New Methods for HD Radio™ Crest Factor Reduction and Pre-Correction
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WILL the REAL MAXIMUM SPL PLEASE STAND UP? Measured Maximum SPL Vs Calculated Maximum SPL and How Not to Be Fooled
WILL THE REAL MAXIMUM SPL PLEASE STAND UP? Measured Maximum SPL vs Calculated Maximum SPL and how not to be fooled Introduction When purchasing powered loudspeakers, most customers compare three key specifications: price, power and maximum SPL. Unfortunately, this can be like comparing apples and oranges. For the Maximum SPL number in particular, each manufacturer often has its own way of reporting the specification. There are various methods a manufacturer can employ and each tends to choose the one that makes a particular product look the best. Unfortunately for the customer, this makes comparing two products on paper very difficult. In this document, Mackie will do the following to shed some light on this issue: • Compare and contrast two common ways of reporting the maximum SPL of a powered loudspeaker. • Conduct a case study comparing the Mackie HD series loudspeakers with similar models from a key competitor to illustrate these differences. • Provide common practices for the customer to follow, allowing them to see through the hype and help them choose the best loudspeaker for their specific needs. The two most common ways of reporting maximum SPL for a loudspeaker are a Calculated Maximum SPL and a Measured Maximum SPL. These names are given here to simplify comparison; other manufacturers may use different terminology. Calculated Maximum SPL The Calculated Maximum SPL is a purely theoretical specification. The manufacturer uses the known power of their amplifier and the known sensitivity of the transducer to mathematically calculate the maximum SPL they can produce in a particular loudspeaker. For example, a compression driver’s peak sensitivity may be 110 dB at 1W at 1 meter. -
Frequency Based Fatigue
Frequency Based Fatigue Professor Darrell F. Socie Mechanical Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign © 2001 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved Deterministic versus Random Deterministic – from past measurements the future position of a satellite can be predicted with reasonable accuracy Random – from past measurements the future position of a car can only be described in terms of probability and statistical averages AAR Seminar © 2001 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 1 of 57 Time Domain Bracket.sif-Strain_c56 750 Strain (ustrain) -750 Time (Secs) AAR Seminar © 2001 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 2 of 57 Frequency Domain ap_000.sif-Strain_b43 102 101 100 Strain (ustrain) 10-1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Frequency (Hz) AAR Seminar © 2001 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 3 of 57 Statistics of Time Histories ! Mean or Expected Value ! Variance / Standard Deviation ! Coefficient of Variation ! Root Mean Square ! Kurtosis ! Skewness ! Crest Factor ! Irregularity Factor AAR Seminar © 2001 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 4 of 57 Mean or Expected Value Central tendency of the data N ∑ x i = Mean = µ = x = E()X = i 1 x N AAR Seminar © 2001 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 5 of 57 Variance / Standard Deviation Dispersion of the data N − 2 ∑( xi x ) Var()X = i =1 N Standard deviation σ = x Var( X ) AAR Seminar © 2001 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 6 of 57 Coefficient of Variation σ COV = x µ x Useful to compare different dispersions µ =10 µ = 100 σ =1 σ =10 COV = 0.1 COV = 0.1 AAR Seminar © 2001 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 7 of 57 Root Mean Square N 2 ∑ x i = RMS = i 1 N The rms is equal to the standard deviation when the mean is 0 AAR Seminar © 2001 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 8 of 57 Skewness Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the data around the sample mean. -
Sound Quality of Audio Systems
Acoustical Measurement of Sound System Equipment according IEC 60268-21 符合IEC 60268-21的音響系統聲學測量設備 KLIPPEL- live a series of webinars presented by Wolfgang Klippel KLIPPEL-live #5: Maximum SPL – a number becomes important , 1 Previous Sessions 1. Modern audio equipment needs output based testing 2. Standard acoustical tests performed in normal rooms 3. Drawing meaningful conclusions from 3D output measurement 4. Simulated standard condition at an evaluation point 5. Maximum SPL – giving this value meaning 6. Selecting measurements with high diagnostic value 7. Amplitude Compression – less output at higher amplitudes 8. Harmonic Distortion Measurements – best practice 9. Intermodulation Distortion – music is more than a single tone 10.Impulsive distortion - rub&buzz, abnormal behavior, defects 11.Benchmarking of audio products under standard conditions 12.Auralization of signal distortion – perceptual evaluation 13.Setting meaningful tolerances for signal distortion Acoustical14.testingRatingof a modernthe maximum active audio deviceSPL value for a product 1st Session15.2nd SessionSmart speaker testing with wireless audio input 3rd Session 4th Session KLIPPEL-live #5: Maximum SPL – a number becomes important , 2 Ask Klippel First Question: 在沒有復雜的測試箱或基於近場/遠場測量設置的測試箱的情況下,品檢上是否有一個好的解決方案。 Is there a good solution for on-line QC without complex testing box or testing chamber based on near field / far field measurement setting. Response WK: 否,對於傳感器和小型系統(例如智能手機),因為屏蔽環境噪聲非常有用。 NO, for transducers and small system (e.g. smart phones) because the shielding against ambient noise is very useful. 是的,較大的系統(條形音箱,專業設備,電視……)需要不同的解決方式 Yes, larger systems (sound bars, professional equipment, TVs …) need a different solution considering the following points: • 進行近場測量(與環境噪聲相比,SNR更高,SPL更高) Performing a near-field measurement (better SNR, higher SPL compared to ambient noise) • 在終端測試處使用圍繞測試站的吸收牆。 圍繞組裝線建造測試環境的最佳解決方案。 Using absorbing walls around the test station at the end of line. -
