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Article Rhizanthes 7/31/2021 Email Universitas Bengkulu - article Rhizanthes Agus Susatya <[email protected]> article Rhizanthes 1 pesan Agus Susatya <[email protected]> 3 Juli 2020 17.22 Kepada: [email protected] ekology saya sisipkan di intro.... tapi kalau di arrange... silahkan mas Rhizanthes, the forgotten relative of Rafflesia Jaime edits 1 - Rev AW-AS.docx 1563K https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1?ik=c367ee2064&view=pt&search=all&permthid=thread-a%3Ar-702760702106332019&simpl=msg-a%3Ar-701108218… 1/1 1 Rhizanthes, the forgotten relative of Rafflesia in Rafflesiaceae: A brief review on Formatted: Numbering: Continuous 2 ethnomedicine and propagation technology prospects for educational and conservation 3 4 Adhityo Wicaksono1a, Ghea Putri Cristy1, Reza Raihandhany12,23, Sofi Mursidawati34b, Agus 5 4 5c6 5 Susatya , Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva , Agus Susatya Comment [AW1]: Jaime, please help me with the content and I need your help to make 6 1Division of Biotechnology, Generasi Biologi Indonesia (Genbinesia) Foundation, Jl. Swadaya sure the content will focus on the educational aspect and propagation studies/prospect instead of prospecting that could encourage 7 Barat no. 4, Gresik Regency 61171, Indonesia people from looting the plant in the wild (similar as in our 2016 Rafflesia review) 8 2School of Life Sciences and Technology (SITH), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganeca no. Sure. The paper is still very under-developed and so not much to comment on. I think it will be easier to create a “conservation-based” 9 10-12, Bandung 40132, Indonesia message once we get several of the sections filled in. Also, it might be best that Agus be the 10 3Division of Botany, Generasi Biologi Indonesia (Genbinesia) Foundation, Jl. Swadaya Barat no. last, senior author. 11 4, Gresik Regency 61171, Indonesia 12 43Center of Plant Conservation, Bogor Botanical Garden – Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), 13 Jl. Ir. H. Juanda no.13, Bogor 16003, Indonesia 14 5Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Bengkulu, Jl. Raya Kandang Limun, 15 Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia 16 6Independent 5Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Bengkulu, Jl. Raya 17 Kandang Limun, Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia 18 4Independent Researcher, P.O. Box 7, Miki-cho post office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761- 19 0799, Japan 20 55Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Bengkulu, Jl. Raya Kandang 21 Limun, Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia 22 23 a b 24 Co-corresponding authors emails: [email protected], [email protected], Formatted: Superscript Formatted: Superscript 25 [email protected] Formatted: Superscript 26 27 Abstract 28 Rhizanthes is a holoparasitic plant of the Rafflesiaceae, and, just like Rafflesia, its host is 29 Tetrastigma (Vitaceae). Unlike Rafflesia, only very few studieslittle research has been done 30 conducted on Rhizanthes. Some previousA few studies are have focused on the its taxonomy and Comment [Jaime2]: only very few studies have been published on OR 31 anatomy. There are more to be done sinceStudies on the propagation study of Rhizanthes is are only very little research has been conducted on Comment [AW3]: 32 limited, despite some uses of it as ethnomedicineethnomedicinal uses in some regions in of The second one 33 Indonesia. In the wWild, the populations of Rhizanthes is are declining due to deforestation and 34 overharvesting by locals. Some studies highlight the aArtificial pollination and possible seed 35 spread, which has are similar procedure to Rafflesia and, may be useful for future propagation- 36 based study studies, which in are generally very difficult and challenging for members of the 37 Rafflesiaceae is considered very difficult and challenging. This short-reviewpaper emphasizes 38 the cultural and ethnomedicinal importance of Rhizanthes in and seeks to define a conservation 39 road-map that incorporates a scientifically-based approach to research while also seeking a four- 40 pronged approach to conservation of Rhizanthes: 1) conventional and biotechnology-based 41 conservation; 2) germplasm multiplication and preservation; 3) reintroduction into the wild and 42 conservation of wild populations; 4) policy-based protective measures.multiple aspects and to Comment [Jaime4]: Try to consider these 4 steps as an integrated conservation approach. Think locally, how is this possible in the 43 encourage future studies. different Indonesian islands? So, what are practical limitations? Is reintroduction a 44 Key words: parasitic plant, holoparasite, biotechnology; conservation; ethnobotany; holoparasite; fantasy? Is legislation impossible? If yes then what would be the best conservation strategies based on Indonesia’s financial