DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction 1 Women in the Political Background

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction 1 Women in the Political Background Notes INTRODUCTION 1 Olive Banks, Faces of Feminism (Oxford, 1981). 2 Martin Pugh has been instrumental in detailing the relationship between the right and feminism, notably in The Tories and the People (Oxford, 1985). 3 Christabel Pankhurst was an approved candidate of the Uoyd George Liberal-Conservative coalition in 1918. Even stranger, perhaps, Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst was a Conservative candidate at the time of her death. It would not be difficult to qualify each woman - at least in her later life - as Conservative. 4 Secret report on policy for women by Douglas?, 24.9.69, CRD 3/38/4, Conservative Party Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford (henceforth cited as CPP). 1 WOMEN IN THE POLITICAL BACKGROUND 1 Quoted in Brian Harrison, Separate Spheres: The Opposition to Women's Suffrage in Britain (London, 1978), 81. 2 For more on Mary Anne Disraeli see Elizabeth Lee, Wives of the Prime Ministers (London, 1918). 3 The Primrose League will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 2. 4 For Lady Salisbury's correspondence with Disraeli see the Disraeli Papers, 93/2, Bodleian Library, Oxford (henceforth cited as BW). 5 On being asked by another woman if the Primrose League was not vulgar, Lady Salisbury replied: 'Vulgar? Of course it is. That is why we've got on so well.' In Mrs George Cornwallis-West (ed.), The Remi­ niscences of Lady Randolph Churchill (Bath, 1908, repub., 1973), 100. 6 For more on this see Patrick Joyce, 'Popular Toryism in Lancashire 186a-1890' (DPhil, Oxford, 1975). 7 Randolph Churchill, Lord Derby, 'King of Lancashire' (London, 1959), 65-6. 8 J. C. C. Davidson to Miss Law, 6.12.1916 in Robert Rhodes James, Memoirs of a Conservative: J. C. C. Davidson's Memoirs and Papers 1910-37 (London, 1969), 46. 9 For more on Mary Derby see Esther Shkolnik, Leading Ladies: A Study of Eight Late Victorian and Edwardian Political Wives (London, 1987). 10 Quoted in Winifred, Lady Burghclere,A Great Man's Friendship: Letters of the Duke of Wellington to Mary Marchioness of Salisbury 1850-1852 (London, 1927), 36. 11 Richard Shannon, The Age of Disraeli (London, 1992), 169. 207 208 Notes 12 Salisbury to Lady Salisbury, 15.2.1874 in Lady Gwendolyn Cecil, Life of Robert Marquess of Salisbury, Vol. 2 (London, 1921), 46-7. 13 Disraeli to Salisbury, 16.2.1874 in Cecil, Vol. 2, 48. 14 Mary Salisbury to Disraeli, 16.1.1865, Disraeli Papers, 113/4, BLO. 15 See Mary Salisbury to Disraeli, 29.6.1876 and 7.9.1876 in Disraeli Papers, 113/4, BLO. 16 A. J.P. Thylor called Derby 'the most isolationist foreign secretary that Great Britain has ever known' in The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918 (London, 1954), 233. 17 For more on this see Robert Blake, Disraeli (London, 1967), 623 ff. and Shkolnik, 222-3. 18 See Blake, 634-5. 19 Mary Derby to Disraeli, 6.10.1878 in Disraeli Papers, 113/4. 20 See, for example, Gladstone to Lady Derby, 17.5.1882 on Derby's refusal to take office, in H. C. G. Matthew (ed.), The Gladstone Diaries, Vol. X (Oxford, 1990), 263-4. 21 Memorandum by Queen Victoria, 20.2.1874 in G. E. Buckle (ed.), The Letters of Queen Vzctoria, Vol. 2, 1870-1898 (London, 1926), 822. 22 Quoted in Blake, 546. 23 Disraeli to Victoria, 17.4.1874, in Buckle, Vol. 2, 333-4. 24 Blake, 546. 25 Victoria to Disraeli, 11.7.1874 in Buckle, Vol. 2, 341-2. 26 Victoria to Disraeli, 26.1.1875 in Buckle, Vol. 2, 373. 27 Disraeli to Victoria, 26.1.1875 in Buckle, Vol. 2, 373-4. Disraeli event­ ually gave way to Victoria on this issue, in spite of the fact that he knew it would cause unfavourable criticism. He did, however, have his price and immediately afterwards asked Victoria to agree to his friend, Sydney Thmer, for a future appointment. 28 Victoria to the Earl of Beaconsfield (Disraeli), 28.9.1876 in Buckle, Vol. 2, 480. 29 Quoted in Stanley Weintraub, Vzctoria (London, 1987), 414. 30 I have followed here Richard Shannon, The Age of Salisbury (London, 1996), 91. 31 Victoria to Salisbury, 31.10.1884 in Buckle, Vol. 3, 563. 