Newsletter Spring/Summer From the Chair’s Desk

2007 Dawn Robinson

Volume 21, Number 1 University of Georgia

Spring is here already and I am de- Council lighted to report that the Sociology of Emotion section is bustling with Chair: activity. The committees have been Dawn Robinson hard at work generating election University of Georgia slates, awarding honors, developing [email protected] what looks to be a very exciting pro- Committee were Lynn Smith-Lovin, gram at the annual meetings, and Duke University, Peggy Thoits, Uni- Chair-Elect: engaging in exceptional scholarship. versity of North Carolina-Chapel Viktor Gecas We have lots of news. Hill, and Doyle McCarthy, Fordham Purdue University University. Spencer contributed a [email protected] The intellectual vitality of emotions tremendous amount to our intellec- scholarship is evident throughout tual livelihood as a former Chair of Past Chair: the newsletter. Section members the Section, as editor of the top Patricia Adler have published several new books journal in our field, and as an ex- University of Colorado on emotions. In addition, there are emplary scholar of emotions. We [email protected] conferences dealing with emotions miss him greatly. We will have a Secretary-Treasurer: taking place all over the world this few opportunities to honor Spencer Linda Francis year. Please take a look at new Cahill at the New York meetings. SUNY-Stonybrook work by Amy Kroska presented in There will be a special memorial [email protected] our “Emotions Research” column, session in honor of Spencer co- edited by Alison Bianchi. sponsored by the Social Psychol- Council Members ogy Section, the Sociology of Emo- The nominations committee tions Section and the Society for Jennifer Lois (Thomas Scheff, Amy Wharton, the Study of Symbolic Interaction. Western Washington University Martha Copp, Michael Lovaglia), Stay tuned for more information [email protected] chaired by David Franks, put to- about that session in the coming gether a dynamite slate of candi- weeks. In addition, as is our usual Karen A. Hegtvedt dates for this year’s election. Jan custom, we will be honoring Emory University [email protected] Stets and James Jasper have Spencer as this year’s recipient of agreed to stand for Section Chair- the Lifetime Achievement Award at Kathryn Lively Elect; Doyle McCarthy agreed to Dartmouth College stand for Council; Alicia Cast and Continued on page 2 [email protected] Melinda Milligan agreed to stand for Secretary-Treasurer. Please re- In this Issue: Newsletter Editor: member to vote. From the Chair’s Desk..………….….1 David Boyns Current Research Notes....…….….2 CSU Northridge It is with a mixture of great pleasure Student Profile.…………….…...…....3 [email protected] and poignance that I get to an- Emotions Section Awards....……..5 nounce the winner of this year’s So- Scheff on Shooting Rampages…..6 Webmaster: ciology of Emotions Section Lifetime Dominic Little Goudsblom on Shame………….…...6 Achievement Award: Spencer Cahill, CSU Northridge Emotions around the World…..….7 [email protected] University of South Florida, was se- Law and Emotions....………………...9 lected as this year’s recipient of our Section Financial Report………....16 Section Website: section’s highest honor. The mem- Emotions at the ASA.…….………..16 bers of the Distinguished Award Section Committees...……………..17

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Chair’s Desk continued from page 1 Current Research Notes our regular business meeting. Amy Kroska Kent State University We also will be honoring this year’s recipients of our Outstanding Recent Contribution Award. The In my current research I have been investigating honoree’s are: Robin W. Simon, Florida State Uni- hypotheses derived from the modified labeling versity and Leda E. Nath, University of Wisconsin- theory of mental illness (e.g., Link 1987; Link et al. Whitewhater, for their paper “Gender and Emotion 1989) using two data sources: three waves of se- in the United States: Do Men and Women Differ in mantic differential and demographic data from pa- Self-Reports of Feelings and Expressive Behav- tients and their network members in the Indian- ior.” This article appeared in 2004 in the American apolis Network Mental Health Study (INMHS) and Journal of Sociology. This year’s committee in- college student semantic differential data that I cluded Jonathan Turner and Richard Serpe and collected in the fall of 2004. Much of this work has was headed up by Lisa Rashotte Walker. Please been done in collaboration with Sarah Harkness, a be sure to come to the business meeting to see former Kent State M.A. student who is now a these honors being bestowed - along with our Ph.D. student at Stanford. In a forthcoming Social graduate student paper award, whose winner Psychology Quarterly, Sarah and I investigate should be announced soon. three issues related to labeling processes. First, we assess the construct validity of a new opera- In addition to section business, there will be sec- tionalization of the cultural conceptions of the tion scholarship and section festivities to enjoy in mentally ill: the affective meanings (evaluation, New York. Section day will be Monday, August potency, and activity) associated with the cultural 13. Jody Clay-Warner and Ellen Granberg, the category “a mentally ill person.” We term these Program Co-Chairs, have organized an out- meanings stigma sentiments. Evaluation (good standing section program. This year’s program vs. bad), potency (powerful vs. weak), and activity highlights the vitality of emotions scholarship both (active vs. inactive) (EPA) are the three universal within and outside of the section. A panel of won- dimensions of meaning identified by Osgood and derful scholars – Verta Taylor, Cecilia Ridgeway, his colleagues in their cross-cultural research Robin Simon, and Robin Stryker has agreed to (e.g., Osgood, May, and Miron 1975). We find assemble and discuss the various ways that emo- consistent support for the validity of the evaluation tion scholarship is emerging in important ways and potency components as measures of these throughout the discipline. There will also be a terri- conceptions. We show, for example, that stigma fic session of new emotions research. Details sentiments are related negatively to stigma beliefs about these sessions appear in this newsletter. as measured by Link’s devaluation-discrimination Our roundtables this year are combined with So- index (Link 1987; Link et al. 1997). cial Psychology, so make sure to check out the Social Psychology section roundtables for some Second, we assess the construct validity of self- exciting new emotion research as well. In addition meanings measures that are new to the labeling to the three section-sponsored sessions above, theory literature: the affective meanings associ- there is an abundance of emotions scholarship ated with individuals’ self-identities (“myself as I being presented elsewhere on the ASA program. really am”) and their reflected appraisals (“myself Carolyn Ellis organized this year’s regular session as others see me”). Using a known groups tech- on Sociology of Emotions. Another section mem- nique, our finding suggest that the evaluation, po- ber, Erica Summers-Effler, organized the regular tency, and activity of both self-constructs are valid sessions on Microsociologies this year. Stay indicators of self-meanings among both non- tuned for postings of non-section sponsored emo- patients and patients. tions related programming later this summer. Finally, we use these new measures to test the Finally, as requested by the membership at last modified labeling theory hypothesis that cultural year’s business meeting, we will be having a joint conceptions of the mentally ill become personally reception with the Social Psychology Section this relevant to individuals who have been diagnosed year on our section day - Monday, August 13. with a mental disorder. We predicted that stigma So, please come and celebrate year with friends and colleagues. continued on page 3

