Index 301 Index 2dF Galaxy Survey, 135 American Astronornical 2 Micron All-Sky Survey Society, 27, 39, 42, 116, (2MASS), 2, 3, 4, 11, 16, 143,285,293 46,89,92 Anglo Australian telescope (AAT), 38, 76, 80, 81 AAS Centennial, 27 Antennae, 271, 272, 273 Abastumani Astrophysical Arecibo Observatory, 281 Observatory, 186 Argentina, 208 Abdus Salam International Armenia, 67 Center for Theoretical Asiago Observatory, 82 Physics, 209 Asteroids, 2, 25, 43, 46, 93, Adaptive Optics (AO), 10, 101, 130, 133, 134, 154, 51,69, 70,71,230,244, 158, 162, 178, 179, 180, 246 181,183,184,206,231 Advanced Radio Asteroids, Earth-crossing, 25, Interferometry between 93 Space and Earth (ARISE), Asteroseismology, 45, 178, 9, 11 184 Advanced Technology Astrographs, 182, 183, 184, Center of NAOJ, 149, 152 185, 186 Africa, 142, 150, 155, 201, Astrositall, 192 209,210,211,212,281 Astrometry, 65, 74, 101, 181 Africa Skies 1 Cieux Astronornia Latina Africains, 212 Americana, 212 African Institute of Space Astronornical Consultants and Science, 211 Equipment, Inc. (ACE), AGAPEROS, 73 100 Agematsu Observatory, 150 Astronornical Data Analysis Allen Telescope Array, 273 Center, 152 All-Sky Automated Survey Astronornical Institute of the (ASAS), 46, 75 Czech Republic, 81 Amadeus Telescope, 75 Astronomical Netherlands American Association of Satellite (ANS), 230 V ariable Star Observers Astronornical Observatory of (AAVSO), 2, 45, 118, the Sarajevo University, 119,121,204,205 178 302

Astronomical Society of the BASIC STAMP Pacific, 116, 122, 123, 285 Microprocessors, 275 Astronomical Wide-Field Beam Size, 90, 277, 279, 284 Survey System for Europe Bell Telephone Laboratories, (ASTO-WlSE), 79 273 Astronomy, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, BeppoSax, 14, 278 16, 17,21,22,23,33, 34, Big Bang, 235 39,46,64, 78,83,85,87, Bisei Astronomical 88, 94, 113, 116, 117, 122, Observatory (BAO), 150, 123, 125, 126, 131, 138, 161 140, 143, 150, 152, 155, Bisei Space Guard Center, 156, 167, 173, 175, 180, 151 185,212,225,274,284, BL Lac Objects, 154 285,290,293 Bloch, Jeff, 46 Astronomy and Astrophysics Bolivia, 202 Survey Committee Boyd, Lou, 44,47 (AASC), 7, 8, 21, 22, 23, Brahe, Tycho, 235 28,29,31,33,35,36, 87, Brazii, 44 94 British Science and Astronomy Education, 113, Engineering Council, 231 116, 122, 125 Brown Dwarfs, 7, 32, 34, 89, Astrophysical Journal, 22, 92,271,274,276,277 39,284,285,299 Bulgaria, 182 Astrophysical Virtual Bulgarian Institute of Observatory (AVO) , 79, Astronomy, 81 95 BUSCA,69 ASTROVIRTEL, 79 Astrophysics for University CADIS, 72 Courses, 202 CAFOS, 69, 70 ASTRO-WlSE Calar Alto Deep Imaging Atacama Large Millimeter Survey (CADIS), 72 Array (ALMA), 17, 75, Calar Alto Observatory, 65, 77,273 66,71,83 Atomic Clocks, 275 California Extremely Large Austria, 201 Telescope (CELT), 78 Ayabe Astronomical Cambridge 6C Survey, 214 Observatory, 151 Canada, 52, 79, 122, 142, Azerbaijan, 67, 186 143,208 Index 303

Canada-France-Hawaii Centre National d'Etudes Telescope (CFHT), 38, 49, Spatiales, 207 76,80,81 Centre National de la Canon, 168 Recherche Scientifique, 78 Cardelli, Jason, 139, 145, Cepheids, 228 290 Cerro Tololo International Carl Zeiss Jena, 176 Observatory (CTIO), 37, Cataclysmic V ariables, 45, 38,63, 73 167, 170, 171, 173 Cervit, 240 Catania Automatic Chancellor, Masters and Photoelectric Telescope, Scholars of the University 75 of Cambridge Catholic University of (UCAM/IoA), 78 America, 234, 236 Charge Coupled Device CCD Arrays, 33, 35 (CCDs), 3, 32, 33, 35, 69, CCD Camera, 3, 69, 76, 131, 76,93, 120,125,130,131, 133, 149, 150, 151, 152, 133, 144, 149, 150, 151, 155, 156, 158, 161, 162, 152, 155, 156, 158, 161, 163,164,167,180,244, 162, 163, 164, 167, 168, 251, 252, 257, 261, 262, 170, 171, 172, 173, 179, 293 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, CCD Photometry, 170 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, CCDs, Drift Scan Systems, 192, 193, 195, 197, 199, 192 205,239,242,243,244, CELT, 78 251,252,255,257,260, Center for Astronomical 261,262,263,265,266, Education and Research, 268,293 155 Charge lnjection Detectors Center for Backyard (CIDs), 234 Astrophysics, 45, 168 Chemical Evolution, 164, 184 Center for High Angular- Chen, Peter, 234 Resolution Astronomy Chile, 18, 41, 46, 67, 178, (CHARA),9, 10,230,234 180,208 Center for Research and Circumstellar Structures, 177 Education of Cosmic Citadel, The, 230 Activities, 154 Citations, 13, 23, 24, 25, 26, Central Asia, 175, 178 27,30,31,32,35,37,49, Central Asian Network, 178 52,55,56,57,60,61,62, Central Europe, 175 69, 197 304

Clarke Lake Observatory, Coude Spectrograph, 69, 182, 215 183, 184 College of Charleston, 128, Crab Nebula, 282 230 Crabtree, Dennis, 76 Colombia, 201, 202 Crimean Astrophysical Cornet Halley, 23 2 Observatory, 177, 184 Cornet IRAS-Araki-Alcock, Croatia, 182 232 Crossley Telescope, 240 Comets, 153, 154, 158, 161, Czech Republic, 177, 179 162, 164, 178, 179, 180, Czechoslovakia, 176 182,183,184,206,231, 232,280 Dark Matter, 72, 89 Committee on the Peaceful Decadal Survey, 94 U ses of Outer Space, 207 Deep Space 3 Mission, 233 Commonwealth of Delegation Regionale lle de Independent States, 67 France (Institute Communications Research d'Astrophysique de Paris Laboratory, 149 IAP),78 Compton Gamma Ray Denmark, 208. Observatory, 44 Denny,Robert,97, 100 Consorzio Nazionale per Deutsche Schlauchboot l'Astronomia e GmbH, 74 l'Astrofisica (CNAA), 78 DFM Engineering, Inc., 239, Construction Costs, 26, 29 244 Contemporary Laboratory Differential Image Motion Experiences in Astronomy Monitor (DIMM), 68 (CLEA), 125, 128, 129, Digital Signal Processing 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, (DSP), 275 137 Document Type Definition Coordinated Campaigns, 177 (DTD), 100 Copemicus (OA0-3), 230 Doppler Imaging, 177 Coming Glass W orks, 240 Double Spectrograph TWIN, Coronal Heating, 177 69 Coronal Mass Ejections, 177 Dukes, Robert, 128 Cosmology, 1, 5, 89, 234 Dwarf Galaxies, 16 Cost Effectiveness, 14, 15, Dynamics,32, 89,126,142 25,93 Costa Rica, 201, 202 Ebert Fastie, 260, 266, 267 Coude Focus, 153, 172 Index 305

Echelle Spectrograph, 69, 202,205,206,207,208, 148, 154, 179, 185, 186 209,211,212,213,214, Eclipsing Binaries, 158 231,233,236,237,297 Ecole Nationale Superieur, Ewen, Harold, 274 80 Extensible Mark-up Language Education, 1, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, (XML), 99 65,80,88,9~ 113,114, Extinction, 68, 93, 177, 249 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, Extra Solar Planets, 66, 74, 77 120, 121, 129, 137, 140, Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer 141, 142, 148, 154, 161, (EUVE), 141 230 162, 165, 167, 189, 190, 196,201,205,207,208, f/ratio, 251, 260 209,210,211,213,271, Fahlman, Gregory, 76 272,274,283,287,292, Fairbom Observatory, 44, 230 296 Faulkes Project, 82 Education, Graduate, 114, Faulkes Robotic Telescope, 296 117 Education, K-12, 289 Filippenko, A1ex, 43 Education, Public, 11, 156 FOCES, 69 Education, Science, 113 FOTEL, 177 Egypt, 201, 202, 208 Four College Observatory Energetic X-ray Imaging Consortium, 230 Survey Telescope France, 78,207,208,212 (EXIST), 9, 10 Franklin & Marshall College, Erikson, W. C., 214 128 EROS 1 project, 73 Fraunhofer Lines, 261 Estonia, 183 Fund for Astrophysical Ethiopia, 202, 205, 208, 212 Research, 292 European Community (EC), 66 G196-3 B, 277 European Community's Galaxies, Rotation Curves, Framework Program, 82 34,61 European N orthem Galilean Satellites, 130 Observatory, 80 Garnma Ray Bursts (GRBs), European Research Area, 67 91,92,278,279 European Southem Gamma-ray Large Area Observatory, 68, 78 Space Telescope (GLAST), European Space Agency 9, 10, 11 (ESA), 78, 79, 122, 201, Gernini Telescope, 16, 76 306