32 For more on this see H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone, 1875-1898 (Oxford, 1995), 149. 33 Victoria to Salisbury, 3.12.1885 in Buckle, Vol. 3, 706-7. 34 Although as Matthew has noted in Gladstone, 1875-1898, 260, the reverse was not true. The Conservative opposition did not write to her on such questions. This clearly shows that while they differed in form from the Liberals, they did not differ in content. 35 We shall hear more about her activities in Chapter 2. 36 H. Montgomery Hyde, The Londonderrys (London, 1979), 94-5. 37 Martin Pugh, The Tories and the People (Oxford, 1985), 57. 38 Blake, The Unknown Prime Minister (London, 1955), 88 39 Hyde, 151-2. 40 Ibid., 159. 41 There is no doubt though that Lord Londonderry's obvious limits were also responsible for his lack of advancement. The correspondence Notes 209 between Davidson and Lady Londonderry contained in the Davidson Papers, 188, House of Lords Record Office, London gives a good idea of the tense relationship between the party chairman and the London­ derrys. A letter written by Lady Londonderry on 11.12.29, is quite inter­ esting. Although, in the opinion of this author, Davidson's letter was perfectly polite, Lady Londonderry thought otherwise: 'I have received your letter of this morning, and it is exactly the kind of letter I expected from you. Ifyou do not realise yourself how rude the whole thing is, it only confirms in my mind how hopeless the management of our Central Office is. If you treat me in this very off hand fashion, I hardly like to contem­ plate what occurs elsewhere.' She goes on to insist that: 'Considering that it is I who organised the ball which produced all the money for the Anti­ Socialist campaign in the north, and it is to my husband that you owe everything in these quarters, the only time there has been a failure was at the last election, when the Central Office ran the campaign and they lost nearly every seat. I do not accuse the Central Office naturally of any intentional discourtesy, but of gross ignorance in the management of affairs of this sort.' Lady Londonderry apparently thought that Davidson and Central Office were not showing her enough deference. 42 Marquess of Londonderry, Ourselves and Germany (London, 1938). 43 Marchioness of Londonderry, Retrospect (London, 1938), 127-8. It was Lady Londonderry who removed her hostess's name and replaced it by a blank. 2 Tiffi PRIMROSE LEAGUE 1 Quoted in Michael Bentley, Politics without Democracy (London, 1984), 267. 2 For more on Churchill see R. F. Foster's biography, Lord Randolph Churchill (London, 1981). 3 See Janet Robb, The Primrose League, 1883-1906 (New York, 1942), 33. Strangely enough, Lady Salisbury had come to the same conclusion as Churchill: 'We must have caucuses' she wrote in 1880. Quoted in Shannon, The Age of Disraeli, 330. 4 See Lady Dorothy Nevill, The Reminiscences of Lady Dorothy Nevill (London, 1906). 5 Martin Pugh, The Tories and the People (Oxford, 1985), 12-13. Through­ out this account of the Primrose League, I have depended heavily on Pugh. 6 Mrs George Cornwallis-West (ed.), The Reminiscences of Lady Ran­ dolph Churchill (Bath, 1908, repub. 1973), 98. Note that membership was open to Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, which in and of itself was revolutionary, particularly for a Conservative organization. The Church of England, after all, was often said to be the Thry Party at prayer. The recruitment of non-Anglicans would be one of the League's greatest successes. 7 See page 8. 210 Notes 8 Quoted in Martin Pugh, The Making of Modem British Politics 1867- 1939 (Oxford, 1982, 2nd ed. 1992), 55. 9 Pugh, The Tories and the People, 144. 10 Richard Shannon, The Age of Salisbury (London: 1995), 114. Martin Pugh in The Making of British Politics, 55, says that the League claimed that nine-tenths of its membership was working class. 11 Pugh, The Tories and the People, 123. 12 Minutes for 15.12.1883, in MSS.PL.1, Primrose League Papers, BLO (henceforth cited as PLP). 13 Jennie Churchill, preface to 'The Primrose League: How Ladies Can Help It' (London, 1885). 14 Cornwallis-West, 124. 15 Ibid., 125 16 Cited in Martin Pugh, The Tories and the People, 48. 17 Robb, 49. 