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ETHERNET TECNOLOGIES 1º: O Que É Ethernet ?

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ETHERNET TECNOLOGIES 1º: O Que É Ethernet ? ETHERNET TECNOLOGIES 1º: O Que é Ethernet ? Ethernet Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. Este artigo ou se(c)ção cita fontes fiáveis e independentes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo (desde setembro de 2012). Por favor, adicione mais referências e insira-as no texto ou no rodapé, conforme o livro de estilo. Conteúdo sem fontes poderá serremovido. Encontre fontes: Google (notícias, livros, acadêmico) — Yahoo! — Bing. Protocolos Internet (TCP/IP) Cam Protocolo ada 5.Apl HTTP, SMTP, FTP, SSH,Telnet, SIP, RDP, I icaçã RC,SNMP, NNTP, POP3, IMAP,BitTorrent, o DNS, Ping ... 4.Tra nspo TCP, UDP, RTP, SCTP,DCCP ... rte 3.Re IP (IPv4, IPv6) , ARP, RARP,ICMP, IPsec ... de Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi),802.1Q 2.Enl (VLAN), 802.1aq ace (SPB), 802.11g, HDLC,Token ring, FDDI,PPP,Switch ,Frame relay, 1.Físi Modem, RDIS, RS-232, EIA-422, RS-449, ca Bluetooth, USB, ... Ethernet é uma arquitetura de interconexão para redes locais - Rede de Área Local (LAN) - baseada no envio de pacotes. Ela define cabeamento e sinais elétricos para a camada física, e formato de pacotes e protocolos para a subcamada de controle de acesso ao meio (Media Access Control - MAC) do modelo OSI.1 A Ethernet foi padronizada pelo IEEE como 802.3. A partir dos anos 90, ela vem sendo a tecnologia de LAN mais amplamente utilizada e tem tomado grande parte do espaço de outros padrões de rede como Token Ring, FDDI e ARCNET.1 Índice [esconder] 1 História 2 Descrição geral 3 Ethernet com meio compartilhado CSMA/CD 4 Hubs Ethernet 5 Ethernet comutada (Switches Ethernet) 6 Tipos de quadro Ethernet e o campo EtherType 7 Variedades de Ethernet 8 Algumas variedades antigas de Ethernet 9 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 10 Fast Ethernet 11 Gigabit Ethernet 12 10-Gigabit Ethernet (Ethernet 10 Gigabit) 13 Padrões relacionados 14 Ver também 15 Referências 16 Ligações externas História[editar | editar código-fonte] A Ethernet foi originalmente desenvolvida, presume-se, a partir de projeto pioneiro atribuído a Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.2 Entende-se, em geral, que a Ethernet foi inventada em 1973, quando Robert Metcalfe escreveu um memorando para os seus chefes contando sobre o potencial dessa tecnologia em redes locais.2 Contudo, Metcalfe afirma que, na realidade, a Ethernet foi concebida durante um período de vários anos. Em 1976, Metcalfe e David Boggs (seu assistente) publicaram um artigo, Ethernet: Distributed Packet-Switching For Local Computer Networks. Metcalfe deixou a Xerox em 1979 para promover o uso de computadores pessoais e redes locais (LANs), e para isso criou a 3Com.1 Ele conseguiu convencer DEC, Intel, e Xerox a trabalhar juntas para promover a Ethernet como um padrão, que foi publicado em 30 de setembro de 1980. Competindo com elas na época estavam dois sistemas grandemente proprietários, token ring e ARCNET. Em pouco tempo ambos foram afogados por uma onda de produtos Ethernet. No processo a 3Com se tornou uma grande companhia, e além de se ter tornado conhecida como U.S Robotics, também uma fabricante de processadores digitais.2 Descrição geral[editar | editar código-fonte] Uma placa de rede Ethernet típica com conectores BNC(esquerda) e RJ-45 (centro). Ethernet é baseada na ideia de pontos da rede enviando mensagens, no que é essencialmente semelhante a um sistema de rádio, cativo entre um cabo comum ou canal, às vezes chamado de éter (no original, ether). Isto é uma referência oblíqua ao éter luminífero, meio através do qual os físicos do século XIX acreditavam que a luz viajasse.1 Cada ponto tem uma chave de 48 bits globalmente única, conhecida como endereço MAC, para assegurar que todos os sistemas em uma ethernet tenham endereços distintos. Tem sido observado que o tráfego Ethernet tem propriedades de auto-similaridade, com importantes consequências para engenharia de tráfego de telecomunicações. Os padrões atuais do protocolo Ethernet são os seguintes: 10 megabits/seg: 10Base-T Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) 100 megabits/seg: Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u) 1 gigabits/seg: Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z) 10 gigabits/seg: 10 Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae) Ethernet com meio compartilhado CSMA/CD[editar | editar código-fonte] Ver artigo principal: CSMA/CD Um esquema conhecido como Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) organiza a forma como os computadores compartilham o canal. Originalmente desenvolvido nos anos 60 para ALOHAnet - Hawaii usando Rádio, o esquema é relativamente simples se comparado ao token ring ou rede de controle central (master controlled networks). Quando um computador deseja enviar alguma informação, este obedece o seguinte algoritmo:2 1. Se o canal está livre, inicia-se a transmissão, senão vai para o passo 4; 2. [transmissão da informação] se colisão é detectada, a transmissão continua até que o tempo mínimo para o pacote