DOCSLIB.ORG

Implementation of Supervised Training Approaches for Monolingual Word Sense Alignment: ACDH-CH System Description for the MWSA Shared Task at Globalex 2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Implementation of Supervised Training Approaches for Monolingual Word Sense Alignment: ACDH-CH System Description for the MWSA Shared Task at Globalex 2020 Proceedings of the Globalex Workshop on Linked Lexicography, pages 84–91 Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2020), Marseille, 11–16 May 2020 c European Language Resources Association (ELRA), licensed under CC-BY-NC Implementation of Supervised Training Approaches for Monolingual Word Sense Alignment: ACDH-CH System Description for the MWSA Shared Task at GlobaLex 2020 Bajcetiˇ c´ Lenka, Yim Seung-Bin Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage Vienna flenka.bajcetic, [email protected] Abstract This paper describes our system for monolingual sense alignment across dictionaries. The task of monolingual word sense alignment is presented as a task of predicting the relationship between two senses. We will present two solutions, one based on supervised machine learning, and the other based on pre-trained neural network language model, specifically BERT. Our models perform competitively for binary classification, reporting high scores for almost all languages. Keywords: Monolingual Word Sense Alignment, Lexicography, BERT, Gloss Similarity 1. Introduction overview of related work in Section 2, and a description of This paper presents our submission for the shared task the corpus in Section 3. In Section 4 we explain all impor- on monolingual word sense alignment across dictionaries tant aspects of our model implementation, while the results as part of the GLOBALEX 2020 – Linked Lexicography are presented in Section 5. Finally, we end the paper with workshop at the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation the discussion in Section 6 and conclusion in Section 7. Conference (LREC). Monolingual word sense alignment (MWSA) is the task of aligning word senses across re- sources in the same language. 2. Related Work Lexical-semantic resources (LSR) such as dictionaries form Similar work in monolingual word sense alignment has pre- valuable foundation of numerous natural language process- viously been done mostly for one language in mind, for ing (NLP) tasks. Since they are created manually by ex- example (Henrich et al., 2014), (Sultan et al., 2015) and perts, dictionaries can be considered among the resources (Caselli et al., 2014). of highest quality and importance. However, the existing LSRs in machine readable form are small in scope or miss- Researchers avoid modeling features according to a specific ing altogether. Thus, it would be extremely beneficial if resource pair, but aim to combine generic features which the existing lexical resources could be connected and ex- are applicable to a variety of resources. One example is the panded. work of (Matuschek and Gurevych, 2014) on alignment be- Lexical resources display considerable variation in the tween Wiktionary and Wikipedia using distances calculated number of word senses that lexicographers assign to a given with Dijkstra-WSA, an algorithm which works on graph entry in a dictionary. This is because the identification and representations of resources, as well as gloss similarity val- differentiation of word senses is one of the harder tasks that ues. lexicographers face. Hence, the task of combining dictio- Recent work in monolingual corpora linking includes (Mc- naries from different sources is difficult, especially for the Crae and Buitelaar, 2018) which utilizes state-of-the-art case of mapping the senses of entries, which often differ methods from the NLP task of semantic textual similarity significantly in granularity and coverage. (Ahmadi et al., and combines them with structural similarity of ontology 2020) alignment. There are three different angles from which the problem of Since our work is focusing on similarity of textual descrip- word sense alignment can be addressed: approaches based tions, it is worth mentioning that there have been lots of ad- on the similarity of textual descriptions of word senses, ap- vances in natural language processing with pre-trained con- proaches based on structural properties of lexical-semantic textualized language representations relying on large cor- resources, and a combination of both. (Matuschek, 2014) pora (Devlin et al., 2018), which have been delivering im- In this paper we focus on the similarity of textual de- provements in a variety of related downstream tasks, such scriptions. This is a common approach as the majority as word sense disambiguation (Scarlini et al., 2020) and of previous work used some notion of similarity between question answering (Yang et al., 2019). However, we could senses, mostly gloss overlap or semantic relatedness based not find any related work leveraging the newest advances on glosses. This makes sense, as glosses are a prerequisite with neural network language models (NNLM) for mono- for humans to recognize the meaning of an encoded sense, lingual word sense alignment. For this reason we have cho- and thus also an intuitive way of judging the similarity of sen to implement our classifiers based on two approaches: senses. (Matuschek, 2014) one which is feature-based, and the other one using pre- The paper is structured as follows: we provide a brief trained NNLMs. 