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Research Notes continued from page 2 Graduate Student Profile sentiments would be positively related to the cor- Allison Wisecup responding dimensions (evaluation, potency, or Duke University activity) of psychiatric patients’ self-identities and reflected appraisals. Among non-patients, by con- Allison Wisecup is a Ph.D. candidate in sociology trast, we predicted that stigma sentiments and at Duke University. Her research interests are self-meanings would be unrelated. We also pre- self, identity and interaction. She has explored dicted that the slopes for the relationship between identity ambiguity as a status characteristic, and stigma sentiments and self-meanings would be has a paper that analyzes the identity bases of significantly different for patients and non-patients. specific and global self-esteem. We find support for 13 of the 18 components to these hypotheses. We also find three cross- In previous research at the University of Iowa dimensional results that were not anticipated. We (under the direction of Dawn Robinson) and at find, for example, that the potency of “a mentally ill Duke (with Lynn Smith-Lovin and Miller McPher- person” is positively related to both the evaluation son), she experimentally explored the effects of in patients’ self-identity and the evaluation in pa- androgyny on reaction time while classifying tients’ reflected appraisals. Overall, the results words and pictures. The results indicate that the suggest that the cultural conceptions of the men- time required for classifying a physically androgy- tally ill do become personally relevant to individu- nous picture is nearly three times that of non- als who have been diagnosed with a mental disor- androgynous pictures. Further, the presence of der, but the connection is sometimes more com- an androgynous individual continues to delay de- plex than a one-to-one relationship between a cision-making on a word task even after respon- stigma sentiment and its corresponding dimension dents account for individual by classifying them as of self-meaning. either male or female. Future research will ex- plore whether the effects of physical androgyny Currently, Sarah and I are doing research that ex- also apply to other characteristics (like race or tends the findings of the forthcoming SPQ. We age). She also plans to study whether status am- show that patients’ diagnostic category (affective, biguity is a status characteristic. schizophrenic, or adjustment disorder) moderates the relationship between stigma sentiments and Allison is currently exploring the tension between self-meaning. More specifically, we find that abstract and situational self-identity meanings and stigma sentiments are positively related to self- gender differences in the meanings men and meanings among patients with an affective diag- women associate with their self-identities. This nosis. But, among patients with an adjustment or project uses survey and experiential data to com- a schizophrenic diagnosis, the relationship is pare abstract affective ratings of self-identities sometimes non-significant or negative. (survey data) with the situational affective ratings of self-identities (experiential data). Preliminary In related work, we use Interact, a computer pro- results suggest there is considerable divergence gram that simulates social interactions according between the ratings individuals provide in the ab- to the principles of affect control theory, to investi- stract and those collected in naturally occurring gate the modified labeling theory proposition that situations. The results also indicate men’s tran- negative cultural conceptions of the mentally ill sient impressions resulting from naturally occur- increase patients’ use of three coping behaviors: ring situations are more positively evaluated and withdrawing from social interaction, concealing more potent than women’s transient self-identity treatment history, and educating others about impressions. These results suggest that future mental illness. More specifically, we examine the research should explore the extent to which gen- likelihood (based on the deflection scores) of pa- der disparity in transient impressions serve to gen- tients with high and low stigma sentiments repeat- erate a gender disparity in emotions. edly directing coping behaviors at a variety of ob- ject persons. We generated our patient EPA pro- files for these simulations using the predicted self- continued on page 4 evaluation, self-potency, and self-activity for pa

continued on page 4

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Research Notes continued from page 3 esses 20:1-29. Link, Bruce G., Francis T. Cullen, James Frank, tients in each diagnostic category and, when sig- and John F. Wozniak. 1987. “The Social nificant, with high and low stigma sentiments; this Rejection of Former Mental Patients: Un- produces six different patient EPA profiles. We derstanding Why Labels Matter.” American generated object person EPA profiles by using Journal of Sociology 92:1461-1500. different combinations of moderately low (-1.5), Link, Bruce G., Francis T. Cullen, Elmer Struen- neutral (0), and moderately high (1.5) on evalua- ing, Patrick E. Shrout, and Bruce P. tion, potency, and activity; this produces 27 differ- Dohrenwend. 1989. “A Modified Labeling ent object person identities. We produced EPA Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An profiles for the three coping behaviors by averag- Empirical Assessment.” American Socio- ing college students’ EPA ratings of two to three logical Review 54:400-23. behaviors that fit into each coping behavior cate- Link, Bruce G., Jerrold Mirotznik, and Francis T. gory. For example, for “concealing treatment his- Cullen. 1991. “The Effectiveness of Stigma tory” we averaged the EPA ratings of “to keep Coping Orientations: Can Negative Conse- one’s own serious mental illness a secret from quences of Mental Illness Labeling Be someone,” “to keep one’s own psychiatric treat- Avoided?” Journal of Health and Social ment a secret from someone,” and “to keep one’s Behavior 32:302-20. own medical treatment a secret from someone.” Osgood, Charles E., William H. May, and Murray In short, we use various patient self-meanings, S. Miron. 1975. Cross-Cultural Universals coping behaviors, and object persons to generate of Affective Meaning. Urbana: University of deflection scores for hundreds of simulations. Illinois Press.

Our goal for this latest project is to assess the like- lihood of different types of patients using these three coping behaviors. Although the analyses are not complete, the preliminary findings suggest Student Profile continued from page 3 that the modified labeling theory proposition re- garding coping behaviors holds for patients with Allison’s dissertation work will use a stratified affective and adjustment diagnoses; that is, as community-based sample drawn from Durham, affective and adjustment patients’ stigma senti- North Carolina, to examine the validity of the con- ments become less positive, less powerful, and sensus assumption in affect control theory. She less active the likelihood that the patients will use hypothesizes that there is systematic variation in these coping behaviors increases. But, among the transient sentiments associated with social patients with a schizophrenic diagnosis, the and non-social concepts and that this variation is proposition is not consistently supported. In fact, a function of position in socio-demographic space the preliminary results suggest that schizophrenic and the network transmission processes that patients may be less likely to use these coping these positions imply. The processes that gener- behaviors as their stigma sentiments decline. ate variation in affective meaning may also con- tribute to the systematic variation in emotions In the next year or so, we plan to use the patient across socio-demographic space. and network panel data in the INMHS to investi- gate if and how individuals in patients’ network Personal Statement: influence patients’ self-meanings. We plan to de- Historically, elucidating the complex relationship velop propositions for this project by drawing on between self, identity, interaction and emotion has Friedkin and Johnsen’s work (Friedkin and John- been an important endeavor of emotion scholars. sen 2003), which combines affect control theory, This rich and vast tradition is fertile ground for expectations states, and social influence network cross-fertilization and interpenetration of research theory. areas within and outside the sociological discipli- nary boundaries. I believe that research in this References tradition can and will contribute to more nuanced Friedkin, Noah E. and Eugene C. Johnsen. 2003. understandings of the patterning of self-esteem “Attitude Change, Affect Control, and Ex- and depression. pectations States in the Formation of Influ- ence Networks.” Advances in Group Proc-