IBOC AM Transmission Specification Ibiquity Digital Corporation
IBOC AM Transmission Specification November 2001 iBiquity Digital Corporation 8865 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 202 20 Independence Boulevard Columbia, Maryland 21045 Warren, New Jersey 07059 AM Transmission Specification © 2001 iBiquity Digital Corporation 11/08/01 Doc. No. SY_TN_5010 Rev. 01 (410) 872-1530 (908) 580-7000 Table of Contents Contents 1 SCOPE ..............................................................................................................................................................1 2 ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND CONVENTIONS .................................................................................1 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................1 2.2 Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................1 2.3 Presentation Conventions ..........................................................................................................................1 2.4 Mathematical Symbols ..............................................................................................................................1 2.4.1 Variable Naming Conventions ..............................................................................................................1 2.4.2 Arithmetic Operators.............................................................................................................................1 2.5 -
On the Spectral and Power Requirements for Ultra-Wideband Transmission
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES http://www.merl.com On the Spectral and Power Requirements for Ultra-Wideband Transmission Hongsan Sheng, Philip Orlik, Alexander M. Haimovich, Leonard J. Cimini, Jr, Jinyun Zhang TR2003-66 December 2003 Abstract UWB systems based on impulse radio have the potential to provide very high data rates over short distances. In this paper, a new pulse shape is presented that satisfies the FCC spectral mask. Using this pulse, the link budget is calculated to quantify the relationship between data rate and distance. It is shown that UWB can be a good candidate for high rate transmission over short ranges, with the capability for reliably transmitting 100 Mbps over distances at about 10 meters. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose. Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following: a notice that such copying is by permission of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.; an acknowledgment of the authors and individual contributions to the work; and all applicable portions of the copyright notice. Copying, reproduction, or republishing for any other purpose shall require a license with payment of fee to Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright c Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc., 2003 201 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 MERLCoverPageSide2 On the Spectral and Power Requirements for Ultra-Wideband Transmission Hongsan Sheng† Philip Orlik‡ Alexander M. Haimovich† Leonard J. -
Bachelor Thesis
BACHELOR THESIS Perceived Sound Quality of Dynamic Range Reduced and Loudness Normalized Popular Music Jakob Lalér Bachelor of Arts Audio Engineering Luleå University of Technology Department of Business, Administration, Technology and Social Sciences Perceived sound quality of dynamic range reduced and loudness normalized popular music Lalér Jakob Lalér Jakob 1 S0038F ABSTRACT The lack of a standardized method for controlling perceived loudness within the music industry has been a contributory cause to the level increases that emerged in popular music at the beginning of the 1990s. As a consequence, discussions about what constitutes sound quality have been raised. This paper investigates to what extent dynamic range reduction affects perceived sound quality of popular music when loudness normalized in accordance with ITU-R BS. 1770-2. The results show that perceived sound quality was not affected by as much as -9 dB of average gain reduction. Lalér Jakob 2 S0038F TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................4 Aim, Objectives and Limitations............................................................................................................4 Background..........................................................................................................................................4 -