18 Pugh, The Tories and the People, 49 19 Ibid., 50. 20 Cornwallis-West, 98. See also the meeting of 2 March 1885 when the Ladies Grand Council was officially constituted in MSS.PL.10/1, PLP. 21 Meeting of 6.6.1885 in MSS.PL.l0/1, PLP. 22 The Morning Post, 22.2.1886. 23 Report on the annual meeting of the LGC in The Morning Post, 14.5.1892. 24 'Report of the Executive Committee of the LGC', May 1887 in MSS.PL/11, PLP. 25 The Morning Post, 22.2.1886. 26 Cornwallis-West, 128-9. 27 Quoted in Pugh, The Tories and the People, 53. 28 'Report of the Executive Committee of the LGC', May 1887 in MSS.PL/11, PLP. 29 Primrose League Gazette, 19.11.1897. 30 Report on a meeting of the LGC in The Morning Post, 26.5.1887. 31 Primrose League Gazette, 19.11.1887. 32 Lady Montagu, 'Why Should Women Care for Politics?', paper read at the annual meeting of the LGC, 1.5.1888, MSS.PL/11, PLP.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BDOHP Biographical Details and Index Lord Wright of Richmond
    BDOHP Biographical details and index Lord Wright of Richmond (28.06.31-06.03.20) - career outline with, on right, relevant page numbers in the memoir to the career stage. Served Royal Artillery, 1950–51 p 3 Joined Diplomatic Service, 1955 pp 2-3 Middle East Centre for Arabic Studies, 1956–57 pp 3-6 Third Secretary, British Embassy, Beirut, 1958–60 - Private Secretary to Ambassador and later First Secretary, pp 12-15 British Embassy, Washington, 1960–65 Private Secretary to Permanent Under-Secretary, FO, 1965–67 pp 10-11 First Secretary and Head of Chancery, Cairo, 1967–70 - Deputy Political Resident, Bahrain, 1971–72 - Head of Middle East Department, FCO, 1972–74 - Private Secretary (Overseas Affairs) to Prime Minister, 1974–77 pp 7-10, 25, 34-35 Ambassador to Luxembourg, 1977–79 pp 30-31 Ambassador to Syria, 1979–81 pp 30-33 Deputy Under-Secretary of State, FCO, 1982–84 - Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, 1984–86 pp 33-34, 36 Permanent Under-Secretary of State and Head pp 11-12, of Diplomatic Service, 1986–91. 16-18, 21, 30 Member, Security Commission, 1993–2002. - General comments on Middle East and United States, pp 6-8; political versus professional diplomatic appointments, pp 15-20; retirement age in diplomatic service, pp 21-23; recruitment, pp 23-25; Foreign Office image, pp 38-40; John Major, pp 40-42; leaking of restricted papers, pp 43-45. Lord Wright of Richmond This is Malcolm McBain interviewing Lord Wright of Richmond at his home in East Sheen on Monday, 16 October 2000. MMcB: “Lord Wright, you were born in 1931, educated at Marlborough and Merton College, Oxford, you did a couple of years’ national service in the Royal Artillery, and then joined the Diplomatic Service, presumably after going to Oxford, in 1965.
    [Show full text]
  • Caspar Weinberger and the Reagan Defense Buildup
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Fall 12-2013 Direct Responsibility: Caspar Weinberger and the Reagan Defense Buildup Robert Howard Wieland University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the American Studies Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Wieland, Robert Howard, "Direct Responsibility: Caspar Weinberger and the Reagan Defense Buildup" (2013). Dissertations. 218. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/218 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY: CASPAR WEINBERGER AND THE REAGAN DEFENSE BUILDUP by Robert Howard Wieland Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School Of The University of Southern Mississippi In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 ABSTRACT DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY: CASPAR WEINBERGER AND THE REAGAN DEFENSE BUILDUP by Robert Howard Wieland December 2013 This dissertation explores the life of Caspar Weinberger and explains why President Reagan chose him for Secretary of Defense. Weinberger, not a defense technocrat, managed a massive defense buildup of 1.5 trillion dollars over a four year period. A biographical approach to Weinberger illuminates Reagan’s selection, for in many ways Weinberger harkens back to an earlier type of defense manager more akin to Elihu Root than Robert McNamara; more a man of letters than technocrat.