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Emotion Section Awards

Spencer Cahill Receives Lifetime Robin A. Simon and Leda E. Nath receive Achievement Award Outstanding Recent Contribution Award

Each year, the Sociology of Emotion section pre- Each year, the Sociology of Emotion section pre- sents the Lifetime Achievement Award to one of sents the Outsanding Recent Contribution Award its members with “a record of several years of to a section member (or members) who author(s) scholarly work (books and/or articles) of excep- “the most outstanding book or most outstanding tional merit that has developed and extended the article published in the preceding three years that sociology of emotions empirically, theoretically, or advances the sociology of emotions empirically, methodologically.” This year’s winner is Spencer theoretically, or methodologically.” The award al- Cahill. Sadly, we lost Spencer Cahill this past Au- ternates biennially between a book award and an gust. Please be sure to come to the award pres- article award. This year, the winners were Robin entation ceremony at this year’s business meeting A. Simon and Leda E. Nath for their article, on Monday, August 13th in New York where we "Gender and Emotion in the United States: Do will have an opportunity to honor his contributions Men and Women Differ in Self-Reports of Feel- to the field. ings and Expressive Behavior." This article ap- peared in the American Journal of Sociology in March, 2004.

Lifetime Achievement Award Winners Outstanding Recent Contribution Award (First Call Fall 1999) (First Call Fall 1999)

2007 Spencer Cahill (University of South 2005 Kathryn Lively (Dartmouth College) and Florida) David Heise (Indiana University) (Article)

2006 Peggy A. Thoits (University of North “Sociological Realms of Emotional Carolina) Experience” American Journal of Sociol ogy (2004) 2005 Lynn Smith-Lovin (Duke University) 2004 Randall Collins (Book) Interaction Ritual Chains (2004) 2004 Randall Collins (University of Pennsylvania) 2003 Rebecca J. Erickson and Christian Ritt (Article) Emotional Labor, Burnout, and 2003 Theodore D. Kemper (St. John’s Inauthenticity: Does Gender Matter?” University) Social Psychology Quarterly (2001) 2002 Jonathan Turner (Book) On the Origins of 2002 David R. Heise (Indiana University) Human Emotion: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect. (2000) 2001 Arlie Hochschild (University of California – 2001 Guobin Young (Article) “Achieving Emo- Berkeley) tions in Collective Action: Emotional Proc- esses and Movement Mobilization in the 2000 Thomas J. Scheff (University of California 1989 Chinese Student Movement.” The – Santa Barbara) Sociological Quarterly (2000)

2000 Candace Clark (Book) Misery and Com- pany: Sympathy and Everyday Life (1997)

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Shooting Rampages and Feeling Shame as Social Pain Traps: What Can be Done? Johan Goudsblom

Thomas J. Scheff Professor of Sociology Emeritus Professor Emeritus University of Amsterdam Dept of Sociology, UCSB, Santa Barbara

Summary

This essay seeks to explain shooting rampages in This paper offers a sociological discussion of schools and other organizations, and a step that shame elaborating on Norbert Elias’s theory of might be taken toward avoiding them. Most of the human beings and their emotions. Successively discussions have noted that the shooters were examined are the manifestations by which shame loners who had been harassed and ostracized to is recognized, the occasions at which it occurs, its the point of complete isolation. Most people who functions, and the possibility that those manifesta- are harassed and isolated don.t shoot anyone. tions, occasions, and functions have changed How can we understand the extraordinarily high over time. The central thesis is based on the ob- levels of emotion that these rampages imply? servation that the manifestations of shame are contradictory: in showing shame people voluntarily In her groundbreaking 1971 study, Helen B. or involuntarily draw attention to themselves by Lewis, a research psychologist and psychoana- gestures indicating a wish to hide themselves. In lyst, used a systematic method to locate the oc- order to explain this contradiction shame is re- currence of emotions in psychotherapy sessions. garded as a signal of ‘social pain’. It is suggested She found that shame/embarrassment was by far that all normal children are born with a natural ca- the most frequent of the emotions, although sel- pacity for learning to experience shame, to ex- dom mentioned by patient or therapist. She called press shame, and to inflict shame upon others. these many instances "unacknowledged shame." 1 She went on to note that when shame occurs but goes unacknowledged, it usually leads to silence When Professor Ademir Gebara invited me to or withdrawal. She reasoned that these instances contribute a paper to the symposium on emotions suggested a "feeling trap:" one becomes ashamed and violence in the light of Norbert Elias’s theory of feeling ashamed in a way that feelings are of the civilizing process, I suggested two possible caught up in a self-perpetuating feedback loop. themes: ‘shame’, and ‘encounters with Norbert One becomes lost in a cloud of shame about Elias’. In both themes I thought I would be able to shame. mix sociology and autobiography. On second thought, it turned out that the two themes lent Lewis also noted another, much less frequent path themselves very well for a combined discussion in that unacknowledged shame can take: a loop in- one paper. volving shame and anger. One becomes angry that one is ashamed, and ashamed that one is My first encounter with Elias was not a random angry, and so on. She went on to suggest that discovery. As a student of social psychology in the there is no natural limit to the length and intensity early 1950s I came across his name through two of such different channels – both Dutch, but running spirals: one can continue to the point of being through separate social networks: one was sociol- completely lost in shame/anger. She called the ogy as taught at the university, the other was liter- result "humiliated fury." ary criticism that I read for pleasure. Since in both contexts Elias’s book was highly recommended by It is still too early to get a clear picture of the Vir- persons whom I respected, I decided to borrow it ginia Tech rampage, but the shooters in all the from the library, and started reading. It did not earlier ones seem to fit Lewis's idea. They were in take me long to realize that I had made an excel- lent choice. I was hooked for a lifetime.

continued on page 9 continued on page 10

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Emotion Scholarship around the World