A Review of Feature Extraction Methods in Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring and Its Application for Degradation Trend Estimation of Low-Speed Slew Bearing
machines Review A Review of Feature Extraction Methods in Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring and Its Application for Degradation Trend Estimation of Low-Speed Slew Bearing Wahyu Caesarendra 1,2 ID and Tegoeh Tjahjowidodo 3,* ID 1 Mechanical Engineering Department, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; [email protected] 2 School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia 3 School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 August 2017; Accepted: 19 September 2017; Published: 27 September 2017 Abstract: This paper presents an empirical study of feature extraction methods for the application of low-speed slew bearing condition monitoring. The aim of the study is to find the proper features that represent the degradation condition of slew bearing rotating at very low speed (≈1 r/min) with naturally defect. The literature study of existing research, related to feature extraction methods or algorithms in a wide range of applications such as vibration analysis, time series analysis and bio-medical signal processing, is discussed. Some features are applied in vibration slew bearing data acquired from laboratory tests. The selected features such as impulse factor, margin factor, approximate entropy and largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) show obvious changes in bearing condition from normal condition to final failure. Keywords: vibration-based condition monitoring; feature extraction; low-speed slew bearing 1. Introduction Slew bearings are large roller element bearings that are used in heavy industries such as mining and steel milling. They are particularly used in turntables, cranes, cranes, rotatable trolleys, excavators, reclaimers, stackers, swing shovels and ladle cars [1]. -
Crest Factors of Complementary-Sequence-Based Multicode MC-CDMA Signals Byoung-Jo Choi and Lajos Hanzo
1114 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 2, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2003 Crest Factors of Complementary-Sequence-Based Multicode MC-CDMA Signals Byoung-Jo Choi and Lajos Hanzo Abstract—The crest factor properties of binary phase-shift be bounded by 4 dB upon carefully selecting the code sets keying modulated two- and four-code assisted multicarrier and upon employing high-rate crest-factor reduction coding, code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) employing comple- provided that the number of simultaneously used codes is mentary-sequence-based spreading sequences are characterized. More specifically, a complementary-sequence pair, a comple- higher than or equal to four. When is less than four, the mentary-sequence-based subcomplementary code pair, and a MC-CDMA signals employing orthogonal Gold (OGold) Sivaswamy’s complementary code set are studied. It was found codes, Frank codes [8], and Zadoff–Chu codes [10], [11] that the corresponding crest factors are bounded by 3 dB, which resulted in considerably lower crest factors. Even though corresponds to the crest factor of a single sine wave. This low crest Zadoff–Chu codes indeed do produce an ideal crest factor of factor resulted in a lower power loss and a lower out-of-band power spectrum due to clipping when the time-domain signal was less than 3 dB in the context of single-code MC-CDMA, the subjected to a typical nonlinear power amplifier, in comparison to crest factor values of neither Zadoff–Chu codes, Frank codes, those of Walsh code and orthogonal Gold code-spread MC-CDMA nor those of OGold codes are bounded by 3 dB in the context of signals. -
NRSC-5 RF Mask Compliance: Measurement Methods and Practice April, 2009
NRSC GUIDELINE NATIONAL RADIO SYSTEMS COMMITTEE NRSC-G201 NRSC-5 RF Mask Compliance: Measurement Methods and Practice April, 2009 NAB: 1771 N Street, N.W. CEA: 1919 South Eads Street Washington, DC 20036 Arlington, VA 22202 Tel: (202) 429-5356 Fax: (202) 775-4981 Tel: (703) 907-7660 Fax: (703) 907-8113 Co-sponsored by the Consumer Electronics Association and the National Association of Broadcasters http://www.nrscstandards.org NRSC-G201 NOTICE NRSC Standards, Guidelines, Reports and other technical publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for his particular need. Existence of such Standards, Guidelines, Reports and other technical publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or nonmember of the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) or the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such Standards, Guidelines, Reports and other technical publications, nor shall the existence of such Standards, Guidelines, Reports and other technical publications preclude their voluntary use by those other than CEA or NAB members, whether to be used either domestically or internationally. Standards, Guidelines, Reports and other technical publications are adopted by the NRSC in accordance with the NRSC patent policy. By such action, CEA and NAB do not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor do they assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard, Guideline, Report or other technical publication. This Guideline does not purport to address all safety problems associated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. -