    [Show full text]
  • Thatcher, Northern Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations, 1979-1990
    From ‘as British as Finchley’ to ‘no selfish strategic interest’: Thatcher, Northern Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations, 1979-1990 Fiona Diane McKelvey, BA (Hons), MRes Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences of Ulster University A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Ulster University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2018 I confirm that the word count of this thesis is less than 100,000 words excluding the title page, contents, acknowledgements, summary or abstract, abbreviations, footnotes, diagrams, maps, illustrations, tables, appendices, and references or bibliography Contents Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Abbreviations iii List of Tables v Introduction An Unrequited Love Affair? Unionism and Conservatism, 1885-1979 1 Research Questions, Contribution to Knowledge, Research Methods, Methodology and Structure of Thesis 1 Playing the Orange Card: Westminster and the Home Rule Crises, 1885-1921 10 The Realm of ‘old unhappy far-off things and battles long ago’: Ulster Unionists at Westminster after 1921 18 ‘For God's sake bring me a large Scotch. What a bloody awful country’: 1950-1974 22 Thatcher on the Road to Number Ten, 1975-1979 26 Conclusion 28 Chapter 1 Jack Lynch, Charles J. Haughey and Margaret Thatcher, 1979-1981 31 'Rise and Follow Charlie': Haughey's Journey from the Backbenches to the Taoiseach's Office 34 The Atkins Talks 40 Haughey’s Search for the ‘glittering prize’ 45 The Haughey-Thatcher Meetings 49 Conclusion 65 Chapter 2 Crisis in Ireland: The Hunger Strikes, 1980-1981
    [Show full text]
  • Books About Winston S. Churchill Annotated and Edited by Richard M
    Books About Winston S. Churchill Annotated and edited by Richard M. Langworth Annotations through 2004 were compiled for Curt Zoller’s Bibliography of Works About Sir Winston S. Churchill, which has since been reissued. Annotations of later books are based on reviews by the editor and others quoted. Publishing dates and details are provided for first editions only; consult the Zoller bibliography for further details. Annotations are offered only for books we have examined. Readers who wish to contribute further comments, especially on books not examined, are cordially invited to contact the Churchill Project. 1905 Scott, A. MacCallum. Winston Spencer Churchill. London: Methuen, 270 pp. The first biography, written by an admirer when Churchill was only 31. Though untainted by knowledge of future greatness, the admiring author predicted that Churchill would become prime minister. 1907 Leech, H. J. Mr. Winston Churchill. Manchester: Abel Heywood. Churchill was “deselected” as Member of Parliament for Oldham after he defied its Conservative majority by becoming a Liberal in 1904. Denied the Tory nomination in Oldham for the general election of January 1905, he was invited to stand as a Liberal for North West Manchester, one of nine Manchester seats, with a tiny electorate of 10,000, a third of whom were Jewish. Churchill spoke strongly for Free Trade, popular in Manchester’s mill industries, and was duly elected. 1909 Batchelor, H. Crouch, compiler. Mr. Winston Churchill On The Radical Party: Before He Donned Their Livery And Accepted Their Pay. London: Pall Mall, 4 pp., softbound. An attack book by a Conservative critic of Churchill’s early career as a Tory before he “crossed the floor” to the Liberals in 1904, dwells on Churchill’s earlier critiques of the party he now spoke for.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservative Party Leaders and Officials Since 1975
    BRIEFING PAPER Number 07154, 6 February 2020 Conservative Party and Compiled by officials since 1975 Sarah Dobson This List notes Conservative Party leaders and officials since 1975. Further reading Conservative Party website Conservative Party structure and organisation [pdf] Constitution of the Conservative Party: includes leadership election rules and procedures for selecting candidates. Oliver Letwin, Hearts and Minds: The Battle for the Conservative Party from Thatcher to the Present, Biteback, 2017 Tim Bale, The Conservative Party: From Thatcher to Cameron, Polity Press, 2016 Robert Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Major, Faber & Faber, 2011 Leadership elections The Commons Library briefing Leadership Elections: Conservative Party, 11 July 2016, looks at the current and previous rules for the election of the leader of the Conservative Party. Current state of the parties The current composition of the House of Commons and links to the websites of all the parties represented in the Commons can be found on the Parliament website: current state of the parties. www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary Conservative Party leaders and officials since 1975 Leader start end Margaret Thatcher Feb 1975 Nov 1990 John Major Nov 1990 Jun 1997 William Hague Jun 1997 Sep 2001 Iain Duncan Smith Sep 2001 Nov 2003 Michael Howard Nov 2003 Dec 2005 David Cameron Dec 2005 Jul 2016 Theresa May Jul 2016 Jun 2019 Boris Johnson Jul 2019 present Deputy Leader # start end William Whitelaw Feb 1975 Aug 1991 Peter Lilley Jun 1998 Jun 1999 Michael Ancram Sep 2001 Dec 2005 George Osborne * Dec 2005 July 2016 William Hague * Dec 2009 May 2015 # There has not always been a deputy leader and it is often an official title of a senior Conservative politician.