Current Management Thinking: International Society for Research on Emotion Drawing from Social Sciences and Humanities (ISRE) to Address Contemporary Challenges Annual Conference European Academy of Management Sunshine Coast, Australia May 16-19 July 11-15 Paris, France http://www.euram2007.org/r/default.asp? http://www.bel.uq.edu.au/isre/2007/ iId=GKELI Twenty-three years of ISRE conferences, with Management may be viewed as the art of collec- their emphasis on multi-disciplinarity and show- tive action. As a relatively new field in the aca- casing emerging areas of research, have done demic arena, it is a young science, still under con- much to integrate what once were a dozen pock- struction, borrowing from Economics, Sociology, ets of research interest tucked away in the corners Psychology, History and many other long estab- of various disciplines into a prominent research lished fields. The Paris 2007 EURAM conference field. Interest in the emotions continues to grow in will aim at revisiting the complex and controversial disciplines including philosophy, sociology, anthro- relationships that Management has had with So- pology, linguistics, and cognitive neuroscience, as cial Sciences and Humanity. Researchers in man- well as several fields of psychology, and ISRE agement are invited to join us in Paris to reflect on conferences continue to perform this vital integra- the roots of Management, both as a scientific dis- tive function. ISRE conferences attract not only cipline and as a practice. In particular, Manage- established leaders in emotion research, but many ment's focus on organisational performance is one promising early-career researchers. of the critical underpinnings that transform the dis- cipline's borrowings from established social sci- ences into an autonomous field of academic in- Fourth International Conference on vestigation. This raises questions about the de- The (Non)Expression of Emotions in Health gree of subordination vs. emancipation of Man- and Disease agement vis-B-vis the basic disciplines from which it draws. At stake in this discussion are the per- October 22 - 24 2007 spectives Management research can bring to such Tilburg, The Netherlands currently controversial topics as economic and www.tilburguniversity.nl/faculties/fsw/ corporate patriotism, the profitability of sustainable emotions2007 development, the fleeting or sustainable nature of competitive advantage, or the seemingly unstop- This three-day-conference again aims to offer a pable trend toward globalisation and its conse- broad scope of topics related to the way people quences. express their feelings and factors inhibiting the display of emotions. In addition, the psychological Join us in Paris in 2007 to address the intellectual and physiological effects of expression and inhibi- challenges of contemporary issues in manage- tion will be critically evaluated. The conference is ment in a forum where management and social of interest for behavioral scientists involved in fun- sciences will exchange their views. damental research as well as for professionals active in clinical settings.

The emphasis will be on research relevant for clinical practice and on applications in health psy- chology, behavioral medicine, psychiatry, and psy- chosomatics. The program will include plenary sessions featuring international experts in the field, workshops, symposia and poster sessions.

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Emotion Scholarship around the World

Moral Emotions about Risky Technologies preferences. In memory of Robert Solomon May 3-4, 2007 Most moral philosophers think that we have to Philosophy Department, Faculty of Technology, choose between the two horns of the Hume-Kant- Policy and Management dilemma: either take emotions seriously but forfeit Delft University of Technology claims to rationality and objectivity, or reject emo- www.ethicsandtechnology.eu/ tions as being a threat to rationality and objectiv- moral_emotions.html ity. In a similar vein, empirical psychologists rely on Dual Process Theory and argue that emotions Speakers about risks are heuristics but biases that have to Paul Slovic (Decision Research, Oregon) be corrected by rational and analytic procedures Ross Buck (University of Connecticut) (e.g. Slovic et al. 2004, Loewenstein et al. 2001; Peter Goldie (University of Manchester) Sunstein 2005). Jodi Halpern (University of California, Berkeley) Margaret Little (Georgetown University) However, based on recent theories of emotions, Robert C. Roberts (Baylor University) we can reject this dichotomy between emotions Ronald de Sousa (University of Toronto) and rationality as a false dilemma. According to James McAllister (Leiden University) recent developments in neurobiology, psychology Simone van der Burg (Twente University) and the philosophy of emotions, emotions and ra- Mark Coeckelbergh (Maastricht University) tionality are not mutually exclusive, but rather, in Sabine Döring (Hamburg University, University of order to be practically rational, we need to have Manchester) emotions (for example, de Sousa 1987, Solomon Mariëtte Willemsen (Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam) 1993, Damasio 1994, Little 1995, Goldie 2000, Marcel Zeelenberg (Tilburg University) Nussbaum 2001, Halpern 2001, Roberts 2003). Sabine Roeser (Delft University of Technology) This can lead to an alternative view about the role of emotions in risk assessment: emotions can be Theme a normative guide in making judgments about Pioneering empirical research by Paul Slovic and morally acceptable risks (Roeser 2006). his colleagues has shown that people rely on emotions in making judgments concerning risky Aim technologies (Slovic 1999, Finucane et.al. 2000). Despite the fact that there is a lot of empirical re- Examples of technological risks that spark heated search about emotions about risky technologies, and emotional debates are cloning, GM-foods, as to now there is almost no philosophical re- and nuclear energy. Many people are afraid of the search done in which moral emotions about risky possible unwanted consequences of such tech- technologies are studied. The aim of this confer- nologies. However, this does not as yet answer ence is to set the stage for research into moral the following normative question and the main emotions about risky technologies, by bringing question of this conference: do we need emotions together scholars who study moral emotions and/ in order to be able to judge whether a technology or ethical aspects of risk and asking them to re- and its concomitant risks are morally acceptable? flect on the issue of moral emotions about risky This question has direct practical implications: technologies. should engineers, scientists and policy makers involved in developing risk regulation take the Location emotions of the public seriously or not? Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology In answer to these questions, Kantians would ar gue that the emotions of the public should be ig- Contact information: nored because they are subjective and irrational. For more information, please get in touch with us On the other hand, Humeans would argue through: [email protected] that even though emotions are subjective and ir- rational (or a-rational), they should be a part of the Conference chair: decision making process since they show us our Dr. Sabine Roeser E: [email protected] Spring 2007 8

