DOCSLIB.ORG

Thomutlulutt a Aaa A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thomutlulutt a Aaa A THOMUTLULUTTUS009822321B2 (12 ) United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No. : US 9 ,822 , 321 B2 Rantanen -Kolehmainen et al. ( 45 ) Date of Patent : Nov . 21 , 2017 ( 54 ) GASOLINE COMPOSITIONS AND METHOD ( 56 ) References Cited OF PRODUCING THE SAME U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS ( 71 ) Applicant : NESTE OIL OYJ, Espoo (FI ) 4 ,398 , 921 A 8 / 1983 Rifkin et al. ( 72 ) Inventors : Leena Rantanen -Kolehmainen , Porvoo 6 , 113 , 661 A 9 /2000 Germanaud et al. (FI ) ; Päivi Aakko - Saksa , Porvoo (FI ) ( Continued ) ( 73 ) Assignee : NESTE OYJ, Espoo (FI ) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS DE 102010017818 AL 8 / 2011 ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this EP 1 900 794 A2 3 /2008 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 (Continued ) U . S . C . 154 ( b ) by 91 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS (21 ) Appl. No. : 14 /572 , 860 Bielansky P et al : “ Catalytic cracking of rapeseed oil to high octane gasoline and olefins” , Chemical Engineering and Processing, ( 22 ) Filed : Dec . 17 , 2014 Elsevier Seuoia , Lausanne, CH , vol . 49 , No. 8 , Aug . 1 , 2010 . (65 65 ) Prior Publication Data ( Continued ) US 2015 / 0144087 A1 May 28, 2015 Primary Examiner — Long T Tran (74 ) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Buchanan Ingersoll & ( 30 ) Foreign Application Priority Data Rooney PC (57 ) ABSTRACT Sep . 11, 2011 (FI ) .. .. 20110300 Gasoline fuel and method of making and using it . The fuel comprises from 5 to 20 vol. - % paraffinic hydrocarbons ( 51) Int. Ci. originating from biological oils, fats , or derivatives or com CIOL 10 / 02 (2006 . 01) binations thereof. Further, it comprises oxygenates , such as F02B 43 /02 ( 2006 . 01 ) ethanol present in a concentration of about 5 to 15 vol .- % ; (Continued ) or iso - butanol present in a concentration of 5 to 20 vol. - % , ( 52 ) U .S . CI. preferably about 10 to 17 vol. - % ; or ETBE present in a ??? . .. .. .. .. CIOL 10 / 02 ( 2013 .01 ) ; C10G 3 / 52 concentration of 7 to 25 vol. - % , preferably about 15 to 22 (2013 . 01 ) ; C10G 45 / 58 ( 2013 .01 ) ; C10G vol. - % . The bioenergy content of the gasoline is at least 14 47 /00 ( 2013 .01 ) ; Energy equivalent percentage (Eeg - % ) calculated based on (Continued ) the heating values given in the European Renewable Energy (58 ) Field of Classification Search Directive 2009 /28 / EC . By means of the invention , fuels with CPC .. .. YO2P 30 / 20 ; YO2P 30 /42 ; YO2P 30 / 446 ; a high bioenergy content are provided which can be used in C10G 2300 / 1011 ; C10G 1 / 002 ; conventional gasoline - fuelled automotive engines. (Continued ) 4 Claims, 3 Drawing Sheets European test at - 7 °C 0 . 020 - European test at - 7 °C MPF * MPFI AFSI 0 .018 A FSI OFFV O 0 .016 OFFV A A 0 . 014 AAAA Euro 5 limit at - 7 °C 0 . 012 A HC(g/km) PM(g/km) 0. 010 0 . 008 O Euro 5 limit at O 0. 006 nomai temp. 0 . 004 0 0. 5 A 00 og modno 0 . 002 0 ,0 17 Euro 5 limit at normal temp- - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 .000 0 .0 2 . 0 4 . 0 6 .0 8 .0 10 . 0 12 .0 14 . 0 0 .00 0 . 02 0 . 04 0 . 06 0 .08 0 . 10 0 . 12 CO ( g / km ) NOx ( g / km ) US 9 ,822 , 321 B2 Page 2 ( 51 ) Int. Cl. 2010 /0077655 A1 4 /2010 Bauldreay et al . CIOL 1 / 185 ( 2006 .01 ) 2010 / 0131247 A15 / 2010 Carpenter et al. 2010 / 0275509 A1 11/ 2010 Sakuma et al. C10L 1 / 182 ( 2006 .01 ) 2011 /0015459 AL 1 / 2011 Aalto et al . CIOL 1/ 06 ( 2006 .01 ) 2011 / 0076732 A 3 / 2011 Dumenil et al . C10G 45 / 58 ( 2006 . 01 ) 2011/ 0126449 A1 * 6 / 2011 Xu . .. CIOL 1 / 1616 C10G 47 / 00 ( 2006 .01 ) 44 / 308 C10G 65 / 12 ( 2006 . 01 ) 2011/ 0138681 A1 6 / 2011 Ramirez Corredores et al . 2012/ 0151828 A1* 6 / 2012 Kalnes . .. .. .. CIOL 1/ 00 C10G 3 / 00 ( 2006 . 01 ) 44 /308 CI0G 69/ 02 ( 2006 .01 ) 2012 /0152801 A1 * 6 /2012 Bozzano .. .. .. .. .. CIOG 2 /30 CIOL 1 / 10 ( 2006 . 01 ) 208 / 17 C10L 10 / 10 ( 2006 . 01 ) ( 52 ) U . S . CI. