DOCSLIB.ORG

Living Youth, Becoming Somebody

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Living Youth, Becoming Somebody View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Living Youth, Becoming Somebody: Life in Urban Dakar Cecilie Aardal Master thesis in Social Anthropology UNIVERSITETET I OSLO 2010 Abstract: In this thesis I wish to show how the category of youth in Africa is fraught with tension, and how this affects young men. Being a group that is in many ways at risk in our contemporary moment, it becomes important to understand what is at stake for young men in African cities. For many people in Dakar, the category of youth is a social position that is perceived as a period of stagnation, that it is difficult to transcend. Therefore I wish to show how young men cope with life in an urban landscape and social reality that does not offer many possibilities. Through an analysis of the extensive pirogue migration that took place all over Senegal in the years 2005-2008/09, and the practice of Baay Fall religiosity, I will show how young men imagine alternatives in a social environment where disappointment regarding what they perceive as a malfunctioning government and an unjust global system are prevalent. Imagining takes place in an interplay between objective structure and subjective agency, and therefore the socio-political context must be reviewed in order to grasp the background for the practices that form part of this thesis, as well as the aspirations of the young men involved. In the world today, ideals of consumption and accumulation loom large, and the global narratives of success reach every corner of the world. As such, it is important to understand how young people relate to their (imagined) participation in, or exclusion from, these pervasive, global images. I will show how young men in Dakar follow usual and alternative paths in the construction of themselves as modern subjects, and how this is linked to an ongoing globalization of desires and expectations. Acknowledgements: First I would like to thank all the people I engaged with during my fieldwork in Senegal. Your creativeness, caring and joy is truly an inspiration. A special thanks must be furthered to my family in Dakar, who patiently put up my questions and made me feel home. During this process I met many interesting young men, who try hard to make something of themselves in an environment that can be quite relentless. Of these, three must be mentioned specifically, though none are forgotten; DjiDog, Baba and Meissa, without whose love and support, my project would not have been the same (and neither would I). This paper is dedicated to you. May you find all you seek in life! My counselor, Aud Talle, who has put up with my struggles during this period, and who has been an inspiration and guidance throughout. I appreciate your patience and advice. I do not know what I would do in life, in any project or situation, without my family. To my mother Marcella, my father Arman, and the best sister in the world, Camilla. Thank you so much for all the help you have offered through this whole period. You have always supported me, in all my endeavors, and the patience you have shown in the writing of this thesis has truly been invaluable. Last, but not least, to my friends, who have put up with my absence and loved me even when I have been quite unlovable. A special thanks in this regard to Peder, your incredible patience and support has meant the world to me. Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................. 3 Imagining Life ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Having nothing is Being nothing .......................................................................................................... 5 Being Wasted Youth ............................................................................................................................ 8 Coping with Life ................................................................................................................................. 10 Rebellion and New Imaginings of Youth in Dakar ............................................................................. 11 Some notes on Power ....................................................................................................................... 15 Part 1: Emigration & the Aspirations of Inclusion ........................................ 22 The Fishing Community of Djabour ................................................................................................... 25 A Family Affair ................................................................................................................................... 33 Devenir un Grand .............................................................................................................................. 35 Imagining Escape ............................................................................................................................... 37 Women’s stakes in Masculine Migration - Meeting the Mother, Mame Djallou ............................. 39 The “Story” of President Wade - Making Sons out of Citizens .......................................................... 44 Imagining Europe - Searching for Inclusion ....................................................................................... 46 Part 2: Becoming through Believing: Mouridism & the Baay Fall Movement . 50 Picturing Mouridism .......................................................................................................................... 53 The colonization of Wolof society ..................................................................................................... 55 Baay Fall unorthodoxy ....................................................................................................................... 61 Creating Community, in times of Displacement ............................................................................... 64 Becoming Somebody, Being Baay Fall ............................................................................................... 69 Going to the Holy City - The Real Baay Fall of Touba ........................................................................ 75 Meeting the Marabou ....................................................................................................................... 77 The Role of the Marabous ................................................................................................................. 79 Imagining Touba ................................................................................................................................ 83 Epilogue ................................................................................................. 88 References .............................................................................................. 