"Mademoiselle De Maupin": a Close Reading and Study of the Process of Subjectivity in Theophile Gautier's Early Nineteenth Century Novel
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1992 "Mademoiselle De Maupin": A Close Reading and Study of the Process of Subjectivity in Theophile Gautier's Early Nineteenth Century Novel. Rebecca Lucille Tebeau Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Tebeau, Rebecca Lucille, ""Mademoiselle De Maupin": A Close Reading and Study of the Process of Subjectivity in Theophile Gautier's Early Nineteenth Century Novel." (1992). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5472. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5472 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. 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University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 ♦ Order Number 9317004 “Mademoiselle de Maupin”: A close reading and study of the process of subjectivity in Theophile Gautier’s early nineteenth century novel TeBeau, Rebecca Lucille, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1992 Copyright ©1993 by TeBeau, Rebecca Lucille. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 MADEMOISELLE DE MAUPIN; A CLOSE READING AND STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF SUBJECTIVITY IN THEOPHILE GAUTIER'S EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY NOVEL A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of French and Italian by Rebecca TeBeau B.A., Idaho State University, 1986 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1989 December 1992 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many professors, friends and family members have been most generous with their help and support during the course of this dissertation. I could never thank them all as they deserve, but I must extend special thanks to those few whose contributions, whether large or small, directly affected the outcome of this project. I would like first to acknowledge the contributions of those most closely involved: Dr. Jefferson Humphries, who guided me through two degrees at L.S.U., introduced me to Gautier's work and the nineteenth century at large, and who directed my dissertation with great patience and, sometimes, even greater impatience, both of which served me well; Dr. Nathaniel Wing, whose close and conscientious critique of my work helped me to focus more clearly when I needed it most; committee members, Dr. Lucie Brind'Amour, Dr. Greg Stone and Dr. Herndon Spillman; Ross Chambers, whose great kindness and professional support were always a quiet source of inspiration; and Edouard Glissant, whose influence has been keenly felt and whose friendship has been ever at hand. Amongst the many friends who supported me during the often messy day to day grind I must acknowledge: Muriel, who extended to me, not only her friendship, but also the warmth of her family's embrace in France; Debbie, first a role model, and then a friend, who offered unfailing advice and support even though far away and very busy herself; Scott Nelson, who was always so confident and optimistic; ii Michael Dennison, whose gentleness always had a calming effect; and my peers in the Department of French and Italian with whom I worked and studied over the years. My family was my constant long-distance support group. They understood, perhaps, only the enormity of the task, but were always sensitive to my, sometimes, enormous needs. I must single out my mother, Shirley, my best friend, whose steadfast belief in me and my abilities made everything easier in the end. I must also thank my big sister, Vikki, for being the very best of big sisters. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................... ii ABSTRACT .................... ...................... V INTRODUCTION........................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 READING THE FIRST FIVE CHAPTERS OF MADEMOISELLE DE MAUPIN... .................. 10 Critical Approach............................... 10 The Epistolary Form............................. 22 Thematic Overview of First Five Chapters........ 28 2 READING CHAPTERS SIX THROUGH TEN OF MADEMOISELLE DE MAUPIN...................... 50 Narrative Shift............................. 53 Re-insertion into the Epistolary........... 83 3 READING CHAPTERS ELEVEN THROUGH SEVENTEEN OF MADEMOISELLE DE MAUPIN.................. 112 4 CONCLUSION: MADEMOISELLE DE MAUPIN AND SUBJECTIVITY................................ 200 Subject.......................................... 201 Subjects........................................ 213 Subjectivity.................................... 237 WORKS CONSULTED....................................... 252 VITA................................................... 257 iv ABSTRACT This dissertation proposes a close reading of Theophile Gautier's Mademoiselle de Maupin. The purpose of this reading is to explore subjectivity by first assuming that it is a process, enacted by the protagonist's explorations of their o.Tn identities, but not an object contained in their elaborations. This view of subjectivity implies both the representational strategies of the protagonists, as well as the narrative strategies of the text. Since Mademoiselle de Maupin's narrative structure is so inconsistent and self- conscious, the explorations of self within the text draw attention to both the fiction of identity and the "identity11 of fiction as a continually (re)enacted process (subjectivity). This conception of subjectivity builds on the collaborative works of Felix Guattari and Gilles Deleuze, Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus. They describe subjectivity as a structural elusiveness which constantly (re)forms itself and which cannot reside in representation, or indeed in any one structure. This conception of subjectivity is the result of a re-evaluation of desire as a positive force visible only through the connections it makes and breaks. The structural elusiveness of Mademoiselle de Maupin manifests itself in a narrative and representational multiplicity. This multiplicity liberates the voices of the novel to the extent that they are free to question (enact) v the ambiguities and uncertainties of structural (representational) identity. This query is then enlarged to embrace the uncertainties of the poetic project as it was being re-thought at the beginning of the nineteenth century. INTRODUCTION In 1834, Theophile Gautier published his first novel, Mademoiselle de Maupin. Its preface was a trenchant attack upon bourgeois literary readers and critics who enforced what Gautier believed (along with his generation) to be misguided utilitarian notions of art and artistic purpose. His preface asserted that beauty's (or art's) first and only duty was to serve itself and not the society in which it circulated. "Art for art's sake" was the slogan he employed to elaborate his ideas on the artist's liberation from servitude to public and/or critical expectations. It is not surprising, then, that Mademoiselle de Maupin should reject conventionally linear form and a clearly developed moral message by proceeding in a disjointed and somewhat jumbled fashion. The intention to experiment, having been clearly announced, is then clearly manifest in the novel. Gautier freely uses several generic forms to advance the narrative rather than adopting one alone. He introduces parallel narratives which co-exist while resisting integration and he refuses to establish a privileged or central point of view to guide the reader as would be the case in a more conventional narrative. For all this implied confusion, Mademoiselle de Maupin's plot is readily discernable. It combines the narratives of two central characters (d'Albert and Madeleine) who encounter each other through their mutual association with a third character (Rosette).