APPENDIX A Acronyms and Abbreviations *

a atto (10-18) A ampere A angstrom AAR automatic alternate routing AARTS automatic audio remote test set AAS aeronautical advisory station AB asynchronous balanced [mode] (Link Layer OSI-RM) ABCA American, British, Canadian, Australian armies abs absolute ABS aeronautical broadcast station ABSBH average busy season busy hour ac alternating current AC absorption coefficient access charge access code ACA automatic circuit assurance ACC automatic callback calling ACCS associated common-channel signaling ACCUNET AT&T switched 56-kbps service ACD automatic call distributing

*Alphabetized letter by letter. Uppercase letters follow lowercase letters. All other symbols are ignored, including superscripts and subscripts. Numerals follow Z, and Greek letters are at the very end.

1103 Appendix A 1104

automatic call distributor ac-dc alternating-current direct-current (ringing) ACE automatic cross-connection equipment ACFNTAM advanced communications facility (VTAM) ACK acknowledge character acknowledgment ACKINAK acknowledgment/negative acknowledgment ACS airport control station asynchronous communications system ACSE association service control element ACTS advanced communications technology satellite ACU automatic calling unit AD addendum NO analog to digital A-D analog to digital ADAPT architectures design, analysis, and planning tool ADC analog-to-digital converter automatic digital control ADCCP Advanced Data Communications Control Procedure (ANSI) ADH automatic data handling ADP automatic data processing automatic data processor ADPCM adaptive differential pulse code modulation Association for Data Processing and Computer Management ADPE automatic data processing equipment ADPS automatic data processing system ADPSSO automatic data processing system security officer ADS automatic dependent surveillance ADSP AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ADSU automatic dependent surveillance unit ADU automatic dialing unit ADX automatic data exchange AECS Aeronautical Emergency Communications System AECSP Aeronautical Emergency Communications System Plan AEF aircraft emergency frequency aeronautical emergency frequency AES aeronautical Earth station AF audio frequency AFC area frequency coordinator automatic frequency control 1105 Appendix A

API address and fonnat identifier (ISO) AFNOR Association Franrraise de Nonnalisation (French standards body) Association Franrraise des Nonnes (French Standards) AFP AppleTalk Filing Protocol AFRN Anned Forces Radio Network AFRS Anned Forces Radio Service AFS aeronautical fixed service aeronautical AG antenna gain AGC automatic gain control AGE aerospace ground equipment AGRS air-ground radiotelephone service AGWCS air-ground worldwide communications system AHF adaptive high frequency AHF radio adaptive high frequency radio AI absorption index artificial intelligence AIG address indicating group address indicator group AIM amplitude intensity modulation AIN advanced intelligence network AIOD automatic identified outward dialing AIS automated infonnation system AISS automated infonnation systems security AJ antijamming AL Application Layer ALAP AppleTalk Link Access Protocol ALBAM air-land battle assessment model ALC automatic level control automatic load control ALE automatic link establishment ALGOL Algorithmic Language ALMRBS airport land mobile radio ALMRS airport land mobile radio station ALOHA an experimental radio broadcast network ALU arithmetic and logic unit arithmetic and logical unit Nm amperes per meter AM amplitude-modulated amplitude modulation Appendix A 1106

amplitude modulator angle modulation ante meridiem AMA automatic message accounting AMC administrative management complex AME amplitude modulation equivalent automatic message exchange AMI alternate mark inversion alternate mark inversion (signal) AMLCD active matrix liquid crystal display AMIPMNSB amplitude modulation/phase modulation/vestigial sideband AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service automatic message processing system AMPS SO automated message processing system security officer AM(R)S aeronautical mobile (route) service AMS aeronautical aeronautical multicom service AMS(OR)S aeronautical mobile-satellite (off-route) service AMS(R)S aeronautical mobile-satellite (route) service AMSS aeronautical mobile-satellite service AMTS automated maritime telecommunications system ANA article numbering association ANI automatic number identification ANL ambient noise level automatic noise limiter ANMCC Alternate National Military Command Center ANS American National Standard ANSI American National Standards Institute (formerly ASA) ANT antenna noise temperature AP anomalous propagation applications processor APC adaptive predictive coding adaptive predictive coding automatic phase control apd avalanche photodiode a.p.d. avalanche photodiode APD avalanche photodetector avalanche photodiode APEX Advanced Project for Information Exchange API application program interface 1107 Appendix A

APIICS application program interface/communications service APK amplitude phase-shift keying APL A Programming Language Array Programming Language average picture level APPC Advanced Program-to-Program Communications (mM) APPN Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking APSK amplitude phase-shift keying APT Automatically Programmed Tools ARENA Automated Recourse to Electronic Negotiations Archive ARM asynchronous response mode (Link Layer OSI-RM) ARN air reporting ARNS aeronautical radionavigation service ARNSS aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service ARP address resolution protocol Address Resolution Protocol (standard) ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency (now DARPA) ARPAnet Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ARQ automatic recovery quotient automatic repeat-request automatic request for transmission ARR airborne radio relay ARS automatic route selection automatic route selector ARTIC a realtime interface coprocessor ARU audio response unit AS abstract syntaxes ASA American Standards Association (now ANSI) ASAS all-source analysis system ASC AUTODIN Switching Center axis of signal communications ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASE automatic switching equipment ASIC application specific integrated circuit ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ISO) ASOCnet Army Special Operations Command Network ASP adjunct service point Aggregated Switch Procurement Appendix A 1108

AppleTalk Session Protocol ASR automatic send and receive ASRT automatic send/receive terminal ASS amateur satellite service ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials AT asynchronous transmission ATACS Army Tactical Communications System (U.S.) ATB all trunks busy (signal) ATC air traffic control air traffic controller AruM asynchronous time-division multiplexing ATE automatic test equipment ATF advanced tactical (optical) fiber ATM asynchronous transfer mode Asynchronous Transfer Mode (standard) automatic teller machine automatic tracking mechanism ATOF advanced tactical optical fiber ATOW acquisition and tracking orderwire ATV advanced television au astronomical unit AU access unit AUI access unit interface attachment unit interface AUTODIN Automatic Digital Network (U.S. DoD) AUTOSEVOCOM Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network AUTOVON Automatic Voice Network (U.S. DoD) AVD alternate voice/data AVPO axial vapor phase oxidation AWG American Wire Gauge AWGN additive white Gaussian noise AWM appliance wiring material AWSIM air warfare simulation AZ azimuth

b bit (binary digit) byte B bel byte balun balanced-to-unbalanced 1109 Appendix A

BAS basic activity set (OSI Session) basecoril. base communications BASIC beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code BB baseband BBC back-to-back connection British Broadcasting Company BBLAN baseband local area network BBS bridge-to-bridge station BCC block check character BCD binary coded decimal BCH Bose-Chaudhuri-Hochquenghem (code) BCI bit count integrity BCS B-channel circuit-switched basic combined set (OSI Session) BCVT basic class virtual terminal (OSI) Bd baud BEL bell (transmission ) bell BEL character BEP block error probability BER basic energy reduction bit error rate (use bit error ratio) bit error ratio block error ratio BERT bit error ratio test bit error ratio tester BES BETRS Basic Exchange Telecommunications Radio Service BEX broadband exchange BFICC British Facsimile Industry Consultative Committee BFL back focallengtb BIGFON experimental German video service BIH Bureau International de I'Heure International Time Bureau BIOD Bell integrated optical device BIOS basic input-out system bis second version of a recommendation (CCITT) BISDN broadband integrated services digital network B-ISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network bi-sync binary synchronous binary synchronous communication Appendix A 1110

binary synchronous communications bit binary digit BIT built-in test BITE built-in test equipment BIU basic information unit (IBMlSNA) bus interface unit BLER block error rate BLERT block error rate test block error rate tester block error rate testing BLP block loss probability BLR block-loss ratio BMLC Basic Mode Link Control BMMG British Minicomputer Manufacturing Group BMR bit misdelivery ratio block-misdelivery ratio BNF Backus-Naur form BNR Bell Northern Research BOB break-out box BOC Bell Operating Company BOCs Bell Operating Companies BOP Bit-Oriented Protocol bpi bits per inch bytes per inch BPI bits per inch bytes per inch bps bits per second BPS B-channel packet-switched BPSK binary phase-shift keying BR bit rate BRA basic rate access BRI basic rate interface Basic Rate Interface (ISDN) BRL balance return loss BRLP bit-rate-length product hIs bits per second b-s-1 bits per second BS broadcasting service BSA basic serving arrangement BSC binary synchronous communication 1111 Appendix A

BSE basic service element b/sec bits per second b-sec- 1 bits per second BSGL branch systems general license BSI British Standards Institution BSO bit-synchronous operation BSS basic synchronized set (OSI Session) broadcasting-satellite service BT British Telecom BTl British Telecom International BTN billing telephone number BTR block transfer rate BW bandwidth BWDF bandwidth-distance factor B3ZS bipolar with three-zero substitution B6ZS bipolar with six-zero substitution B8ZS bipolar with eight zero substitution

c centi (10-2) c symbol for the speed of light in vacuum C coulomb (electric charge) C symbol for capacitance (electric circuit) CZ command and control command and control system (tactical) C3 command, control, and communications command, control, and communications system (tactical) C4 command, control, communications, and computers CA collision avoidance CAA collinear antenna array CACZ combined arms command and control CACS centralized alarm control system CAD computer aided design computer aided dispatching computer assisted design CAD/CAM computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing CALS continuous acquisition and lifecycle support CAM computer aided manufacturing computer assisted manufacturing CAMA centralized automatic message accounting CAN cancel character (control character) Appendix A 1112

CAP competitive access provider customer administration panel CARS relay service cable television relay station CAS centralized attendant services channel-associated signaling CASE common application service elements computer-aided software engineering computer-aided system engineering computer-assisted software engineering computer-assisted system engineering CATV cable television cable TV community antenna television CBEMA Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (Sponsor ANSI X3, Information Systems Standards Committee) CBMS computer-based messaging system (NIST) CBR Carson bandwidth rule CBS common-battery signaling corps battle simulation CBX computer branch exchange computerized branch exchange (IBM) cc cubic centimeter CC country code CCA carrier-controlled approach CCC call control character command and control center communications control center CCCCP Committee on Computer-to-Computer Communication Protocols CCD charge-coupled device CCEB Combined Communications-Electronics Board cch hundred circuit-hours CCH connections per circuit-hour hundred circuit-hours CCI character count integrity CCIF International Consultative Committee for Telephone CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee CCIS common channel interoffice signaling CCIT International Consultative Committee for Telegraph (now CCITT) CCITT Comite Consultatif International Telegraphique et Telephonique 1113 Appendix A