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS CPC C10G 65 / 12 ( 2013 .01 ) ; C10G 69 / 02 ( 2013 .01 ) ; C10L 1 / 06 ( 2013 .01 ) ; C10L 1 / 10 EP 2177587 AL 4 /2010 EP 2290035 A1 3 / 2011 ( 2013 .01 ) ; CIOL 1 / 182 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; CIOL JP A - 2007 - 270039 10 / 2007 1 / 1852 (2013 . 01 ) ; CIOL 10 / 10 (2013 .01 ) ; WO WO 2004022674 AL 3 / 2004 F02B 43 / 02 ( 2013 .01 ) ; CIOG 2300 / 1011 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; CIOG 2300 / 1014 ( 2013 .01 ) ; CIOG OTHER PUBLICATIONS 2300 / 1018 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; CIOG 2300 / 305 ( 2013 .01 ) ; C10G 2400 / 02 ( 2013 .01 ) ; CIOL Tian H et al: “ Alternative Processing Technology for Converting 1 / 1824 ( 2013 .01 ) ; CIOL 2200 / 0469 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats to Clean Fuels and Light Olefins ” , CIOL 2270 /023 ( 2013 .01 ) ; CIOL 2290 / 24 Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Industry Press, ( 2013. 01 ) ; YO2P 30 / 20 ( 2015 . 11) Beijing , Beijing, CN , vol . 16 , No. 3 , Jun . 1 , 2008 . Mar. 10 , 2017 Communication of a Notice of Opposition issued by (58 ) Field of Classification Search European Patent Office in European Application No . 12183842 . 9 . CPC .. .. .. .. .. C10G 2400 /02 ; C10G 47 /00 ; C10G Aakko - Saksa et al. , “ Biogasoline Options Possibilities for 2300 / 1018 ; C10G 50 /00 ; C10G 65 / 12 ; Achieving High Bio - share and Compatibility with Conventional C10G 2400 /30 ; C10G 3 /00 ; C10G 3 /44 ; Cars , " SAE International, Sep . 11, 2011 (cited in Mar . 10 , 2017 EP C10G 2400 /20 ; C10L 1 /04 ; CIOL Communication of a Notice of Opposition and Mar. 10 , 2017 Finnish opposition ). 2270 / 023 ; CIOL 2270 /02 ; CIOL 1 / 1802 ; “ Biogasoline Options — Possibilities for Achieving High Bio - share C10L 1 / 1817 ; YO2E 50 / 14 ; YO2E 50 / 32 ; and Compatibility with Conventional Cars, ” Extract from https : / / FO2B 43 / 02 www .researchgate . net / publication /276116883 _ Biogasoline _ Op USPC 123 / 1 A , 1 R tions _ - _ Possiblities _ for_ Achieving _ High _ Bio - share _ and _ See application file for complete search history . Compatibility _ with _ Conventional __ Cars Jun . 2011 ( cited in Mar. 10 , 2017 EP Communication of a Notice of Opposition ) . (56 ) References Cited Wikipedia entry for “ Naphtha , ” https: // en .wikipedia .org / wiki/ Naph tha ( cited in Mar . 10 , 2017 EP Communication of a Notice of U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS Opposition ) . S . N . Naik et al. , “ Production of first and second generation biofuels : 6 ,635 ,681 B2 * 10 / 2003 Moore , Jr. C10G 47 /00 a comprehensive review , " Renewable and Sustainable Energy 208 / 107 7 , 029 , 506 B2 4 / 2006 Jordan Reviews, 14 , 2010 , 578 -07 ( cited in Mar. 10 , 2017 EP Communi 7 , 402 , 185 B2 * 7 / 2008 Aradi .. .. .. CIOL 1 / 143 cation of a Notice of Opposition and Mar. 10 , 2017 Finnish 44 / 385 opposition ) . 7 ,670 ,476 B2 * 3 /2010 Dierickx .. .. C10G 65 / 16 Wikipedia entry for “ Soybean oil, ” https :/ / en .wikipedia .org / wiki/ 208 / 134 Soybean _ oil ( cited in Mar. 10 , 2017 EP Communication of a Notice 7 , 854 ,774 B2 12 / 2010 Renninger et al. of Opposition ) 8 , 329 , 970 B2 * 12 / 2012 Harlin .. C07C 1 /2078 Apr. 27, 2017 Submission in Opposition Proceedings filed in 44 /605 European Patent Office in European Application No . 12183842 . 9 . 2003/ 0093943 A1 5 / 2003 Jordan EU directive 2009 /30 / EC of the European Parliament and of the 2003 / 0167679 AL 9 / 2003 Jordan Council of Apr. 23 , 2009 , Official Journal of the European Union , 2004 /0107634 A1 * 6 / 2004 Binions .. .. .. .. .. CIOL 1 /023 May 6 , 2009 , L140 / 88 -L140 / 113 ( cited in Apr. 27 , 2017 EP Sub 44 /359 mission in Opposition Proceedings ) . 