Upaya Fox News Channel Dan Pemerintah Amerika Serikat Dalam Membangun Opini Publik As Pada Masa Invasi Irak 2003

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Upaya Fox News Channel Dan Pemerintah Amerika Serikat Dalam Membangun Opini Publik As Pada Masa Invasi Irak 2003 UPAYA FOX NEWS CHANNEL DAN PEMERINTAH AMERIKA SERIKAT DALAM MEMBANGUN OPINI PUBLIK AS PADA MASA INVASI IRAK 2003 SKRIPSI OLEH : RIFQI ACHMAD SAZALI 1060 8300 2756 PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL & ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2011 LEMBAR PERNYATAAN Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa: 1. Skripsi ini merupakan hasil karya sendiri yang asli dibuat dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar strata satu di Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Sumber yang saya gunakan dalam skripsi ini telah saya cantumkan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Jika kemudian hari terbukti bahwa karya saya ini bukan hasil karya asli saya atau merupakan hasil plagiat dari karya orang lain, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Jakarta, Agustus 2011 Rifqi Achmad Sazali 106083002756 ABSTRAK Pada masa invasi Irak 2003, Fox News Channel (FNC) dan pemerintah AS berupaya membangun opini publik agar menjadi terarah berdasarkan publikasi dan pandangan media massa yang dipelopori oleh FNC. Upaya FNC dan pemerintah tersebut didasari oleh kepentingan kedua belah pihak, yakni untuk mendapatkan keuntungan berupa rating dan dukungan terhadap invasi. Tulisan ini bersifat deskriptif, yaitu melalui studi pustaka dengan menggunakan metoda kualitatif maka dapat menggambarkan permasalahan yang dibahas. Dengan metoda tersebut dapat digunakan secara mendalam untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis upaya FNC dan pemerintah AS dalam membangun opini publik, dan melihat opini publik sebagai hasil dari upaya FNC dan pemerintah AS tersebut. Kata kunci: Invasi Irak 2003, opini publik, embedded journalism, komunikasi internasional dan media massa dalam kebijakan luar negeri. i ii KATA PENGANTAR Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, segala puji bagi Allah SWT, karena dengan hidayah dan rahmatnya penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul “Upaya Fox News Channel dan Pemerintah AS Dalam Membangun Opini Publik Pada Masa Invasi Irak 2003”. Penulis sepenuhnya menyadari bahwa penyusunan skripsi ini masih jauh dari sempurna dan masih banyak kekurangan baik yang bersifat teknis maupun materi. Untuk itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun dari semua pihak. Kritik dan saran yang diberikan, akan penulis jadikan bahan dalam penyempurnaan skripsi ini. Dengan selesainya penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menguncapkan terima kasih kepada beberapa pihak yang telah membantu membantu penyelesaian skripsi ini. Dimana dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini penulis banyak menemui hambatan dan ritangan yang dihadapi penulis tetapi berkat bantuan yang diberikan berbagai pihak, terutama dosen pembimbing, semua permasalahan dan kendala dapat teratasi. Oleh kerena itu, penulis dengan tulus menguncapkan terima kasih atas bantuannya baik langsung dan tidak langsung kepada: 1. Prof. Dr. Bachtiar Effendy sebagai Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Dina Afrianty, Ph.D., sebagai Ketua Jurusan Hubungan Internasional dan Agus Nilmada Azmi, S.Ag, M.Si., sebagai Sekretaris Jurusan Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. iii 3. Kiky Rizky, M.Si., sebagai Dosen Pembimbing Skripsi penulis yang telah memberikan ilmu, saran dan arahannya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 4. Drs. H. Djayani Adnan dan Hj. Tuta Rosita, Spd.I., kedua orang tua tercinta terima kasih atas do’a, kasih sayang, dan dukungan baik moril maupun materi sehingga skripsi ini dapat selesai. 5. Nazaruddin Nasution, SH., MH, sebagai Dosen Pembimbing Akademik. 6. Bapak/Ibu Dosen Jurusan Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, yang telah mengajarkan berbagai ilmu dan telah membantu penulis dalam meyelesaikan tugasnya sebagai mahasiwa. 7. Bapak Amaly dan Bang Nanda, sebagai staff di Jurusan Hubungan Internasional yang telah membantu penulis dalam mengurus segala bentuk yang berhubungan dengan nilai kuliah. 8. Yulis Maghita Bungsu, Ph.D., yang telah mendukung proses penyelesaian skripsi ini dan mengizinkan datang ke perpustakaan pribadinya. 9. Haninda Farah Moetya, terima kasih atas pengertian, waktu, dukungan, semangat dan doanya dalam penyusunan skripsi ini, semoga engkau diberikan kesehatan selalu. 10. Teman-teman terbaik di HI B angkatan 2006: Muh. Zubir, Ibnu Abok, Sabriela (Ola), Nadya Hajarani, Prila Chandra, Shinta Oktalia. Lima tahun yang luar biasa bersama kalian, penuh suka dan duka dalam berjuang bersama-sama dari awal hingga akhir kuliah ini. Sukses selalu ya kawan- iv kawan dan jangan pernah lelah untuk mengejar cita-cita. We’re the seven souls….. LUV Y’ALL!!! 11. Seluruh teman-teman HI angkatan 2006 dan teman-teman HI angkatan 2007. Semoga kekompakan kita terus terjaga, semangat terus kawan- kawan! 