84 3. Dataset By swapping the definitions, more general features can be The dataset used to train and test our models was com- calculated, since the columns contain definitions of two dic- piled specifically with this purpose in mind (Ahmadi et tionaries, instead of one. This aspect could make the trained al., 2020). The complete corpus for the shared task con- feature-based models more robust against new dictionaries. sists of sixteen datasets from fifteen European languages.1 After doubling the data samples, we applied upsampling to The gold standard was obtained by manually classifying the match the number of samples of NONE category. level of semantic similarity between two definitions from For linguistic preprocessing, the definitions were tokenized 2 3 two resources for the same lemma. using Spacy for English and German, and NLTK for other The data was given in four columns: lemma, part-of-speech languages. For languages other than English and German, (POS) tag and two definitions for the lemma. The fifth col- stopwords were removed from the definitions, in order to umn which the system aims to predict contains the semantic create word embedding models. Word vectors included in relationship between definitions. This falls in one of the five Spacy language models were used for English and German. following categories: EXACT, BROADER, NARROWER, We have compiled stopword lists for all languages using 4 RELATED, NONE. several resources found on the Web. The data was collected as follows: a subset of entries with 4.1.2. Feature Extraction the same lemma is chosen from the two dictionaries and a Since many of the languages in the dataset have very few spreadsheet is created containing all the possible combina- open-source resources and tools, and of uncertain quality, tions of definitions from the entries. Experts are then asked the features used are mostly based on word embeddings. to go through the list and choose the level of semantic simi- The word embeddings were trained using the sets of def- larity between each pair. This has created a huge number of initions provided and the Word2Vec(Mikolov et al., 2013) pairs which have no relation, and thus the dataset is heavily model from gensim(Rehˇ u˚rekˇ and Sojka, 2010) Python li- imbalanced in favor of NONE class. Two challenges caused brary. To calculate the vector of a definition we used the by the skewness of data were identified. Firstly, the mod- average of word embeddings of consisting tokens. Sen- els should be able to deal with underrepresented semantic tence similarity was calculated with different similarity relations. Secondly, evaluation metrics should consider the measures, namely cosine distance, Jaccard similarity, and imbalanced distribution. word mover distance (WMD). For English and German, Table 1 displays the distribution of relations between two we used Spacy’s built-in language models for word embed- word definitions and the imbalance of the labels in the train- dings. The English language model used, en core web lg ing data. We have implemented several ways to battle this, has 685k unique vectors over 300 dimensions, while the such as undersampling and oversampling, as well as dou- German model, de core news md has 20k unique vectors bling the broader, narrower, exact and related class by re- over 300 dimensions. Additionally, similarity calculation lying on their property of symmetry, or applying ensemble based on contextualized word representation ELMo (Peters learning methods, such as random forest. et al., 2018) was used for English to model semantic differ- 4. System Implementation ences depending on the context. We selected a different set of features for each classification We aimed to explore the advantages of two different ap- model from the features described below. Complete list of proaches, so we created two different versions of our sys- features used by each classification model is shown in Table tem. One is the more standard, feature-based approach, 4. and the other is a more novel approach with pre-trained Overall, we used the following features: neural language models, specifically BERT (Devlin et al., 2018). The novel approach was used for English and Ger- • Statistical features: Difference in length of definitions man dataset, in addition to the feature based approach. was added as a feature. 