International Consultative Telegraph and Telephone Committee OCM command, control, and communications countermeasures CCR commitment, concurrency, and recovery ccs hundred call-seconds (c = 100, Roman) CCS clear confirmation signal common channel signaling hundred call-seconds (C = 100, Roman) CCSA common control switching arrangement CCSS No.7 common channel signaling system No.7 (CCITI) CCTV closed-circuit television CCW cable cutoff wavelength cd candela CO collision detection CD ROM compact disk read-only memory CDC chromatic dispersion coefficient COF combined distribution frame cumulative distribution function COM color-division multiplexing conditioned diphase modulation COMA code division multiple access code-division multiple-access (spread spectrum) COPSK coherent differential phase-shift keying CDR call detail recording CDS chromatic dispersion slope COT control data terminal CDU central display unit C-E communications-electronics CEC Committee of European Communities CEI comparably efficient interconnection CELP code-excited linear prediction (coding) CEM common equipment module (Ferranti) CEN Comite Europeen de Normalization CENLEC European Committee for Electrotechnological Standardization CEP circular error probability circular error probable CEPT Conference Europeen des Administrations des Postes et des Telecommunications CERN European Nuclear Research Center CES Appendix A 1114

CF critical frequency CFE contractor-furnished equipment CFR Cambridge fast ring Code of Federal Regulations CFSK coherent frequency shift keying cgs centimeter-gram-second (system of units) CHIEF customs handling of import and export freight CHILL CCITT high-level language (telephone exchange use) CHINAPAC China national packet switching network CHOP change in operational control ChR channel reliability C31 command, control, communications, and intelligence C41 command, control, computers, communications, and intelligence CI computer industry cooperation index CIAS circuit inventory and analysis system CIC content indicator code CICS customer information control system CIF common interface format common intermediate format CIFAX ciphered facsimile CIM computer-integrated manufacturing corporate information management CINC commander-in-chief CINCLANT Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic CINCPAC Commander-in-Chief, Pacific ciphony ciphered CiR circuit reliability CIS communications and information systems ClkT carrier-to-receiver noise density cl centiliter CL connectionless CL-mode connectionless mode (ISO) CLASS custom local area signaling services CLID calling line identification CLIP calling line identification presentation CLIR calling line identification restriction CLIS calling line identification signal CLIST command list CLR clear request (connection) 1115 Appendix A

cm centimeter CM configuration management CMA centralized message accounting CMC communications management configuration customer management complex CMDR command reject CMI coded mark inversion CMIP Common Management Information Protocol CMIS common management information service common management information system CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor complementary metal oxide substrate CMOT CMIS management over TCP CMP communications management processor CMRR common-mode rejection ratio CMT connectionless mode transmission CMW compartmented mode workstation CIN carrier to noise ratio CNL carrier noise level CNM communications network management communications network manager CNR carrier to noise ratio combat net radio CNS complementary network services CO central office central office (telephone network) connection-oriented C.O. central office COAM customer owned and maintained equipment COAT coherent optical adaptive technique coax coaxial cable COBOL Common Business Oriented Language codec coder-decoder COG centralized ordering group CO-LAN central office local area network COM computer output microform COMINT communications intelligence COMJAM communications jamming compandor compressor-expander COMPUSEC computer security Appendix A 1116

COMSAT Corporation COMSEC communications security CONEX connectivity exchange CONUS continental United States Continental United States COS Corporation for Open Systems (U.S.) COT customer office terminal COITP Connection-Oriented Transaction Protocol CPE customer premises equipment cpi characters per inch CPI common physical interface (ISDN) cpm characters per minute counts per minute CP/M control program for microcomputers CPP Cable Patch Panel (DEC) cps characters per second counts per second cycles per second (deprecatedforfrequency) CPS call progress signal CPU central processing unit communications processor unit CR call request (ISO) carriage return (character) channel reliability character recognition circuit reliability connection request (ISO) contrast ratio CRADA cooperative research and development agreement CRC cyclic redundancy check CREG concentrated range extension with gain CRITCOM critical intelligence communications CRITICOM Critical Communications Intelligence Network CROM control read-only memory CRSS OI reusable software system CRT cathode ray tube cIs cycles per second (deprecated for frequency) CS carrier system communications survivability CSC circuit-switching center 1117 Appendix A

common signaling channel CSCINT closed source intelligence CSDN circuit-switched data network CSE communications security equipment CSM communications security material communications system management communications systems management Communications and Systems Management CSMA carrier-sense multiple-access CSMAICA carrier-sense multiple-access w/collision avoidance CSMA with collision avoidance CSMAlCD carrier-sense multiple-access w/collision detection CSMA with collision detection CSNET computer science network (U.S. research) CST compatible sideband transmission CSU channel service unit circuit switching unit customer service unit CTCA Canadian Telecommunications Carriers Association cm clock time difference CTL critical technical load CTM circuit transfer mode CTS clear to send clear to send (EIA RS-232) CTX Centrex® clear to transmit CUG closed user group (X.25) CVD chemical vapor deposition CVPO chemical vapor phase oxidation (process) CVSD continuously variable slope delta (modulation) cw carrier wave composite wave continuous wave CW carrier wave composite wave continuous wave CWSS communications wiring system CX composite signaling eX-mode connection mode (ISO) cxr carrier Appendix A 1118

d deci (10-1) D* D star (specific detectivity) da deka (10) D/A digital to analog D-A digital to analog DACS digital access and cross-connect system DAD draft addendum DAMA demand assignment multiple access DAP Data Access Protocol (DECnet) DAR dynamically adaptive routing DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (U.S.) DASS digital access signaling system DASS2 digital access signaling system two DATAPAC a public packet-switched network (Canada) DATEX-L digital circuit-switched service (Germany) DATEX-P public packet-switched network (Germany) dB decibel dBa weighted noise power in dB referred to -85 dBm DBA directed broadcast address dBa(FIA) noise power measured with FlA-line weighting dBa(HAl) noise power measured with HAl-receiver weighting dBaO noise power measured at zero transmission level point dBc dB relative to carrier power DBC dense binary code DBI decibel above isotropic dBm dB referred to 1 milliwatt (0 dBm = 1 milliwatt) dBm(psoph) noise power in dBm with psophometric weighting dBmO noise power in dBm referred to or measured at OTLP dBmOp noise power in dBmO measured with psophometric weighting noise power in dBmO measured with C-message weighting DBMS database management system dBmV dB referred to 1 millivolt across 75 ohms decibel referred to I millivolt (signal level) dBnW dB referred to I nanowatt (0 dBnW = 1 nW) DBP Deutsche Bundespost (German Communications) dB (psoph) noise power in dBm measured with psophometric weighting dBpW dB referred to 1 picowatt (0 dBpW = 1 pW) dBr dB referred to a given reference dBm dB above reference noise dBmC noise power in dBm measured with C-message weighting 1119 Appendix A

dBmCO noise power in dBmC referred to or measured at OTLP

dBm(f1-f2) flat noise power in dBm dBm(144-line) noise power in dBm measured with 144-line weighting DBS direct broadcast satellite DBTVS direct broadcast television satellite dBv decibels relative to 1 volt peak-to-peak dBV dB relative to 1 V (volt) dBW dB referred to 1 W (watt) (0 dBW =1 W) decibels referred to 1 watt (0 dBW =1 W) dBx dB above reference coupling decibels above reference coupling dBO noise power in dBm referred to or measured at OTLP DB-25 EIA RS-232 connector dBJ..lW dB referred to 1 microwatt (0 dBJ..lW =1 J..lW) dc direct current DC direct current double crucible (process) DCA Defense Communications Agency document content architecture (IBM) DCC data country code digital cross-connect DCD data carrier detect DCE data circuit-terminating equipment DCF doubly clad fiber DCI diametral cooperation index DCOF doubly clad optical fiber DCPSK differentially coherent phase-shift keying DCS Defense Communications System DCTN Defense Commercial Telecommunications Network DCWV direct-current working volts DDCMP Digital Data Communications Message Protocol (DEC) DDD direct distance dialing DDL data description language DDM distributed data management DDN Defense Data Network (U.S.) DDP Datagram Delivery Protocol DDR disengagement denial ratio DDS dataphone digital service (AT&T) digital data service direct dialing service Appendix A 1120

doped deposited silica DE data element DEB differentially encoded baseband DEC Digital Equipment Corporation DECCA digital positioning system DECnet Digital Equipment Corporation network architecture DECT Digital European Cordless Telecommunications digital European cordless telephone digital European cordless telephony DEL delete character (control character) DELNI DEC Local Network Interface demarc demarcation point demod demodulator DEMOD demodulator DEMPR DEC Multiport Repeater demux demultiplex demultiplexed demultiplexer demultiplexing DEPS departmental entry-processing system dequeue double-ended queue DES data encryption standard Data-Encryption Standard (NBS, now NIST) double-ended synchronization detem detector/emitter DETEM detector/emitter DF direction finder direction finding distress frequency DFB distributed feedback (laser) DFM digital frequency modulation DFSK double frequency-shift keying DGPS differential global positioning system DGT Direction Generale des Telecommunications (France) DHCF Distribution Host Command Facility DIA Defense Intelligence Agency document interchange architecture (IBM) DID direct inward dialing DIN Deutsche Industrie Normenausschuss (Germany) Deutsches Institut fUr Normung (German Standards) 1121 Appendix A

Deutsches Institut ftir Normung (German standards body) German Industrial Standards Committee German Institute for Standardization (German standards body) DINA direct noise amplification Gammer) diopt diopter DIP dual in-line package dual in-line package (switch) DIS Draft International Standard DISA Defense Information Systems Agency DISC disconnect disconnect command DISH data interchange for shipping (U.K.) DISN Defense Information Systems Network DISNET Defense Integrated Secure Network DISOSS distributed office support system DIW D-inside wire DIL downlink DLA Defense Logistics Agency DLC digital loop carrier DLCI data link connection identifier DLE data link escape data link escape character DLL Data Link Layer DM delay modulation differential modulation delta modulation DMA Defense Mapping Agency differential mode attenuation direct memory access direct memory access (data transfer) DME distance measuring equipment DMI digital multiplexed interface (data transfer) DMS data management system Defense Message System digital multiplexed switch (Northern Telecom) DMT digital multiplexed trunk DMW digital microwave DN digital network directory number DNA DEC network architecture Appendix A 1122

Defense Nuclear Agency DNIC data network identification code Data Network Identification Code (CCnT) DNPA data numbering plan area DNS Domain Name System DNSIX Defense Network Security Information Exchange DO design objective DoC Department of Commerce (U.S.) DoD Department of Defense (U.S.) DOD direct outward dialing DoDD Department of Defense Directive (U.S.) DoDI Department of Defense Instruction (U.S.) DoDISS DoD Index of Specfications and Standards (U.S) DoD-SID Department of Defense Standard DOS disk DOV data over voice dp draft proposal (ISO) DPBX data private branch exchange DPCM differential pulse-code modulation dpIS draft proposed international standard (ISO) DPLL digital phase-locked loop DPM digital phase modulation dual-precedence message DPNSS digital private network signaling system DPPB digital primary patch bay DPRS domestic public radio services DPSK differential phase-shift keying DQDB distributed queue, dual bus (MAN) distributed-queue dual-bus (network) DQTV distribution-quality television DRAM dynamic random access memory DRS disengagement request signal DS digital signal direct support dispersion-shifted (optical fiber) duplex signaling DSA dial service assistance Defense Security Agency directory service agent DSAP destination service access point (IEEE 802) 1123 Appendix A