    [Show full text]
  • Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
    Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan)
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the American Invasion of Grenada on Anglo- American Relations and the Deployment of Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces in Britain
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2014 The mpI act of the American Invasion of Grenada on Anglo-American Relations and the Deployment of Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces in Britain Timothy Anglea Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the European History Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Anglea, Timothy, "The mpI act of the American Invasion of Grenada on Anglo-American Relations and the Deployment of Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces in Britain" (2014). All Theses. 1979. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1979 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE IMPACT OF THE AMERICAN INVASION OF GRENADA ON ANGLO- AMERICAN RELATIONS AND THE DEPLOYMENT OF INTERMEDIATE-RANGE NUCLEAR FORCES IN BRITAIN A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts History by Timothy Robert Anglea May 2014 Accepted by: Dr. Michael Silvestri, Committee Chair Dr. Stephanie Barczewski Dr. Edwin Moise ABSTRACT This thesis studies the impact the American invasion of Grenada in 1983 had on Anglo-American relations and the deployment of cruise missiles in Britain. Anglo- American nuclear relations were dependent on a strong level of trust between the two governments. The deception employed by President Reagan’s government in concealing American intentions concerning Grenada from the British government broke that trust.
    [Show full text]
  • Politeia Let Freedom Prevail
    Let Freedom Prevail! Liam Fox POLITEIA 2005 First published in 2005 by Politeia 22 Charing Cross Road London, WC2H 0QP Tel: 020 7240 5070 Fax: 020 7240 5095 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.politeia.co.uk © Politeia 2005 Address Series No. 16 ISBN 1 900 525 87 9 Cover design by John Marenbon Printed in Great Britain by Sumfield & Day Ltd 2 Park View, Alder Close, Eastbourne BN23 6QE www.sumfieldandday.com THE AUTHOR Dr Liam Fox has been the Member of Parliament for Woodspring since April 1992 and in the last Conservative Government he was Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office from 1996 until the 1997 election. Since 1997 he has been a member of the Shadow Cabinet and served as Opposition Front Bench Spokesman on Constitutional Affairs and Shadow Secretary of State for Health. In the last Parliament he was Co- Chairman of the Conservative Party and is now Shadow Foreign Secretary. Amongst his Politeia publications are Holding Our Judges to Account (September 1999) and Conservatism for the Future (March 2004). Liam Fox As the country looks ahead to the new Parliament, the lessons of the past – and the general election – will, with time and objective analysis, become clear. But one point is evident: no opposition can easily fight an election against the backdrop of an economy perceived – rightly or wrongly – to be in a benevolent state. The Conservative party should therefore avoid an instant judgement, and one lacking the perspective of time, as it prepares for the next Parliament and the future.