Shooting Rampage continued from page 6 dred. Perhaps men are less likely to acknowledge shame than women, since most men learn early in shame states but were unable to acknowledge their lives that most emotions are not considered them. They seemed to have been lost in runaway manly. shame/anger spirals. If Lewis's theory of shame/anger spirals is true, In her 2004 book, Rampage, the sociologist what remedy might if offer? One direction would Katherine Newman analyzed 25 school shootings be to offer classes to children and young adults that took place in the U.S. between 1974 and that encourage them to notice and acknowledge 2002. The 27 shooters all had been marginalized their emotions. I have been teaching such a class in their schools. That is, they had been harassed to college freshmen for many years. and ostracized to the point that they were com- Because my intention was to help male students pletely isolated. Although Newman did not men- particularly, I noticed early on that if the title has tion shame or shaming in every case, her descrip- the word emotion in it, male students wouldn't en- tions suggest that the shooters would have been roll. So I call it "Communicating." In the class, the in a state of shame prior to their rampage. male students are a little slower on the uptake than the women, but by the end of ten weeks, The following description, which comes from a most have them have caught on as well as the 2005 case, shows indications of unacknowledged women. It's a start. shame in the writings of the shooter. At the Red Lake Senior High School, in Minnesota, Jeff Weise killed 7 people and himself. He was a very obese (6 feet, 250 lbs.)16-year-old, whose father had committed suicide ten years Conference on Law and Emotions earlier. His mother, driving drunk, was brain dam- aged in an accident in 1999. According to Jeff's online posting, since her accident, she had been The conference on Law and the Emotions: New beating him mercilessly, and he never stood up to Directions in Scholarship was held in Berkeley, her. California, on February 8th and 9th, 2007. The conference aimed to move the emerging field of In another posting, he stated "I have friends, but law and the emotions forward by fostering interdis- I'm basically a loner in a group of loners. Most of ciplinary conversation and collaboration among my friends don't know the real me. I've never scholars, particularly in newer areas of analysis. shared my past with anyone, and I've never talked Keynote speakers Arlie Hochschild and Dacher about it with anyone. I'm excluded from anything Keltner explored important connections with soci- and everything they do, I'm never invited, I don't ology and psychology. A series of panels ad- even know why they consider me a friend or I dressed cutting-edge issues in the mind sciences, them." humanities, and social sciences. The conference (Santa Barbara News-Press, March 25, 2005). highlighted work analyzing emotions as relational and dynamic players in the context of legal institu- This boy was obviously without a single secure tions. It attracted a large, diverse and highly en- bond, rejected continually and relentlessly by eve- gaged audience, from legal practice and acade- ryone around him, including his mother and his mia, psychology, medicine and other disciplines, so-called friends. It is little wonder that he seemed and from as far away as Switzerland, Japan and to be drowning in shame, as indicated in another Australia. of his postings: "I really must be fucking worth- less." Please visit the website at https:// www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/csls/ All of the cases so far have involved shooters who lawemotion_conference/welcome.html were male. Female shooters are so rare that it to see the abstracts and papers presented, other usually takes effort to find examples like this one. important work in the field, and a photo journal of Last year a woman who had been fired from the the conference. Goleta, California post office came back on a shooting spree, killing 6 employees and herself. Even so she was perhaps only one out of a hun-

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Social Pain continued from page 6 like talking to a girl with whom I was in love.

When I first read The Civilizing Process I was par- My studies did not help me much in understanding ticularly struck by the passages on shame and this awkward emotion. I cannot remember having embarrassment. I already knew shame all too well come across the subject of shame in the literature from personal experience. I now discovered that it of social psychology. (When preparing this lecture was an emotion with a history. People in different I checked it again in my textbook, the Readings in periods (say, the Middle Ages or the nineteenth Social Psychology, edited by Newcomb and Hart- century) had experienced shame in different ways. ley, and found that the Index makes no reference Moreover, the way shame was experienced within to shame. Shamanism is mentioned, and sibling each period varied between social classes. rivalry; but not shame.) Only much later, in the famous Milgram experiments about obedience, As a student of social psychology I was greatly did shame clearly emerge; but those experiments impressed by some experiments in that field that were not published until the late 1960s, long after I had been carried out in the United States. The re- finished my studies at the University of Amster- sults of those experiments all pointed to one unde- dam in 1958. niable conclusion: human beings are sensitive to group pressures. Often unwittingly, they let their But then, in my second year as a student, I read own judgments and actions be influenced by what The Civilizing Process and found to my great sur- other people, their peers or their superiors, say prise some very perceptive and illuminating pas- and do. sages about shame. They helped me to gain a better understanding of this strange, unpleasant This was a very interesting finding, and it was con- and seemingly unfathomable feeling that inhibited firmed again and again. But it was always con- me from doing and saying some of the things I firmed in the same setting: a psychological labora- would like to do and say most of all. tory where students were given tasks to perform under experimental conditions which were, inevi- At the same time, those passages about shame tably, somewhat artificial. Nevertheless, the re- also helped me toward a better understanding of sults were presented as if they were valid for all sociology. They showed me that the divide be- human beings, under all conceivable conditions, tween sociology and psychology is largely artifi- at all times. cial. Both deal with human beings as social indi- viduals; the fact that sociologists and psycholo- After a while I began to sense that, while the ex- gists usually work in separate departments at our perimental design had yielded some intriguing and universities should not blind us to the fact. that irrefutable insights, there was something thor- they are actually concerned with the same human oughly unsatisfactory about its universalistic world. (The separation between sociology and claims. What I found lacking was the real world, psychology is just as artificial and fundamentally with situations that have a history – whereas the misleading as the separation of sociology and his- experimental situations seemed to have no history tory. Both separations occurred in the second half at all: people without common group experiences of the nineteenth century when the major bounda- were brought together for the duration of one ex- ries between academic disciplines were drawn periment, and then went their own separate ways and consolidated. One of the charms of the sub- again. The experimental groups had neither a past ject of shame is that it invites us to transgress nor, for that matter, a future. Moreover, if the ex- those boundaries.) periment triggered emotions, those emotions usu- ally fell beyond the experimental design and were 3 not reported. I have to admit that when I first read The Civilizing 2 Process I was not fully aware of its far-reaching theoretical implications. Even Elias himself had Among the emotions that were rarely mentioned in not yet fully elaborated those implications. Thus, it the literature of social psychology was shame. I was only in 1987 (almost 50 years after the origi- knew shame as a strong emotion – that made me nal publication of The Civilizing Process) that he regret things I had done and even prevented me from doing things that I very much wanted to do, continued on page 11

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Social Pain continued from page 10 4 published his essay on ‘Human Beings and Their So let me now focus shame. One of many things I Emotions’, which contains the most explicit dis- have learned from Elias is always to start out with cussion of his ideas about emotions at a very high a problem. In this paper I shall address a set of level of synthesis. four interrelated problems.