2005 /0210739 A1 * 9 / 2005 Esen .. .. .. CIOL 1 /026 Hannu Aatola et al. , “ Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO ) as a 44 /605 Renewable Diesel Fuel : Trade - off between NOx, Particulate Emis 2006 /0101712 A15 / 2006 Burnett et al. sion , and Fuel Consumption of a Heavy Duty Engine ,” SAE 2006 / 0122442 A1 * 6 / 2006 Kohler CIOL 1 / 08 International, 2008 , http :/ /www .biofuelstp .eu /downloads / SAE _ 585 / 14 Study _ Hydrotreated _ Vegetable _ Oil _ HVO _ as _ a _ Renewable _ 2007 /0204505 A1 * 9 / 2007 Abou -Nemeh .. .. C10L 1 / 14 Diesel _ Fuel .pdf ( cited in Apr. 27 , 2017 EP Submission in Oppo 44 /333 sition Proceedings ) . 2008 / 0000149 AL 1 / 2008 Aradi 2008 /0066377 A1 * 3 / 2008 Cunningham . .. CIOL 1 / 14 Hong Yuan , “ ETBE as an additive in gasoline : advantages and 44 /385 disadvantages, ” Master of Science Thesis , Environmental Science 2008/ 0202020 AL 8 / 2008 Narayan et al. Programme, Linkopings universitet, 2006 ( cited in Apr. 27, 2017 EP 2008/ 0302001 AL 12 / 2008 Koivusalmi et al. Submission in Opposition Proceedings ) . 2009 / 0013591 A11 / 2009 Bradin et al. Finlex , Laki biopolttoaineiden kayton edistamisesta liikenteessa 2009 / 0031617 A1 2 / 2009 O 'Rear (cited in Mar. 10 , 2017 Finnish opposition ) ( includes concise 2009 / 0288337 AL 11 / 2009 Picataggio et al. explanation of relevance ) . 2010 / 0000908 A1 * 1 / 2010 Markkanen . .. .. C10G 45 /64 Finlex , Valtioneuvoston asetus moottoribensiinin , dieseloljyn ja 208 /49 eraiden muiden nestemaisten polttoaineiden laatuvaatimuksista 2010 / 0005706 A1 * 1 / 2010 Burgazli . .. .. C10L 1 /026 (cited in Mar . 10 , 2017 Finnish opposition ) ( includes concise 44 / 308 explanation of relevance ) . US 9, 822 , 321 B2 Page 3 ( 56 ) References Cited OTHER PUBLICATIONS Transeco : Henkilokaluston 2 . Sukupolven biopolttoainevaihtoehdot ja 2020 toimintamallit (cited in Mar. 10 , 2017 Finnish opposition ) ( includes concise explanation of relevance ) . Apr . 27 , 2017 Notice of Opposition to a European Patent filed in European Patent Office in European Application No . 12183842. 9 . Aakko , P . and Nylund , N . O ., “ Technical view on biofuels for transportation - focus on ethanol end -use aspects , " VTT, Research Report , PRO3 /5100 /03 , Jun . 5 , 2004 (cited in Apr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effect of Biodiesel Production Parameters on Viscosity and Yield Of
    Alexandria Engineering Journal (2015) xxx, xxx–xxx HOSTED BY Alexandria University Alexandria Engineering Journal www.elsevier.com/locate/aej www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effect of biodiesel production parameters on viscosity and yield of methyl esters: Jatropha curcas, Elaeis guineensis and Cocos nucifera Godwin Kafui Ayetor a,*, Albert Sunnu b, Joseph Parbey a a Koforidua Polytechnic, Faculty of Engineering, Box 981, Koforidua, Ghana b Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kumasi, Ghana Received 29 August 2014; accepted 29 September 2015 KEYWORDS Abstract In this study, the effect of H2SO4 on viscosity of methyl esters from Jatropha oil (JCME), Jatropha curcas; palm kernel oil (PKOME) from Elaeis guineensis species, and coconut oil (COME) has been stud- Palm kernel oil; ied. Effect of methanol to oil molar mass ratio on yield of the three feedstocks has also been studied. Biodiesel; Methyl ester yield was decreased by esterification process using sulphuric acid anhydrous (H2SO4). Coconut oil; Jatropha methyl ester experienced a viscosity reduction of 24% (4.1–3.1 mm2/s) with the addition of Transesterification; 1% sulphuric acid. In this work palm kernel oil (PKOME), coconut oil (COME) and Jatropha oil Viscosity (JCME) were used as feedstocks for the production of biodiesel to investigate optimum parameters to obtain high yield. For each of the feedstock, the biodiesel yield increased with increase in NaOH concentration. The highest yield was obtained with 1% NaOH concentration for all. The effect of methanol in the range of 4:1–8:1 (molar ratio) was investigated, keeping other process parameters fixed. Optimum ratios of palm kernel oil and coconut oil biodiesels yielded 98% each at methanol: oil molar ratio of 8:1.
    [Show full text]
  • Restricted World Trade Organization Organisation
    WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION RESTRICTED ORGANISATION MONDIALE DU COMMERCE WT/ACC/CHN/21 ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL DEL COMERCIO 19 June 2000 (00-2445) Working Party on the Accession of China Original: English/ anglais/ inglés COMMUNICATION FROM CHINA In preparation for the Working Party meeting to be held on 19-23 June 2000, the Chinese Delegation has submitted the following documents1: - Checklist of Illustrative SPS Issues for Consideration in Accessions 12 June 2000 - Products Subject to Inspection for Compliance with SPS Measures 12 June 2000 Groupe de travail de l'accession de la Chine COMMUNICATION DE LA CHINE En vue de la réunion du Groupe de travail qui aura lieu du 19 au 23 juin 2000, la délégation chinoise a communiqué les documents ci-après1: - Liste exemplative de questions relatives aux mesures SPS à examiner 12 juin 2000 dans le cadre des accessions - Produits soumis à inspection aux fins du respect des mesures SPS 12 juin 2000 Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Adhesión de China COMUNICACIÓN DE CHINA Para preparar la reunión del Grupo de Trabajo que se celebrará del 19 al 23 de junio de 2000, la delegación china ha presentado los siguientes documentos1: - Lista ilustrativa de cuestiones en materia de medidas sanitarias y 12 de junio de 2000 fitosanitarias para su consideración en el proceso de adhesión - Productos sujetos a la inspección relativa al cumplimiento de medidas 12 de junio de 2000 sanitarias y fitosanitarias 1In English only./En anglais seulement./En inglés solamente. WT/ACC/CHN/21 Page 2 Checklist of Illustrative SPS Issues for Consideration in Accessions The People's Republic of China 12 June 2000 Commitments(by the time of WTO Reference accession) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview on Detailed Information for Each of the 9 Topics
    European Biofuels Technology Platform – Support for Advanced Biofuels Stakeholders Overview on detailed information for each of the 9 topics Deliverable Number: D.2.5 Due date: 31/08/2016 Actual submission date: 31/08/2016 Work package: 2. Biofuels sector monitoring Task(s): 2.3. Production of detailed information Lead beneficiary for this deliverable: BE2020 Editor: Authors: Dina Bacovsky, Stephanie Holzleitner, Monika Enigl Dissemination level Grant Agreement no.: FP7-609607 Call identifier: FP7-ENERGY-2013-IRP Information submitted on behalf of EBTP-SABS Birger Kerckow - Coordinator- Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR) [email protected] Tel.: +49 (0) 3843 – 69 30 – 125 Fax: +49 (0) 3843 – 69 30 – 102 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 609607 European Biofuels Technology Platform – Support for Advanced Biofuels Stakeholders Deliverable D.2.5 Overview on detailed information for each of the 9 topics FINAL I PROJECT PARTNERS FNR – Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., Germany CPL – CPL Scientific Publishing Services Ltd, UK BE2020 – BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH, Austria INCE – CEI – Iniziativa Centro Europea, Italy II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This deliverable displays the detailed information available on biofuels at the EBTP website as per 25 July 2016. The topics addressed are biomass resources, fuel production, fuels, fuel end-use, markets/policies/regulations, and sustainability. Biomass feedstocks used for the production of biofuels include dedicated feedstocks such as sugar and starch crops, oil crops, lignocellulosic crops, algae and aquatic biomass, residues, such as forestry residues, agricultural residues, waste oils and fats, MSW, other organic residues and waste gases.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Tainability