Bandwidth-Efficient Modulations Summary of Definition, Implementation, and Performance
Report Concerning Space Data System Standards BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS SUMMARY OF DEFINITION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND PERFORMANCE INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 413.0-G-2 GREEN BOOK October 2009 Report Concerning Space Data System Standards BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS SUMMARY OF DEFINITION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND PERFORMANCE INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 413.0-G-2 GREEN BOOK October 2009 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS AUTHORITY Issue: Informational Report, Issue 2 Date: October 2009 Location: Washington, DC, USA This document has been approved for publication by the Management Council of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and reflects the consensus of technical panel experts from CCSDS Member Agencies. The procedure for review and authorization of CCSDS Reports is detailed in the Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. This document is published and maintained by: CCSDS Secretariat Space Communications and Navigation Office, 7L70 Space Operations Mission Directorate NASA Headquarters Washington, DC 20546-0001, USA CCSDS 413.0-G-2 Page i October 2009 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS FOREWORD This Report contains technical material to supplement the CCSDS recommendations for the standardization of modulation methods for high symbol rate transmissions generated by CCSDS Member Agencies. Through the process of normal evolution, it is expected that expansion, deletion, or modification of this document may occur. This Report is therefore subject to CCSDS document management and change control procedures, which are defined in the Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Current versions of CCSDS documents are maintained at the CCSDS Web site: http://www.ccsds.org/ Questions relating to the contents or status of this document should be addressed to the CCSDS Secretariat at the address indicated on page i. -
An Efficient Hardware Implementation of the Peak Cancellation Crest Factor Reduction Algorithm
DEGREE PROJECT IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2016 An efficient Hardware implementation of the Peak Cancellation Crest Factor Reduction Algorithm MATTEO BERNINI KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY An efficient Hardware implementation of the Peak Cancellation Crest Factor Reduction Algorithm MATTEO BERNINI Master’s Thesis at KTH Information and Communication Technology Supervisor: Shafqat Ullah Examiner: Johnny Öberg TRITA-ICT-EX-2016:187 Abstract An important component of the cost of a radio base station comes from to the Power Am- plifier driving the array of antennas. The cost can be split in Capital and Operational expenditure, due to the high design and realization costs and low energy efficiency of the Power Amplifier respectively. Both these cost components are related to the Crest Factor of the input signal. In order to reduce both costs, it would be possible to lower the average power level of the transmitting signal, whereas in order to obtain a more efficient transmis- sion, a more energized signal would allow the receiver to better distinguish the message from the noise and interferences. These opposed needs motivate the research and development of solutions aiming at reducing the excursion of the signal without the need of sacrificing its average power level. One of the algorithms addressing this problem is the Peak Cancellation Crest Factor Reduction. This work documents the design of a hardware implementation of such method, targeting a possible future ASIC for Ericsson AB. SystemVerilog is the Hardware Description Language used for both the design and the verification of the project, together with a MATLAB model used for both exploring some design choices and to val- idate the design against the output of the simulation. -
Efficiency Investigation of Switch Mode Power Amplifier Drving Low Impedance Transducers
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 26, 2021 Efficiency Investigation of Switch Mode Power Amplifier Drving Low Impedance Transducers Iversen, Niels Elkjær; Schneider, Henrik; Knott, Arnold; Andersen, Michael A. E. Published in: Proceedings of the139th Audio Engineering Society Convention. Publication date: 2015 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Iversen, N. E., Schneider, H., Knott, A., & Andersen, M. A. E. (2015). Efficiency Investigation of Switch Mode Power Amplifier Drving Low Impedance Transducers. In Proceedings of the139th Audio Engineering Society Convention. Audio Engineering Society. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper Presented at the 139th Convention 2015 October 29{November 1 New York, USA This paper was peer-reviewed as a complete manuscript for presentation at this Convention. Additional papers may be obtained by sending request and remittance to Audio Engineering Society, 60 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10165-2520, USA; also see www.aes.org.