Geographic Information Ground Based Facilities Systems (GIS), 210 Committee (GBFC), 75 Georgia, 67, 178, 186, 230 Guinness Book of W orld Georgia State University, Records, 41 230 Gunma Astronomical German Space Agency Observatory, 149, 161 (DLR), 207 Germany,67, 73,208,210 Hale, George Ellery, 126 Gettysburg College, 125, Haleakala High Altitude 128, 137 Observatory, 155 Giant Segmented Mirror Hamburg Quasar Survey, 74 Telescope (GSMT), 9, 10 Hands-On Astrophysics, 119, Gl229B, 277 121, 204 Gl570D, 277 Hands-On Universe, 101, Global Network of 103, 115 Automated Telescopes Hartman Screen, 239 (GNAT), 142, 189, 190, Harvard University, 1, 46, 52, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 138, 274 199,200 Haute-Proven~e Observatory, Global Oscillation Network 50 Group (GONG), 45 Hayden, Mike, 128, 137 Global Positioning System Haystack Telescope, 283 (GPS), 275 Heck, A. , 120, 122 Globular Clusters, 281 Heliostat, 161 Goddard Space Flight Center Henry, Greg, 43, 44 (GSFC), 227,231, 233, Herbig-Haro Objects, 28, 231 234 Hida Observatory, 156 Goldstone-Apple V alley High Dispersion Echelle Radio Telescope, 283 Spectrograph (HIDES), Graphical U ser Interface 148, 153 (GUI), 249 High-dispersion Gratings, 262 Spectrograph, 149, 179 Great Wall, 132 Himeji Hoshinoko-yakata, Greek Aristarchos 151 Telescope, 80 Hipparcos, 51, 118 Green, Richard, 46 Hobart, Tasmania, 281 Greenbank, West Virginia, Hobby-Eberly Telescope 281 (HET), 51 Grism, 258 Hoerl Model, 60 Index 307

Honduras, 44, 201, 202, 205 Instituto Nacional de Tecnica H-R Diagram, 131 Aerospacial (INTA), 74 Hubble Guide-Star Catalog, Instrumentation, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 130 23,28,29,31,32,35,47, Hubble Space Telescope 55,65,67,69, 75, 78,81, (HST), 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 82,98, 114,125,127,132, 26,33,37,41,51,52,62, 135, 141, 144, 175, 177, 79,89, 141,203,229,233, 178,194,195,257,274, 234,285,297 283,287,288,289,292, Huchra, John, 1, 46 293,296,298,299,300 Humain Radio Observatory, International Amateur- 273 Professional Photoelectric Hungary, 181, 209 Photometry Hypervolumes , 90 Communications, 42, 117, 123 IDM PC, 169 International Astronomical lmage Analysis and Union (IAU), 28, 83, 101, Reduction Facility 113, 117, 131, 168, 285, (IRAF), 170, 298 290,300 Image Intensifier, 163 International Cooperation, Image Processing, 298 175,196,201 India, 18, 19, 201, 202, 209, International Institute of 210, 214, 215 Astrophysics, 214 Indian Institute of International Small Telescope Astrophysics, 214 Cooperative (ISTeC), 47, lndonesia, 205 139,140,290 Infrared Astronomical International Ultraviolet Satellite (IRAS), 90 232, Explorer (IUE), 37, 56, 297 201,230,231,232,233, Institut National des 237,297 Sciences de l'Universe du Internet, 11, 44, 87, 97, 98, Centre National de la 99, 101, 10~ 114, 117, Recherche Scientifique 121, 125, 128, 129, 139, (INSU/CNRS), 78 140, 141, 144, 145, 172, Institute of Space and 205,210,212,214,246, Astronautical Science, 209 248,249,250,255,283, Instituto de Astrofisica de 290,295,296 Canarias (lAC), 75, 78 Interstellar Dust, 154 308 lnterstellar Medium, 90, 231, Kazakhstan, 67, 178, 186 271,274,276,281,282, Keck Observatory, 14, 16, 41, 283, 284 50,51,52,57,61 Inter-University Research Kenya, 10,212 Institute, 152 Kepler's Laws, 129 Io, 232 Kiso Observatory, 150, 155 Isaac Newton Group of Kitt Peak National Telescopes (ING), 66 Observatory (KPNO), 16, Islamic Republic oflran, 212 17, 18,25,27,30,31,37, Italian Robotic Antarctic 38,46,55,63,68, 73,140, Infrared Telescope, 75 263,264,269,290,294 Italy, 209 KL Orionis, 160 Konkoly Observatory of the James Clerk Maxwell Hungarian Academy of Telescope (JCMT), 51 Sciences, 81 Jansky, Karl Guthe, 273 KOREL, 177 Japan, 42, 52, 66, 120, 147, Kron Tube, 240 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, Kuma Kogen Astronornical 156, 161, 163, 165, 167, Observatory, 151 169,172,173,205,207, Kyoto University, 156, 171 209,212,225,296 J apanese Cultural Grant Aid La Palma, 49, 66, 74, 75, 80, (ODA), 205 117 Jodrell Bank, 281 LAICA, 69, 73 Johnson, S., 65 Large Binocular Telescope Jordan,20, 202,205 (LBT), 66 Jupiter, 44, 116, 129, 130, Las Campanas Observatory, 159 46, 180 Laser Interferometer Space Kagoshima University, 151, Antenna (USA), 9, 10 156 LaSilla,67, 77,79,80,81 Kashima Radio Telescope, Lehigh University, 236 280, 285 Leuschner Berkeley Katzman Automatic Imaging Automated Imaging Telescope (KAIT), 2, 43, Telescopes (BAIT), 75 75 Lick Observatory, 43, 239 Kawabe Astronornical Light Exo-Atmospheric Observatory, 150 Projectile (LEAP), 234 Kawaler, Stephen, 44 Light Pollution, 258, 268 Index 309

Limb Darkening, 177 190,199,241,245,247, Limiting Magnitude, 23, 101, 297 167, 180, 182, 183, 185, Mapping Mauritius Project, 190,265,266 210 Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Maria Gulich Institute for Research (LINEAR), 2, 46 Higher Space Studies, 208 Linux Operating System, Masers, 271,274, 276, 278, 170,215 279,280,284 Lithuania, 44, 183 Massive Astrophysical Livermore Optical Transient Compact Halo Objects lmaging System (LOTIS), (MACHOs) , 66, 72 2,44,46 Mattei, Janet, 45 Liverpool Robotic Mauritius, 201, 202, 207, 208, Telescope, 117 209,210,214 Local Area Network (LAN), Max Planck Gesellschaft/Max 248 Planck Institut fiir Lockman, Felix, 137 Astronomie (MPIA), 66 Lomniclcy stft, 176 Maximum Aperture LOMO, 176, 183, 184, 185, Telescope (MAXAT), 78 186, 187 McAlister, Harold, 230 Long-term Observational MEGAPRIME Project, 76 Projects, 177 Mercury, 1, 122, 130 Low Earth Orbit (LEO), 229 Methanol, 274, 278 Lowell Observatory Fall Mexico, 43, 46, 97, 209, 212 VVorkshop, 23,288 Milky VVay, 3, 16, 132, 214, LP944-20,277,285 274 Lyot Filter, 161 Minor Planet Center, 101, 131 Mira, 127, 156, 191, 280, M31, 16, 72, 73 285 M67, 191 Misato Observatory, 150 M-76, 259 Mizusawa Astrogeodynamics Madagascar, 212 Center, 152 Magellanic Clouds, 73, 228, Molecular Clouds, 279, 280 232,281 MONET,98 MAGIC,69 Moon,3, 101,127,130,193 MAGNUM Observatory, Moore's law, 86 148, 155 Morocco,205 Maintenance, 29, 34, 35, 55, MOSCA,69 56,61,63,66,69, 167, 310

Mount Wilson, 117, 126, National Observatory of 230, 234 Athens, 81 Mountain Observatories, 177 National Optical Astronomy Mt. Chikurinji, 153 Observtories (NOAO), 16, Mt. Ooamami, 156 18,29,39,46,47,292, Mt. Palomar, 242 297,298,299 Mt. Stromlo telescope, 50, National Radio Astronomy 75 Observatory (NRAO) , 17, Multicolor Active Galactic 18,273,274 Nuclei Monitoring National Science Foundation (MAGNUM) project, 148, (NSF), 5, 10, 13, 17, 87, 155 94, 117, 128, 137,279, Multilateral Collaboration, 291,294 176 National Virtual Observatory Munich Near IR Cluster (NVO), 7, 9, 11, 85, 87, Survey (MUNICS), 72 135, 136, 290, 297 Near Infrared Camera, 156, Nagoya City Science 158, 161 Museum, 151 NEC PC98, 169 Nagoya University, 150, 155 Netherlands; 78, 209, 230 Nakagawa Observatory, 150 Netherlands Research School Nano-satellites, 213 for Astronomy (NOVA), NASA Astrophysics Data 78 System, 211 Network of European NASA, Mid-Ex programs, Observatories in the North 233 (NEON), 82 Nasmyth, 148, 162, 184, 186 Network of Oriental Robotic National Aeronautics and Telescopes, 211, 212 Space Administration Networking, 290 (NASA), 207, 209, 211, Next Generation Space 227,231,233,234,297 Telescope (NGST), 7, 8, 9, National Astronomical 10,229 Observatory of Japan NGC 1275, 268, 269 (NAOJ), 147, 148, 149, NGC 6705, 11 O 152, 153 Nichihara Observatory, 151 National Budget, 295 Nicolaus Copernicus National Commission on Astronomical Centers in Space Activities Torun and Warsaw, 81 (CONAE), 208 Nigeria, 201, 202 Index 311