4.1. Feature-based models • Similarity measures based features: In addition to the 4.1.1. Preprocessing word embedding comparisons between the word defi- Firstly, we loaded the datasets and mitigated imbalanced nition pair, we calculated similarity of the most similar distribution of relation labels by swapping the two defini- word to the headword by calculating cosine similarity tions and thus doubling the data samples for related labels, for list of word embeddings of tokens of definitions i.e. BROADER, NARROWER, EXACT, RELATED. For excluding stopwords and headword word embedding. example, one English data sample for English head word follow has the definition pair “keep to” and “to copy af- • Part-of-speech based features: We included one-hot ter; to take as an example” and the relation “narrower”.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 15 Things You Should Know About Spacy
    15 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT SPACY ALEXANDER CS HENDORF @ EUROPYTHON 2020 0 -preface- Natural Language Processing Natural Language Processing (NLP): A Unstructured Data Avalanche - Est. 20% of all data - Structured Data - Data in databases, format-xyz Different Kinds of Data - Est. 80% of all data, requires extensive pre-processing and different methods for analysis - Unstructured Data - Verbal, text, sign- communication - Pictures, movies, x-rays - Pink noise, singularities Some Applications of NLP - Dialogue systems (Chatbots) - Machine Translation - Sentiment Analysis - Speech-to-text and vice versa - Spelling / grammar checking - Text completion Many Smart Things in Text Data! Rule-Based Exploratory / Statistical NLP Use Cases � Alexander C. S. Hendorf [email protected] -Partner & Principal Consultant Data Science & AI @hendorf Consulting and building AI & Data Science for enterprises. -Python Software Foundation Fellow, Python Softwareverband chair, Emeritus EuroPython organizer, Currently Program Chair of EuroSciPy, PyConDE & PyData Berlin, PyData community organizer -Speaker Europe & USA MongoDB World New York / San José, PyCons, CEBIT Developer World, BI Forum, IT-Tage FFM, PyData London, Berlin, PyParis,… here! NLP Alchemy Toolset 1 - What is spaCy? - Stable Open-source library for NLP: - Supports over 55+ languages - Comes with many pretrained language models - Designed for production usage - Advantages: - Fast and efficient - Relatively intuitive - Simple deep learning implementation - Out-of-the-box support for: - Named entity recognition - Part-of-speech (POS) tagging - Labelled dependency parsing - … 2 – Building Blocks of spaCy 2 – Building Blocks I. - Tokenization Segmenting text into words, punctuations marks - POS (Part-of-speech tagging) cat -> noun, scratched -> verb - Lemmatization cats -> cat, scratched -> scratch - Sentence Boundary Detection Hello, Mrs. Poppins! - NER (Named Entity Recognition) Marry Poppins -> person, Apple -> company - Serialization Saving NLP documents 2 – Building Blocks II.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Implementation of an Open Source Greek Pos Tagger and Entity Recognizer Using Spacy
    DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OPEN SOURCE GREEK POS TAGGER AND ENTITY RECOGNIZER USING SPACY A PREPRINT Eleni Partalidou1, Eleftherios Spyromitros-Xioufis1, Stavros Doropoulos1, Stavros Vologiannidis2, and Konstantinos I. Diamantaras3 1DataScouting, 30 Vakchou Street, Thessaloniki, 54629, Greece 2Dpt of Computer, Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, International Hellenic University, Terma Magnisias, Serres, 62124, Greece 3Dpt of Informatics and Electronic Engineering, International Hellenic University, Sindos, Thessaloniki, 57400, Greece ABSTRACT This paper proposes a machine learning approach to part-of-speech tagging and named entity recog- nition for Greek, focusing on the extraction of morphological features and classification of tokens into a small set of classes for named entities. The architecture model that was used is introduced. The greek version of the spaCy platform was added into the source code, a feature that did not exist before our contribution, and was used for building the models. Additionally, a part of speech tagger was trained that can detect the morphologyof the tokens and performs higher than the state-of-the-art results when classifying only the part of speech. For named entity recognition using spaCy, a model that extends the standard ENAMEX type (organization, location, person) was built. Certain experi- ments that were conducted indicate the need for flexibility in out-of-vocabulary words and there is an effort for resolving this issue. Finally, the evaluation results are discussed. Keywords Part-of-Speech Tagging, Named Entity Recognition, spaCy, Greek text. 1. Introduction In the research field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) there are several tasks that contribute to understanding arXiv:1912.10162v1 [cs.CL] 5 Dec 2019 natural text.
