hermaphrod.l--- te. Flowers are not, striotly speaking, s exual; and deo- l inous f l owers. while mor e simple. are not less perfect than are monool inous ones . The flowers with which the average person is familiar are monool inous or perfect. Diolinous flowers with stamens are called ste.:minate; those W'ith pistils are oa.lled pistillate. Unise.xual £lowers are more primitive than perfect ones,3 that is, flowers which possessed only stamens or only pistil s are bel ieved to have preceded those possessing both stamens and pistils. Plants with in1perf0ct flowers pres en·[; them in ti.vo 1,ways. One t;ype is to bear both staminate and pistillate flowers upon the san1e individual; the other is to bear the staminate flowers upon some individuals and the pistillate flml!"ers upon others. Plants bearing both kinds of flcv.rers upon the same individual are cal led monoecious. Plants which bear staminate flowers upon one individual and pistillate flowers upon a different individual arc called dioocious. In considering; the distribution of sex0s in the grasses, vw began with dioecism. The condition which forms tho actual anthithesis to this state is cleistogamy in which the lemma and palea do not sepa­ rate. and the anthers pollinate the adjacent stigmas in the unopened flower. The more aberran·t grass flowers seem to be due, in the main, to a. reduction proeass. This reduction ca.n often be related to the ef':fects of crowding and compression during ontogeny. In its rudimentary stages, the many-f'lowored inflorescence is squeezed within the lee.f• sheaths; the individual spikelet.s are imprisoned inside the outer empty glum.es, and each young flower is entrapped bet·weou the lemma and palea.. A manifestation of this smro ·tendency is the suppression of either the androecium or the gy-na.ecimn, but not of' both, a suppression which produces unise:xua.l flowers. Tho grasses show evory grade between dioccious speoies,1 which have their ma.lo and female spikelets on different plants, and are tht1s wholly dependent upon crossing between different individuals~ and species prov-ailing cleistogamic., iu ·vrhich the flowers as a rule are self•pollinatetl without opening. Sexuality in plants is significant in a very important ·way, namely., in the evolution of organisms, in the derivation of new varieties and species from those monoeoious and dioeeious pl ants we now have. The possibility of thus obtaining new species has been in dispute. Theoretically it might be expected. for a new combination of unit characters i n hybrids might
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