DSB Defense Science Board dial service board double-sideband (transmission) DSB-RC double-sideband reduced carrier DSB-SC double-sideband suppressed carrier (transmission) DSC digital selective calling DSCS Defense Satellite Communications System DSE data switching equipment data switching exchange DSI digital speech interpolation DSL digital subscriber loop (AT&T) DSM delta-sigma modulation direct-spread modulation DSN Defense Switched Network DSP digital signal processing DSR data sampling rate data signaling rate digital signaling rate disengagement-success ratio domain specific part (ISO addressing) DSRI destination station routing indicator DSS direct station selection DSSCS Defense Special Service Communications System DSSS direct-sequence spread spectrum DSTE data subscriber terminal equipment DSU data service unit DSO digital signal 0 DSI digital signal I DSIC digital signal IC DS2 digital signal 2 DS3 digital signal 3 DS4 digital signal 4 DS-l multiplexed telephone signal (1.544 Mb/s) DS-3 multiplexed telephone signal (44.736 Mb/s) DTCM differential trellis coded modulation DTE data terminal equipment data terminal equipment (CCITT) DTG date-time group DTI Department of Trade and Industry (U.K.) Appendix A 1124

DTMF dual-tone multifrequency dual-tone multifrequency (signaling) DTN data transfer network data transmission network DTP data transfer process DTR data terminal ready data transfer rate DTRS data transfer request signal DTU data tape unit data transfer unit digital transmission unit direct to user DU data unit dispersion-unshifted (optical fiber) DVD digital video disk DVM data/voice multiplexed data/voice multiplexer data/voice multiplexing DX direct current signaling duplex D3 Type 3 fiber optic connector D4 Type 4 fiber optic connector D(A) chromatic dispersion coefficient

e base of natural logarithms, -2.718 symbol of the charge of an electron. E exa (10 18) EA effective availability EAN electronic article numbering EAR echo attenuation ratio EARN European academic and research network EAS extended area service EBCDIC extended binary-coded decimal interchange code (IBM) EBE embedded base equipment EBO embedded base organization EBS Emergency Broadcast System EBX electronic branch exchange EC Earth coverage Earth curvature echo canceling 1125 Appendix A

electrooptic coefficient ECC electronically controlled coupling error-correcting code ECCM electronic countercountermeasure ECM electronic countermeasure ECMA European Computer Manufacturing Association ECPE embedded customer-premises equipment ECSA Exchange Carriers Standards Association ECU European currency unit EDACSTM Enhanced Digital Access Communications System EDC error detection and correction error-detecting code EDI electronic data interchange EDP electronic data processing EDTR effective data transfer rate EDTV extended-definition television EEC electromagnetic emission control European Economic Community (Common Market) EEP electromagnetic emission policy EER effective Earth radius EESS Earth exploration-satellite service EFIS electronic flight information system EFL equivalent focal length EGC equal gain combiner EGP exterior gateway protocol Exterior Gateway Protocol (DARPA) EHF extremely high frequency EHz exahertz (10 18 Hz) EIA Electronic Industries Association EIN European Information Network eirp effective isotropic ally radiated power equivalent isotropically radiated power EKMS electronic key management system el elevation ELECTRO-OPTINT electro-optical intelligence ELED edge-emitting light-emitting diode ELF extremely low frequency EUNT electromagnetics intelligence electronics intelligence ELSEC electronics security Appendix A 1126

ELT emergency locator transmitter EM end-of-medium (control character) E&M ear and mouth (receiver/transmitter leads) ear and mouth (signaling) E & Mleads Ear and Mouth receive and transmit leads e-mail electronic mail e-Mail electronic mail E-mail electronic mail (Federal standard) E-MAIL electronic mail EMC electromagnetic compatibility EMCON emission control EMD equilibrium mode distribution EME electromagnetic environment emf electromotive force (voltage) EMI electromagnetic interference electromagnetic interference (control) EMP electromagnetic pulse EMPD eqUilibrium modal-power distribution EMR electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic radiation (hazard) e.m.r.p. equivalent monopole radiated power EMS electronic message system EMSEC emanations security emu electromagnetic unit EMUG European MAP Users Group EMUT enhanced manpack ultrahigh frequency terminal EMV electromagnetic vulnerability emw electromagnetic wave EMW electromagnetic warfare electromagnetic wave EbINO signal-energy-per-bit per hertz of thermal noise ENA extended network addressing ENQ enquiry enquiry character (control character) ENT equivalent noise temperature ENVOY 100 Telecom Canada electronic mail system EO end office (network) EOD end of data (signal) EOF end of file EOL end of line 1127 Appendix A

EOM end of message end of message (control character) EOP end of output end of program EOS end of selection character EOT end of tape end of text end of text (control character) end of transmission end of transmission character end of transmission character (control) EOW engineering orderwire EP Emergency Preparedness emulator package EPRM erasable programmable read-only memory EPROM electrically programmable read-only memory erasable programmable read-only memory EPSCS enhanced private switched communications system EQ equalizer EQTV extended-quality television ERC electromagnetic radiation control ERL echo return loss e.r.p. effective radiated power ERP effective radiated power ES Earth station end system (network) enhanced service expert system ESC escape (control character) escape character (control) ESD electrostatic discharge ESP extended superframe ESI equivalent step index (profile) ESM electronic warfare support measure ESP enhanced service provider ESPRIT European Strategic Precompetitive Research Programme for Information Technology ESS electronic switching system Electronic Switching System (AT&T) ESTELLE electronic format for protocol description (ISO) Appendix A 1128

formal format for protocol description (ISO) esu electrostatic unit ET Earth terminal exchange transmission ETA estimated time of arrival ETB end of transmission block ETB end of transmission-block character (control) ETC Earth terminal complex ETD estimated time of departure ETR effective transmission rate external timing reference ETS effective transmission speed (deprecated, use ETR) ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETX end of text end of text (control character) eV electron volt EW electronic warfare EWSM electronic warfare support measure EXCSA Exchange Carriers Standards Association

f femto 00-15) f symbol for frequency F frequency FAA Federal Aviation Agency frequency assignment authority FAADC2 forward area air defense command and control facs facsimile FADU file accessible data unit (ISO) FAI functional address indicator FAL file access list FAQ frequently asked question FAQ file frequently asked question file facs facsimile FAS frame alignment signal FATAM file application, transfer, access, and management fax facsimile FAX facsimile FC fiber-optic connector functional component FCC Federal Communications Commission (U.S.) 1129 Appendix A

FCCRP Federal Communications Commission Registration Program FCS frame check sequence Frame Check Sequence (CRC) FCS frequency-change signaling FCW fiber cutoff wavelength FD frequency division FDDI fiber distributed data interface Fiber Distributed Data Interface (ANSI Standard) FDDI-2 Fiber Distributed Data Interface 2 FDHM full-duration half-maximum FDM frequency-division mUltiplex frequency-division multiplexed frequency-division multiplexer frequency-division multiplexing FDMA frequency-division multiple access frequency-division multiplexed access FDX full duplex FE format effector FEC far end crosstalk forward error correction front end computer FECC Federal Emergency Communications Coordinators FED-STD federal standard FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FEN feeder echo noise FEP fluorinated ethylene propylene front end processor perfluorinated ethylene propylene FES frequency-exchange signaling FET field effect transistor FEXT far-end crosstalk FFL front focal length FGS facility grounding system FHSS frequency-hopping spread spectrum FIFO first in, first out FIP Federal Information Processing FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard PIPS-Pub Federal Information Processing Standard (Publication) FIR finite impulse response FIRM functionally integrated resource manager Appendix A 1130

FIRMR Federal Information Resources Management Regulation FISINT foreign instrumentation signal intelligence FLETC Federal Law Enforcement Training Center flop floating point operation flops floating point operations floating-point operations per second FLTSATCOM Fleet Satellite Communications PM frequency-modulated frequency modulating frequency modulation frequency modulator full modulation PMIF frequency modulation improvement factor PMS flight management system Fa fiber optic fiber optics FOC fiber optic combiner fiber optic connector final operational capability full operational capability FOCC fiber optic cable component FOG fiber optic gyroscope FOL fiber optic link FOM fiber optic modem FOMS fiber optic myocardium stimulator FaT frequency of traffic frequency of optimum transmission optimum traffic frequency optimum transmission frequency FOTM fiber optic test method FOTP fiber optic test procedure FaTS fiber optic transmission system FPD flat panel display FPGA field programmable gate arrays FPI functional process improvement FPIS forward propagation ionospheric scatter fpm feet per minute fps feet per second frames per second fp/s foot-pounds per second 1131 Appendix A

FPS fast packet switching fault protection subsystem focus projection and scanning FRENA frequency and amplitude (system) FRM fixed-reference modulation FRMR frame reject FSC frequency spectrum congestion FSD frequency spectrum designation FSDPSK filtered symmetric differential phase-shift keying FSF fully separate facility FSK frequency shift keying FSL facsimile signal level FSS fixed-satellite service fully separate subsidiary FST frequency-shift telegraphy FSTS Federal Secure Telephone System FT fiber optic T-carrier FTAM file transfer, access, and management File Transfer, Access, and Management (ISO) FTC fast time constant fast time constant (logarithmic) FTP file transfer protocol File Transfer Protocol (DARPA) FTS Federal Telecommunications System FTS2000 Federal Telecommunications System 2000 FTSC Federal Telecommunications Standards Committee FIT fault-tracing time FU functional unit FWHM full width at half maximum full-width half-maximum (pulse) full-width half-maximum (spectral power) FX fixed service foreign exchange (telephone connection) foreign exchange service FYDP Five Year Defense Plan

g acceleration of gravity profile parameter G giga (109) GAT go-ahead tone Appendix A 1132

GBH group busy hour Gbps gigabits per second (109 bps) GCA ground controlled approach (landing) ground controlled approach (system) GCT Greenwich Civil Time (UTC) GDSS global decision support system GDF group distribution frame GFC general flow control GFE government-furnished equipment GFI general format identifier GGP gateway-to-gateway protocol Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (DARPA) GHz gigahertz GI graded-index (optical fiber refractive index) GIP graded-index profile GKS Graphical Kernel System GMSK Gaussian minimum shift keying GMT Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) GOS grade of service GOSIP Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile Government OSI Profile GPI glide-path indicator GPIRS global positioning inertial reference system GPS global positioning system Global Positioning System GRC ground-return circuit GRIN graded-index (optical fiber refractive index) GRWSIM ground warfare simulation GS group switch (Ericson) GSA General Services Administration GSI glide slope indicator GSTN general switched telephone network Grr gain to noise-temperature ratio (antenna) GTMOSI general teleprocessing monitor for OSI GTP Government Telecommunications Program GTS Government Telecommunications System GUI graphical user interface GUS Guide to the Use of Standards

h hecto (102) hour 1133 Appendix A

h symbol for Planck's constant HBC half-baud coding HCN hierarchical computer network hybrid communications network HCS hard clad silica (optical fiber) HD half-duplex (circuit) half-duplex (operation) HDLC high level data link control High Level Data Link Control (ISO) HDSL high bit-rate digital subscriber line HDTV high definition television high definition TV HDX half-duplex (circuit) half-duplex (operation) HEC header error check heading error check HEll mode fundamental hybrid mode (optical) HEMP high altitude electromagnetic pulse HERF hazards of electromagnetic radiation to fuel HERO hazards of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance HERP hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel hi photon energy (Planck's constant x frequency) HF high frequency HFAARS High Frequency Adaptive Antenna Receiving System HPDF high frequency distribution frame HIPERLAN high-perfonnance local area network high perfonnance radio local area network HLL high level language HLP high level protocol HM Her Majesty's (U.K.) His Majesty's (U.K.) heterogeneous multiplexing HMS hydrological and meteorological station HOC highest outgoing channel HRC hybrid ring control HSN hierarchically synchronized network HTML hypertext metalanguage HTIP hypertext transfer protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (standard) HV high voltage Appendix A 1134

h value polarization-holding parameter Hz hertz (frequency unit)