Although he does not mention shame as such in The first problem concerns the question how we this essay, the general model he develops there is recognize shame. Shame is a common word. In- highly relevant to our subject. It can also serve as tuitively we assume that we know how to recog- a backdrop to many other discussions in the sym- nize what the word stands for – even though we posium on emotions and violence, because it are aware that no two shame experiences are ex- clearly states the basic principles of a processual actly the same and each experience is in its own sociological approach to human emotions. In the way unique. We may even acknowledge that the natural sciences, Elias says in this essay, there is words for ‘shame’ in different languages may carry a strong tendency to regard human beings from a slightly different connotations, like vergonha in viewpoint that is monistic and reductionist: every- Portuguese and schaamte in Dutch. The very fact thing that humans do, say, feel or think is seen as that there are so many variations makes it all the part of one and the same natural world that we more imperative to begin with the problem: how share with all other things, living and non-living; no do we recognize shame, what are its distinctive allowance is made for anything that may be manifestations? uniquely human. In the humanities, on the other hand, there are strong tendencies in the opposite The second problem I shall raise is: when does direction: to concentrate on that which is uniquely shame occur? What sorts of occasions are human and to regard ourselves and our culture causes for shame? from a viewpoint that is dualistic and isolationist, Thirdly, as we all know shame is unpleasant. Yet as if there is a sphere of human thought and feel- most people have experiences of shame. Why ing that is utterly beyond the pale of the natural can that be? What are the functions of shame? world. A processual sociological approach, Elias says, can overcome this stale opposition because All these questions are framed in the present it brings out both the continuities and the innova- tense, in a seemingly timeless fashion. But we tions in the processes of human evolution and shall have to address, certainly in a symposium socio-cultural development. dedicated to the work of Norbert Elias, another Two points made by Elias in ‘Human Beings and question as well: have the manifestations of Their Emotions’ are particularly important for a shame, and the occasions that cause it, and the better understanding of shame. The first point functions it may serve always been the same? Or concerns learning. Human beings can and must have there been changes? If so, how are these learn more than any other species. Other animals changes related to civilizing processes? also learn; maybe even plants have some capac- ity for learning. But there is no other animal that These are four basic problems underlying the rest has to rely on learning so heavily as a human be- of my paper. They are closely interrelated, and I ing. This clearly pertains to our cognitive capaci- shall not be able to keep them neatly apart all the ties, to what we know and how we think. But it time. But bearing them in mind may be helpful in also pertains to our emotions. As Elias says, no following my argument which, again, is an attempt emotion of a grown up human person is ever an to apply the general ideas developed by Elias in entirely unlearned, genetically fixed reaction pat- ‘Human Beings and Their Emotions’ to one spe- tern. cific emotion, shame. The second point in ‘Human Beings and Their Emotions’ to which I draw your attention is that human emotions have a behavioural, a physiologi- cal, and an affective (a feeling) component. All three components are clearly present in shame. continued on page 12 Together, can serve to define the manifestations of shame.

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Social Pain continued from page 11 knowledged and hidden shame grows rampant, it may have enormous consequences at the levels both of the individual personality and society at 5 large. In this paper, however, I shall confine my- self to the directly visible manifestations of shame. Manifestations An intriguing aspect of those manifestations is Before entering into a description of the manifes- their ambiguity. People who express shame, tations of shame I must make one preliminary re- whether they do so involuntarily or voluntarily, ap- mark. My time is limited, and so is my knowledge. parently emit contradictory messages. On the one I shall therefore restrict myself to those manifesta- hand, their gestures convey that they do not want tions of shame that may be called ‘normal’, and to be seen any more, they make themselves refrain from discussing those extreme small, they bow to the ground, they hide their ‘pathological’ cases, where shame is truly paralyz- faces. But then, on the other hand, all these bodily ing leading to chronic apathy and depression. My gestures are made in a conspicuous manner; in subject is ‘normal’ shame, felt and expressed by expressing their shame people are not just trying people who actively participate in routines of so- to hide but are at the same time drawing attention cial life, and who are occasionally overcome by to themselves. This is most evident in what is usu- momentary flashes of shame. In a word, the ally regarded as the surest sign of shame: blush- shame that is familiar to all of us. ing. (Blushing is a double bind signal: look at me, don’t look at me. It also occurs when a person is One of the reasons that makes shame such an praised, or in love. The stakes are high when interesting topic is the variety of ways in which it is someone blushes. And the stakes are always so- manifested. It can be observed in involuntary bod- cial.) ily changes – the most spectacular of which is blushing. This is an almost completely uncon- Before entering into the problem of what may be trolled and unlearned reaction at the level of the functions of this contradictory display of feeling physiology; I am not sure whether even profes- miserable, I shall take a closer look at the occa- sional stage actors can learn to make it occur at sions that give rise to shame. will. Then, there are a number of behavioural re- actions such as hiding one’s face behind one’s 6 hand, or bowing one’s head down, which may be highly spontaneous but which are also susceptible Occasions of learning, controlling, ritualizing. Thomas Scheff has recorded many of such reactions displayed by As I said, my subject is ‘normal’ shame, experi- persons who had been fooled in candid camera enced by all of us occasionally. What then are the shows on television. The reactions turned out to specific occasions that make us blush, that give be highly stereotyped; they probably represented cause to shame? a mixture of largely unlearned biogenetically pro- grammed behavioural patterns and culturally I shall address this question too at a high level of moulded gestures. generality, to see how it fits into the theoretical model sketched by Elias in his essay. In addition to the visible clues by which we are able to recognize shame most of us (and perhaps Generally speaking, the occasions for shame are all of us) also know it through introspection. We situations of social interaction to which a person have all been there, in shameland. We carry the looks back with regret because he feels he has memories with us, as long as we live. And we can been ‘caught’ doing (or not doing) something that share other people’s memories, by interviewing he thinks he should (or should not) have done. In them and by reading autobiographical and even his (or her) own opinion, the individual in question fictional reports. has lived not up to his (or her) reputation as a nor- mal or a superior person. From these written accounts, and especially from the psychiatric literature, we can also learn that shame can be so painful to persons who suffer continued on page 13 from it that they hide it from themselves. If unac-

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Social Pain continued from page 12 grow up and survive: in groups. From the earliest times on, groups have been for humans, as Elias noted, their survival units.