88 1 2 Introduction “This hostile world, ponderous and aggressive because it fends off the colonized masses with all the harshness it is capable of, represents not merely a hell from which the swiftest flight possible is desirable, but also a paradise close at hand which is guarded by terrible watchdogs”. (Fanon 1963: 41) “In many ways, young Africans can be seen as searching for a narrative that provides a territory for the free play of their imagination” (Diouf 2003: 6) For some time now the students of Africa, anthropologists and other social scientists alike, have become increasingly aware of the need to focus more of their attention on the experiences of youth. This seems to follow from an assertion that the category of youth is often seen as a subversive element in the recent history of many countries on the African continent. Being involved in military coups, riots, looting and the like, there has been a growing fear of young people both within nation-states and on the international scene (Biaya 2000, Diouf 2003, Perry 2009). Young people, especially young men, are depicted as being a risk or being at risk (Vigh 2006: 33), normally focusing most attention on the former aspect. And to be sure, the study of youth and their predicaments in Africa cannot ignore the relevance of such views, as youth have been responsible for many acts of violence. However, as many are becoming keenly aware, the study of young men must also show how and why they are at risk in the contemporary world, and in what way they struggle for a sense of inclusion, or in some instances choose to opt out in favour of other options in the search for alternative measurements of value, than those found in the global narratives of success. My focus in this thesis will be on how young men in Dakar, Senegal, cope with life, and engage creatively with their predicaments in situations influenced and structured by perceptions of marginalization and exclusion from the overhanging narratives of success found in the global world order of today. In other words: how do young men in Dakar create space for agency under the influence of neo-liberal, globally dispersed power structures? I wish to show how being young in Dakar must be viewed as linked to what Diouf coins “the globalization of desires and expectations”(Diouf 2003: 2), thus pointing to how the neo- liberal capitalist world order, based as it is on the creation of subjectivity and value through consumption, is a defining feature in the globalized world. As such, one must view the 3 production of subjectivity as a relation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • West African Youth Challenges and Opportunity Pathways
    GENDER AND CULTURAL STUDIES IN AFRICA AND THE DIASPORA West African Youth Challenges and Opportunity Pathways Edited by Mora L. McLean Gender and Cultural Studies in Africa and the Diaspora Series Editor Oyeronke Oyewumi Bayonne, NJ, USA This book series spotlights the experiences of Africans on the continent and in its multiple and multilayered diasporas. Its objective is to make available publications that focus on people of African descent wherever they are located, ratgeting innovative research that derives questions, con- cepts, and theories from historical and contemporary experiences. The broad scope of the series includes gender scholarship as well as studies that engage with culture in all its complexities. From a variety of disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary orientations, these studies engage current debates, address urgent questions, and open up new perspectives in African knowledge production. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14996 Mora L. McLean Editor West African Youth Challenges and Opportunity Pathways Editor Mora L. McLean Rutgers University-Newark Newark, NJ, USA Gender and Cultural Studies in Africa and the Diaspora ISBN 978-3-030-21091-5 ISBN 978-3-030-21092-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21092-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Opportunities of Youth in Africa
    US-China Foreign Language, ISSN 1539-8080 June 2014, Vol. 12, No. 6, 537-542 D DAVID PUBLISHING Challenges and Opportunities of Youth in Africa Gedion G. Jalata The United Nations Economic Comission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia The issue of youth is the most pressing matter for Africa due to various factors including the demographic fact that the continent is mostly inhibited by young people. Sixty percent of the African population is below the age of 25. Yet the youth in Africa are alienated and marginalized and they are not involved in policy formulation and less consulted in the decision making process, many are underemployed and with no jobs and the continent is having an energized youth with most of its energy invested in stirring-up conflicts and violence. Proper engagement of youth at all levels of development is of paramount importance. African governments need to be aware that if they do not reform and are able to integrate the youth in thier development effort they will face in adverse situations such as revolting and restless youth. Therefore, the issue of youth participation and youth representation needs to be scaled up at the level of government-local, regional, and national levels as well as at the level of international organizations. But the key responsibility rests with young people to get organized, to achieve the skills, to face up to the adversity and the frustrations that will eventually come when moving from protest to participation. The basic purpose of the paper is to analyze the challenges and opportunities of youth in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Narrative on Rural Youth and Economic Opportunities in Africa: Facts, Myths and Gaps
    Papers of the 2019 Rural Development Report The narrative on rural youth and economic opportunities in Africa: facts, myths and gaps by Athur Mabiso Rui Benfica IFAD 61 RESEARCH SERIES The IFAD Research Series has been initiated by the Strategy and Knowledge Department in order to bring together cutting-edge thinking and research on smallholder agriculture, rural development and related themes. As a global organization with an exclusive mandate to promote rural smallholder development, IFAD seeks to present diverse viewpoints from across the development arena in order to stimulate knowledge exchange, innovation, and commitment to investing in rural people. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations “developed” and “developing” countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached in the development process by a particular country or area. This publication or any part thereof may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes without prior permission from IFAD, provided that the publication or extract therefrom reproduced is attributed to IFAD and the title of this publication is stated in any publication and that a copy thereof is sent to IFAD. Authors: Athur Mabiso, Rui Benfica © IFAD 2019 All rights reserved ISBN 978-92-9072-978-5-1 Printed December 2019 The narrative on rural youth and economic opportunities in Africa: facts, myths and gaps by Athur Mabiso Rui Benfica IFAD This paper was originally commissioned as a background 61 paper for the 2019 Rural Development Report: Creating RESEARCH opportunities for rural youth.