I information I symbol for electric current IA International Alphabet (CCnT) IAGC instantaneous automatic gain control IASA integrated AUTODIN system architecture IATV interactive television IAI International Alphabet No.1 (CCITT) IA2 International Alphabet No.2 (CCITT) IA3 International Alphabet No.3 (CCrn) IA4 International Alphabet No.4 (CCrn) IA5 International Alphabet No.5 (CCITT) IBC information-bearer channel integrated broadband communications IBCN integrated broadband communications network IBDN Integrated Building Distribution Network (Northern Telecom) IBM International Business Machines (Corporation) IBNPR in-band noise power ratio IBS international broadcasting station international broadcasting system mT isochronous burst transmission I&C installation and checkout IC integrated circuit ICA integrated communications adapter International Communications Association icand multiplicand ICI incoming call identification interface control information (ISO) ICL International Computers, Ltd. ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol ICNI Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Identification ICS integrated communications system ICW interrupted continuous wave ID identification identifier IDDD International Direct Distance Dialing IDF intermediate distribution frame IDM isochronous demodulation 1135 Appendix A

IDN integrated digital network IDP internetwork datagram protocol Internetwork Datagram Protocol (Internet) IDR isochronous distortion ratio IDT interactive data transaction IDTV improved definition television IDU interface data unit (ISO) IEC International Electrotechnical Commission lEE Institution of Electrical Engineers (UK) IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (U.S.) ier multiplier IIF interface IF intermediate frequency IFF identification friend or foe IFIP International Federation for Information Processing IPOC integrated fiber optic circuit IFR instrument flight rule IFRB International Frequency Registration Board IPS ionospheric forward scatter IG insertion gain IHL Internet header link IlL integrated injection logic IlLS Information Industry Liaison Committee I1R infinite impulse response infinite impulse response (filter) IIrns intelligent knowledge-based system IL insertion loss intermediate language J2L integrated injection logic ILD injection laser diode ILF infralow frequency ILLED lens light-emitting diode ILS instrument landing system I&M installation and maintenance 1M intensity modulation intramodulation isochronous modulation IMA integrated modular avionics Inmarsat International Maritime Satellite (System) IMD intermodulation distortion Appendix A 1136

IMP interface message processor Interface Message Processor (DARPA) IMS information management system IN intelligence network intelligent network INFO SEC information systems security INS inertial navigation system Inertial Navigation System integrated network system Integrated Network System (NIT) INSP Internet Name Server Protocol INT interchange internal international INTAP Interoperability Technology Association for Information Processing (Japan) INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium INWATS incoming wide area telephone service inward wide area telephone service IN/I intelligent network concept I IN/I+ intelligent network concept I plus IN/2 intelligent network concept 2 110 input/output (data, device, channel) input/output (devices, data, terminals, channels) 10C initial operational capability input-output controller integrated optical circuit (OIC is preferred) lOS improper abbreviation for ISO IP intelligent peripheral (device) Internet Protocol (ISO and U.S. DoD) internetwork protocol IPA intermediate power amplifier IPC information processing center interpersonal communication interpersonal communications IPDS intelligent printer data stream (IBM) IPDU internet protocol data unit ipm impulses per minute interference prediction model internal polarization modulation 1137 Appendix A

interruptions per minute IPM incremental phase modulation Institute of Practical Mathematics (Germany) interference prediction model internal polarization modulation interpersonal messaging (X.400) ips inches per second interruptions per second IPSS international packet-switched network (U.K.) IPX Internet Packet Exchange internetwork packet exchange IQF intrinsic quality factor IR information retrieval infrared lRAC Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (U.S.) IRAMS innovative real time antenna modeling system IRC Interagency Radio Committee international record carrier IRF industrial radio frequency IRQ interrupt request IRR image rejection ratio IS information superhighway interactive service international standard (ISO) ISA industry standard architecture ISB independent-sideband (transmission) ISDN integrated services digital network Integrated Services Digital Network (Standard) lSI intersymbol interference ISLU integrated services line unit (AT&T) ISM industrial, scientific, and medical (applications) ISN information systems network (AT&T) ISO International Organization for Standardization ISPBX integrated services PBX (British Telecom) ISUP ISDN user part ITA International Telegraph Alphabet ITA-l International Telegraph Alphabet Number 1 ITA-2 International Telegraph Alphabet Number 2 ITA-3 International Telegraph Alphabet Number 3 ITA-4 International Telegraph Alphabet Number 4 Appendix A 1138

ITA-5 International Telegraph Alphabet Number 5 ITAB Information Technical Advisory Board ITC International Teletraffic Congress ITF interframe time fill IT! Industrial Technology Institute (MAP) ITS Institute for Telecommunication Sciences international temperature scale ITSO International Telecommunications Satellite Organization IT&T International Telephone and Telegraph (Company) ITT International Telephone and Telegraph (Company) information-transfer transaction invitation to tender lTU International Telecommunication Union lTV interactive television IVD inside vapor deposition integrated voice/data IVIDT integrated voice/data terminal integrated voice-data terminal IVHS intelligent vehicle highway system Intelligent Vehicle Highway Society IVPO inside vapor phase oxidation (process) IXC interexchange carrier interexchange character

JANAP Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Publication JANET Joint Academic Network (U.K.) JCL language JCLAS joint computer-aided acquisition and logistics support JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff JCSPubl Joint Chiefs of Staff Publication No.1 (Glossary) JCSt Joint Chiefs of Staff Publication No.1 (Glossary) JEDI joint electronic data interchange JES job entry subsystem JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory JSC Joint Steering Committee (now JTSSG) JTC3A Joint Tactical Command, Control, and Communications Agency JTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System JTM job transfer and manipulation JTRB Joint Telecommunications Resources Board JTSSG Joint Telecommunications Standards Steering Group 1139 Appendix A

JUTCPS joint uniform telephone communications precedence system

k Boltzmann's constant k kilo (103) (prefix) kelvin kilo-ohm (103 ohms, 1000 ohms) 1000 (suffix) 1024 (storage) K coefficient of absorption kbps kilobits per second (data signaling rate unit) KDC key distribution center KDD Kokusai Denshin Denwa Company, Ltd. (Japanese international carrier) KDR keyboard data recorder KDT keyboard display terminal kg kilogram (unit of mass) kgms kilogram-meter-second (deprecated, use MKS) kHz kilohertz (1000 Hz, unit of frequency) km kilometer (unit of distance) kpps kilopulses per second KSR keyboard send/receive device kT Boltzmann's constant times temperature noise power density KTS key telephone system KTU key telephone unit KWIC keyword in context (index) KWOC keyword out of context (index)

L inductance (electric circuit) LAA locally administered address LAN local area network LANFLT Atlantic Fleet (U.S.) LAP link -access procedure LAPB link access procedure, balanced (X.25) LAP-B Data Link Layer protocol (CCITT X.25 (1989» LAPD link access procedure D link access procedure for D channel (ISDN) LAP-D link access procedure for D channel (ISDN) LAPM link access procedure, modem laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Appendix A 1140

LASINT laser intelligence LAT local area terminal Local Area Transit (DEC protocol) LATA local access and transport area local access and transport area (U.S. telephone) LBO line buildout LC leased circuit LCD liquid crystal display LCN logical channel number LD laser diode long distance LDD limited distance dialing LDDC long-distance direct current (dialing) LDL long-distance line LDM limited distance modem LEA longitudinally excited atmosphere (laser) LEC local engineering circuit local exchange carrier LED light-emitting diode LEN low-entry networking LEOW low-cost exploitation operator workstation LF line feed line feed (character) low frequency LFB look-ahead-for-busy (information) LON logical group number LHC long-haul communications LHCN long-haul communications network LHOTS long-haul optical transmission set LI length indicator (OSI) LIC lowest incoming channel LIDAR light detection and ranging LIF logarithmic intermediate frequency (amplifier) LIFO last in, first out LIM line-access module (Ericson) LINCS Leased Interfacility National-airspace Communications System LIS labeled interface structure LISP list processing (programming language) LL link level LLC logical link control 1141 Appendix A

logical link control (sublayer) LLIF linear LIF (amplifier) LLP low level protocol Urn lines per minute 1m lumen LME layer management entity LMF language media format lm-hr lumen-hour lm-s lumen-second LMS LMSS land mobile-satellite service LNA launch numerical aperture (optical) LNMF local network management function LaC large optical cavity (diode) LOF lowest operating frequency lowest operational frequency log FTC logarithmic fast time constant loran long range aid to navigation long range electronic navigation LORAN long range aid to navigation long range electronic navigation LORa lobe on receive only () LOS line of sight LOTOS formal format for protocol description (ISO) LOW link orderwire LP linear programming linearly polarized (wave) linking protection log periodic log periodic (antenna) log periodic (array) LPo! fundamental mode (optical) LPA linear power amplifier LPC linear predictive coding LPD low probability of detection lpi lines per inch LPI low probability of interception lpm lines per minute LPP Lightweight Presentation Protocol Appendix A 1142

Ips lines per second LPS lightning protection subsystem LQA link quality analysis L-R left-to-right LR long route LRC longitudinal redundancy check LRM line route map lis lines per second LS logical station logical storage LSAP link service access point (OSI) LSB least significant bit lower sideband LSC local switching center LSE local system environment Local System Environment (OSI) LSI large-scale integrated (chip) line status identification LSIC large-scale integrated circuit LTC line traffic coordinator LU logical unit (IBM/SNA) LU6.2 logical unit (program-to-program) (SNA) LUF lowest usable frequency lowest useful frequency LUHF lowest usable high frequency lowest useful high frequency LULT line-unit-line termination LUNT line-unit-network termination LV low voltage LW long-wave LX local exchange LZW Lempel-Ziv-Welsh (algorithm)

m meter milli (10-3) minute mega (106) (prefix, as in megahertz) M mega (abbreviation, as in MHz and Mbps) thousand (suffix, as in 100M) 1143 Appendix A