There is always a social dimension to occasions In all human groups we can distinguish two di- for shame. Even if people report that they feel mensions which may be represented as a horizon- most ashamed when they are all alone, it is the tal and a vertical axis: solidarity and hierarchy. Hi- memory of something they have done, or failed to erarchy is the dimension of respect and contempt, do, in a previous situation of social interaction that while solidarity is the dimension of affection and makes them feel so disturbingly ashamed that it enmity. Understanding the links with solidarity and keeps them awake at night. hierarchy clarifies the functions of shame, from an evolutionary viewpoint. Thomas Scheff calls shame the master emotion. He is an expert, but I think here he is exaggerat- Neither ‘solidarity’ nor ‘hierarchy’ is a completely ing. I don’t think shame is more fundamental than neutral term; both words can evoke strong positive love or fear, than joy or sorrow. It is derived from or negative feelings. They strike at the heart of all fear – fear for loss of the two most precious premi- social relations, and all social relations are by their ums of social life, respect and affection. (And as I very nature emotive, just as most individual emo- shall suggest toward the end of my paper, it is tions are intrinsically social. even arguable that anger may be more basic than shame.) Shame occurs when ties of solidarity and hierar- chy are impaired. This is always unpleasant, pain- In any case, shame is – more than almost any ful. Physical pain occurs when there is something other emotion – an exclusively social emotion. It wrong with the body; it is a signal (a warning) that arises in social interaction. And it functions in so- the body is hurt. In a similar sense, shame is a cial interaction, even if the person who is signal that there is something wrong in a social ashamed is not aware of either the social origins figuration. or the social meanings of his shame. Social pain differs from physical pain in that it in- In this respect shame resembles envy or jealousy. volves two-way traffic. In the act of shaming, mes- These are also exclusively social emotions, sages of pain are exchanged. Others actively aroused by and directed at other people. A person ‘shame’ someone. That person realizes that he is not envious or jealous of a dog or a cat, even if has harmed his own position; he is in danger of the dog and the cat can do things we cannot do. humiliation and expulsion, and he lets it be known Nor do we feel ashamed toward our pets; if we to the others that he acknowledges this. The inner feel ashamed about what we do to them, the awareness is as it were the ‘domestic policy’ of shame is felt by ourselves, toward ourselves, and shame, the outward display its ‘foreign policy’ as- toward other people of whom we hope they did pect. not see what we did to our dog. The social pain is social in a double sense: it is It is people, and especially people who matter to inflicted socially by the people who ‘shame’ (as us, who make us ashamed because we feel we punishment), and it is demonstrated socially by have damaged their respect or affection for us. By the person who is ashamed (as atonement). doing something untoward we have put our social position in jeopardy. We feel that we deserve hu- 8 miliation or perhaps even exclusion, and we show how we feel: small and not worth seeing – but we Changes show it. Here again we meet the ambiguity of shame; and this leads us to a discussion of its Until now my discussion of shame has been rather limited in scope. Limited in two respects: thus far, 7 the emphasis has been on social situations where one individual is ashamed by a number of others. Functions

There is only one way in which human beings can continued on page 14

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Social Pain continued from page 13 Clearly, shame and shaming have a history. I have never seen a book with the title The History This is the sort of situation that we find most con- of Shame, but it could be fascinating to trace the venient to imagine and discuss. However, a socio- long history of shaming and shame, ever since our logical discussion of shame – and in fact any dis- early ancestors began to organize their lives with cussion of shame – would be badly incomplete if it the aid of communication by means of symbols failed to consider the fact that shame often occurs (i.e. when they became, not as it is sometimes as a collective phenomenon. Groups of people, called a ‘symbolic species’, but a symbol-making social classes, religious communities, nations, and symbol-using species). Interestingly, the im- may suffer from social pain, from lack of affection portance of the differentiation between humans and respect. and other animals is reflected in the fact that some of the most commonly used invectives by which A second limitation in the scope of my argument people scold and deride other people are the till now has been that I have spoken almost exclu- names of certain domesticated animals: cow, pig, sively in the present tense: as if there is no need goat, dog. to distinguish between shame in the past and shame in our present world. In The Civilizing Process Elias discussed a spe- cific episode in the history of shame and showed Even in the individual life histories of people, the its relevance for the civilizing process in Europe in manifestations and the occasions for shame vary. the early- modern and modern era. In the royal Undoubtedly children are born with a natural ca- courts that emerged in the newly arising monar- pacity for learning to feel shame, to express chic states, the non-violent competition for the fa- shame, and to inflict shame upon others. In each vour of the king among nobles generated an in- of these three respects, they go through a learning creasing concern for matters of etiquette and, in- process in the course of which they acquire a cer- evitably, infringements upon etiquette. In this con- tain standard of shame, they learn to adapt to the text, Elias said, the ‘thresholds’ or ‘frontiers’ of shame regime prevailing in the social world of shame and embarrassment ‘shifted’ and which they take part. They cannot easily go ‘advanced’. through life shamelessly, nor with an excessive proclivity toward shame. The balance of absence The word threshold has caused confusion among and excess has to be found by learning. some of his readers who thought that those thresholds were ‘rising’. That, however, is a mis- Many young children also take pleasure in teasing understanding. Elias meant that there was a proc- and shaming other children. If left to themselves ess of extension in which increasingly more they may go to extremes in mocking and humiliat- spheres of action became social ‘danger zones’ in ing some of their playmates. Here, too, training which one could lapse into gestures or expres- and learning are indispensable in restraining these sions that were liable to give cause to shame. tendencies. Actually Elias was more explicit about changes in Children in our societies today can be quite cruel the causes for shame than in its manifestations. In by adult standards. They exhibit forms of shaming later writings he added more elaborate concepts that are banned from public life among grownups. to explain the increasing preoccupations with eti- They can refuse other children to let them join in quette. Among those concepts is the pair of play. If they give reasons for their rejection, insult ‘Group Charisma and Group Disgrace’. The court is added to injury. nobility at the palace of Versailles was engaged in maintaining its share in the collective charisma of A similar harshness in comparison to conventional a ruling stratum. Breaches of etiquette under- public adult standards today is exhibited when mined this symbolic mainstay of distinction and shaming is practiced as a crude mechanism of power and were causes for shame. social control. Physical harassment and ridicule used to be a part of the initiation rites in which a boy’s manliness was tested in many societies, and they still occur in modern armies and other set- continued on page 15 tings marked by great differences in power.