    [Show full text]
  • The Appeal of Fascism to the British Aristocracy During the Inter-War Years, 1919-1939
    THE APPEAL OF FASCISM TO THE BRITISH ARISTOCRACY DURING THE INTER-WAR YEARS, 1919-1939 THESIS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OFARTS. By Kenna Toombs NORTHWEST MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY MARYVILLE, MISSOURI AUGUST 2013 The Appeal of Fascism 2 Running Head: THE APPEAL OF FASCISM TO THE BRITISH ARISTOCRACY DURING THE INTER-WAR YEARS, 1919-1939 The Appeal of Fascism to the British Aristocracy During the Inter-War Years, 1919-1939 Kenna Toombs Northwest Missouri State University THESIS APPROVED Date Dean of Graduate School Date The Appeal of Fascism 3 Abstract This thesis examines the reasons the British aristocracy became interested in fascism during the years between the First and Second World Wars. As a group the aristocracy faced a set of circumstances unique to their class. These circumstances created the fear of another devastating war, loss of Empire, and the spread of Bolshevism. The conclusion was determined by researching numerous books and articles. When events required sacrifice to save king and country, the aristocracy forfeited privilege and wealth to save England. The Appeal of Fascism 4 Contents Chapter One Background for Inter-War Years 5 Chapter Two The Lost Generation 1919-1932 25 Chapter Three The Promise of Fascism 1932-1936 44 Chapter Four The Decline of Fascism in Great Britain 71 Conclusion Fascism After 1940 83 The Appeal of Fascism 5 Chapter One: Background for Inter-War Years Most discussions of fascism include Italy, which gave rise to the movement; Spain, which adopted its principles; and Germany, which forever condemned it in the eyes of the world; but few include Great Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Collective Responsibility
    BRIEFING PAPER Number 7755, 14 November 2016 By Michael Everett Collective responsibility Contents: 1. What is collective responsibility? 2. Conventions of collective responsibility 3. Agreements to differ and departures from collective responsibility 4. Early Origins and Development www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 Collective responsibility Contents Summary 3 1. What is collective responsibility? 4 1.1 At what point does collective responsibility apply? 5 1.2 Does collective responsibility always apply? 5 1.3 The distinction between collective and individual ministerial responsibility 5 1.4 Collective responsibility and the devolved administrations 6 2. Conventions of collective responsibility 7 2.1 A convention rather than a constitutional requirement 7 2.2 What does the convention mean in practice? 8 2.3 Enforcing collective responsibility 10 2.4 Constitutional significance of collective responsibility 11 3. Agreements to differ and departures from collective responsibility 13 3.1 Departures from collective responsibility 13 3.2 Examples of departures from collective responsibility 15 Heathrow Airport, 2016 15 Referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union, 2016 17 Agreements to differ under the Coalition Government, 2010-2015 20 Hospital rationalisation in Scotland, 2003 21 3.3 European Direct Assembly Elections, 1977 22 European Economic Community Referendum, 1975 23 Differences between the 2016 and 1975 agreements to differ 26 Tariffs Policy,
    [Show full text]
  • 'Old Men Forget' Or Do They 'Remember with Advantages'?
    ‘Old Men Forget’ or do they ‘Remember with Advantages’83 ‘Old Men Forget’ or do they ‘Remember with Advantages’? The Problem of Primary Sources and Objectivity Bill Apter Masters, Macquarie University Old men forget: yet all shall be forgot, But he’ll remember with advantages What feats he did that day.1 Shakespeare’s Henry V helped to create the myth of a Great King and has influenced histories of the Hundred Years War; the English remember Agincourt and their other victorious battles rather than the loss of the war. Shakespeare’s was a history written nearly two centuries after the events it describes rather than a contemporary account. But Henry’s speech on memory contains a critical truth regarding primary sources that has received less attention. Whilst old men do sometimes forget, it is their tendency to remember their feats with advantages in their memoirs and diaries that is the focus of this article. If primary sources are not objective and contain distortions, omissions and errors, can the truth be uncovered in secondary sources using them? This article seeks to investigate the degree of objectivity in primary sources and how they have shaped subsequent histories by considering three sets of memoirs or diaries maintained by twentieth-century Britons: Winston Churchill’s The Second World War, Douglas Haig’s First World War diaries and Alfred Duff Cooper’s diaries. It will argue that these primary sources demonstrate consistent subjectivity and that the perspectives and claims of cause and effect they introduced continue to influence histories of these eras. Churchill and Haig’s accounts have been particularly influential.
    [Show full text]
  • The Career of Lola Montez in the American Theatre
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1994 The aC reer of Lola Montez in the American Theatre. Sara Elizabeth Gotcher Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Gotcher, Sara Elizabeth, "The aC reer of Lola Montez in the American Theatre." (1994). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5727. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5727 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]