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The Temple of Apollo Patroos Dated by an Amphora Stamp HESPERIA 78 (2OO9) THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO Pages 387-403 PATROOS DATED BY AN AMPHORA STAMP ABSTRACT to The Temple of Apollo Patroos in the Athenian Agora is often dated ca. 330 B.C. A fragment of a Thasian amphora with a stamp bearing the eponym riofiA/uc,was found in a pit closed no later than the period of the ca. temples construction. This stamp dates to 313 B.C. The temple must thereforehave been constructed in the very late 4th or very early 3rd century. Review of the textual and other archaeological evidence related to the temple ca. and itsvicinity clarifies the physical development of this cult site from 375 to ca. 300 B.C. INTRODUCTION to The purpose of this article is reconsider the date of the small L-shaped on west temple the side of theAthenian Agora between the Stoa of Zeus a and theMetroon (Fig. 1). New evidence for the date of Thasian amphora an stamp found in associated pit,H 8:2, prompts this reconsideration.1 Ever on since the publication in 1937 ofHomer Thompson's initial report the excavations there has been widespread, though not universal, acceptance both of as his identification of the building theTemple ofApollo Patroos and of his to over dating of the construction the period when Lykourgos saw Athenian finances and dominated Athenian political and cultural life, 1. is file at the Athenian drew I am Thompson 1937, pp. 77-115, Agora. Grace extremely grateful for the very the excavation of the attention to the Thasian primary report stamp pub helpful commentsprovided by the structure known as the of lished that Homer Temple here, observing anonymous Hesperia reviewers. Dis a brief dis to Apollo Patroos, following Thompson neglected mention it cussionswith Aileen Ajootian, John cussion inT L. Shear's 1935 inhis of of report publication theTemple Camp, Catherine Keesling, Carol See also When Grace wrote that Susan (1935, pp. 352-354). Agora III, Apollo. note, Lawton, Rotroff, Lea Stirling, and 136-139. the date of the Thasian and me pp. 50-53, Agora XIV, pp. accepted stamp Chavdar Tzochev encouraged The for this article came could well have fit to this inspiration reasonably Thomp pursue point of interest and froma briefnote Grace in son's date of the Advances in were byVirginia temple. helpful in clarifyingthe final her our of report(dated February 19,1986) knowledge Thasian amphora result. on O-R 7-10 under the have since are own. Agora deposit stamp chronologies raised All translations my a Stoa ofAttalos, copy ofwhich is on thedifficulty addressed in thisarticle. ? The American School of Classical Studies at Athens 388 MARK L. LAWALL nNEW BOULEUM0 c i a --e jTO& ANNLX 09 LATE..eA" W* .0 * - '-a H8m 348 178 GPL.AT DPAIN r 2 23 0 f z F sous ca. 1.Area of the of between 338 and 326 B.C.2 Thompsons arguments for this date included Figure Temple a with H 8:2, on mid-4th-century pottery in stone-built pit under the smaller naiskos em Apollo Patroos, pit thewest side of theAthenian Agora. braced by the L-shape of the larger (and, inThompsons view, later) temple; After by J.Travlos, in 1937, "non-committal sherds of the fourth in areas of construction plan Thompson century" p. 219, fig. 126 related fill leftundisturbed by the late-19th-century German excavations of the area; architectural comparisons with other structures dated to the 330s and 320s; and Pausanias's claim that Euphranor, whose other attested works span at least the years from the 360s through the 330s, carved the cult statue on ofApollo Patroos display in the building. Thompson concluded was that "the temple built after its small neighbor, i.e. after themiddle of the 4th century B.C. But since Euphranor made the cult statue it cannot ... a have been much later materials and technique would agree with date ca. B.C. towards 330 perhaps in the time of Lykourgos."3 are so The sherds, however, not "non-committal." One, in particular? a a no ca. B.C. stamped amphora handle?requires date earlier than 313 more Hence the construction of the building likely occurred at the very or end of the 4th beginning of the 3rd century. Reconsideration of the excavation records, pottery, and other finds from the vicinity of this build a ing along with the relevant literary testimonia permits the definition of events series of in the latter half of the 4th century marking the gradual at on elaboration of the cult ofApollo Patroos this location thewest side some connec of theAthenian Agora. While there is likely still temporal to can tion the period of Lykourgos in this process, the L-shaped temple no as 2. On see Buchanan longer be regarded part of the Lykourgan age. Lykourgos, Mitchel and a 1962, pp. 74-80; 1970; Before turning to the archaeological evidence, few points of terminol Humphreys 1985. ogy are needed to avoid The often referred to as ambiguity. L-shaped temple 3.Agora XIV, p. 137. See Thompson the of is here referred to as the The identification Temple Apollo "temple." 