12. Teman-teman dari “HiRo’ Band”: Reza, Galuh, Arie, Melynda, terima kasih atas dukungan dan pengertiannya dalam proses penyelesaian penulisan skripsi ini. Main musik sama kalian punya arti tersendiri, maaf kalo latihan atau manggung sering absen dengan alasan skripsi. Semoga HiRo’ bisa berkarya dan lagu-lagunya bisa didengar sampai kita tua. Band - No one better than HiRo’. 13. Semua pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu terima kasih atas dukungan dalam penulisan skripsi ini. Semoga mendapatkan balasan dari Allah SWT atas kebaikan. Akhir kata, penulis meminta maaf yang sebesar-besarnya atas kekurangan yang terdapat dalam penulisan skripsi ini. Semoga skripsi ini dapat berguna bagi perkembangan studi Hubungan Internasional. Jakarta, Juli 2011 Rifqi Achmad Sazali 106083002756 v DAFTAR ISI Abstrak ................................................................................. ............................................. i Kata Pengantar .................................................................................................................. ii Daftar Isi............................................................................................................................ v Daftar Tabel .................................................................................................................... vii Bab I Pendahuluan A. Latar belakang masalah .......................................................................................... 1 B. Identifikasi masalah ................................................................................................ 6 C. Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................................... 6 D. Kerangka pemikiran ............................................................................................... 7 E. Metoda penelitian ................................................................................................. 13 F. Sistematika penulisan ........................................................................................... 14 Bab II Tinjauan Umum Fox News Channel (FNC) A. Media Massa AS dan FNC .................................................................................. 16 B. FNC Dalam Persaingan Antarmedia Massa di Amerika Serikat ........................ 25 C. Peliputan Perang Irak .......................................................................................... 32 Bab III Kebijakan Responsif AS Terhadap Irak Pasca-Tragedi 9/11 A. Munculnya Ancaman Irak Bagi AS .................................................................... 36 B. Kebijakan AS terhadap Irak ................................................................................ 43 C. Invasi AS ke Irak ................................................................................................. 50 Bab IV Upaya FNC dan Pemerintah AS Dalam Membangun Opini Publik Pada Masa Invasi Irak 2003 A. Upaya FNC Dalam Membentuk Opini Publik Pada Saat Invasi Irak 2003 ........ 57 vi B. Upaya Pemerintah AS Dalam Menangani Media Massa di Medan Perang Pada Saat Invasi Irak Tahun 2003 ....................................................................... 65 C. Dampak Upaya FNC dan Pemerintah AS Dalam Menbangun Opini Publik Tentang Invasi Irak 2003 .................................................................................... 71 Bab V Penutup Kesimpulan ..................................................................................................................... 77 Daftar Pustaka ............................................................................................................... 81 vii DAFTAR BAGAN Bagan 1: Acara TV Unggulan dan Jangkauan FNC ...................................................... 21 Bagan 2: Pandangan Publik Terhadap Jaringan yang Berideologi. ............................... 24 Bagan 3: Konsumsi Berita Televisi: 2000. ..................................................................... 28 Bagan 4: Enam Perusahaan Media dan Media Utamanya.............................................. 29 Bagan 5: Rating Media AS Tahun 2003 Menurut Guardian (CNN, FNC dan MSNBC). ...................................................................................................... 30 Bagan 6: Dukungan Publik AS Terhadap Invasi Irak. ................................................... 31 Bagan 7: Pembungkaman Aljazeera oleh AS. ................................................................ 35 Bagan 8: Perbandingan Persenjataan AS-Koalisi dan Irak Tahun 2003. ....................... 52 Bagan
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