    SUSTAINABILITY Deforestation-free and traceable supply chains for the production of sustainable surfactants KEYWORDS: Sustainability, Surfactants, ISCC PLUS, GRAS, detergents. Additional 380,000 tonnes of surfactants have been Deforestation-free supply chain, Detergents and cosmetics. used for cosmetic and pharmaceutical goods production. ABSTRACT: Thanks to its technological characteristics and availability on the international market, palm kernel oil is the (2016), Germany produced one third of the overall surfactants main feedstock used for the production of bio-based surfactant. However, the production of this biological feedstock is often statistics on the use of feedstock for surfactants manufacturing associated to deforestation practices in the countries of origin. surfactants industry panorama, we can assume that the order to guarantee deforestation-free palm kernel oil and preserve German industry can be considered a good proxy in relation to the sustainability characteristics of the feedstock throughout the the type of feedstock used for surfactants manufacturing. whole supply chain. This article illustrates the solutions that ISCC PLUS offers to support the surfactants industry in adopting the use of sustainable feedstock. In addition, the Global Risk Assessment Services (GRAS) tool is presented to demonstrate how current remote sensing technology can support the sourcing of sustainable material and therefore serve global detergent and cosmetic THE EUROPEAN SURFACTANTS MARKET AND THE ROLE OF BIO-BASED SURFACTANTS The role of surfactants is particularly relevant for the production Figure 2. The types of feedstock used in recent years for the production of surfactants in Germany has been investigated in 2014 by the of these amounts, corresponding to 1.5 million tonnes, have German Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR, Fachagentur been used for the production of households and industrial Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Blending Ratio on the Fuel Properties of Almond Biodiesel
    European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 2020, 4(3), em0119 e-ISSN: 2542-4742 https://www.ejosdr.com/ Effect of Blending Ratio on the Fuel Properties of Almond Biodiesel Ejiro Thelma Akhihiero 1*, Samuel Ogbeide Ebhodaghe 1 1 Department of Chemical Engineering University of Benin Edo State, NIGERIA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Citation: Akhihiero ET, Ebhodaghe SO. (2020). Effect of Blending Ratio on the Fuel Properties of Almond Biodiesel. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 4(3), em0119. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/7804 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 10 Nov. 2019 Since almond seed oil can be used for biodiesel production, this study is aimed at investigating the effect of Accepted: 16 Jan. 2020 different blend ratios on the fuel properties of almond biodiesel. The biodiesel was characterized for the properties of flash point, cloud point, pour point, viscosity, saponification value, peroxide value, acid value, iodine value, density and specific gravity using the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS). When blended with petrol diesel at ratios of 20%, 30% and 50%, results showed that the properties of the biodiesel obtained at a blend of 20% had properties more similar to the ASTM standard. At that proportion of 20%, the properties of acid value, viscosity, cloud point, pour point and iodine value were found to be 0.95meq/kg, 8.80Cp, 60C, 10C and 0 41.62gI2/100g respectively, except the flash point which was 72 C at biodiesel blend of 50%. This is because increase in blending ratios was found to result in corresponding increase of the properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Various Sources for Production of Biodisel
    Various sources for production of biodiesel Pathak et al. VARIOUS SOURCES FOR PRODUCTION OF BIODISEL R. K. PATHAK1, DR. NITIN.E.PEREIRA2----- 1Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Thadomal Shahani Engineering College, Bandra, Mumbai. 2 Asst. Prof, Department of Biotechnology, Thadomal Shahani Engineering College, Bandra, Mumbai. [email protected] ABSTRACT: Moreover, biodiesel is produced domestically from a variety of seed oils including soybeans, rapeseed, and corn. Biodiesel can be used in diesel engines (cars, trucks, busses, construction equipment), in jet engines, and, in heating and electricity generating systems. Use of biodiesel reduces nitrogen oxide emissions compared to fuel oil (a form of diesel fuel). This report estimates the net health benefits of using biodiesel. Biodiesel is environmentally safer than petro-diesel. It is nontoxic, produces less skin irritation than soap and water, it degrades four times as fast as petro-diesel, has a flash point significantly higher than that of petro-diesel, thus making it safer to store and handle. Key Words: Biodiesel, Transesterification, Enzymes, Catalysts. 