1937, pp. 102-104, forhis arguments as to so more of the building sacred Apollo is somewhat at issue here, the for this range of dates. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO PATROOS 389 neutral term is preferable. The small building between the temple and the as Stoa of Zeus, traditionally identified theTemple of Zeus Phratrios and Athena Phratria, is here referred to as the "naiskos." The stone-lined pit found below the naiskos, often referred to as a bothros, is here referred to as the "basin."4 The term "east-west terracewall" refers to thewall leading eastward from the southern end of the retaining wall built behind the Stoa of Zeus against the slopes of the Kolonos Agoraios. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE Earlier German (1895-1896) and Greek (1907-1908) excavations along so thewest side of theAgora exposed the main part of the temple itself, few undisturbed sections remained to be explored when the American came excavations began in 1931.5 For the most part, any undisturbed fill over fromLate Roman destruction levels the temple, from the naiskos, and a from the south end of the Stoa of Zeus. Fragments of marble kithara, were area for example, recovered in these fills in the between the temple and the Stoa of Zeus.6 In lotsA102, A103, and A177, however, excavation areas reached undisturbed levels in the foundation of the temple and the naiskos. Lot A177 is foundation fill for the southern wall of the naiskos. While most of the diagnostic material here is datable to the second quarter one of the 4th century, there is plain-rim kantharos fragment similar to a form in use ca. 340-325 B.C.7 Lots A102 and A103 are foundation fills room for the northwest of the temple, and here too most of the diagnostic a pottery is datable within the firsthalf of the 4th century,with few pieces, as a a a such molded-rim kantharos and rolled-rim plate with thickened wall, possibly dating within the third quarter of the century.8 The greater part of the temples excavation falls into the "Old Excava tion" (OE) section, just to the south, and Thompson refers to pottery lots from this sector in his 1937 report.Most immediately relevant to the date a = of the temple is small bit of foundation fill (lotOE 159 H 7:4) excavated 4. A whose Thompson's original description Agora inventory 41, findspot tivelydated simplywithin the third is in of thispit (1937, pp. 86-88), espe described section A notebook, quarter of the 4th century. For the his of an as a.d. see cially description outlet chan pp. 134, 668, 4th-5th-century plate, thickened walls of plates nel and mortared floor and levels between the Stoa of Zeus and the no. carefully Agora XII, p. 310, 1059, dated mortared makes the common small northwest room of the ca. exterior, temple. 325 B.C.; and Agora XXIX, p. 309, as a to nos. identification of this feature 7. The profile from the rim the 632 and 633, also dated ca. 325. bothros shoulder of the kantharos resembles to on a quite unlikely. Again, itmay be safer settle no. 684. 5. Dorpfeld 1896, pp. 107-108; Agora XII, pp. 284-285, date anywhere from the middle to the 8.While the molded-rim 1897, p. 225; with summaryin 1937 kantharos third quarter of the 4th century. Two 1939, vol. 1, pp. 77-88, and extended starts to appear near the middle of the other lots?Al75 and A176?are discussion in vol. reit the from this lot described as 2, pp. 146-167, century, piece may clearing "Dorpfeld's Stoa belief show some in a area eratinghis that the temple is the development having Basileus," i.e., the of the naiskos Stoa of the 6th B.C. The taller neck than is common and east end of the Royal century among larger temple. The Greek excavations are in those from reported very published Olynthos.While description in the notebooks of these fashion Kawadias and no. dated the general by (1907 AgoraXII, p. 283, 662, contexts, however, opens possibility ca. and that are somewhat 1908). 325, Agora XXIX, pp. 245-246, they disturbed by 6. nos. all resemble the at one Thompson 1961, pp. 37-39, fig.7; 37-42, fragment later activity, and least Hellenis these are as more conserva fragments brought together from A102, this piece is ticplate rim appears inA176.
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