Night Sky Brightness, 263 294,295,296,297,298, Nikon, 168 299 Nishi-Harima Astronomical Observatories, Personal, 167, Observatory (NHAO), 171 147, 148, 151, 156, 157, Observatories, Private, 5, 10, 161, 163, 164 13,29,35,46,287,299 Nishi-Harima Cosmos Observatories, Professional, (NlliCOS), 159, 160 120,261 Nishiwaki Earth Science Observatories, Public, 120, Museum, 151 147, 148, 156, 161, 181, Nobeyama Cosmic Radio 298 Observatory, 152 Observatories, Small, 225, Nobeyama Solar Radio 235 Observatory, 152 Observing Support, 289 Nordic Optical Telescope Occultation, 121 Scientific Association OGLE, 118 (NOTSA), 78 Okayama Astrophysical North American Small Observatory, 147, 148, Telescope Cooperative 152, 153, 154 (NASTeC), 139, 140, 290 Okayama Astrophysical Northern Ireland, 209 System for Infrared Norway, 209 Imaging & Spectroscopy Nova V1496, 158 (OASIS), 148, 153 Novae, 92, 142, 153, 154, Okayama Optical Polarimetry 171, 232 and Spectroscopy system NVO Science Definition (OOPS), 154 Team, 87 Omega2000,69, 73 OmegaCass, 69 Object "X", 132 OmegaPrime, 69 Observatoire de Haute Ondfejov Observatory, 177 Provence (OHP), 66 On-Line Educational Observatoire de Midi Observatory (OLEO), 135 Pyrenees, 66, 212 Oort, Jan, 274 Observatoire de Strasbourg, Open Clusters, 133, 277 120 Open University, 118 Observatories, National, 21, Optical Interferometer, 234 23,30,32,33, 35,47,66, Optical Tube Assembly 67,69, 75, 80,147,287, (OTA), 245 312

OPTICON, 65, 67, 77, 78, Planetary Atmospheres, 280 79,80 Planetary Nebulae, 153 Orbiting Astronomical Planetary Society, 207 Observatory (OAO-A2), Planets, Extraterrestrial, 61 230 Pleiades, 131, 276 Overwhelmingly Large POINT AGAPE Survey, 73 Telescope (OWL), 78 Pojmanski, Grzegorz, 45 Poland,45, 178,179,186, Paczynski, Bohdan, 45 281 Panel on Ground-Based Potsdam Multi Aperture Optica! and lnfrared Spectrograph (PMAS), 69, Astronomy, 29 73 Paraguay, 202,205 Princeton University, 7 Partide Physics and Priority Opportunities, 177 Astronomy Research Productivity, 14, 15, 21, 25, Council (PPARC), 66, 75, 26,27,29,30,34,36,37, 78,80 49,55, 71,144,232,289, Patterson, Joe, 45, 47 290,293 Peltier Coolers, 275 Professional-amateur Philippines, The, 203, 205 Collaborations, 144 Phillips University, 210 Project ASTRO, 116 Photoelectric Photometer, Projects, Special, 289 131, 149, 150, 151, 156, ProperMotion,32, 183 158, 161, 177, 180, 183, Pseudomorphic Hetero- 186,206 Junction Field Effect Photometry, 22, 32, 33, 65, Transistors (PHJ-FETs), 69,77, 101,118,128,132, 275 133, 141, 142, 143, 158, Pseudomorphic High Electron 167, 168, 169, 172, 177, Mobility Transistors 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, (PHEMT), 275 183, 184, 191, 193, 194, Public outreach, 1, 2, 5, 88, 199,240,244,249 98,271,274,289,292,296 Photomultiplier Tube, 240 Public Relation Center, 152 PIC Microprocessors, 27 5 Pulsars, 125, 129, 131, 133, Pisgah Astronomical 214,215,271,281,282 Research Institute (PARI), Purcell, Edward, 27 4 283 Pyrex, 240 Planet Searches, 191 Planetariums, 120, 148 Index 313

Quasars, 72, 74, 85, 89, 90, Ringwald, Fred, 26, 30, 31, 92,132,134,155,231, 37,38,39,47, 140,145 258 ROBONET, 75 Quasi-Stellar Objects Robotic Optical Transient (QSOs), 32, 72, 76 Search Experiment (ROTSE), 2, 43, 44, 46 Radhakrishna, V., 214 Robotic Telescope Mark-up Radial Velocity, 3, 177, 258, Language (RTML), 97, 99, 262 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, Radio Astronomy, 125, 215, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 271,272,273,275,279, 111, 112 283,284 Romania, 182 Radio JOVE, 283 RR Lyrae, 228 Rainbow Optics Grating, Russell, Henry Norris, 126 263,265 Russian Federation, 209 Raman Research Institute, 214 Saji Astronomical REACT Collaboration, 94 Observatory, 150 Reber, Grote, 274 Santa Barbara Instrument Receivers, 271, 275, 279, Group (SBIG), 170, 260, 283, 284 262,266,269 Redshift-Distance Relation, Sastry, Ch. V., 214 131 Saturn, 116, 118, 126, 160, Remote Observing, 70, 137, 256,260 172,256 Saudi Arabia, 212 Remote Operation, 144, 199, Scheduling, 71, 74, 76, 98, 239,289 114,199,277,289,299 Research Center for the Schmidt Telescopes, 3, 4, 27, Early Universe, 155 31,33, 74,150,155 Research Corporation, 123, School Observatory, 151 292 School of Galactic Radio Research Experiences for Astronomy, 283 Undergraduates (REU), Schott Glass W orks, 240 291 SCIDAR, 69 Reusable Launch Vehicles Scientific Imaging (RLVs), 229 Technologies, 193 Rikubetsu Astronomical Scintillation , 161, 282 Observatory, 150 SCUBA, 51 Seeds, Michael, 128 314

Seeing, 3, 4, 38, 68, 71, 73, (SARA), 16, 46, 140, 142, 101, 106, 115, 126, 161, 145,287,290,291 176,179,199,239,240, Southern African Large 242,243,245,246,247, Telescope, 210 249,252,253,254,255 Space Infrared Telescope Serrier Truss, 242 Facility (SIRTF), 8 SETI Institute, 273 Space lnterferometry Mission Signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR) (SIM), 233 '265 Space Technology, 212 Simulations, Astronomy, Spacewatch, 46 125, 129, 134, 136 Spain, 66, 68, 74, 80, 81, 209, Simultaneous-color Infrared 231 Imager for Unbiased Special Astrophysical Survey (SIRIUS), 150, Observatory, 57, 185 155 Spectra, Stars, 10, 27, 33, 86, Singapore, 122, 138, 205, 127, 128, 131, 164, 177, 225 184,229,231,258,259, Skalnate Pleso Observatory, 260,261 177, 180 SpectraBot of Indiana Sky and Telescope, 138, 168, University, 75 173 Spectral Classification of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stars, 154, 158 (SDSS), 11, 16, 72, 89, 92, Spectral Types, 134 95, 135 Spectrograph, 3, 4, 35, 38, 69, Slovenia, 81, 182 70, 131, 154, 156, 158, SN1987A, 231 161, 162, 164, 176, 179, Snyder, Glenn, 128, 137 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, Solar Activity World Data 187,242,244,258,260, Center, 152 261,262,265,266,267, Solar Events, Active, 177 269,293 Solar Spectrograph, 161 Spectrographs, Fiber-fed, 261 Solar Wind, 177 Spectro-Nebulargraph, 153 Solarsoft, 209 Spectrophotometry, 29, 32, 39 South Africa Astronomical Spectroscopic Binaries, 258 Observatory, 150, 155 Square Kilometer Array South Aftrican Astronomical (SKA), 9, 10 Telescope (SALT), 51 Sri Lanka, 201, 203, 205, 209, Southeastern Association for 225 Research in Astronomy Stahlbau, Dillinger, 73 Index 315

Star Clusters, 158, 161, 164 Targets of Opportunity, 98 Starâ Oala, 176 Tartu Observatory in Estonia, StarGuides directory, 120 81, 183 Stars, AM Canum Telescope Automation, 139, Venaticorum, 171 144 Stars, Be, 153 Telescope Control System Stars, Binary, 10, 153, 154, (TCS), 162, 199 177,231 Telescope System Stars, Carbon, 153 Instrumentation Program Stars, Chemically Peculiar, (TSIP), 9, 10, 35, 292, 298 177 Telescopes in Education Stars, Evolution, 119, 236 Project, 117 Stars, Neutron, 203, 280, Telescopes, Automated, 74, 281,282 98, 191, 192 Stars, T Tauri, 231 Telescopes, Automatic, 99 Stars, Variable, 3, 46, 91, 92, Telescopes, Control Systems, 118, 119, 142, 154, 158, 74,100,252,254,255 168, 170, 171, 173, 184, Telescopes, Networks, 142 194,204,205,206,228, Telescopes, Optical, 22, 26, 236,278 30,37,49,51,52,53,55, STELLA, the 1.2 m 56,57,61,62, 117,133, Telescope of Hamburg, 75 148,201,214,274,284 Stellar Pulsation, 278 Telescopes, Radio, 37, 52, Subaru Telescope, 147, 149 117,127,128,215,271, Sun,28,44,45, 131,152, 272,273,276,277,281, 236 282,283 Sundai Observatory, 151 Telescopes, Remote, 99, 104 Supemovae, 2, 43, 92, 142, Telescopes, Robotic, 43, 117 153,155,158,161,228, Telescopes, Solar, 148, 177, 232,259 186 Supporting Role, 33 Telescopes, Space-based, 37, Swedish Optical Telescope, 80, 139 78 Telescopes, Stellar, 177 Synoptic Surveys, 93 Telescopes, Virtual, 118 Syrian Arab Republic, 209 Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG), 66 T Tau Objects, 154 Tennessee Spectroscopic Tadjikistan, 187 Survey Telescope, 75 Takahashi , 170 TERAPIX, 76 316