    [Show full text]
  • Translation, Sentiment and Voices: a Computational Model to Translate and Analyze Voices from Real-Time Video Calling
    Translation, Sentiment and Voices: A Computational Model to Translate and Analyze Voices from Real-Time Video Calling Aneek Barman Roy School of Computer Science and Statistics Department of Computer Science Thesis submitted for the degree of Master in Science Trinity College Dublin 2019 List of Tables 1 Table 2.1: The table presents a count of studies 22 2 Table 2.2: The table present a count of studies 23 3 Table 3.1: Europarl Training Corpus 31 4 Table 3.2: VidALL Neural Machine Translation Corpus 32 5 Table 3.3: Language Translation Model Specifications 33 6 Table 4.1: Speech Analysis Corpus Statistics 42 7 Table 4.2: Sentences Given to Speakers 43 8 Table 4.3: Hacki’s Vocal Intensity Comparators (Hacki, 1996) 45 9 Table 4.4: Model Vocal Intensity Comparators 45 10 Table 4.5: Sound Intensities for Sentence 1 and Sentence 2 46 11 Table 4.6: Classification of Sentiment Scores 47 12 Table 4.7: Sentiment Scores for Five Sentences 47 13 Table 4.8: Simple RNN-based Model Summary 52 14 Table 4.9: Simple RNN-based Model Results 52 15 Table 4.10: Embedded-based RNN Model Summary 53 16 Table 4.11: Embedded-RNN based Model Results 54 17 Table 5.1: Sentence A Evaluation of RNN and Embedded-RNN Predictions from 20 Epochs 63 18 Table 5.2: Sentence B Evaluation of RNN and Embedded-RNN Predictions from 20 Epochs 63 19 Table 5.3: Evaluation on VidALL Speech Transcriptions 64 v List of Figures 1 Figure 2.1: Google Neural Machine Translation Architecture (Wu et al.,2016) 10 2 Figure 2.2: Side-by-side Evaluation of Google Neural Translation Model (Wu
    [Show full text]
  • A Natural Language Processing System for Extracting Evidence of Drug Repurposing from Scientific Publications
    The Thirty-Second Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference (IAAI-20) A Natural Language Processing System for Extracting Evidence of Drug Repurposing from Scientific Publications Shivashankar Subramanian,1,2 Ioana Baldini,1 Sushma Ravichandran,1 Dmitriy A. Katz-Rogozhnikov,1 Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy,1 Prasanna Sattigeri,1 Kush R. Varshney,1 Annmarie Wang,3,4 Pradeep Mangalath,3,5 Laura B. Kleiman3 1IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA, 2University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 3Cures Within Reach for Cancer, Cambridge, MA, USA, 4Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, 5Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Abstract (Pantziarka et al. 2017; Bouche, Pantziarka, and Meheus 2017; Verbaanderd et al. 2017). However, manual review to More than 200 generic drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for non-cancer indications have shown identify and analyze potential evidence is time-consuming promise for treating cancer. Due to their long history of safe and intractable to scale, as PubMed indexes millions of ar- patient use, low cost, and widespread availability, repurpos- ticles and the collection is continuously updated. For exam- ing of these drugs represents a major opportunity to rapidly ple, the PubMed query Neoplasms [mh] yields more than improve outcomes for cancer patients and reduce healthcare 3.2 million articles.1 Hence there is a need for a (semi-) au- costs. In many cases, there is already evidence of efficacy for tomatic approach to identify relevant scientific articles and cancer, but trying to manually extract such evidence from the provide an easily consumable summary of the evidence. scientific literature is intractable.
