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Observatory Hill Observatory Hill Cultural Landscape Inventory December 2005 (Revisions January 2010) Quinn Evans|Architects University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences Division of Facilities Planning and Management ©2010, Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System University of Wisconsin-Madison Cultural Landscape Inventory Observatory Hill DEFINITIONS What is a “cultural landscape”? The following document is based on concepts and techniques developed by the National Park Service. The NPS has produced a series of manuals for identifying, describing, and maintaining culturally significant landscapes within the national park system.1 The National Park Service defines a cultural landscape as a geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein[,] associated with a historic event, activity, or person, or [one] that exhibits other cultural or aesthetic values.2 In 1925, geographer Carl Sauer (1889-1975) summarized the process that creates cultural landscapes: “Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape the result.” 3 Similarly, the writer J. B. Jackson (1909-1996) looked upon the landscape as a composition of spaces made or modified by humans “to serve as infrastructure or background for our collective existence.”4 What is a “cultural landscape inventory”? 5 This cultural landscape inventory for Observatory Hill is one of eight such studies completed as part of the UW-Madison Cultural Landscape Resource Plan. Each inventory defines the boundaries of a distinct cultural landscape on campus, summarizes its history, describes its current condition, and makes recommendations about its treatment. In addition to these eight cultural landscape inventories, two companion documents address the archaeology and overall history of the campus. This collection of documents is collectively entitled, “Cultural Landscape Report for the University of Wisconsin-Madison.” Within the national park system, a cultural landscape report (CLR) serves as the primary guide to the treatment and use of a cultural landscape. Overleaf: Observatory Hill, Observatory Director’s Residence at left, ca. 1870-1891 (also figure 4). 1 The most recent and comprehensive of these publications is A Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports: Contents, Process, and Techniques, published in 1998. Its lead author, Robert R. Page, is director of the Olmsted Center for Landscape Studies, based at the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site in Charleston, Massachusetts: http://www.nps.gov/oclp 2 Robert R. Page, Cathy A. Gilbert, and Susan A. Dolan, A Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports: Contents, Process, and Techniques (Washington, DC: U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resource Stewardship and Partnerships, Park Historic Structures and Cultural Landscapes Program, 1998), 129. 3 Carl Sauer, “The Morphology of Landscape,” in Land and Life: A Selection from the Writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer, ed. John Leighly (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 343. 4 John Brinckerhoff Jackson, Discovering the Vernacular Landscape (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984), 8. 5 The term “cultural landscape inventory” is not to be confused with the NPS Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI), a computerized database of cultural landscapes within the national park system. Observatory Hill (rev 2010).doc Page 2 of 72 University of Wisconsin-Madison Cultural Landscape Inventory Observatory Hill TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFINITIONS ................................................................... 2 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .................................................. 4 NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA....................................... 6 KEY TO PLACE NAMES..................................................... 7 CHRONOLOGY ................................................................. 8 GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................. 9 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE....................................... 12 LANDSCAPE HISTORY .................................................... 15 EXISTING CONDITIONS .................................................. 52 ANALYSIS OF INTEGRITY ............................................... 56 LANDSCAPE TREATMENT............................................... 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................. 67 ILLUSTRATION CREDITS................................................. 72 Prepared by: Brenda W. Williams Researched and written by: Cortney A. Cain Graphics/Images by: Rebecca L. Marquardt, Jonathan Bronk, Jason Tish, Xiaojian Yu, and Jonathan Hodkiewicz Project management by: Arnold R. Alanen, Gary Brown, and Sam Calvin Edited by: Daniel F. Einstein, Erika Janik and Susan O. Haswell This document may be reproduced for educational purposes. All other uses require permission from the UW-Madison Facilities Planning and Management. Contact: 608/263-3000. Observatory Hill (rev 2010).doc Page 3 of 72 University of Wisconsin-Madison Cultural Landscape Inventory Observatory Hill ILLUSTRATIONS Figures General information.............................................................................................9 1 Location of Observatory Hill on campus ...............................................................9 2 Boundary, Observatory Hill Historic Landscape ...................................................10 Landscape history ................................................................................................15 3 Period plan, pre 1855 .............................................................................................16 4 Observatory director’s residence, ca. 1870-1891...................................................18 5 Experimental farm, ca. 1870-74.............................................................................19 6 Experimental farm, ca. 1870-74, with updates post-1903......................................20 7 Washburn Observatory and Student Observatory, post-1880................................21 8 Washburn Observatory, postcard...........................................................................22 9 Student Observatory, ca. 1930s..............................................................................23 10 Washburn Observatory with Solar Observatory, post-1880 ..................................24 11 Cattle grazing on Observatory Hill, ca. 1900s .......................................................25 12 Student Observatory with cattle grazing, post 1880 ..............................................25 13 Washburn Observatory grounds, ca. 1880 .............................................................26 14 Northern slope, Observatory Hill, ca. 1916 ...........................................................27 15 General Design, University of Wisconsin, 1908....................................................28 16 Period plan, 1855-1899..........................................................................................30 17 Orchards and horticultural gardens, ca. 1913.........................................................32 18 Lithograph, Washburn Observatory and Student Observatory, post 1880 ............32 19 Open air theater, ca. 1916.......................................................................................34 20 Toboggan slide, looking south, ca. 1930s ..............................................................37 21 Toboggan slide, looking north, ca. 1930s ..............................................................37 22 Period plan, 1900-1925..........................................................................................38 23 Aerial campus view, 1923......................................................................................39 24 Aerial campus view, ca. 1926 ................................................................................39 25 University of Wisconsin General Plan, 1927.........................................................41 26 Aerial view, Tripp/Adams halls and refectory, ca.1928 ........................................44 27 Aerial view, Observatory Hill after realignment of drive, ca. 1940-45 .................45 28 Aerial view Observatory Hill, ca. 1953-1960 ........................................................46 29 Period plan, 1926-1961..........................................................................................47 30 Campus Plan, 1941.................................................................................................48 31 View east along Observatory Drive, ca. 1983........................................................51 Landscape treatment............................................................................................59 32 Treatment zones.....................................................................................................66 Observatory Hill (rev 2010).doc Page 4 of 72 University of Wisconsin-Madison Cultural Landscape Inventory Observatory Hill Tables 1 Key to place names ..............................................................................................7 Analysis of integrity .........................................................................................56 2 Contributing features..........................................................................................57 3 Compatible features............................................................................................57 4 Non-contributing features..................................................................................58
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