Terrestrial Planetary Finder Space (UNISPACE ill) , (TPF) Mission, 233 206 Thailand, 205 United Nations Program on Tokyo,27, 148,149,150, Space Applications, 207, 155, 169 208 Tokyo Astronomical United States of America, Observatory, 155 207,209 Tools for Astrometry Universite Louis Pasteur Software, 131 Centre de Donnees Torun Center for Astronomy, astronomiques de 81, 180 Strasbourg (CDS), 78 Toyama Astronomical Universiteit Leiden (UL), 78 Observatory, 151 University Observatory, 155, Trans Neptunian Objects, 75 156 Transient Objects, 46 University Observatory of Trasco, John, 128 Munich, 72 Treffers, Richard, 101 University ofBenghazi, 212 Tucker, Roy, 189, 190, 191, University of Guanajuato, 212 192, 193, 194, 197 University ofKyoto, 150, 154 Turkmenistan, 67, 178, 184, University of La Plata, 208 187 University of Ljubljana, 81, 182 U.S. Naval Observatory, University of Maryland, 128, 243,254 215,225 Uganda,203,205,209 University of Mauritius, 207, Ukraine,67, 177,178,183 208,210 Ultra Low Expansion (ULE), University of Nevada-Las 240 Vegas, 230 UN/ESA Workshops, 201, University of Texas, 45 206 University of Tokyo, 155 United Kingdom lnfrared University of Vienna, 75, 230 Telescope (UKIRT), 38, Uzbekistan, 67, 178, 187 73,76,80,81 United Kingdom of Great van de Hulst, H. C., 274 Britain and Northern Van Horn, Hugh, 279 Ireland, 209 V ela Pulsar, 282 United Nations Conference V ery Energetic Radiation on the Exploration and Imaging Telescope Array Peaceful Uses of Outer System (VERITAS), 9, 11 Index 317

Very Large Array (VLA), 9, W orld-Wide Observatory 16,51,273,277,278,285 (WWO), 290 Very Large Baseline Wyoming Infrared Camera Interferometric (VLBI), (WIRCAM) , 76, 77 156, 273 Very Large Telescope XMM-Newton, 62 (VLT), 14, 16, 41, 51, 61, 68, 77, 79 Yemen, 209 Victor Blanco Telescope, 73 Yerkes 40-inch Telescope, Vienna Declaration on Space 125 and Human Development, Young Stellar Objects, 154 206 Yugoslavia, 178, 182 Villafranca, 201,231,233 Villanova University, 230, Zambia, 203, 205, 209 236,290 Z Spectrograph, 154 Vilnius University, 81 Zambia VISTA Sky Survey, 76, 95 ZeroDur, 240

W51M,278,285 W amer, Brian, 168 W endelstein Calar Alta Pixellensing Project (WeCAPP), 72 W estern Kentucky University, 46, 97 White Dwarfs, 44 Whole Earth Telescope (WET),44,45, 142,178 William Herschel Telescope (WHT), 38, 49 Windows Operating System, 135 Winget, Donald, 45 Wolff, Sidney, 47 W orld Space Observatory (WSO) , 209, 210 World Virtual Observatory (WVO), 297, 299 Index 337 Index Active Region Monitor, 152 Asteroids, 37, 39, 43, 61, 82, 92, Adaptive Optics, 3, 11, 111, 112, 102, 104, 121, 122, 134, 185, 198, 113, 114, 118, 137, 140, 234, 264 238,242,249,252,257,287, Astrograph, 41, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 300 256 Adaptive Optics, Multiconjugate, Astrometry, 43, 49, 52, 53, 57, 58, 113 60,61,63,64,67,68,250,251, Advanced Technology Solar 255, 256, 257, 259 Telescope (ATST), 111, 113, Astronomical Almanac, 209 117, 118 Astronomical Consultants and AlT, 190 Equipment, Inc. (ACE), 224 All Sky Automated Survey, 37, 38 Astronomical Image Processing All-Sky Monitors, 23 System (AIPS), 132 American Astronomical Society Astronomy, 1, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, (AAS), 5, 14, 66, 128, 130, 135, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83,84, 85, 184,185,321 86, 89, 93, 103, 104, 105, 106, American Museum of Natural 109, 113, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, History, 13 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, ANDICAM,5 135, 136, 140, 147, 156, 181, 185, Antarctic, 269, 279, 283 204,213,214,215,216,217,232, Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope 235,250,251,269,270,282,285, and Remote Observatory 296,297,305,323,324,332,336 (AST/RO), 269, 273, 274, 278, Astronomy, Automated, 75, 76, 77, 279,280,281,283,284 156,157,190,206,207,256 Arecibo Telescope, 31 O Astronomy, Dynamical, 91 Apache Point Observatory, 26, 285 Astronomy, Radio, 236, 270, 271, APT Telescopes, 78 272,310,323,324,325,327,332, Arecibo Telescope, 279 333,334,335 ASCA Satellite, 161, 167 Astrophysical Research Consortium, AST Telescope, 177, 190, 205, 285 269,273,274,278,279,280, Atacama Large Millimeter Array 281, 283, 284 (ALMA), 132, 273, 274, 279, 280,283 Asteroid Mass Determination Automatic Telescope Instruction Set Project, 61 (ATIS), 158 Automation, 51 338

Beijing Observatory, 163 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77,80, 82, Berkeley-lllinois-Maryland Array 85,88,93, 100,105,109,115, (BIMA), 272, 310 117, 123, 124, 127, 128, 132, 135, Big Bear Solar Observatory, 111, 136, 152, 155, 157, 172, 173, 184, 137, 138, 153, 154 186,211,233,257,264,287,297 Bordeaux CCD Meridian Circle, Classroom, 4, 84, 85, 86, 87, 103, 63 105,121,126,335,336 Bordeaux Observatory, 63, 64 C1emson University, 220, 231 Bradford Robotic Telescope, 75, Collaboration, International, 104, 84,85, 86,88 251 Burst and Transient Source Comets, 10, 11, 19, 21, 92, 133 Locatar (BATSE), 144, 145, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 154,322 (CGRO), 101, 144, 153 Consortium, 5, 108, 124, 127, 128, Caltech Submillimeter 130, 133, 135, 136, 155, 156, 15~ Observatory, 301 160, 172, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, Cameras, 24, 30, 32, 40, 41, 42, 187,209,213,285,287,288,292, 43,47,53,55, 60,64, 77, 79, 293,294,296,297,320 86, 100, 102, 105, 111, 112, Continuous Cameras (CONCAMs), 115, 116, 117, 118, 128, 132, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 142, 145, 147, 148, 152, 186, 34,35,40 193,238,242,294,300,305, Copenhagen University 306, 307 Observatory, 49 Carlsberg Meridian Telescope, 49, Coronal Magnetic Fields, 314, 322 50,60 Culgoora Observatory, 86 Cerro Tololo International Custom Astronomical Support Observatory (CTIO), 5, 67, 70, Services Inc. (CASSI), 332, 335 71,7~ 130,131,132,156 Carnegie Institution of Dalsa Camera, 145 Washington, 41, 4 7, 244 Dark Sky Observatory, 209, 213 CHARAArray, 178,201,231, Denmark, 49, 50, 51, 93 232,233,234,235,236,237, Digital Vector Magnetograph 238,240,241,242,243,244, (DVMG), 141, 142, 143, 146 245,246,248,249,252,253, DIVA Mission, 61, 66 254 Drift Scans, 54 Charge Coupled Device (CCD), Dunn Solar Telescope, 144 30,31,32,33,37,38,40,41, Dutch Open Telescope (DOT), 111, 42,43,44,47,52,53,54,56, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119 57,59,60,61,63,64,66,67, Index 339

East Tennessee State University, Gamma Ray Burst (GRB), 17, 92, 220,231 101 Echo mapping, 101 Gravitational Lens, 92 Eclipse Mapping, 101 GRB Coordinates Network (GCN), Education, 13, 24, 83, 84, 86, 89, 42, 192 91,92,94,95, 104,105,106, GREGOR Telescope Project, 111, 107, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 113, 117, 118 139,181,185,209,214,296, Gregory Coude Telescope, 113 313,323,324,325,332,333 Griffith Observatory, 13, 47 Education, Science, 75 Energy Distributions, 175 Hale-Bopp, 1 Etelman Observatory, 155, 172 Hamburg Observatory, 81 European Southern Observatory Hands-On Universe (HOU), 84, 121, (ESO), 19, 22, 43, 305, 308 122, 123, 124, 125, 126 Extinction, 26, 60, 77, 161, 173 HET,5 e-Science Initiative, 108 High Altitude Observatory (HAO), e-Star, 108, 109 114, 139, 149 Hipparcos Satellite, 39, 43, 47, 63, Fabry-Perot Interferometer, 113 64,65,67,68,69, 70, 72, 74,162, Fairborn Observatory, 160, 190, 165,166,173,201,255,266 191,193,195,206 Hooker Telescope, 237 FAME Satellite, 61, 68, 72, 73, 74, Huairou Solar Observatory, 143 258,266 Hubble Constant, 6, 134 Faulkes Foundation, 85 Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 22, Faulkes Telescope, 86 61,97, 100,132,161,167,205, Florida Institute of Technology, 216 219,220,231 Florida International University, Ikeya-Seki, 1 220,231 Image Reduction and Analysis Four College Consortium, 155, Facility (IRAF), 132 156, 172 Information Bulletin on V ariable Frequency-Agile Solar Stars, 184 Radiotelescope (FASR), 313, InGaAs IR Detector, 147 319,320,321 Instrumentation, 39, 47, 50, 77, 91, Fried parameter, 112, 140, 233 109, 128, 132, 137, 139, 157, 160, 184,191,195,211,214,215,242, GAIA Mission, 66, 68, 73, 74, 259,272,280,287,289,290,293, 258,266 294,295,296,300,306,308,334 Galaxies, Active, 92, 101 INT Wide Field Survey, 61 340

Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico Keck Interferometer, 234, 240, 248, of Sao Paulo, 63 250 Interferometers, 3, 15, 23, 82, 141, Keck Northeast Astronomy 175,201,231,232,233,234, Consortium (KNAC), 127, 128, 235,237,243,244,247,249, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 252,253,271,273,274,275, 136 278,309,310,314,316,319, Kennedy Space Center, 229 321 Kitt Peak National Observatory Interferometry, Optica!, 231 (KPNO), 5, 23, 24, 77, 132, 156, International Amateur Professional 201,217,219,221,223,224,226, Photoelectric Photometry 229 (IAPPP), 78 Kodak, 2, 52, 54 International Astronomical Union (IAU), 15, 16, 35, 47, 61, 68, LabVIEW software, 333 74,185,206,207,266,267, La Silla, 43 282,231 Las Campanas Observatory, 41, 43 International Celestial Reference La Palma, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 60, 85, System (ICRS), 68, 72 93, 98, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116 International Ultraviolet Explorer Light Pollution, 75, 216, 217 (IUE), 161,167,168,205 Liverpool Telescope, 94, 95, 96, 97, Internet, 15, 24, 26, 30, 34, 35, 41, 98, 100 44,51,54,55, 76,88,89, 107, Lohrman Observatory, 261 124,125,187,192,210,287, Lowell Observatory, 82, 181, 182, 288,296,324 183, 184, 186 Interstellar Medium, 164, 168, Lowell Observatory Near-Earth• 269,275,279 Object Search (LONEOS), 82 IRCAM Imager, 3, 301, 302 IRPOL Polarimeter, 301 Massive Astrophysical Compact IRTF, 132 Halo Objects (MACHOs), 81 MaunaKea, 19, 24, 31,217,274, James Clerk Maxwell Telescope 299,301 (JCMT), 272, 274, 278, 280, Mayall Telescope, 5 303,304,308 McDonald Observatory, 217 John Moores Telescope, 85 Mees Solar Observatory (MSO), 149 John Moores University (JMU), Mira, 227 91,93,94,95, 103,108 MIT Haystack Observatory, 323, Jupiter, 2, 17, 81, 85, 108, 213, 324 293 MMT,5 Moore's law, 15 Index 341

Mt. Wilson Observatory, 231 Partide Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), 79, National Aeronautics and Space 94,95,103,306,308 Administration (NASA), 84, Planetariums, 95, 296 153,158,192,206,213,234, PoleSTAR Array, 273 251,283,321 Positions, 52, 56, 59, 60, 63, 65, 67, National Interests, 75 68,69, 70, 73,101,102,129,130, National Museums and Galleries 134,146,215,217,257,264,265, on Merseyside, 95 266,274,275,276,278,317 National Optical Astronomy Proper Motions, 6, 58, 59, 63, 65, Observatory (NOAO), 4, 5, 241, 66,67,68, 70, 72,102,264 256,219,221,223,226,227 Public Outreach, 209, 216, 295, 333, National Radio Astronomy 336 Observatory (NRAO), 132, 279 National Schools' Observatory, Quasars, 2, 12, 14, 19, 23, 40, 92, 103, 104 101, 131 National Science Foundation Queue-Scheduled, 93 (NSF), 84, 121, 122, 125, 128, 132, 134, 153, 156, 157, 172, Radioheliographs, 31 O 177,185,206,211,253,279, Radiometers, 311 282,324,332,334,336,222, Rapid Response, 97 228,231 Real Instituto y Observatorio de la National Solar Observatory, 113, Armada (ROA), 49, 50 140,144,149,320 Remote Observing, 14, 55, 56, 77, National Undergraduate Research 89,184,187,252,285,287,288, Observatory, 181, 182 289,290,291,293,296 Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs), 227 Remote Observing Assistant (ROA), 222,226 Observations, Solar, 137, 138, 309 Remote Telescope Mark-up Observatorio del Roque de los Language (RTML), 124, 126 Muchachos,98, 119 Research Experiences for OGLE Project, 10, 14, 41, 43, 47 Undergraduates (REU), 134, 135, Olbers Paradox, 6 185,222,228,231 Owens Valley Solar Array, 309, Robonet, 107, 108 310, 321 Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE), 4, 28, 39, Palomar Observatory Sky Survey 47 (POSS), 24, 37 Robots, 80 Parsons, Grubb, 49, 93, 94 Robots, Autonomous, 75, 89 342

ROSAT Satellite, 161, 167 Solar Radio Spectropolarimeter Royal Greenwich Observatory (SRSP), 313 (RGO), 50, 94, 95 Solar-B Telescope, 114 Royal Swedish Academy of South Pole, 269, 278, 280, 281, 282, Sciences, 119 283,284 Southeastern Association for Santa Barbara Astronomy Group, Research in Astronomy (SARA) 4 219,220,221,222,223,224,225, Schedule, 43, 54, 89, 96, 97, 102, 226,227,228,229,230,231 106,185,191,204,243,288 Speckle Reconstruction, 111, 112, Schmidt Camera, 282 113, 140 Science and Engineering Research Spectral Types, 212, 213, 249 Council (SERC), 93, 94 Spectrographs, 132, 290, 310, 319 Seeing, 53, 55, 73, 80, 87, 98, 99, Spectrophotometers, Edge Sensor, 3 105, 112, 113,114, 115, 116, Spectrophotometry, 155, 172, 173, 117, 137, 140,144, 147,148, 174, 175, 176, 177 172,210,211,212,216,233, STAMP Microprocessor, 326 244,245,253,257,258,262, Stars, AM Metallic Line, 165 264,291,299,302,303,304, Stars, Asymptotic Giant Branch, 306, 307 166, 176 . SETI, 9 Stars, Binary, 2, 6, 12, 21, 164, 165, SIM Mission, 72 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, Skyview, 24 175,192,200,201,212,249,250 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), Stars, Chemically Peculiar, 165 5,37,52,53,67, 72,256,267, Stars, Mercury-Manganese, 165 286,292 Stars, S, 166, 167, 170 Smithsonian Astrophysical Stars, Solar Type, 161, 167 Observatory, 157 Stars, Variable, 9, 14, 37, 38, 44, 46, Smithsonian Submillimeter Array 73, 77, 85,93, 100,101,184,191, (SMA),273,274,280 192,199,212 SORO, 118, 142, 143, 148, 281 STELLA Program, 81, 250 Solar Activity, 150, 309 Stromgren photometry, 155 Solar Corona, 309 Student Research Symposia, 129 Solar Maximum, 142, 143, 146, Supergiants, 165, 166, 176, 204, 205 320 SuperLOTIS team, 227Supernovae, Solar Physics, 111 6, 7,8, 14,25, 77,92,93,97, 101, Solar Radio Burst Locator 102,121,122,133,185,192,210, (SRBL), 311, 313 290 Solar Radio Instrumentation, 309 Index 343

Surveys, 7, 15, 37, 38,40,41,49, Telescopes, Submillimeter, 269, 70,80, 100,140,212,213,255, 281,283 256,257,264,265,270,277, Telescope Technologies Limited, 95 278,282,293,305,306,307 Tennessee State University, 93, 189, Surveys, All-Sky, 37 194 Swedish Vacuum Solar Telescope TERC, 121 (SVST), 112, 113, 114, 118 Time-scale, 40, 4 7, 92, 98 TRACE, 118, 142, 143 Teacher Resource Agent, 123 Teacher Training, 125 U. S. Air Force, 313 Teachers, 84, 85, 86, 104, 121, UKIRT Fast-Track Imager (UFTI), 123,124,125,126,332,334, 301,302 336 UKIRT Survey, 299, 300, 301, 302, Telescopes In Education (TIE), 84, 303,304,305,306,307,308 85 University, 13, 78, 83, 106, 107, Telescope Networks, 107 110,114,117,132,136,137,209, Telescopes, Automatic, 50, 89, 210,211,212,213,214,216,217, 155, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 248,251,285 195,203,206 University Consortia, 219 Telescopes, Infrared, , 299 University of Georgia, 220, 228, 231 Telescopes, Optical, 2, 4, 89, 111, University of the Virgin Islands, 112, 131, 132, 233, 251, 255, 155, 172 219 Uranus, 2, 18, 19, 20, 21 Telescopes, Radio, 81, 82, 89, 102, US Naval Observatory, 11, 61, 67, 272,310,323,324,326,335, 70,74,255,266,267 336 USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog Telescopes, Remote, 78, 121, 248 (UCAC), 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, Telescopes, Robotic, 75, 77, 80, 74,255,256,258,265 81,84,85,86, 89,93,94,98, 103, 104, 105, 108, 189, 194 Valdosta State University, 220, 228, Telescopes, Small, 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 231 10, 13, 16,26,66,80,88, 109, Variability, 38, 47, 131, 198, 227 111, 114, 118, 127, 131, 156, Venus, 2, 12, 17 184, 189, 194, 211, 212, 213, Very Large Array (VLA), 81, 82, 217,232,239,249,252,253, 102, 130, 161, 167, 215, 236, 272, 266,274,275,282,310,313, 310,318 319 Very Long Baseline Interferometry Telescopes, Solar, 111, 112, 113, (VLBD, 68, 257, 336 119 344