    [Show full text]
  • Linked Data Triples Enhance Document Relevance Classification
    applied sciences Article Linked Data Triples Enhance Document Relevance Classification Dinesh Nagumothu * , Peter W. Eklund , Bahadorreza Ofoghi and Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; [email protected] (P.W.E.); [email protected] (B.O.); [email protected] (M.R.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Standardized approaches to relevance classification in information retrieval use generative statistical models to identify the presence or absence of certain topics that might make a document relevant to the searcher. These approaches have been used to better predict relevance on the basis of what the document is “about”, rather than a simple-minded analysis of the bag of words contained within the document. In more recent times, this idea has been extended by using pre-trained deep learning models and text representations, such as GloVe or BERT. These use an external corpus as a knowledge-base that conditions the model to help predict what a document is about. This paper adopts a hybrid approach that leverages the structure of knowledge embedded in a corpus. In particular, the paper reports on experiments where linked data triples (subject-predicate-object), constructed from natural language elements are derived from deep learning. These are evaluated as additional latent semantic features for a relevant document classifier in a customized news- feed website. The research is a synthesis of current thinking in deep learning models in NLP and information retrieval and the predicate structure used in semantic web research. Our experiments Citation: Nagumothu, D.; Eklund, indicate that linked data triples increased the F-score of the baseline GloVe representations by 6% P.W.; Ofoghi, B.; Bouadjenek, M.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Named Entity Extraction for Knowledge Graphs: a Literature Overview
    Received December 12, 2019, accepted January 7, 2020, date of publication February 14, 2020, date of current version February 25, 2020. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2973928 Named Entity Extraction for Knowledge Graphs: A Literature Overview TAREQ AL-MOSLMI , MARC GALLOFRÉ OCAÑA , ANDREAS L. OPDAHL, AND CSABA VERES Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway Corresponding author: Tareq Al-Moslmi ([email protected]) This work was supported by the News Angler Project through the Norwegian Research Council under Project 275872. ABSTRACT An enormous amount of digital information is expressed as natural-language (NL) text that is not easily processable by computers. Knowledge Graphs (KG) offer a widely used format for representing information in computer-processable form. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is therefore needed for mining (or lifting) knowledge graphs from NL texts. A central part of the problem is to extract the named entities in the text. The paper presents an overview of recent advances in this area, covering: Named Entity Recognition (NER), Named Entity Disambiguation (NED), and Named Entity Linking (NEL). We comment that many approaches to NED and NEL are based on older approaches to NER and need to leverage the outputs of state-of-the-art NER systems. There is also a need for standard methods to evaluate and compare named-entity extraction approaches. We observe that NEL has recently moved from being stepwise and isolated into an integrated process along two dimensions: the first is that previously sequential steps are now being integrated into end-to-end processes, and the second is that entities that were previously analysed in isolation are now being lifted in each other's context.
    [Show full text]
  • KOI at Semeval-2018 Task 5: Building Knowledge Graph of Incidents