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Social Pain continued from page 14 verted into guilt by virtue of those institutions which developed special branches for meting out punishment. Other institutions, especially the fam- The counterpart to group charisma is group dis- ily, adjusted to this penal pattern. In society at grace. Falling into disgrace may be experienced large, it was the state and the church that created more poignantly as a painful social fate than living guilt-generating forms of punishment. In doing so, in disgrace from generation to generation. Such a both state and church have strengthened the fall may happen to a family, an ethnic group, a so- processes of conscience formation. The confes- cial stratum, a nation. sional and the courtroom were the material reflec- tions of the effort to replace shaming rituals by In its most brutish form, group disgrace can lead more rational forms of accusation, allowing the beyond humiliation and expulsion, to complete victims (be they ‘culprits’ or ‘sinners’) the possibil- annihilation – known nowadays as ethnic clean- ity of appeal according to written rules. sing or genocide. You may find this a bridge too far, from shame to mass murder. But I think Nor- References bert Elias also knew that there is a connection, and that both shaming as a social activity, and Deacon, Terrence W., The Symbolic Species:. shame as an individual experience are potentially The co-evolution of language and the brain. New destructive. York: W.W. Norton 1997

Shame is an emotion that is not to be treated light- Elias, Norbert, ‘Group Charisma and Group Dis- heartedly, even if we do not regard it as the mas- grace’. In: Johan Goudsblom and Stephen Men- ter emotion. To return once more to blushing:, ac- nell (eds.), The Norbert Elias Reader. Oxford: cording to psychological experts, this is still an un- Blackwell 1998, pp. 104-12 explained and enigmatic reaction pattern. Why should a person turn red when he wants to make Elias, Norbert, ‘On Human Beings and Their Emo- himself unseen? But then we have to remember tions: A process-sociological essay’. Theory, Cul- that there is a very differently classified emotion ture & Society 4 (1987), pp. 339-62 that also can make people turn red in their faces (except that we don’t call this blushing any more), Elias, Norbert, The Civilizing Process. Socioge- and that emotion is anger. Helen Lewis and Tho- netic and Psychogenetic Investigations. Revised mas Scheff have shown that hidden shame may edition. Oxford: Blackwell 2000. turn into terrible anger but it may well be that the connection goes even deeper, and even further Lewis, Helen Block, Shame and Guilt in Neurosis. back into evolutionary history: just as there is an New York: International Universities Press 1971 immediate link between fear and aggression, as two possible responses to danger, there is a link Milgram, Stanley, Obedience to Authority:. An ex- between shame and anger as alternative re- perimental view. New York: Harper & Row 1974 sponses to social threats. (Following this line of reasoning, we might even conclude that the ori- Newcomb, Theodore M., and Eugene L. Hartley, gins of shame lie in repressed anger; but for the Readings in Social Psychology. New York: Henry moment this is mere speculation.) Holt and Company 1947

There are many aspects of shame that I have had Scheff, Thomas J., and Suzanne M. Retzinger, to leave untouched in this survey of its manifesta- Emotions and Violence:. Shame and rage in de- tions, causes, and functions. One such aspect is structive conflicts. Lexington, MA: Lexington the relationship between shame and guilt. I think Books 1991 that this relationship has too often been made into an object of mystification. If we consider it from a developmental sociological perspective, we can see that a process of differentiation has taken place, in the course of which a number of causes for shame were gradually brought under the con- trol of more centralized institutions, the state and the church. Part of the burden of shame was con-

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Section on Sociology of Emotions, Financial Report For the Period Ended December 31, 2006

1st 2nd 3rd 4th Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Year to Actual Actual Actual Actual Date Acct # INCOME & EXPENSE

Income

Dues Income $85 $100 $105 $98 $388 37200 Section Budget Allocation 1,334 0 0 0 1,334 37250

Total Income 1,419 100 105 98 1,722

Expenses

AM Reception Expenses 0 0 243 0 243 37300 Award Expenses 0 0 0 607 607 37360

Total Expenses 0 0 243 607 850

Increase/(Decrease) in Net Assets $1,419 $100 $138 $509 $872

NET ASSETS

Net Assets - Beginning Balance $2,007 $3,426 $3,526 $3,388 $2,007 Increase/(Decrease) in Net Assets 1,419 100 138 509 872 Net Assets - Ending Balance $3,426 $3,526 $3,388 $2,879 $2,879

Sociology of Emotions Programming at ASA

Paper Session Chien-Juh Gu, Northern Illinois University Sociology of Emotions Transnational Struggles at Home: Taiwan- ese Immigrant Women's Family Relations Organizer and Discussant: Jody Clay-Warner, and Mental Distress University of Georgia Presider: Tiffani J. Everett, University of Georgia Invited Panel The contribution of emotions to theoretical ad- Presenters: vances in sociology: Shira Offer, Bar-Ilan University and Barbara Are emotions becoming mainstream? Schneider, Michigan State University The emotional dimensions of family time Organizer: Ellen Granberg, Clemson University and their implications for work-family balance Presider: Dawn T. Robinson, University of Georgia Gregory Kordsmeier, University of Wisconsin The Importance of Seeming Earnest: Stage Panelists: Managers and Emotion Work Cecelia L. Ridgeway, Lucie Stern Professor in the Kathryn Lively, Dartmouth College Social Sciences, Stanford University Gender Indifference?: Re-examining Gen- Robin W. Simon, Florida State University der Differences in Emotion within a U.S. Robin Stryker, University of Minnesota Sample Verta Taylor, University of California, Santa Bar-

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Sociology of Emotions 2006-07 Officers and Committees

Council: Publications Committee:

Chair: Dawn T. Robinson, University of Georgia David E. Boyns, CSU Northridge (07) (newsletter editor)

Chair-Elect: Viktor Gecas, Purdue University (07) Alison J. Bianchi, Kent State

Past Chair: Patrica A. Adler, University of Colo- Shirley A. Keeton, Purdue North Central rado (07)

Secretary-Treasurer: Linda Francis, SUNY- Lifetime Achievement Award: Stonybrook (07) Lynn Smith-Lovin (Chair), Duke University Elected Council Members: Peggy A. Thoits, University of North Carolina, Jennifer Lois (08), Western Washington University Chapel Hill

Karen A. Hegtvedt (08), Emory University E. Doyle McCarthy, Fordham University

Kathryn J. Lively, Dartmouth College (07) Outstanding Recent Contribution Award: Newsletter Editor: David A. Boyns, California State University Northridge Lisa S. Rashotte (Chair) , University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Nominations Committee: Richard T. Serpe, Kent State University

David D. Franks, (Chair) Virginia Commonwealth Jonathan H. Turner, University of California, Riv- erside Michael J. Lovaglia, University of Iowa

Martha A. Copp, East Tennessee State University Outstanding Graduate Student Paper Award:

Thomas J. Scheff, UC Santa Barbara Amy Kroska, (Chair) Kent State University

Amy S. Wharton, Washington State University Alicia D. Cast, Iowa State University

Scott Schieman, University of Toronto Program Committee:

Jody K. Clay-Warner (co-chair), University of Ad Hoc Membership Committee: Georgia Rebecca J. Erickson (chair), University of Akron Ellen M. Granberg (co-chair), Clemson University Tiffani Everett, University of Georgia Christopher D. Moore, Lakeland College

Moderator of Section Sponsored Discussion Board

Pamela Whitt Morris, University of Missouri-St. Louis

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