Weather, 23, 26, 41, 43, 55, 76, 77, 78, 79,82,86, 87,88, 89,96, 97, 107, 108, 112,114, 115, 116,137,150, 15~213,216, 248,275,302,303,304,320, 330 Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, 81 Whole Earth Telescope, 221 William Herschel Telescope, 4, 93, 94,98 WIYN Telescope, 14 WIRO, 132 W.M. Keck Foundation, 236 WWI,2

Yohkoh Spacecraft, 142, 143, 144, 146,314,317,322 • V o lume 254: Stellar Astrophysics Editors: K.S. Cheng, Hoi Fung Chau, Kwing Lam Chan, Kam Ching Leung Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6659-X, November 2000 • Volume 253: The Chemical Evolution of the Galaxy Author: Francesca Matteucci Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6552-6, May 2001 • Volume 252: Optical Detectors for Astronomy II State-of-the-art at the Turn of the Millennium Editors: Paola Arnico, James W. Beletic Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6536-4, December 2000 • Volume 251: Cosmic Plasma Physics Author: Boris V. Somov Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6512-7, September 2000 • Volume 250: Information Handling in Astronomy Editor: Andre Heck Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6494-5, October 2000 • Volume 249: The Neutral Upper Atmosphere Author: S.N. Ghosh Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6434-1, July 2002 • Volume 247: Large Scale Structure Formation Editors: Reza Mansouri, Robert Brandenberger Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6411-2, August 2000 • Volume 246: The Legacy of ,J.C. Kapteyn Studies on Kapteyn and the Development of Modern Astronomy Editors: Piet C. van der Kruit, Klaas van Berkel Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6393-0, August 2000 • Volume 245: Waves in Dusty Space Plasmas Author: Frank Verheest Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6232-2, April2000 • Volume 244: The Universe Visions and Perspectives Editors: Naresh Dadhich, Ajit Kembhavi Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6210-1, August 2000 • Volume 243: Solar Polarization Editors: K.N. Nagendra, Jan Olof Stenflo Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5814-7, July 1999 • Volume 242: Cosmic Perspectives in Space Physics Author: Sukumar Biswas Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5813-9, June 2000 • Volume 241: Millimeter-Wave Astronomy: Molecular Chemistry & Physics in Space Editors: W.F. Wall, Alberto Carrarnifiana, Luis Carrasco, P.F. Goldsrnith Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5581-4, May 1999 • Volume 240: Numerica! Astrophysics Editors: Shoken M. Miyama, Kohji Tornisaka, Tomoyuki Hanawa Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5566-0, March 1999 • Volume 239: Motions in the Solar Atmosphere Editors: Arnold Hanslmeier, Mauro Messerotti Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5507-5, February 1999 • Volume 238: Substorms-4 Editors: S. Kokubun, Y. Kamide Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5465-6, March 1999 • Volume 237: Post-Hipparcos Cosmic Candles Editors: Andre Heck, Filippina Caputo Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5348-X, December 1998 • Volume 236: Laboratory Astrophysics aud Space Research Editors: P. Ehrenfreund, C. Krafft, H. Kochan, V. Pirronello Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5338-2, December 1998 • Volume 235: Astrophysical Plasmas aud Fluids Author: Vinod Krishan Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5312-9, January 1999 Paperback, ISBN 0-7923-5490-7, January 1999 • Volume 234: Observational Evidence for Black Holes in the Universe Editor: Sandip K. Chakrabarti Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5298-X, November 1998 • Volume 233: B[e] Stars Editors: Anne Marie Hubert, Carlos Jaschek Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5208-4, September 1998 • Volume 232: The Brightest Binaries Authors: Dany Vanbeveren, W. van Rensbergen, C.W.H. de Loore Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5155-X, July 1998 • Volume 231: The Evolving Universe Selected Topics on Large-Scale Structure aud on the Properties of Galaxies Editor: Donald Hamilton Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5074-X, July 1998 • Volume 230: The Impact of Near-Infrared Sky Surveys on Galactic aud Extragalactic Astronomy Editor: N. Epchtein Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5025-1, June 1998

Missing volume numbers have not yet been published. For further information about this book series we refer you to the following web site: http://www. wkap.nl/prod/s/ASSL

To contact the Publishing Editor for new book proposals: Dr. Harry (J.J.) Blom: [email protected] Index 355 Index "{ Cygni, 221 AEOS. See Advanced Electro- y Doradus, 100 Optical System. yVir, 145 Air Force, 45, 48, 50 Allegheny Observatory, 116 5 Scuti Stars, 257 Alpha Centauri A, 118 Alpha Centauri B, 118 2dF Survey, 353 Altair, 118 2MASS. See Two Micron All Sky Amateur Sky Survey, 5 Survey. American Association of V ariable 51 Peg, 194, 197, 201, 205, 206, 207 Star Observers (AAVSO), 61, 77, 61 Cygni, 117 225 American Astronomical Society AAS. See American Astronomical (AAS), 61 Society. Anglo Australian Observatory, 194 AASC. See Astronomy and · Anglo Australian Telescope (AAT), Astrophysics Survey Committee 15, 18,32,49,52,54, 194,236, AAT. See Ang1o Australian 353 Te1escope. ANN. See Artificial Neural AA VSO. See American Networks. Association of V ariable Star AO. See Adaptive Optics Observers. AOTF. See Acousto-Optic Tunable Abundances,34,99, 106,108,154, Filter. 205,261,263,269,270,278,279, Apache Point Observatory, 40, 48 282,320,322,323,330,331 Ap Stars, 100, 108, 247 Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter Appalachian State, 95, 119 (AOTF), 47,48 Apsidal Motion, 216 Acta Astronomica, 31 O Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Adaptive Optics (AO), 31, 39, 43, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 44,45,46,51,55,56, 128,136, Asteroid Duplicity, 138 138, 146, 147, 149, 154, 155, 157, Astrographs, 265, 266, 350 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, Astrometric Binaries, 118, 156 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, Astronomical League, 62 173, 174, 175 Astronomical Observatory of Advanced Electro-Optical System Padova,25 (AEOS), 45, 46 Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Advanced Fiber Optic Echelle 336 Telescope (AFOE), 194 Astronomy, of the Inner Planets, 11 356

Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Cape Observatory, 116 Committee (AASC) , 285, 294 CAR 1, 151, 153 Astrophysics, 56, 106, 108, 109, Carnegie Observatories, 309 115,144,145,211,216,219,232, Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem, 248,262,286,287,307,312,314 40,41,42 Automation, 95, 96, 282, 285 Cassini Mission, 44 A W Persei, 220 Cassini Spacecraft, 40 Catalina Observatory, 20, 21, 25 Ball Aerospace and Technologies Center for High Angular Resolution Corporation, 59, 62 Astronomy (CHARA), 55, 120, Baltic Astronomy, 248 128, 129, 139, 145, 146, 156 BATSE, 338,339 Cepheids, 100, 211, 214, 215,217, BepiColombo Mission, 92 219,220,221,222 BeppoSAX Satellite, 335, 336 Cerro Tololo InterAmerican Big Bang, 274 Observatory (CTIO), 117, 118, Binaries, Close, 125, 143, 146, 147, 119,120,147,152,252,266,352, 155,271 355,357 Binaries, Visual, 125, 133, 143, 148 Cerro Tololo InterAmerican Binary Stars, 125, 126, 133, 134, Observatory Parallax 138, 143, 146, 147, 150, 156, 180, Investigation (CTIOPI), 118 211 CfA Repshift Survey, 351, 358 Blanco Telescope, 280 CFHT. See Canada-France Hawaii Blazhko Effect, 212,217 Telescope. Boston Museum of Science, 17 CGRO, 338 Boston University, 27 Chandra Observatory, 223, 343 British Astronomical League, 62 CHARA. See Center for High Brown Dwarfs, 5, 39, 54, 56, 97, Angular Resolution Astronomy. 114, 117, 118, 154, 157160, 161, Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs), 4, 163,174,175,177,183,194,200, 5,6, 7, 23,27,36,50,53,59,60, 262,314 61,62,63,65,66,67, 75, 76, 77, Bu 101, 145 84,91,93,98, 104,147,149,155, Bu 151AB, 144, 145 156,184,185,188,190,234,258, 261,263,266,267,280,282,285, Cambridge Workshop on Cool 291,292,293,294,304,313,314, Stars, Stellar Systems and the 315,325,327,339,340,354,357 Sun,6 Circular Variable Filter (CVF), 46, Canada-France Hawaii Telescope 47,52 (CFHT), 18, 32, 51, 53, 305 Clementine, 32 Cannon, 332,339 Index 357

Collaborations, Professional- Dark Matter, 299, 301, 302, 303, Amateur, 59 307,308,309,310,311,312,329, Color-Teff Transformati ou, 270 356 Cornet 19P/Borrelly, 76 Dark Sky Observatory, 104 Cornet 1P/Halley, 5, 70, 71, 76 DB White Dwarfs, 256 Cornet 9Pfl'empe11, 59, 60, 61, 62, Decadal Study, 41, 55, 286, 294, 63,65,66,67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 295 76, 77, 78 Deep Impact Mission, 59, 60, 61, Cornet Alert, 62 65,66, 70,76 Cornet C/2000 WM1, 76 Discovery Mission, 59 Cornet Quarterly, 62, 77 Double-Mode Pulsation, 214, 220 Cornet Shoemaker-Levy-9, 5, 9, 51 Duplicity Surveys, 137 Comets, 49, 53, 59, 61, 77, 80, 81, Dust Coma, 59, 61, 66, 67 87,93 Dynamo, 227, 228, 229,230, 232, Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito, 235,237,239,241,242,243 53 Compton Observatory, 339 Earth,4,6, 11, 14,27,34,39,40, Continuous Cameras (CONCAMs), 41,51,53,55, 71, 72, 79,82, 83, 338 89,92, 93,94, 114,122,138,171, Cool White Dwarfs, 299, 301 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, Cornell Massachusetts Slit 188,240,247,248,251,258,290, Spectrograph (CorMASS), 54 295,308,312,314,315 Cornell University, 43 EC 14026 Stars, 212 Coronagraphy, 160, 161, 162, 164, Edinburgh, 299, 300, 302 166, 171, 173, 175 Elodie Spectrograph, 194 COROT Mission, 187, 224 Essay on Man, An, 160, 175 Coude Auxiliary Telescope (CAT), Europa, 55, 122 194,237 European Southern Observatory Coude Feed Spectral Library, 104 (ESO), 237, 302, 305, 314,357, CP Octantis, 218 360 Cryogenic Spectrograph (CRSP), 49 European Space Agency (ESA), 92, CSHELL, 21, 22 116,123,134,139,144,155,204, CTIO. See Cerro Tololo 213, 224, 225 InterAmerican Observatory. EUVE. See Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer. Danish Telescope, 302 Exozodiacal Dust Workshop, 114, DAOPHOT ll Software, 267 123, 174 Extrasolar, 54, 55, 56, 114, 136, 160, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180,' 358