    [Show full text]
  • Hip-Hop Culture and Social Mobilization in Post Colonial Senegal Lucie Latuner Connecticut College, [email protected]
    Connecticut College Digital Commons @ Connecticut College Anthropology Department Honors Papers Anthropology Department 2018 Y’en a Marre! Hip-Hop Culture and Social Mobilization in Post Colonial Senegal Lucie Latuner Connecticut College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/anthrohp Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons, Anthropology Commons, Music Commons, and the Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons Recommended Citation Latuner, Lucie, "Y’en a Marre! Hip-Hop Culture and Social Mobilization in Post Colonial Senegal" (2018). Anthropology Department Honors Papers. 16. https://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/anthrohp/16 This Honors Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology Department at Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Department Honors Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author. Y’en a Marre ! Hip-Hop Culture and Social Mobilization in Post Colonial Senegal An Honors Thesis Presented by Lucie Latuner To the Department of Anthropology CONNECTICUT COLLEGE NEW LONDON, CONNECTICUT MAY 3, 2018 1 Table of Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 4 Introduction 6 Chapter I: Y’en a Marre, a History of Social Mobilization, and Figures of Resistance: Responsibility to Pan-Africanist Discourse 16 Chapter II: Expressing Responsibility Through Rap: Creating Urban Spaces of Resistance 43 Chapter III: Responsibility to the Constitution: Maintaining Democracy through Mobilization 66 Chapter IV: Pan-Africanist Responsibility Today: Civic Action in the Face of Neocolonialism 88 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 114 2 Abstract After over fifty years since decolonization, Senegal is seen as a success story in establishing democracy in sub-Saharan Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Empowering Youth in Sub-Saharan Africa's Development YOUTH AS A
    G.J.I.S.S.,Vol.3(3):122-126 (May-June, 2014) ISSN: 2319-8834 Empowering youth in sub-Saharan Africa’s development YOUTH AS A CATALYST IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Dr Nirmal Kumar Betchoo Universite des Mascareignes, Republic of Mauritius. Abstract At this critical time of development in sub-Saharan Africa where the continent’s growth actually makes it become a region of great potential, it would be vital to integrate the youth in the development of the youngest continent in the world. Long-time considered as the continent of all worries and social threats, sub-Saharan Africa has become of keen interest from investors all over the world including emerging market giants like China and India which consider sub- Saharan Africa as a major partner to fuel their own development. This is where the need to empower the young African generation arises. With a population boom of 1.5 billion inhabitants, sub-Saharan Africa stands at the cross-roads of economic development. This report identifies the strategic factors that should propel the African youth to benefit from the opportunities that lie ahead, in particular, economic growth, progress and better living standards. It highlights that an investment in education remains paramount to the youth development in the region with already appalling levels of illiteracy. In order to better address the needs and concerns of young Africans, governments must come to their help by promoting incentives and initiatives for advancement. The research also emphasises the need for skills training and development which are more focused to the needs of economic advancement.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideologies of Youth
    Africa Development, Vol. XXXVI, Nos 3 & 4, 2011, pp. 1– 17 © Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2011 (ISSN 0850-3907) Introduction: Ideologies of Youth Rijk van Dijk* Mirjam de Bruijn** Carlos Cardoso*** & Inge Butter**** Abstract In a number of countries in Africa, such as Uganda and Kenya, national publics have been discussing whether citizens of age 50 or even 60 should be regarded as ‘youth’. Under the current dispensation of do- nor funding, relief programmes and international aid, these discussions have made the ‘youth’ the major beneficiary of what these policies offer and imply. There is a general feeling, however, that these policies should target all age groups in their youth-oriented programmes. If the donor- ideology prescribes youthfulness for societal and developmental rel- evance, it will then dictate practice. This is just one example of what this special issue will address in an attempt to explore what we see as an emerging development in Africa and beyond: the rise of youth as an ideology. Whereas Africa has witnessed the rise of a fast-growing study of youth as a phenomenon and as a concept, the aspect of youth as ideology has, so far, not been elaborated on. Résumé Les citoyens dans plusieurs pays africains tels que l’Uganda et le Kenya discutent si oui ou non ceux qui sont âgés de 50 ou 60 ans doivent être considérés comme faisant partie de la ‘jeunesse’. Les ‘jeunes’ sont les principaux bénéficiaires du programme actuel des bailleurs de fonds et de l’aide internationale. Cependant, d’aucuns défendent de plus en plus le fait que ces politiques doivent cibler toutes les tranches d’âge.