M symbol for mutual inductance (electric circuit) MAA maximum acceptance angle MAC maritime air communications medium access control (LAN) medium access control (sublayer) MACOM major command MAl message alignment indicator MAMI modified alternate mark inversion MAN metropolitan area network MAP manufacturer automation protocol Manufacturing Automation Protocol (General Motors) maser microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation MAU medium access unit medium attachment unit (802.3) multistation access unit (802.5) Mb megabyte Mbps megabits per second (data signaling rate) MBR minimum bend radius MBS marine broadcast station MCA maximum calling area MCC maintenance control circuit MCD manipulative communications deception MCEB Military Communications-Electronics Board (U.S.) MCEF military common emergency frequency MCM multicarrler modulation MCS Master Control System MCVD modified chemical vapor deposition (process) MCVFf multichannel telegraph MCW modulated continuous wave MCXO microcomputer-compensated crystal oscillator MDAS multiple database access system MDC material dispersion coefficient MDF main distribution frame MDIS medical diagnostic imagery system MDN managed data network MDS multipoint distribution service MDT mean downtime MED manipUlative electronic deception MEECN Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network Megastream 2.048 Mbps British Telecom system Appendix A 1144

MERCAST merchant ship broadcast system Mercury Mercury Communications Ltd. (Cable & Wireless subs.) MES MF medium frequency multifrequency multifrequency (signaling) MFD mode field diameter MFJ Modification of Final Judgment MFS modem fault simulator MFSK multiple frequency shift keying MHD magnetohydrodynamics MHF medium high frequency MHS message-handling service message-handling system MHW magnetohydrodynamic wave MHz megahertz (unit of frequency) mi mile (statute) MIB management information base MIC medium interface connector microphone microwave integrated circuit minimum ignition current monolithic integrated circuit mutual interface chart MICR magnetic ink character reader magnetic ink character reading magnetic ink character recognition MIDS multifunction information distribution system MIFR Master International Frequency Register Milnet military network MIL-NET military network MIL-STD military standard MIL-SID-XXX Military Standard (Number) MIM mechanically induced modulation Minitel videotex-based service (France) videotex-based terminal (France) MIP medium interface point mips million instructions per second MIS management information system MISFET metal insulator semiconductor field effect transistor 1145 Appendix A

MISSI multilevel information systems security initiative MIVPO modified inside vapor phase oxidation (process) MKS meter-kilogram-second (system of units) ML multilevel MLP multilevel precedence MLPP multilevel precedence and preemption MLS microwave landing system mm millimeter MM multimode optical fiber mmf magnetomotive force (voltage) MMF maximum modulating frequency MMFS Manufacturing Message Format Standard (MAP) MMI man-machine interface multimedia interface MMS manufacturing message service maritime mobile service MMSE minimum mean square error MMSS maritime mobile satellite service MMW millimeter wave MNCS master net control station MNP Microcom Networking Protocol MNRZ modified nonreturn to zero (code) mo magnetooptic magneto-optic MOD modulator modem modulator-demodulator modified AMI modified alternate mark inversion (code) mol mole (molecular mass in grams) MOP Maintenance Operation Protocol MORPH mathematical morphology MOS metal oxide semiconductor MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor MOTIS message-oriented text interchange system (ISO) MPDS multipoint distribution service MPR maximum pulse rate MPSK multiple phase-shift keying MRNS maritime radionavigation service MRNSS maritime radionavigation satellite service MRS multirole system ms millisecond (10-3 s) Appendix A 1146

MS message store (U.K.) mobile service mobile station molecular stuffing (process) MSATCOM mobile satellite communications MSAU multi station access unit MSB most significant bit MSE Mobile Subscriber Equipment (System) msec millisecond 00-3 s) MSK minimum-shift keying MSL multi MSN multiple subscriber number MSR maximum stuffing rate MSS mobile satellite service MT machine translation MTA message transfer agent MTBF mean time between failures MTBM mean time between maintenance MTBO mean time between outages MTBPM mean time between preventive maintenance MTF modulation transfer function (optical fiber) MTI moving target indicator MTL message transfer layer MTM McLintock theater model MTP message transfer part MTS message transfer service MTSR mean time to service restoral MTTF mean time to failure MTTR mean time to repair MTTSR mean time to service restoral MUF maximum usable frequency maximum useful frequency muldem multiplexedldemultiplexed multiplexer/demultiplexer multiplexing/demultiplexing MUS marine utility station MUSR maximum user signaling rate MUX multiplex multiplexed multiplexer 1147 Appendix A

multiplexing MUXing multiplexing MVS multiple virtual storage (an operating system) mw microwave MW medium wave microwave middle wave MWI message waiting indicator MWV maximum working voltage M(A.) material dispersion coefficient

n nano 00-9) n refractive index N newton (force) N symbol for force No sea level refractivity (refractive index) spectral noise density NA numerical aperture (waveguides, antennas) NACISO NATO Communications and Information Systems Agency NACK negative acknowledge NACSEM National Communications Security Emanation Memorandum NACSIM National Communications Security Information Memorandum NAK negative acknowledge character (control) negative acknowledgment (transmission control) NAND negative AND (gate) NAPLPS North American presentation-layer protocol syntax NARSAP National Advanced Remote Sensing Application Program NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATA North American Telecommunications Association NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NAU network addressable unit (IBMlSNA) NAVSTAR Navigational Satellite Timing and Ranging NAVSTAR-GPS NAVSTAR Global Positioning System NBFM narrowband frequency modulation NBH network busy hour NBP NetBIOS Protocol NBRVB narrowband radio voice bandwidth NBRVF narrowband radio voice frequency NBS National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) (now NIST) NBSV narrowband secure voice (system) Appendix A 1148

NC network connection network control NCA National Command Authorities National Command Authority NCC network control center National Coordinating Center NCCF network communications control facility NCP NetWare Core Protocol network control program NCS National Communications System net control station NCSC National Communications Security Committee NCTE network channel-terminating equipment N+D noise-plus-distortion NOC National Destination Code NOCS network data control station network data control system NORENET Norwegian Defence Research Establishment network NE network element NEACP National Emergency Airborne Command Post NEC National Electric Code® NEP noise equivalent power NBS noise equivalent signal NET Normes Europeennes de Telecommunications NetBIOS network basic 110 system NETCONSTA net control station NEXT near-end crosstalk NF noise figure normalized frequency NFAR network file access routine NFS network Network File System (Standard) NFSP NetWare File Service Protocol NIC network interface card NICE network information and control exchange NICS NATO Integrated Communications System NID network information database network indialing network interface device network inward dialing 1149 Appendix A

NIl national information infrastructure NIOD network inward/outward dialing NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly NBS) NIU network interface unit NL Network Layer new line new-line (control character) NLDM network logical data manager NLO nonlinear optical (material) nm nanometer 00-9 meter) NMA network management architecture NMAR network management and access routine NMC network monitoring and control NMCS National Military Command System nmi nautical mile NMI nonmaskable interrupt NMM network management module NMU noise measurement unit NNBS NetView Network Billing System NNI network-network interface network to network interface NOD network outdialing network outward dialing NOR negative OR (gate) Nordforsk Nordic Cooperative Organization for Applied Research NORDUNET Nordic University Network NOS network operating system NOTAL not all (message indicator) NOTAM Notice to Airmen Np neper NPA numbering plan area NPD noise power density NPDA network problem determination application NPDN Nordic Public Data Network NPDU network protocol data unit (ISO) NPR noise power ratio NPSI NCP packet-switching interface NR Nyquist rate N(R) receive sequence (ACK) number NRI net radio interface Appendix A 1150

NRM network resource manager normal response mode NRZ nonretum to zero NRZB nonretum to zero, mark NRZ-B nonretum to zero, mark NRZI nonretum to zero, inverted NRZ-I nonretum to zero, inverted NRZM nonretum to zero, mark NRZ-M nonretum to zero, mark NRZS nonretum to zero, space NRZ-S nonretum to zero, space NRZI nonretum to zero, change on 1s NRZ-l nonretum to zero, one ns nanosecond (10--9 second) N(S) send sequence number NSA National Security Agency NSAP network service access point (OSI) NSC National Security Council NSDU network service data unit (OSI) nsec nanosecond 00--9 second) NSIEP National Security Emergency Preparedness NSFnet National Science Foundation Network NSP Network Services Protocol NSR Nyquist sampling rate NSTAC National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NT network termination NTDS Naval Tactical Data System NTE network termination equipment (British Telecom) NTELOS NetView Traffic Engineering Line Optimization System NT! network terminating interface NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration (U.S.) NTN network terminal number NTO network terminal operation network terminal operator network terminal option NTSC National Television Standards Committee NTSCSTD NTSC standard NTT Nippon Telegraph and Telephone NTl network terminator, Type 1 (ISDN) 1151 Appendix A

NT2 network terminator, Type 2 (ISDN) NUL null character NVIS near vertical incidence skywave NVIS near vertical incident skywave NXXcode North American direct distance dialing numbering system

OA office automation OAA open avionics architecture OBCS onboard communications station OBE out-of-band emission OBS out-of-band signaling OC open circuit OCC other common carrier OCR optical character reader optical character reading optical character recognition OCS onboard communications station oeu orderwire control unit OCVCXO oven-controlledlvoltage-controlled crystal oscillator OCXO oven-controlled crystal oscillator OD optical density outside diameter ODA office document architecture ODAPS oceanic display and planning system ODB open dual bus ODETTE European motor industry ED! project ODIF office document interchange format ODIS oceanographic data interrogating station ODS oceanographic data station OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OFC optical fiber, conductive OFCP optical fiber, conductive, plenum OFCR optical fiber, conductive, riser OFN optical fiber, nonconductive OFNP optical fiber, nonconductive, plenum OFNR optical fiber, nonconductive, riser OFTEL Office of Telecommunications OFTF optical fiber transfer function Ole optical integrated circuit OLTS optical loss test set Appendix A 1152

O&M operations and maintenance organization and methods OMAP operations and maintenance applications part OMB Office of Management and Budget (U.S.) ONA open network architecture Open Network Architecture (Bell) OPB optical power budget OPC on-premises cabling opcode operation code OPEVAL operational evaluation OPL optical path length opm operations per minute OPMODEL operations model OPSEC operations security OPSEC-A operations security (OPSEC) assessment OPSEC-S operations security (OPSEC) survey OPW on-premises wiring OPX off-premises extension OR off-route aeronautical mobile service operations research optical range outage ratio OIR originator/recipient (X.400) ORS omnidirectional range station ORSA operations research/systems analysis OS operating system operations system OSA open systems architecture OSCINT open-source intelligence OSD optical space division multiplexing OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSI open switching interval open systems interconnection Open Systems Interconnection (ISO) OSIA Open Systems Interconnection architecture OSIE Open Systems Interconnection-Environment (ISO) OSINet Open Systems Interconnection Network (U.S. NIST) OSI-RM Open Systems Interconnection-Reference Model (ISO) OSI-SD Open Systems Interconnection-Service Definition OSI-SM Open Systems Interconnection-Systems Management 1153 Appendix A