193,194,197,198,199,200,201, Harvard College Observatory, 342, 204,205,206,207,209 360 Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Harvard Patrol Cameras, 349 (EUVE), 233 HD 168443, 202,203 GJ 876, 238, 343 HD 209458, 178, 197,213,315 HD 37572, 109 FG Sagittae, 213 HD 40932, 132 Fin 347 Aa, 145 HD 98851,214 Finsen, William, 134 HDS 318, 151, 153 Fomalhaut, 118 HETE Satellite, 339 Full-Sky Astrometric Mapping Hip 26369, 109 Explorer (FAME), 133, 144, 145, Hale Telescope, 43 149, 158 Harlan Smith Telescope, 237 Haute-Provence Observatory, 194 Galactic Census Project, 91, 92, Herschel Space Observatory, 91 144, 158 Hipparcos, 100, 106, 109, 116, 123, Galactic Structure, 299 125, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 139, Galilean Satellites, 138 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, Galilea Mission, 44 152,154,155,156,157,195,206, Galilea Spacecraft, 2, 40, 44, 45, 46, 213,223,224,225 51 Hipparcos Catalog, 144, 145, 149, Gamrna-Ray Bursts (GRBs), 335, 152 336,337,338,339,340,341,346, Hipparcos Survey, 108 347 HK Project, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, Ganymede, 45, 46 234,235,240,242,243 Gemini, 270, 282, 359 HST HO Key Project, 352 George Observatory, 66 Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 5, Georgia State University, 113, 120, 40,42,45,46,53,97, 128,130, 126, 139, 145 156,204,255,258,262,303,335 GJ 876, 202, 203 Hyades, 136, 153, 154, 156, 157 Gliese150A, 44 Hydra,241,271,273,274,280 Gliese150C, 44 Global Astrometric Interferometer IAU. See International for Astrophysics (GAIA), 277 Astronomical Union. Globular Cluster, 4, 137, 214, 278 IC 4665, 136, 156 GONG Network, 293 IIT AP. See International Institute of Great Wall, 352, 353 Theoretical and Applied Physics. GSC 5002-0629, 215 Index 359

Imaging Science Subsystem Narrow-Angle Camera (ISS Keck Telescope, 15, 193, 203 NAC), 40 Kepler Mission, 187 Imperial College, 126 Kinematics, 278, 300, 302,303, 319, Infrared Imaging Spectrometer 320,322,324,325 (TIRIS), 18,47,49,52 Kirtland Air Force Base, 48 Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI), Kitt Peak National Observatory 55 (KPNO), 5, 15, 16, 18, 49, 120, lnfrared Telescope (TIRTF), 13, 18, 126,152,183,185,237,241,252, 21,22,23,32,42,44,47,49,52, 263,266,280,281,292,336,338, 53 '358 340,351,358 Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Kui 48AB, 145 17 Kui 79AB, 145 Intensified-CCDs (ICCDs), 147 Kui 94, 145 lnstrumentation, Coronographic Kuiper Belt, 53, 56 Imaging, 11 Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), 53, 54 lnstrumentation, Rapid Read Out Imaging, 12, 29 Labeyrie, Antoine, 125, 126 Instrumentation, Spectroscopic, 31 Large Aperture Synoptic Survey lnterferometry, 56, 109, 114, 125, Telescope (LSST), 285, 286, 293, 126,144,156,157,277 294,295,296,297,316 International Astronomical Union Las Campanas Observatory, 309 (IAU), 51, 293 La Silla Observatory, 194 International Institute of Theoretical Leonard Euler Swiss Telescope, 194 and Applied Physics (IITAP), Leonid Meteor Shower, 27 248,258 Lick Observatory, 54, 194, 340, 350 Internet, 251, 3 11 Lincoln Laboratory, 50 lnterstellar Medium, 325, 342 Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Isoplanicity, 126 Research (LINEAR), 50, 51, 76, Indiana University, 263 84,86,92 International Ultraviolet Explorer Livermore Optica} Transient (IUE), 223 Imaging (LOTIS), 335, 336, 338, Iowa State University, 247, 248, 258 339,340,341,342,343,345,346, TIRAS Galaxy Surveys, 352 347 Jupiter, 2, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 51, Long Baseline Optical 52,54,55,60, 118,138,160,162, Interferometry (LBOI), 148, 149 163, 170, 174, 175, 177, 179, 180, Low-Resolution Stellar Spectra, 98 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 194, 197, Local Group, 3, 4, 319,320,321, 199,207,314,315 329,333 360

Lowell Observatory, 23, 56, 137 Massive Compact Halo Objects Lowell-Tololo Telescope, 147 (MACHOs), 301, 303, 309, 310, LPL echelle Spectrograph, 22 311,312,313,314,316,317 LSST. See Large Aperture Synoptic Mass Function, 118, 314 Survey Telescope. Maui Space Surveillance System, 45 Luyten Proper Motion Survey, 300 McAlister, Harold, 139 McCormick Observatory, 116 M31 Galaxy, 324, 328, 336, 341, McDonald Observatory, 25, 357 342 McDonald Telescope, 14, 15, 18, M33 Galaxy, 221, 324, 328 20,153,157,194,237 M67,240 McGraw Hill Observatory, 351 M81, 5 McMath Pierce Solar Telescope, 16 MACHOs. See Massive Compact MegaCam, 305 Halo Objects. Mercury, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, MACHO Survey, 108 30,31,34,35,36, 79,92,93, 122, Magellanic Clouds, 311, 312, 319, 307 320,321,326,327,331 Mercury, Atmosphere, 30, 31 Magnetic Fields, 108, 227, 229, 235, Mercury, Basalt, 12 237,239,241,243,274,286,288 Mercury, Ca, 12 Maidanak Observatory, 293, 296 Mercury, Exosphere, 12 Mariner 10, 12, 15, 16, 17,34 Mercury, Feldspars, 13 Mark ill Optical Interferometer, 55 Mercury, H, 15 Mars, 11, 20, 21, 22, 24, 33, 34, 35, Mercury, He, 15 36,40,41,43,44,45,48,49,50, Mercury, Infrared Spectroscopy, 12 55 Mercury, K, 15 Mars Global Surveyor, 20, 44 Mercury, Na, 13, 15 Mars Instrument Development Mercury, Pyroxene, 12, 14 Program, 47 Mercury, Surface, 12, 31 Mars Pathfinder, 20 Mercury, Surface Bounded Mars, Atmosphere, 20 Exosphere, 15 Mars, C02, 20, 23, 24 Michelson, Albert, 126, 127, 140 Mars, Dust, 23 Michigan Curtis Schmidt Telescope, Mars, H20, 23 119 Mars, 0 3,23 Michigan Spectral Catalog, 107, Mars, Surface, 24 109,110 Mars, Surface Basalts, 24 Michigan Spectral Catalog Project, Mars, Water Vapor, 20 107 Massachusetts Institute of Michigan State University, 119 Technology, 50 Index 361

Microlensing, 179, 307, 311, 312, National Aeronautics and Space 313, 317 Administration (NASA), 21, 22, Milk:y Way Galaxy, 3, 4, 96, 97, 39,42,44,47,52,59, 76,80,92, 213,215,219,221,222,315,320, 113, 114, 115, 118, 123, 174, 187, 328,329,341,342 204,237,292,355,359,360 Minor Planet Center, 80, 92, 93 National Optical Astronomy Mira, 108 Observatory (NOAO), 117, 185, MK Process, 96, 97, 11 O, 111 263,272,292,297,359 MK System, 96, 97 National Science Foundation (NSF), MK System, ANN Method, 101 107,115,139,258,275,359 MK System, Automatic National Virtual Observatory Classification, 101 (NVO), 294, 295, 296 MK System, Automatic Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Classification, Metric-Distance 55,56 Technique, 103 Navy Prototype Optical MK System, Automatic Interferometer (NPOI), 56, 155, Classification, Refinements, 109 156 MK System, Standard Stars, 267 Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs), 79, MMT Hectochelle Spectrograph, 80,81, 82,83,85,86,87,88, 89, 273 90,91,92,93,94 MONS, 224 Near Earth Object (NEO), 49, 50, Maon, Atmosphere, 25, 27 79,80, 82,83, 84,90,91,92,93, Maon, K, 26, 27 94 Moon,Na, 25,26, 27 NEAT Program, 84 Maon, Spectral Coverage, 25 Neptune, 44,53, 177, 180, 181, Maon, Surface, 28 183,185,199,206,207,307 Maon, The, 11, 12, 13, 14,25,26, Next Generation Space Telescope 27,28,31,32, 34,35,36,89 (NGST), 270 , 303, 344 MOSAIC CCD Camera, 185 NGC 1039, 264 MOST, 224 NGC 1817,264 Mount Wilson Observatory, 17, 48, NGC 188,264, 267,268,271,272 157 NGC 1886, 325 NGC 2158, 264 NASA Planetary Instrument NGC 2168, 264, 267, 268, 271, 272 Definition and Development NGC 2264, 264, 271, 272, 288 Program, 47 NGC 2420, 264 National Academy Press of NGC 2451, 264 Washington, D.C., 294 NGC 2506, 264 NGC 2682, 264 362