seja alcançado (para garantir que todos os outros transmissores e receptores detectem a colisão), então segue para o passo 4; 3. [fim de transmissão com sucesso] informa sucesso para as camadas de rede superiores, sai do modo de transmissão; 4. [canal está ocupado] espera até que o canal esteja livre; 5. [canal se torna livre] espera-se um tempo aleatório, e vai para o passo 1, a menos que o número máximo de tentativa de transmissão tenha sido excedido; 6. [número de tentativa de transmissão excedido] informa falha para as camadas de rede superiores, sai do modo de transmissão; Na prática, funciona como um jantar onde os convidados usam um meio comum (o ar) para falar com um outro. Antes de falar, cada convidado educadamente espera que outro convidado termine de falar. Se dois convidados começam a falar ao mesmo tempo, ambos param e esperam um pouco, um pequeno período. Espera-se que cada convidado espere por um tempo aleatório de forma que ambos não aguardem o mesmo tempo para tentar falar novamente, evitando outra colisão. O tempo é aumentado exponencialmente se mais de uma tentativa de transmissão falhar. Originalmente, a Ethernet fazia, literalmente, um compartilhamento via cabo coaxial, que passava através de um prédio ou de um campus universitário para interligar cada máquina. Os computadores eram conectados a uma unidade transceiver ou interface de anexação (Attachment Unit Interface, ou AUI), que por sua vez era conectada ao cabo. Apesar de que um fio simples passivo fosse uma solução satisfatória para pequenas Ethernets, não o era para grandes redes, onde apenas um defeito em qualquer ponto do fio ou em um único conector fazia toda a Ethernet parar. Como todas as comunicações aconteciam em um mesmo fio, qualquer informação enviada por um computador era recebida por todos os outros, mesmo que a informação fosse destinada para um destinatário específico. A placa de interface de rede descarta a informação não endereçada a ela, interrompendo a CPU somente quando pacotes aplicáveis eram recebidos, a menos que a placa fosse colocada em seu modo de comunicação promíscua. Essa forma de um fala e todos escutam definia um meio de compartilhamento de Ethernet de fraca segurança, pois um nodo na rede Ethernet podia escutar às escondidas todo o tráfego do cabo se assim desejasse. Usar um cabo único também significava que a largura de banda (bandwidth) era compartilhada, de forma que o tráfego de rede podia tornar-se lentíssimo quando, por exemplo, a rede e os nós tinham de ser reinicializados após uma interrupção elétrica. Hubs Ethernet[editar | editar código-fonte] Ver artigo principal: Hubs Ethernet Este problema foi contornado pela invenção de hubs Ethernet, que formam uma rede com topologia física em estrela, com múltiplos controladores de interface de rede enviando dados ao hub e, daí, os dados são então reenviados a um backbone, ou para outros segmentos de rede. Porém, apesar da topologia física em estrela, as redes Ethernet com hub ainda usam CSMA/CD, no qual todo pacote que é enviado a uma porta do hub pode sofrer colisão; o hub realiza um trabalho mínimo ao lidar com colisões de pacote. As redes Ethernet trabalham bem como meio compartilhado quando o nível de tráfego na rede é baixo. Como a chance de colisão é proporcional ao número de transmissores e ao volume de dados a serem enviados, a rede pode ficar extremamente congestionada, em torno de 50% da capacidade nominal, dependendo desses fatores. Para solucionar isto, foram desenvolvidos "comutadores" ou switches Ethernet, para maximizar a largura de banda disponível. Ethernet comutada (Switches Ethernet)[editar | editar código-fonte] Ver artigo principal: Switches Ethernet) A maioria das instalações modernas de Ethernet usam switches Ethernet em vez de hubs. Embora o cabeamento seja idêntico ao de uma Ethernet com hub (Ethernet Compartilhada), com switches no lugar dos hubs, a Ethernet comutada tem muitas vantagens sobre a Ethernet média, incluindo maior largura de banda e cabeamento simplificado. Mas a maior vantagem é restringir os domínios de colisão, o que causa menos colisão no meio compartilhado causando uma melhor desempenho na rede. Redes com switches tipicamente seguem uma topologia em estrela, embora elas ainda implementem uma "nuvem" única de Ethernet do ponto de vista das máquinas ligadas. Switch Ethernet "aprende" quais são as pontas associadas a cada porta, e assim ele pára de mandar tráfego broadcast para as demais portas a que o pacote não esteja endereçado, isolando os domínios de colisão. Desse modo, a comutação na Ethernet pode permitir velocidade total de Ethernet no cabeamento a ser usado por um par de portas de um mesmo switch. Já que os pacotes são tipicamente entregues somente na porta para que são endereçadas, o tráfego numa Ethernet comutada é levemente menos público que numa Ethernet de mídia compartilhada. Contudo, como é fácil subverter sistemas Ethernet comutados por meios como ARP spoofing e MAC flooding, bem como por administradores usando funções de monitoramento para copiar o tráfego da rede, a Ethernet comutada ainda é considerada como uma tecnologia de rede insegura.
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