    KOI at SemEval-2018 Task 5: Building Knowledge Graph of Incidents 1 2 2 Paramita Mirza, Fariz Darari, ∗ Rahmad Mahendra ∗ 1 Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Germany 2 Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia paramita @mpi-inf.mpg.de fariz,rahmad.mahendra{ } @cs.ui.ac.id { } Abstract Subtask S3 In order to answer questions of type (ii), participating systems are also required We present KOI (Knowledge of Incidents), a to identify participant roles in each identified an- system that given news articles as input, builds swer incident (e.g., victim, subject-suspect), and a knowledge graph (KOI-KG) of incidental use such information along with victim-related nu- events. KOI-KG can then be used to effi- merals (“three people were killed”) mentioned in ciently answer questions such as “How many the corresponding answer documents, i.e., docu- killing incidents happened in 2017 that involve ments that report on the answer incident, to deter- Sean?” The required steps in building the KG include: (i) document preprocessing involv- mine the total number of victims. ing word sense disambiguation, named-entity Datasets The organizers released two datasets: recognition, temporal expression recognition and normalization, and semantic role labeling; (i) test data, stemming from three domains of (ii) incidental event extraction and coreference gun violence, fire disasters and business, and (ii) resolution via document clustering; and (iii) trial data, covering only the gun violence domain. KG construction and population. Each dataset
    [Show full text]
  • Data Driven Value Creation
    DATA DRIVEN VALUE CREATION DATA SCIENCE & ANALYTICS | DATA MANAGEMENT | VISUALIZATION & DATA EXPERIENCE D ONE, Sihlfeldstrasse 58, 8003 Zürich, d-one.ai Agenda Time Content Who 9.00 Introduction Philipp 9.30 Hands-On 1: How to kick-start NLP Jacqueline 10.15 Break / Letting People Catch up All ;-) 10.45 About ELK Philipp 11.00 Hands-On 2: Deep Dive Jacqueline 12.15 Wrap up / Discussion All 2 Today’s hosts Philipp Thomann Jacqueline Stählin Here today & tomorrow morning Here today & Monday till Wednesday 3 Setup Course Git - https://github.com/d-one/NLPeasy-workshop For infos during Workshop - https://tlk.io/amld2020-nlpeasy 4 «Making sense of data is the winning competence in all industries.» 5 Data drives Transformation 6 About ■ Zurich-based, established in 2005 with focus: data-driven value creation ■ 50 data professionals with excellent business and technical understanding & network ■ International & Swiss clients ■ In selected cases: investor for data-driven start-ups 7 Capabilities Business Consulting - Guide on data journey - Use cases, roadmap - Transformation and change - Building capabilities Machine Learning / AI Data Architecture - Ideation, implementation, - Data strategy operationalization Passionate - Enterprise requirements - Algorithms, modelling, NLP & - Information factory - Image recognition, visual analytics Down to - BI and analytics - Text analytics - Data science laboratory earth Data Management Data Experience - Data supply chain - From data to Insights to action - Data integration and modelling - Business report
    [Show full text]
  • Two Models for Named Entity Recognition in Spanish
    Two Models for Named Entity Recognition in Spanish. Submission to the CAPITEL Shared Task at IberLEF 2020 Elena Álvarez-Melladoa aInformation Sciences Institute, University of Southern California Abstract This paper documents two sequence-labeling models for NER in Spanish: a conditional random field model with handcrafted features and a BiLSTM-CRF model with word and character embeddings. Both models were trained and tested using CAPITEL (an annotated corpus of newswire written in European Spanish) and were submitted to the shared task on Spanish NER at IberLEF 2020. The best result was obtained by the CRF model, which produced an F1 score of 84.39 on the test set and was ranked #6 on the shared task. Keywords Spanish NER, CRF, BiLSTM-CRF 1. Introduction and Previous Work Named entity recognition (NER) is the task of extracting relevant spans of text (such as person names, location names, organization names) from a given document. NER has usually been framed as a sequence labeling problem [1]. Consequently, different sequence labeling approaches have been applied to NER, such as hidden Markov models [2], maxent Markov models [3] or conditional random field [4, 5]. More recently, different neural architectures have also been applied to NER [6, 7]. In this paper, we explore two sequence-labeling models to perform NER on CAPITEL, an annotated corpus of journalistic texts written in European Spanish. The explored models are a CRF model with handcrafted features and a BiLSTM-CRF model with word and character embeddings. Both models were submitted to the CAPITEL shared task on Spanish NER at IberLEF 2020 [8].