NGC6144, 4 Palomar Adaptive Optics (PALAO), NGC 6791, 264 43 NGC 6819, 264, 271, 272 Palomar Survey, 86, 358 NGC6910,4 Palomar Telescope, 54 NGC6994, 4 Parker Observatory, 61, 78 NGC 7092, 264 Perkin Telescope, 291, 292 NGC 7479,5 Perkin-Elmer Corporation, 291 NGC 7789,264 PHARO Camera, 43, 44 NIRAS, 355, 360 Photometric Precisi an, 177, 180, NOAO. See National Optica! 181,182,184,185,188,214,224, Astronomy Observatory. 269 NOAO Surveys Program, 117 Photometry, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 60, 61, 66, Nova Velorum 1999,4 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77,99, 101, NSF. See National Science 107, 114, 117, 118, 120, 122, 146, Foundation. 147, 149, 155, 157, 177, 185, 197, NSFCAM Camera, 42, 44, 47, 52, 211,213,215,217,219,220,223, 53 224,233,234,247,250,253,257, NStars Database, 113, 114, 115, 258,261,263,267,268,269,270, 119,120 271,274,277,280,281,282,283, NStars Project, 109, 113, 114, 115, 300,303,319,321,324,328,329, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123 330,339,343,345,350,352 NVO. See National Virtual Photometry, Broadband, 59 Observatory. Planets, Extrasolar, 54, 177, 178, 179,180,193,194,198,199,201 Oak Ridge Observatory, 194 Planet Searches, 122, 206 Occultation, 133, 213 Pleiades, 5, 106, 136, 156, 266 OGLE Survey, 108 Pluta, 53, 54, 56 Oort Cloud, 53 Point Spread Functions, 122, 159, Open Clusters, 105, 136, 154, 261, 160, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 262,263,264,265,266,268,269, 170, 172, 174, 185, 189, 190 270,271,272,278,279,327 Potentially Hazardous Objects Optica! Gravitational Lensing (PHOs), 80, 91 Experiment (OGLE), 310, 311, Praesepe, 136, 155, 156 312,313,314,315,316,317 Princeton University, 307, 308, 309, Optica! Interferometer, 131 31 O, 311, 350 Optica! Redshift Survey, 352 Procyon, 118 Orion,285,288,289,290,291,293 Orion Nebula Cluster, 288 Index 363

Radial Velocity, 98, 119, 136, 146, Solar System, 39, 40, 41, 44, 49, 52, 148, 160, 161, 162, 177, 178, 180, 54,56,292 183,184,197,221,277,322,329 Space Interferometry Mission Rayleigh Criterion, 127 (SIM), 109, 144, 277 RECONS Team, 116, 117 Space Telescope Fine Guidance Research Consortium on Nearby Sensors, 153 Stars (RECONS), 116, 117, 118, SPACEWATCH Program, 84 119 Spanish Observatorio del Roque de Resolution Limit, 120, 127, 133, los Muchachos, 17 134 Speckle Interferometry, 125, 126, Ritchey-Chretien Telescope, 93 138, 153 Robotically Controlled Telescope Spectral Analysis, 95, 114, 118, (RCT), 183, 184 122 Robotic Optical Transient Search Spectral Classification, 95, 96, 102, Experiment (ROTSE), 336, 339 103, 105, 109 Royal Swedish Academy of Spectral Imaging, 32 Sciences, 17 Spectrographs, 12, 13, 25, 30,32, 33 Spectroscopic Binaries, 106, 126, Sac Peak Solar Observatory, 26 131,148,149,157,272,273 Sac Peak Solar Telescope, 25 SpeX, 44, 47,49 Saturn, 40, 44, 48, 51, 52, 162, 315 Sproul Observatory, 116 Schmidt Telescope, 2, 296, 305, SS Cygni, 342, 343, 344 322,349,350,352,354,357 Starfire Optical Range Telescope, 48 Schwarzschild, Karl, 126 Star Formation, 4, 107, 108, 155, Siding Spring Telescope, 64, 117 157,199,213,235,277,278,279, Shane Telescope, 194 286,287,299,319,320,321,324, Shapley-Ames Catalog, 349, 351, 325,326,327,329,330,331,337, 360 342 SIMBAD, 115 Stars, Cluster Distances, 106 Sirius, 118 Stars, Metallicity, 107 STIRTF,92, 114,270 Stars, Peculiar, 95, 97, 102, 107, Sky and Telescope, 60, 62 108, 109 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), Stars, Spectral Synthesis, 98 54,282,283,296,305,353,354 Stars, Variable, 3, 100, 108, 136, Small Telescope Science Program 211,212,213,215,217,218,223, (STSP), 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 224,225,244,245,247,250,254, 67,68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75,76 258,267,283,286,293,296,309, SN 1990K, 4 310,336,343,342 364

Stellar Activity, 119, 216, 227, 228, Techniques, Interferometric, 143 229,232,240,241,244,271 Techniques, Photometric, 143, 177 Stellar Diameters, 126 Telescopes, Robotic, 5 Stellar Evolution, 3, 5, 106, 106, Telescopio Nazionale Galilea, 53 107,136,154,195,211,214,216, Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 109, 217,220,262,263,271,274,279, 114,118,122,204 299,314,320,323,325,329,330 Third Catalog of Interferometric Stellar Masses, 125, 143, 149, 262, Measurements of Binary Stars, 286 128, 130 146, 156 Stellar Rotation, 218, 228, 229, 235, Titan,44,45,48,52,53 262,273 Transit Method, 177, 178, 179, 180, Steward Observatory, 2, 49, 126, 183, 184, 185 335,338 Trans-Neptunian Object, 50 STF 1937AB, 145 Trapezium Cluster, 285 STF2375, 134 Tweedledum and Tweedledee, 134 STSP. See Small Telescope Science Two Micron All Sky Survey Program. (2MASS), 54, 118, 119, 269, 270, Subaru Telescope, 304 271,283,349,352,355,356,357, Sun, The,9, 11, 14,31,53,55,93, 358,359 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, Tycho, 123, 128, 130, 133, 134, 139, 157,160,163,216,227,228,232, 155,224 233,235,238,239,240,241,243, Tycho-2 Catalog, 134, 149 244,245,246,247,274,303 SuperCOSMOS, 302 U. S. N ati anal Research Council, Suprime-Cam, 304 285 Swarthmore College, 116 U. S. Naval Observatory, 56, 70, 71, Swedish Vacuum Solar Telescope 73, 74, 78, 116, 117, 128, 129, (SVST), 17 133, 139, 145, 146, 150 Syrtis Major, 23 United Kingdom InfraRed Telescope (UKIRT), 53, 54 Table Mountain Facility, 18 United States Air Force Research Tashkent Astronomical Institute, Laboratory, 45 293,294 University of Arizona, 42, 175 Techniques, 2, 45, 48, 51, 98, 99, University of Arizona, 2, 11, 36, 95 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 125, 128, University of California, 55 129, 130, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138, University of Erlangen-Numberg, 146, 152, 161, 162, 164, 168, 170, 126 172,174,185,190,191,236,237, University of Hawaii, 53, 60, 66, 70 242,243,263,272,277,290 University of Maryland, 59, 61 Index 365

University of Pittsburgh, 116 VLT Survey Te1escope (VST), 305 University of Sydney, 126 Voyager, 53 University of Texas, 247, 248, 258, 259,277 Warsaw University Observatory, University of Virginia, 116 309 University ofWisconsin, 261, 263 Washington Double Star Catalog Upsilon Andromedae, 202, 203, 204 (WDS), 134, 144, 145, 150, 151, Uranus,2,44,51,307 157 WEBDA Database, 105, 106, 107, V376 Pegasi, 213 111, 262 V4334 Sagittarii, 213 Wesleyan University, 116, 285 V729 Sagittarii, 4 Whipple Observatory, 194, 352 Van Vleck Observatory, 116, 291 White Dwarfs, 212, 247, 248, 255, Vector Autocorrelogram, 127 256,257,258,299,300 Vega, 78, 118 Whole Earth Telescope (WET), 247, Venus, 11, 18, 19, 20, 32, 33, 34, 248,249,250,251,252,253,254, 36,48, 79,93 255,256,257,258,259,293 Venus, Water Vapor, 32 Wide-Field Infrared Explorer Venus, Atmosphere, 18, 32 (WIRE), 223 V enus, C02, 18 William Herschel Telescope, 237 Venus, H2S04, 18 WIMPs, 307 Venus, S02, 18, 19, 32 WIYN Open Cluster Study V enus, Surface, 20 (WOCS), 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, Very Large Telescope (VLT), 270, 266,267,268,269,270,271,272, 282 273,274 Very Large Telescope WIYN Telescope, 152, 156, 241, Interferometer (VLTI), 314 261,262,263,267,271,280,281, Viking, 20, 24, 34 292,359 Viking Mars Atmospheric W ater Wyeth Refractor Telescope, 194 Detector, 20 Viking Program, 20 Yale University, 8, 116,145,263 Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy Zwicky Catalog, 350, 352 (VIST A), 305 • Volume 270: Dayside and Polar Cap Aurora Authors: Per Even Sandholt, Herbert C. 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