and 45 in vitro propagation; parasitic plant structural limitations? Be realistic, no need to apply strategies used in France or the USA to 46 Indonesia, because it might simply not work… careful reflection is needed. Formatted: Font: Italic 47 Introduction 48 Rhizanthes belongs to the family Rafflesiaceae, alongside with Rafflesia and Sapria (REFMeijer 49 1997). The plant is also holoparasitic holoparasitizes some species of to Tetrastigma 50 (REFBänziger and Hansen 2000). Unlike Rafflesia, Rhizanthes is has not much been studied 51 much (Google Scholar search [June 7th, 2020]: “Rafflesia” 5090 results, “Rhizanthes” 254 results, 52 even “Sapria” is 855 results). Not much information covers the progress in propagation study Comment [Jaime5]: This could be a separate section if there is work on in vitro conservation, 53 (REF) and very limited studies covers the prospect of the plant, while the other studies have been seed propagation, cryoconservation, etc. Comment [AW6]: I’ve put in on later section 54 performed on Rafflesia and Sapria i.e. artificial pollination study which resulted in production of part 55 fruit (REFBänziger 2004). Comment [Jaime7]: This could be the first part of the introduction. 56 Comment [AW8]: I think this info is already good to be here, and the rest are already described in later section 57 Formatted: Line spacing: Double 58 59 Research on Rhizanthes can be traced back as early as 19 th century, when young German botanist, A Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman 60 Zippelius found a speciment on Gunung Salak, Bogor, Indonesia which was later desccribed by Blume as Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman 61 a new genus within Rafflesiaceae (Mejieer 1997). Meijer and Veldkamp (1988) then provided a Formatted: Line spacing: Double 62 revision on Rhizanthes and Meijer (1997) then mensioned two species Rhizanthes zippelii (Blume) Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman 63 Spach and Rhizanthes lowii (Beccari) Harms in a published revision the whole family of Rafflesiaceae. Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman 64 Finally after reviewing Meijer and Veldkamp‟s article especially variation of ramenta structures, and Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New 65 considering color, size, and sexuality of the flower and observing more available herbarium specimens , Roman Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New 66 Banzinger and Hansen (2000) came up with two additional new species, Rhizanthes infanticida Banzinger Roman 67 et Hansen and Rhizanthes deceptor Banzinger et Hansen. Existing information on Rhizanthes mainly 68 focusses on morphology and taxonomy, and rarely on ecological aspects, eventhough the ecological 69 information are of importance for future conservation of the species. Ecological Studies on Rhizanthes 70 were limited to R. zippelii (Bazinger, 1995) and R. lowii (Susatya 2003). Study on ecology on Rhizanthes 71 was initially carried out by Bazinger (1995) who observed bud‟s growth and also estimated the life cycle 72 of R.zippelii. He estimated that the life history of R. zippelii reached up to 200 and 255 days after 73 emerging from its host plant. This figure were shorter than the life cycle of Rafflesia patma (Hidayati et 74 al. 2000) and R. arnoldii (Susatya 2020). Banzinger (1995) unfortanely did not provide the population 75 dynamics of the bud of R. zippelii which was important in term of conservation. Susatya (2003) futher 76 observed the mortality, growth, and the life history of R. lowii. He found that the population size of R. 77 lowii was 32 flower buds, which was higher than those of species of Rafflesia (Susatya 2020). Within 4 78 months observations, R. lowii suffered 25 % loss of its flower buds. All mortality occurred at very small 79 size diameter (0.50-0.94 cm). After running transition matrix analysis, he found that the intrinctive rate 80 of increase (alpha) of the species was 0.762. This indicated that the local population of R. loweii would 81 likely go extinct within 30 months (Susatya 2003). 82 83 In some region of Indonesia, Rhizanthes has been known for its ethnomedicinal properties, 84 especially by locals in Borneo island (Syaifuddin et al. 2018; Uluk et al. 2001). This will triger 85 the uncontrolled harvests the flower of the species in the wield. Furthermore Susatya (2003) 86 predicted that high mortality caused extinction its local population For these reasons, the Comment [Jaime9]: Make a section on 87 population will be declining fast in the wild.Despite the widespread use in ethnomedicine, the ethnomedicine. However, check those papers carefully for fake information! Medical studies 88 number of Rhizanthes in the wild is keep declining (REF) but none of Very unfornate that none appear on PubPeer all the time and so we don’t want to just blindly cite anything and everything
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