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Amaia: a Conversational Agent for Helping Portuguese Entrepreneurs—An Extensive Exploration of Question-Matching Approaches for Portuguese
    information Article Developing Amaia: A Conversational Agent for Helping Portuguese Entrepreneurs—An Extensive Exploration of Question-Matching Approaches for Portuguese José Santos 1 , Luís Duarte 1 , João Ferreira 1 , Ana Alves 1,2 and Hugo Gonçalo Oliveira 1,* 1 CISUC, DEI, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (L.D.); [email protected] (J.F.); [email protected] (A.A.) 2 Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra (ISEC), Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 28 August 2020; Published: 1 September 2020 Abstract: This paper describes how we tackled the development of Amaia, a conversational agent for Portuguese entrepreneurs. After introducing the domain corpus used as Amaia’s Knowledge Base (KB), we make an extensive comparison of approaches for automatically matching user requests with Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) in the KB, covering Information Retrieval (IR), approaches based on static and contextual word embeddings, and a model of Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) trained for Portuguese, which achieved the best performance. We further describe how we decreased the model’s complexity and improved scalability, with minimal impact on performance. In the end, Amaia combines an IR library and an STS model with reduced features. Towards a more human-like behavior, Amaia can also answer out-of-domain questions, based on a second corpus integrated in the KB. Such interactions are identified with a text classifier, also described in the paper. Keywords: semantic textual similarity; question answering; conversational agents; machine learning; information retrieval; text classification 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Detecting Politeness in Natural Language by Michael Yeomans, Alejandro Kantor, Dustin Tingley
    CONTRIBUTED RESEARCH ARTICLES 489 The politeness Package: Detecting Politeness in Natural Language by Michael Yeomans, Alejandro Kantor, Dustin Tingley Abstract This package provides tools to extract politeness markers in English natural language. It also allows researchers to easily visualize and quantify politeness between groups of documents. This package combines and extends prior research on the linguistic markers of politeness (Brown and Levinson, 1987; Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al., 2013; Voigt et al., 2017). We demonstrate two applications for detecting politeness in natural language during consequential social interactions— distributive negotiations, and speed dating. Introduction Politeness is a universal dimension of human communication (Goffman, 1967; Lakoff, 1973; Brown and Levinson, 1987). In practically all settings, a speaker can choose to be more or less polite to their audience, and this can have consequences for the speakers’ social goals. Politeness is encoded in a discrete and rich set of linguistic markers that modify the information content of an utterance. Sometimes politeness is an act of commission (for example, saying “please” and “thank you”) <and sometimes it is an act of omission (for example, declining to be contradictory). Furthermore, the mapping of politeness markers often varies by culture, by context (work vs. family vs. friends), by a speaker’s characteristics (male vs. female), or the goals (buyer vs. seller). Many branches of social science might be interested in how (and when) people express politeness to one another, as one mechanism by which social co-ordination is achieved. The politeness package is designed to make it easier to detect politeness in English natural language, by quantifying relevant characteristics of polite speech, and comparing them to other data about the speaker.
    [Show full text]
  • Fasttext-Based Intent Detection for Inflected Languages †
    information Article FastText-Based Intent Detection for Inflected Languages † Kaspars Balodis 1,2,* and Daiga Deksne 1 1 Tilde, Vien¯ıbas Gatve 75A, LV-1004 R¯ıga, Latvia; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Computing, University of Latvia, Rain, a blvd. 19, LV-1586 R¯ıga, Latvia * Correspondence: [email protected] † This paper is an extended version of our paper published in 18th International Conference AIMSA 2018, Varna, Bulgaria, 12–14 September 2018. Received: 15 January 2019; Accepted: 25 April 2019; Published: 1 May 2019 Abstract: Intent detection is one of the main tasks of a dialogue system. In this paper, we present our intent detection system that is based on fastText word embeddings and a neural network classifier. We find an improvement in fastText sentence vectorization, which, in some cases, shows a significant increase in intent detection accuracy. We evaluate the system on languages commonly spoken in Baltic countries—Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, English, and Russian. The results show that our intent detection system provides state-of-the-art results on three previously published datasets, outperforming many popular services. In addition to this, for Latvian, we explore how the accuracy of intent detection is affected if we normalize the text in advance. Keywords: intent detection; word embeddings; dialogue system 1. Introduction and Related Work Recent developments in deep learning have made neural networks the mainstream approach for a wide variety of tasks, ranging from image recognition to price forecasting to natural language processing. In natural language processing, neural networks are used for speech recognition and generation, machine translation, text classification, named entity recognition, text generation, and many other tasks.
    [Show full text]