OSI-TP Open Systems Interconnection-Transaction Processing OSNS open systems network support OSRI originating station routing indicator OSS operational service state Operations Support System OSSN originating station serial number OTAM over-the-air management (automated HF network nodes) OTAR over-the-air rekey over-the-air rekeying over-the-air rekeying (of cryptographic equipment) OTDR optical time domain reflectometer optical time domain reflectometry OTF optimum transmission frequency OUTWATS outgoing wide-area telephone service OVD optical video disk outside vapor deposition OVPO outside vapor phase oxidation (process) OW orderwire (signaling circuit) OWM orderwire message

p pico (10-12) P peta (1015) P profile dispersion parameter symbol for power (acoustic, electrical, and optical) Pa pascal (1 Pa =1 Nem-2) PA personal agent PABX private automatic branch exchange (use PBX) PACVD plasma activated chemical vapor deposition PACX private automatic computer exchange PAD packet assembler/disassembler PAL phase alternate line phase alternation by line PAL-M phase alternation by line-modified PAM pulse amplitude modulation PAMA pulse-address multiple access PAP preassignment access plan Printer Access Protocol par peak-to-average ratio p/ar peak-to-average ratio p/a-r peak-to-average ratio Appendix A 1154

P/AR peak-to-average ratio PAR performance analysis and review positive acknowledgment plus retransmission paramp parametric amplifier PARAMP parametric amplifier PARC Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox) par meter peak-to-average ratio meter PAS private profile alignment system PASL primary area switch locator PAX private automatic exchange PBER pseudo-bit error ratio PBX private branch exchange PC carrier power (radio transmitter) personal communications personal computer phantom circuit primary channel printed circuit PCB power circuit breaker printed circuit board PC DOS personal computer disk operating system PCI protocol control infonnation Protocol Control Infonnation (ISO) PCM plug compatible module process control module pulse code modulation pulse code modulator pulse code multiplexing PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCS personal communications service personal communications system plastic clad silica (optical fiber) PCSR parallel channels signaling rate PCSS personal communications system service PD packing density photodetector photodiode PDF pulse duty factor PDM plain-dress message 1155 Appendix A

pulse delta modulation pulse duration modulation PDN public data network PDP profile dispersion parameter PDS power distribution system Premises Distribution System (AT&T) primary distribution system program data source protected distribution system PDT programmable data terminal PDTS public data transmission service PDU protocol data unit Protocol Data Unit (ISO standard) PE phase encoded (recording) picture element protocol emulator pel picture element PEM peripheral equipment module (Ferranti) PEP Packet Exchange Protocol peak envelope power pF picofarad (10-12 farad) PF packing fraction (fiber optics) PIP polUfinal (link protocol) PF power factor primary frequency PPM pulse-frequency modulation PGI parameter group identifier (ISO) PGS primary guard station PH packet handler PHOTINT photographic intelligence PHY Physical Layer Protocol (FOOl) PHz petahertz (10 15 Hz) PI parameter identifier (ISO) protection interval PIC plastic insulated cable PICS protocol implementation conformance statement PIDB peripheral interface data bus (AT&T) PIN positive-intrinsic-negative (semiconductor junction) PINFET PIN photodiode field effect transistor ping packet internet groper Appendix A 1156

PING Packet Internet Groper (Internet) PIRS positioning inertial reference system (global) PISAB pulse interference suppression and blanking PIV peak inverse voltage PKES public key encryption system PL Physical Layer Presentation Layer PLll programmable language 1 Programming Language 1 PLA programmable logic array PLL phase-locked loop PLM pulse-length modulation (use PDM) PLN private line network PLR pulse link repeater PLS physical signaling sublayer pm phase modulation PM mean power packet mode phase modulation polarization-maintaining (optical fiber) polarizing maintaining (fiber) post meridiem preventive maintenance pulse modulation PMB pilot make-busy (circuit) PMD physical medium-dependent specification (FDDI) p-n positive-negative (semiconductor junction) POI point of interface POP peak power output point of presence (networking) POSI Promoting Conference for OSI (Japan) POSIX portable operating system interface for computer environments POST power-on self-test pot potentiometer POT point of train POTS plain old telephone service P-P peak -to-peak PIP point-to-point PP polarization-preserving (optical fiber) (use PM) PPI planned position indicator 1157 Appendix A

ppm parts per million PPM parts per million pulse position modulation PPO peak power output PPP Point to Point Protocol pps pulses per second PPS perimeter protection system PPSN pilot packet-switched network (U.K.) PQA path quality analysis PR pattern recognition pulse rate PRA primary rate access PRBS pseudorandom binary sequence PRF pulse repetition frequency (use PRR) PRl primary rate interface PRM pulse-rate modulation PROFS Professional Office System (IBM) PROM programmable read-only memory PROSIGN procedure sign PROWORD procedure word PRR pulse repetition rate PRSL primary area switch locator PS packet switch packet switched packet-switching permanent signal PS/2 Personal Systeml2 ps picosecond (10- 12 s) PS permanent signal phase shift portable station PSDN packet-switched data network PSDTS packet-switched data transmission service psec picosecond (10-12 s) psi pounds per square inch (pressure) PSK phase-shift keying PSN packet switching network public switched network packet switching node Appendix A 1158

PSPDN packet-switched public data network PSS packet-switched stream p-static precipitation static P-static precipitation static PSTN public switched telephone network PT payload type personal telecommunications PTF patch and test facility PTI packet type indication PTM packet transfer mode pulse-time modulation PIT post, telephone, and telegraph postal, telegraph, and telephone printing teletypewriter telegraphy push to talk (operation) PTIC paper-tape transmission code PTTI precise time and time interval PU physical unit (IBM/SNA) power unit PUC public utility commission PUP PARC universal packet (XNS) PVC permanent virtual circuit Permanent Virtual Circuit (X.25) polyvinyl chloride (insulation) polyvinyl chloride (plastic) pW picowatt (10-12 W) PWM pulse-width modulation (use PDM) pWp picowatt (pW), psophometrically weighted pWpO pWp relative to a OTLP pX peak envelope power, in dB PX peak envelope power, in watts private exchange (use PBX) PXP Packet Exchange Protocol pY mean power, in dB PY mean power, in watts pZ carrier power, in dB PZ carrier power, in watts PZT piezoelectric transducer

q symbol for electronic charge QA quality assurance 1159 Appendix A

QAM quadrature amplitude modulation QBE query by example QC quality control QCIF quarter common intermediate format QM quadrature modulation QMR qualitative material requirement QO quartz oscillator QOS quality of service QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying QRC quick reaction capability QSTAG Quadripartite Standardization Agreement

R route service R resistance (electric circuit) RACE Research in Advanced Communications Technology for Europe racon RACON radar beacon rad radian radiation absorbed dose radar radio detection and ranging RADC Rome Air Development Center RADHAZ electromagnetic radiation hazard RADINT radar intelligence RADP remote access data processing RAM random access memory reliability, availability, and maintainability RAS radio astronomy station RATT radio teletype (system) radio teletypewriter RBOC regional Bell operating company Regional Bell Operating Company RBR radar blind range RBS radar blind speed reverse-battery signaling RbXO rubidium-crystal oscillator RC receive clock reference clock reflection coefficient resource controller restricted channel Appendix A 1160

RCC radio common carrier RCP real time control program RCS radar cross section radiocommunications service RCT reduced-carrier transmission RCVR receiver RD received data reflection density R&D research and development RD routing diagram routing directory RDF radio direction finding request data forwarding RDI restricted digital information RDT request data transfer request data transfer (signal) RDT&E research, development, test, and evaluation RDTF radio-telephone distress frequency REA Rural Electrification Administration REED restricted edge-emitting diode REJ reject (link protocol command) REMOS reflective membrane optical scintillator REN ringer equivalency number RENAN ISDN pilot project (France) (French philosopher) REP reply RES reserved (asynchronous transfer mode) rf radio frequency range finder RF reference frequency RFA radio frequency allotment radio frequency assignment RFC request for commands RFCA radio frequency channel allotment RFI radio frequency interference RFP request for proposal RFQ request for quotation RFS real file store real file system RG/U grade of coaxial cable RGB red-green-blue (television) 1161 Appendix A

RH relative humidity RHI range height indicator RHR radar horizon range radio horizon range RI ring in ring indicator routing indicator RIA routing indicator allocation routing indicator assignment RIP refractive index profile RIPSO revised interconnection protocol security option RISC reduced instruction set chip RJ registered jack RJE remote job entry RLC resistance inductance capacity resistive-inductive-capacitive (circuit) RLLS radiolocation land station RLMS radiolocation mobile station RLSD receive line signal detect RM reference model (OSI) (ISO) rms root mean square RNLS radionavigation land station RNMS radionavigation mobile station RNR receiver not ready (link protocol command) RNSS radionavigation satellite service RO read only receive only ring off ring out ROC required operational capability ROM read-only memory ROS read-only storage remote operation service ROSE remote operations service element Remote Operations Service Element (protocol) ROW remote orderwire RPC remote procedure call RPDU response protocol data unit rpm revolutions per minute RPM rate per minute Appendix A 1162

RPOA recognized private operating agency (common carrier) rps revolutions per second RQ repeat request request repeat RR radio range receiver ready (link protocol command) repetition rate RRC radar resolution cell RRS radio range station radio relay system RSA Rivest, Shamir, Adleman RSL received signal level rss root-sum-square Rlsrr ISDN reference points RSW relative spectral width RT radiotelegram R!T real time RTA remote trunk arrangement RTI radiation transfer index RTL relative transmission level RTM reference test method RTMOS room temperature metal oxide semiconductor RTMP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol RTS reliable transfer service request to send Request to Send (EIA RS-232) RTSE reliable transfer service element RTTY radio teletype (system) radio teletypewriter RTU remote terminal unit RTX request to transmit RVA reactive volt-ampere (deprecated, use VAR) RWI radio and wire integration radio-wire integration radio-wire interface RWT recorder warning tone RX receive receiver receiving RZ return to zero (code) 1163 Appendix A

RZI redundant zero insertion

s second SAA systems applications architecture (ffiM) SABER situation awareness beacon with reply SABM set asynchronous balanced node SABME set asynchronous balanced node extended SAFDT store-and-forward data transmission SAM self-assembled monolayer (coplanar) serving area multiplex SAP service access point (OSI) SAPI service access point identifier SARAH search and rescue and homing SARBE search and rescue beacon SARM set asynchronous response mode SAS survivable adaptive system SASE specific application service element (OSI) SAT Societe Anonyme Telecommunications (Telecommunications, Ltd.) SATCOM satellite communications SB-ADPCM subband adaptive differential pulse code modulation SC subcommittee (ISO) SCA signal communications axis SCC signal communications center specialized commercial carrier specialized common carrier SCCP signaling connection control part SCE service creation environment SCF service control facility SCOI standing communications operating instruction SCP service control point SCPC single channel per carrier SCR semiconductor controlled rectifier Signal Corps radio (U.S. Army) Signal Corps Radio (number) signal to crosstalk ratio silicon-controlled rectifier SCS scattering cross-section SCSR single-channel signaling rate SD space division SDCD secondary data carrier detect Appendix A 1164

