Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis
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MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS STAYING CONNECTED The Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) among Alaska Native Women verfasst von / submitted by Helga Bruckner, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art (MA) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 810 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie UG2002 degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ. Prof. Dr. Peter Schweitzer 1 Helga Bruckner/8207091 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all of my interview partners for their time and cooperativeness for making this thesis possible in the first place. My special thanks go to my supervisor Dr. Peter Schweitzer for kind and supporting words and an abundance of patience. Furthermore, I would like to thank Mag. Barbara Olsson and Mag. Maria Fencl for proof-reading and for the feedbacks of my first concepts and drafts of my thesis. 2 Helga Bruckner/8207091 Abstract - English This master thesis contributes to the discussion of communication technology, identity, and cul- tural change within the subsistence lifestyle of Alaska Native women. By using an ethnographic methodological strategy, sixteen selected Alaska Native women from different ethnic groups of different ages were interviewed, observed and “followed” on social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or Pinterest. It was found that some of these women are very dedicated users of cell phones and the social media, basically using them to communicate with their communities of origin, to keep in touch with friends and family across a nearly limitless territory, to access cultural referents on their Facebook groups, discuss issues, get rapid information, form their identity, create Blogs, access pictures as well as store and recall traditions. Each member of this group has a cultural memory and remembrance of the past collectively established through the Internet and social media, which further shows, how technology is integrated and adapted to a culture rather than the culture being weakened by the incorporation of technology. In this sense, these women “graze” through the social media, using them for their own purposes such as ac- cessing cultural referents of the land and keeping up the modern form of subsistence in a multi- media interface. Analyzing the frequently used Alaska Native websites I can state that increas- ingly tribal communities and organizations are realizing the value and significance of indigenous knowledge and the importance of preserving it for future generations. Centers as the Alaska Na- tive Heritage Center or the Morris Thompson Center are being established both as physical spac- es to learn about indigenous history and virtual spaces producing video clips and virtual infor- mation on their websites. The capture and preservation of indigenous knowledge is being used to revitalize their sometimes already endangered cultures, improve the economic independence and sustainability of indigenous communities and to increase community-based involvement in plan- ning and development. Parallel to the increasing recognition of the value and relevance of indig- enous knowledge and the need to preserve it, information communication technology plays an important role in collecting, storing, managing and disseminating the oral traditions. My research shows that the interviewed women were really convinced that the advantages of information communication technology outweigh the disadvantages for Alaska Natives especially due to the fact that the Alaskan indigenous oral story finally can be kept alive for the descendants by stor- ing it on virtual and digital spaces. 3 Helga Bruckner/8207091 Abstrakt - Deutsch Diese Masterarbeit versucht, einen Beitrag zur Diskussion über Technologie, Kommunikation, Identität und kulturellen Wandel in der Subsistenzwirtschaft von Alaskas indigenen Frauen bei- zutragen. Mit Hilfe einer ethnographischen methodische Strategie wurden mehrere ausgewählte indigene Frauen aus verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen und unterschiedlichen Alters interviewt, beobachtet und in den sozialen Medien begleitet. Es sollte erforscht werden, wie viel Zeit sie mit ihren Handys verbringen, im Internet surfen, WhatsApp und die sozialen Online-Netzwerke, wie z.B. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, etc. verwenden. Es wurde festgestellt, dass einige dieser Frauen sehr intensive Nutzer von Mobiltelefonen und den sozialen Medien sind, haupt- sächlich zur Kommunikation mit ihren Heimatgemeinden, der Familie, Freunden, um mit ihnen im Kontakt zu bleiben aber auch um das kulturelle Wissen von Generationen von Vorfahren zu erhalten und an die nächsten Generationen weiterzugeben, damit diese ihre indigene Identität stärken können. Sie erstellen Blogs, in denen sie Erfahrungen als Indigene publizieren und erin- nern an Traditionen ihrer ethnischen Gruppen. Jedes Mitglied dieser Gruppe hat ihr kulturelles Gedächtnis und Erinnerung an die Vergangenheit über das Internet mit Hilfe der sozialen Medi- en oder ähnlichem veröffentlicht und gleichzeitig für die künftigen Generationen archiviert. Des Weiteren wird gezeigt, wie Technologie integriert und in die Kultur angepasst wird und nicht wie manchmal befürchtet, dass die Technologie den kulturellen Hintergrund schwächt bzw. ver- schwinden lässt. In diesem Sinne, surfen diese Frauen durch die sozialen Medien zu ihrem eige- nen z.B. kulturellen und ökonomischen Nutzen und ermöglichen dadurch unter anderem eine moderne Form der Subsistenz-Wirtschaft mit Hilfe von Multimedia-Interfaces. Diese Studie dis- kutiert mit Hilfe der Akteur-Netzwerk-Perspektive, den Anteil der Alaska Native Frauen an einer der Verbreitung ihrer kulturellen Werte und Traditionen durch Veröffentlichung ihres soziales Leben und ihrer Erfahrungen in immer größerem Maße in den sozialen Netzwerken. 4 Helga Bruckner/8207091 Table of Content Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract - English ............................................................................................................................ 3 Abstrakt - Deutsch ........................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Impact or not that’s the Question ..................................................................................... 7 1.2 Social Construction of Technology .................................................................................. 9 1.2.1 The Importance of Media Anthropology ................................................................ 12 1.2.2 Identity and Information and Communication Technology .................................... 17 1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 25 1.3.1 Field and Methods ................................................................................................... 28 1.3.2 Internet and its Social Media Apps as Tools for Anthropological Research .......... 31 2. Alaska Natives Women – Subsistence, Tradition and ICT .................................................... 33 2.1 Alaska Demography - a short Glimpse ........................................................................... 34 2.1.1 Alaska’s Subsistence – a Speciality? ..................................................................... 42 2.1.2 Sharing – an Indigenous Social System .................................................................. 50 2.1 Alaska Native Women’s Lifestyle and their Utilization of ICT ..................................... 52 3. Mobile and Social Network Revolution in Alaska ................................................................ 57 3.1 Alaskan Supply of Communication Technologies ......................................................... 65 3.2 Social Media and Web 2.0 - a Way to keep up Traditions? ........................................... 75 4. Staying Connected - Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 82 4.1 Sixteen Women and their Individual Use of Social Media ............................................ 83 4.2 Alaska Native Websites and Internet Usage ................................................................... 89 4.3 YouTube – the Modern Storyteller ................................................................................. 98 4.4 Evaluation of the Questionnaire ..................................................................................... 99 5. Summary and Conclusion – from Oral to Virtual Tradition ................................................ 102 5.1 Summary of the Research Data .................................................................................... 102 5.2 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 103 6. References ............................................................................................................................ 114 6.1 Bibliographic and Online Sources ...............................................................................