    [Show full text]
  • YOUTH PERSPECTIVES on THEIR EMPOWERMENT in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: the CASE of KENYA a Dissertation Submitted to Kent State Univers
    YOUTH PERSPECTIVES ON THEIR EMPOWERMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: THE CASE OF KENYA A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Christine Mwongeli Mutuku August 2011 Dissertation written by Christine Mwongeli Mutuku BA., University of Nairobi, 1997 MA., Saginaw Valley State University, 2000 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2011 Approved by Steven R. Brown, Ph.D., Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Julie Mazzei, Ph.D., Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Andrew Barnes, Ph.D., Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Kenneth Cushner, Ph.D., Accepted by Steven W. Hook, Ph.D., Chair, Department of Political Science John R. D. Stalvey, Ph.D., Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. viii CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Youth in Africa ............................................................................................................... 2 Context: Kenya ............................................................................................................... 8 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Benin Youth Assessment Report
    BENIN YOUTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Submitted in response to: RFA 680-11-003 Equip 3: Earning, Learning and Skill Development Opportunities for Out-of-School Children and Youth Submitted by: Education Development Center, Inc. (EDC) September 30, 2011 Educational Quality Benin Youth Employment and Improvement Program 3 EntrepreneurialImprovement Skills Needs Program 3 Assessment EDC/EQUIP3 Benin Youth Assessment List of Acronyms ABC : Afokantan Benin Cashew AFD : French Development Agency ANPE : National Employment Agency (L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion de l’Emploi) AQP : Vocational Skills License (Attestation de Qualification Professionnelle ) BAC : High School Diploma (Baccalauréat) BEAT : Tropical Agriculture Certificate (Brevet d’Etude Agricole Tropicale) BEPC : Primary Cycle Certificate (Brevet d’Etude du Premier Cycle) BTS : Higher Technical Certificate (Brevet de Technicien Supérieur) CAP : Professional Aptitude Certificate (Certificat d’Aptitude Professionnelle) CEP : Primary School Diploma (Certificat d’Etude Primaire Elémentaire) CESLY : Core Education Skills for Liberian Youth CETA : College of Agriculture and Technology (Collège d’Enseignement Technique Agricole) CM : Occupational Center (Centre Métier) CNAB : Benin National Confederation of Artisans (Confédération Nationale des Artisans du Bénin) CQP : Vocational Skills Certificate (Certificat de Qualification Professionnelle) CQM : Occupational Skills Certificate (Certificat de Qualification au Métier) CRS : Catholic Relief Services DANIDA : Danish International Development
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 3 No
    Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 3 No. 1 2011 Youth in conflict in the Horn of Africa: A comparative analysis of mungiki in Kenya and Al-shabaab in Somalia Hannah Muthoni Abstract Youth constitute the largest percentage of the total world population and are considered core to the development of society. However, even with the large numbers, researches on youth in Africa tend to be skewed on employment and labour distribution, education and human development. Outside these formalized sectors, youth are studied as the most controversial group based on their behavior and seemingly misplaced roles. The place of youth in conflict in Africa is thus unexplored as available research focuses more on child soldiers in relation to recruitment, effects of conflicts, disarmament and reintegration. Beyond this, youth in conflict are studied in relation to violence and delinquency particularly in the United States of America and Europe and hardly in Africa. This is despite the growing involvement of youths in conflict as militias, rebels, vigilante groups as well as victims. This article explores the place of youths in conflict of post-colonial Africa where their role has increasingly grown. As a comparative analysis, it uses the case study of Al-shabaab in Somalia and Mungiki in Kenya Key words: Youth, Mungiki, Al-Shabaab, Kenya, Somalia. 1.0 Introduction During the early years of independence in the 1960s and 1970s, youth or young people in Africa were not seen a serious challenges to the development of the newly independent states. Thus, unemployed, uneducated and idle youth were not a major target for governments, international community as well as for local and international funding institutions (Mkandawire, 156 Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN CITIES 2014 Re-Imagining Sustainable Urban Transitions © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) 2014 All Rights Reserved P.O