SDE submission and delivery entity (X.400) SDL specification and description language (CCnT) SDLC synchronous data link control SDM space-division multiplex space-division multiplexer space-division multiplexing SDN software-defined network SDU service data unit Service Data Unit (OSI) SE software engineering systems engineer systems engineering sec second SECAM electronic color system with memory Sequential a Memoire (Color TV Standard, France) systeme electronique couleur avec memoire SECORD secure voice cord board SECTEL secure telephone SEDFB Surface Emitting Distributed Feedback (laser) SELED surface-emitting light-emitting diode SEM scanning electron microscope SER satellite equipment room (DEC) SETAMS systems engineering, technical assistance, and management services SEVAS Secure Voice Access System SF secondary frequency single frequency (signaling) store and forward S-F store and forward SFT system fault tolerance SFTS standard frequency and time signal SG study group SGDF supergroup distribution frame SIR sample and hold S&H sample and hold SHA sidereal hour angle SHF superhigh frequency SHIELD silicon hybrids with infrared extrinsic long-wavelength detector SHORAN short-range aid to navigation SI International System of Units 1165 Appendix A

Systeme International d'Unites SID sudden ionospheric disturbance SIGCOMM special interest group on data communications (ACM) SIGINT signals intelligence SILO signal intercept from low SINAD signal-plus-noise-plus-distortion to noise-plus-distortion ratio SINCGARS Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System SIP step-index profile SITRRO simplification of international trade procedures SL Session Layer SLA service-level agreement SLC subscriber loop carrier system life cycle SLD superluminescent diode superluminescent LED SLED superluminescent light-emitting diode SLI service logic interpreter SLIC subscriber line interface card SLL superluminescent LED SLP service logic program SLR service-level reporter SM single-mode (optical fiber) SMA type connector (optical or rf) SMART NET skywave management for automatic robust transmission network SMART-T secure mobile antijam reliable tactical terminal 5MB server message block SMDR station message-detail recording SMDS switched multimegabit data service SMS ship movement service SMSA standard metropolitan statistical area SMT station management (FOOl) SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ARPAlDOD) SIN signal-to-noise ratio SN subscriber number SNA systems network architecture (IBM) SNADS SNA distribution service (IBM) SNAP Subnet Access Protocol S+N+D signal-plus-noise-plus-distortion SNDCP Subnet Dependent Convergence Protocol (ISO) SNI SNA network interconnect Appendix A 1166

SNICP Subnet Independent Convergence Protocol (ISO) SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol (S+N)/N signal plus noise to noise ratio SNR signal to noise ratio SNRlbit signal to noise ratio per bit (S/N)+l signal plus noise to noise ratio SOH start of header start of heading character SOl signal operating instruction signal operation instruction signal operations instruction SOM start of message sonar sound navigation and ranging SONET synchronous optical network SOP standard operating procedure SOR start of record SOS distress signal SOSIC silicon on sapphire integrated circuit SOSTEL solid state electronic logic SOW statement of work SIP serial-to-parallel SPAG Standards Promotion and Applications Group (Europe) SPDU session protocol data unit SPG signal processing gain SPP Sequence Packet Protocol SQL structured query language sr steradian SR secondary radar SIR send and receive SR spectral responsivity SRD superradiant diode (See SLED) SREJ selective reject SRTS secondary request to send SS selection signal single sideband sounder station space service spread spectrum SIS start/stop (character, asynchronous) SSAP session service access point (ISO) 1167 Appendix A

SSB single sideband single sideband (transmission) SSB-SC single-sideband suppressed carrier SSB-suppressed carrier (transmission) SSCP system services control point (IBM) SSCSG spread spectrum code sequence generator SSDR start-stop distortion ratio SSG spare signal group SSMA spread spectrum multiple access SSN station serial number SSP service switching point SSRT subsecond response time SSUPS solid-state uninterruptible power system SS7 signaling system 7 STALO stabilized local oscillator STANAG Standardization Agreement (NATO) STARS stored terrain access and retrieval system STATMUX statistical multiplexer STD standard subscriber trunk dialing Subscriber Trunk Dialing (Europe) STE Signaling Terminal Equipment (CCITT) STELLA satellite interconnection of LANs (Europe) STFS standard time and frequency signal Standard Time and Frequency Signal (service) STL standard telegraph level studio-to-transmitter link STM synchronous transfer mode STP signal transfer point standard temperature and pressure STRADIS Structured Analysis, Design, and Implementation of Information System STS synchronous transfer signal STU secure telephone unit STX start of text start of text character SU signal unit SUB substitute SVC switched virtual call Appendix A 1168

SW short-wave spectral width standing wave SWAN satellite wide-area network SWR standing wave ratio SX simplex signaling SXS step-by-step step-by-step switch step-by-step switching step-by-step switching system SYN synchronization synchronize synchronizer synchronizing synchronous synchronous idle character SYSGEN system generation SO.. ) chromatic dispersion slope

t symbol for time T tera (1012) TK response time response timer TA Technical Advisory (Bellcore) terminal adapter (ISDN) TAC terminal access controller TACSIM tactical simulation TADIL tactical data information link TADIL-A tactical data information link-A TADIL-B tactical data information link-B TADIXS-B Tactical Data Information Exchange System-Broadcast TADS teletypewriter automatic dispatch system TADSS tactical automatic digital switching system Tactical Automatic Digital Switching System TAl International Atomic Time (Temps Atomique International) TARE telegraph automatic relay equipment TASA Telef6nica de Argentina TASI time-assignment speech interpolation TAT trans-Atlantic telecommunication (cable) Tbps terabits per second 1169 Appendix A

TC technical committee (ISO) telecommunications center thermocouple toll center transmission coefficient transmit clock transport connection TCAM telecommunications access method (IBM) TCAP transaction capabilities application part TCB trusted computing base TCC telecommunications center TCC telephone country code (CCITT) TCCF Tactical Communications Control Facility TCF technical control facility TCM time-compression multiplexing trellis coded modulation TCP transmission control protocol Transmission Control Protocol (U.S. DoD) TCPIIP Transmission Control ProtocollIntemet Protocol TCS tactical communications system trusted computer system TCTS trans-Canada telephone system TCU teletypewriter control unit TCVXO temperature-compensated voltage-controlled crystal oscillator TCXO temperature-controlled crystal oscillator TC97 ISO Technical Committee for Information Systems TC 97/SC 1 Subcommittee for Vocabulary, TC 97, ISO TD time delay time division transmitted data transmitter distributor TDC theater deployable communications TDCS theater deployable communications system TDD telecommunications devices for the deaf TDI trade data interchange TDM time-division multiplexed time-division multiplexer time-division multiplexing TDMA time-division multiple access TDR time-domain reflectometer Appendix A 1170

time-domain reflectometry TDT total delay time TDTG true date-time group TE terminal endpoint terminal equipment time error transverse electric TEmode transverse electric mode TECHEVAL technical evaluation TED trunk encryption device TEF Teflon® TEFG terminal endpoint functional group TEl terminal endpoint identifier TEK traffic encryption key telco telephone company TELENET a public packet-switched network (U.S.) Telex® The International Teleprinter Network TELEX International Teleprinter Network TELNET Teletypewriter Network Protocol (DARPA) TEM transverse electromagnetic TEMmode transverse electromagnetic mode TEMwave transverse electromagnetic wave TEMPEST compromising emanations ter third version of a recommendation (CCITT) TERM equipment telegraph error rate measuring equipment TETRA trans-European trunked radio system TEW trapped electromagnetic wave TEl Terminal Equipment Type I (ISDN terminal) TE2 Terminal Equipment Type 2 (non-ISDN terminal) TFL thin-film laser TFOM thin-film optical modulator thin-film optical multiplexer TFOS thin-film optical switch TFOW thin-film optical waveguide TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTS terrestrial flight telephone system TGM trunk group multiplexer THAAD theater high altitude area defense THD total harmonic distortion THF tremendously high frequency 1171 Appendix A

THz terahertz (1012 H) TIA Telecommunication Industries Association TIBS Tactical Infonnation Broadcast Service TIE time interval error TIFF tag image file fonnat TIMS transmission impainnent measuring set TIP terminal interface processor TIS traveler infonnation station TL Transport Layer TLM telemetry TLP transmission level point TLS telemetering land station TLV type, length, value (OSI) TM transverse magnetic TMmode transverse magnetic mode TMwave transverse magnetic wave TMN telecommunications management network TO tandem office timeout (in protocols) toll office TOO time of day TOM thin-film optical modulator thin-film optical multiplexer TOP Technical and Office Protocol TOS thin-film optical switch type of service (DARPA) TOW thin-film optical waveguide TP toll point Transport Protocol (ISO NIST) TPDU transport protocol data unit TPOA telecommunications private operating agency TQ toll quality TR Technical Reference transfer request TRADACOMS trading data communications TRANSEC transmission security TRANSPAC public packet-switched network (France) TRAP Tactical Receive Equipment and Related Applications TRC transverse redundancy check TREE transient radiation effects on electronics Appendix A 1172

TRF tuned radio frequency TRI-TAC tri-services tactical TRITAC-E tri-services tactical equipment TRIXS Tactical Reconnaissance Intelligence Service TRMS transmission resource management system TRN token ring network TROPO tropospheric scatter TSA telecommunications system architecture TSAP transport service access point TSDU transport service data unit TSI time slot interchanger TSK transmission security key TSM telecommunications system management TSO telecommunications system operator TSP telecommunications service priority TSPS traffic service position system TSR telecommunications service request terminate and stay resident TTL transistor-transistor logic TTIN tandem tie trunk network TTX teletypewriter exchange (service) telex TTXAU teletex access unit TTYfIDD telecommunications device for the deaf TTY teletypewriter TV technical vulnerability television TW traveling wave TWA two-way alternate TWC two-wire circuit TWS two-way simultaneous TWT traveling wave tube TWTA traveling wave tube amplifier TWX® Teletypewriter Exchange Service TX transit exchange transmit TYMNET a public packet-switched network (U.S.) T1 l.S44-Mbps transmission system

UA unnumbered acknowledgment user agent (in message systems) 1173 Appendix A

UAE user agent entity (in message systems) UAL user agent layer UART universal asynchronous receiver transmitter UOI unrestricted digital information UDP user datagram protocol User Datagram Protocol (DARPA) UER undetected error ratio UHF ultrahigh frequency UI unnumbered information UL Underwriters Laboratories UIL uplink ULF ultralow frequency ULL ultralow-Ioss (fiber) urn micron, micrometer (1~ m, when J.L is not available) UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. UNI user-network interface UNIVERSE U.K. project connecting LANs via satellites UNJXTM computer operating system UNTOI United Nations trade data interchange UPS uninterruptible power supply UPT Universal Personal Telecommunications US microsecond (l~, when J.L is not available) USART universal sync, async, receiver, transmitter USAT ultrasmall aperture terminal (antenna) USB upper sideband USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USDJ U.S. Department of Justice USFJ U.S. Forces, Japan USFK U.S. Forces, Korea USNO U.S. Naval Observatory USOC universal service order code USS unilateral synchronization system USTA United States Telephone Association UT Universal Time UTC Coordinated Universal Time UTC(l) Coordinated Universal Time (l) UTP unshielded twisted pair uv ultraviolet UV ultraviolet Appendix A 1174