    THE STATE OF AFRICAN CITIES 2014 Re-imagining sustainable urban transitions © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) 2014 All rights reserved P.O. Box 30030 Nairobi 00100, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7623 120 Fax: +254 20 7623 904 Email: [email protected] www.unhabitat.org HS Number: HS/004/14E ISBN Number (Series): 978-92-1-133397-8 ISBN Number (Volume): 978-92-1-132598-0 Design and Layout by Michael Jones Software (MJS), Nairobi, Kenya. Front cover photo: MJS Back cover photo: Giza, Egypt. ©mffoto/Shutterstock DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of the materials in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. References to names of firms and commercial products and processes do not imply any endorsement by the United Nations. Excerpt of this publication, excluding photographs, may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. THE STATE OF AFRICAN CITIES 2014 Re-imagining sustainable urban transitions 2 CHAPTER ONE Foreword by UN-Habitat t gives me great pleasure to present The State of African a particular development direction for decades. Given the Cities 2014: Re-imagining sustainable urban transitions - comparatively late onset of the urban transition in Africa, Ithe third publication on Africa in UN-Habitat’s rapidly- however, there exist real opportunities for embracing new expanding regional State of the Cities report series.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis ST3 EN
    Triennale on Education and Training in Africa (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, February 12-17, 2012) Promoting critical knowledge, skills and qualifications for sustainable development in Africa: How to design and implement an effective response through education and training systems Sub-theme 3 Lifelong acquisition of scientific and technological knowledge and skills for Africa’s sustainable development in a globalized world Synthesis Paper- Sub-Theme 3 by Kabiru Kinyanjui and Khadija Khoudari Working Document PLEASE DO NOT DISSEMINATE DOC 0.1.3 • Original Version in English • ADEA – 2012 Triennale on Education and Training in Africa – Synthesis Paper- Sub-Theme 3 This document was prepared by ADEA for its Triennale Meeting (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2012). The views and opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and should not be attributed to ADEA, to its members or affiliated organizations or to any individual acting on behalf of ADEA. The document is a working document still in the stages of production. It has been prepared to serve as a basis for discussions at the ADEA Triennale Meeting and should not be disseminated for other purposes at this stage. © Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) – 2012 Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) African Development Bank (AfDB) Temporary Relocation Agency (ATR) 13 avenue du Ghana BP 323 1002 Tunis Belvédère Tunisia Tel: +216/ 71 10 39 86 Fax: +216/ 71 25 26 69 [email protected] Sub-theme 3: Lifelong acquisition of scientific and technological knowledge and skills for Africa’s sustainable development in a globalized world - 2/59 - ADEA – 2012 Triennale on Education and Training in Africa – Synthesis Paper- Sub-Theme 3 Contents ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................6 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Employment Interventions in Africa
    Youth Employment Interventions in Africa International Labour Organization Youth Employment Interventions in Africa A Mapping Report of the Employment and Labour Sub-Cluster of the Regional Coordination Mechanism (RCM) for Africa 20111 Youth Employment Interventions in Africa Youth Employment Interventions in Africa A Mapping Report of the Employment and Labour Sub-Cluster of the Regional Coordination Mechanism (RCM) for Africa Youth Employment Interventions in Africa Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 All photos: ©ILO Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo. org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro. org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Youth Employment Interventions in Africa: A Mapping Report of the Employment and Labour Sub-Cluster of the Regional Coordination Mechanism (RCM) for Africa / International Labour Organization-Regional Office for Africa. Addis Ababa: ILO, 2012 ISBN 978-92-2-126730-0 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-126731-7 (web pdf) ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]