V nonnalized frequency number (nonnalized frequency) reference point (Integrated Services Digital Network) volt VA value-added (service) value-added (network service) volt-ampere volt-ampere volt-amperes VAD vapor phase axial deposition VAD process vapor phase axial deposition process VADS value-added and data services VAN value-added network VAR value-added reseller volt-ampere, reactive volt-amperes, reactive VARISTAR variable resistor VARS volt-amperes, reactive VAT value-added tax VC virtual call (X.2S) virtual circuit VCI virtual channel identifier VCO voltage-controlled oscillator VCR video cassette recorder VCS visual communications system VCXO voltage-controlled crystal oscillator VID voice/data Vdc volts, direct-current VDI virtual device interface VDT video display tenninal (CRT) VDU video display unit visual display unit virtual environment software VF video frequency voice frequency VFCT voice frequency carrier telegraph VFCTG voice frequency carrier telegraph VFDF voice frequency distribution frame VFO variable-frequency oscillator VFS virtual file store 1175 Appendix A

virtual file system VFf voice frequency telegraph VFfG voice frequency telegraph VGC voice-grade circuit VHF very high frequency VLF very low frequency VLSI very large-scale integration (of semiconductors) VLSIC very large-scale integrated circuit VIm volts per meter (electric field gradient) VN virtual network VNL via net loss VNLF via net loss factor V number normalized frequency vocoder voice-coder vodas voice-operated device anti sing vogad voice-operated gain-adjusting device volcas voice-operated loss-control and echo-signaling device YOM volt-ohm meter vox voice-operated relay circuit voice-operated relay device V parameter normalized frequency. VPI virtual path identifier VRC vertical redundancy check VSAT very small aperture terminal Very Small Aperture Terminal (satellite) VSAT antenna very small aperture terminal antenna VSB vestigial sideband vestigial sideband (transmission) VSM vestigial sideband modulation VSWR voltage standing wave ratio VT variable time vertical tabulation video teleconference virtual terminal VTAM Virtual Telecommunications Acc~ss Method (IBM) VT character vertical tabulation character VTP Virtual Terminal Protocol VTS virtual terminal service VTU video teleconferencing unit VTX videotex Appendix A 1176

vu volume unit (abbreviation) VU volume unit (unit of measure) V value normalized frequency

W watt WADS wide area data service WAIS Wide Area Information Servers WAN wide area network WARC World Administrative Radio Conference WATS wide area telecommunications service wide area telephone service WAWS Washington Area Wideband System WB wideband WBCS wideband communications service wideband communications system WCC wire line common carrier WD wavelength division working draft WDM wavelength-division multiplexed wavelength-division multiplexer wavelength-division multiplexing WG working group (ISO SC subgroup) WIN WWMCCS Intercomputer Network WITS Washington Integrated Telecommunications System WM wavelength modulation WMO World Meteorological Organization WORM write once, read many times WP wirephoto wpm words per minute wps words per second WRU who are you character who-are-you (control character) WSWS weighted standard work second WT World Time WU Western Union wv working voltage WVDC working voltage, direct current WWDSA worldwide digital system architecture WWMCCS World Wide Military Command and Control System WWW world weather watch 1177 Appendix A

World Wide Web

X reactance (electric circuit) XDR exchange data representative XID exchange identification XMIT transmit XMITIER transmitter XMODEM file transfer protocol, micro to mainframe XMSN transmission XMTD transmitted XMTR transmitter XMUX transmultiplexer XNS Xerox Network Systems (Xerox protocol) XO crystal oscillator XOFF control character to stop information flow transmitter off (transmission-control character) X-OFF transmitter off XON control character to start information flow transmitter on (transmission-control character) X-ON transmitter on XT crosstalk XTAL crystal XU X unit

YAG yttrium aluminum garnet

Z impedance (electric circuit) Zulu Time Zo characteristic impedance ZBTSI zero byte time slot interchange ZD zero defects ZDW zero-dispersion wavelength ZIP Zone Information Protocol ZRL zero relative level ZTime Zulu Time

OTLP zero transmission level point 2BIQ two binary, one quaternary 4B/5B four bits encoded into five bits (FOOl) 4B3T four bits in three ternary signals Appendix A 1178

5ESS Number 5 Electronic Switching System (AT&T)

~ delta modulation refractive index contrast ~-~ switch delta-beta switch

~-L modulation delta-sigma modulation e electrical permittivity (epsilon) A. wavelength (lambda) A.o zero-dispersion wavelength A.cf fiber cutoff wavelength

A.co cutoff wavelength Jl magnetic permeability (mu) micro (10-6, prefix, as in JlA, JlF, and Jlm)

micrometer (1~ m) JlA microampere (l~ A) JlF microfarad (1 ~ F) Jl-Iaw mu-Iaw Jlm micron (1~ m) micrometer (1 ~ m) JlPa micropascal (1~ Pa, sound pressure unit) Jls microsecond (1 ~ s) JlV microvolt (1 ~ V) JlW microwatt (1 ~ W) P electric charge density (rho) a electrical conductivity (sigma) Q ohm (omega) APPENDIXB Tables

Table 1: Frequency Ranges and Designators

Frequency Ranges United States Designators ITU Designators*

30--300 Hz ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) 2** 300--3000 Hz ULF (Ultra Low Frequency) 3** 3-30 kHz VLF (Very Low Frequency) 4 30--300 kHz LF (Low Frequency) 5 300--3000 khz MF (Medium Frequency) 6 3-30 Mhz HF (High Frequency) 7 30--300 Mhz VHF (Very High Frequency) 8 300--3000 Mhz UHF (Ultra High Frequency) 9 3-30Ghz SHF (Super High Frequency) 10 30--300 Ghz EHF (Extremely High Frequency) 11 300--3000 Ghz THF*** (Tremendously High Frequency) 12

*The eight obsolete microwave frequency bands, designated by the letters C, L, S, X, K, Q, V, and W, that represent the frequency ranges from 225 MHz to 100 GHz and were used to describe radar bands, have no official status and are deprecated. ** An extrapolation that is not designated. by the International Telegraph Union (ITU) as part of the radio spectrum . ***The term "THF" is not in the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

1179 Appendix B 1180

Table 2: ffigber Frequency Ranges and Extension Designators

Frequency Ranges ITU Designators*

3-30Thz 13 30-300Thz 14 300-3000 Thz 15 3-30 Phz 16 30-3OOPhz 17 300-3000 Phz 18 3-30 Ehz 19 30-300 Ehz 20 300-3000 Ehz 21

*An extension of the ITU designators THz = Terahertz (1012 Hz) PHz =Petahertz (1015 Hz) EHz = Exahertz (1018 Hz)

Table 3: The Metric System of Units

Quantity Base Units Abbreviation

length meter m mass kilogram kg time second s electric current ampere A temperature kelvin K amount of substance mole mol luminous intensity candela cd

Supplementary Units

plane angle radian rad solid angle steradian sr

Certain derived tenns have been standardized, such as the "hertz" (27t radians per second), fonnerly one cycle per second. 1181 AppendixB

Table 4: Prefixes Used with Metric Units

Unit Abbrev. Value

exa E 1018 peta P 1015 tera T 1012 giga G 109 mega M 106 kilo k 103 hecto h 102 deka da 101 100 deci d 10-1 centi c 10-2 milli m 10-3 micro J1 1Q-6 nano n 10-9 pico p 10-12 femto f 10-15 atto a 10-18 Examples

Term Abbreviation Meaning

megahertz Mhz 106 hertz picofarad pF 10-12 farads nanosecond ns 10-9 seconds

Note: Additional examples of metric units and units used in the meter-kilogram-second system of units are (a) electric charge, coulombs, C; (b) energy,joules (watt-seconds), J; (c) force, newtons, N; (d) power, watts, W; (e) voltage, volts, V; (f) capacity, farads, F; (g) resistance, ohms, Q; (h) inductance, henries, h; and (i) magnetic field strength, oersteds, H. Appendix B 1182

Table 5: Radiometric Terms

Term Symbol Quantity Unit

radiant energy Q energy joule (J) radiant power 4> power watt (W) Synonym optical power irradiance E power incident per unit area Wem-z irrespective of angle spectral irradiance E).. irradiance per unit wavelength Wem-Zenm-! interval at a given wavelength radiant emittance W power emitted (into a full sphere) Wem-z Synonym radiant exitance per unit area radiant intensity I power per unit solid angle Wesr-! radiance L power per unit solid angle Wesr-!em-Z per unit projected area spectral radiance L).. radiance per unit wavelength Wesr-!em-Zenm-! interval (at a given central wavelength)

Table 6: T·Carrier Hierarchy for North America

Designatort DSRMbps* (DS Level) No. of Channels

TO (DS 0) 0.064 TI (DS 1) 1.544 24 TIC 3.152 48 T2 (DS 2) 6.312 96 T3 (DS 3) 44.736 672 T4 (DS 4) 274.176 4032 (DS 5) 400.352 5760

*Data signaling rate, megabits/second.

tSee Table lO. 1183 Appendix B

Table 7: T-Carrier Hierarchy for Japan

Levelt Ratembps* No. of Channels

o 0.064 1.544 24 2 6.312 96 3 32.064 480 4 97.728 1440 5 565.148 7680

*Data signaling rate, megabits/second. tSee Table 10.

Table 8: T-Carrier Hierarchy for Europe (CEPT)

Levelt DSRMbps* No. of Channels

2.048 30 2 8.448 120 3 34.368 480 4 139.268 1920

*Data signaling rate, megabits/second. tSee Table 10. Appendix B 1184

Table 9: Near, Intermediate, and Far Electromagnetic Fields

Near Intermediate Far

Near field Intermediate field Far field Near field region Intermediate field region Far field region Electrostatic field Induction field Radiation field Near zone Intermediate zone Far zone Varies 1Ir3 Varies 1Ir2 Varies 1Ir Fresnel region Fraunhofer region Fresnel zone Fraunhofer zone

*Eo oc (sin oot)/oor3 Eo oc (cos oot)/r2v Eo oc -00 (sin oot)lrv2

*Er oc (sin oot)/oor3 Er oc (cos oot)/r2v *r( 2A2/1.. r(-1../6 -1..16) r) 2A2/A ** Adjacent to antenna Short distances away Great distances

*v =propagation velocity =1I(!.I£)ll2 IL =magnetic permeability E =electric permittivity 0)= 2nf f = frequency r =radial distance from antenna A= wavelength A = antenna aperture **Distances compared to wavelength and antenna size.

Table 10: T-Carrier Characteristics

A T-carrier is the generic designator for any of several digitally multiplexed telecommunications carrier systems. 1. The designators for T-carrier in the North American digital hierarchy correspond to the designators for the digital signal (DS) level hierarchy. 2. T-carrier systems were originally designed to transmit digitized voice signals. Current applications also include digital data transmission. 3. Tables 6, 7, and 8 list the designators and rates for current T-carrier systems. 4. If an "F' precedes the "T," a fiber optic cable system is indicated at the same rates. 5. T-carrier hierarchies for North America and Japan are based on multiplexing 24 voice-frequency (VF) channels and multiples thereof. The hierarchy for Europe is based on mUltiplexing 30 voice-frequency (VF) channels and multiples thereof. 6. See also carrier system, digital signal, digital transmission system, digroup. APPENDIXC Bibliography

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