1. Introduction be used to produce biodiesel. Extracting the oil leaves Biodiesel is the most promising alternative diesel fuel. It has behind dried green flakes that can be further reprocessed to received considerable attention in recent years due to its create ethanol, another fuel (Clayton, 2006), biodegradability, renewability, non-toxicity and less Babassu oil emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants with higher Babassu oil is extracted from the seeds of the babassu palm cetane number than normal diesel. It meets the currently tree, Attalea speciosa. The tree is common in Brazil, increasing huge demands of world energy which is Mexico, and Honduras; it grows well in areas typically dependent on petroleum based fuel resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Bioenergy Crops ‘[The] Most Authoritative and Rich Source of Information in Biomass
    PPC 252x192mm (for 246x189mm cover), spine 35mm Handbook of Bioenergy Crops ‘[The] most authoritative and rich source of information in biomass. It can be considered as a milestone and will be instrumental in promoting the utilization of biomass for human welfare in decades to come.’ Professor Dr Rishi Kumar Behl, University of Hisar, Haryana, India ‘This book enlightens the vital economic and social roles of biomass to meet the growing demand for energy.’ Dr Qingguo Xi, Agricultural Institute of Dongying, Shandong, China ‘The author’s decade-long expertise and dedication makes this publication unique. Global in scope, the standards of judgement and accuracy are high for a book that will become the biomass bible and reference for future generations.’ Professor Preben Maegaard, Director, Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy and Chairman, World Council for Renewable Energy (WCRE) Biomass currently accounts for about 15 per cent of global primary energy consumption and is playing an increasingly important role in the face of climate change, energy and food security concerns. Handbook of Bioenergy Crops is a unique reference and guide, with extensive coverage of more than 80 Handbook of of the main bioenergy crop species. For each it gives a brief description, outlines the ecological requirements, methods of propagation, crop management, rotation and production, harvesting, handling and storage, processing and utilization, then finishes with selected references. This is accompanied by detailed guides to biomass accumulation, harvesting, transportation and storage, as well as conversion Bioenergy Crops technologies for biofuels and an examination of the environmental impact and economic and social dimensions, including prospects for renewable energy.
    [Show full text]
  • By Amanda Gail |
    By Amanda Gail | www.lovinsoap.com § Formulating your own recipes is good for your soap business. You don’t want to use someone’s recipe as the basis of your business. § Sometimes customers ask for custom soaps. You’ll have the knowledge to put together a recipe for baby’s skin or for a dirty mechanic. § You’ll know how to tweak a recipe or formula to make it better. Have you ever made a soap and thought, “Gosh, I wish I could make it just a bit more moisturizing or make the lather creamier?” This presentation will show you how to tweak a recipe for many different outcomes. § Fatty acid profiles of common soap making oils § Creating single oil soaps § Modifying a soap recipe § Starting from scratch (starting ratios) § Going palm-free § Tips for formulating § Learning the fatty acid profiles of soap making oils will help you better formulate. Let’s look at some common profiles. § http://www.lovinsoap.com/oils-chart/ § Shelf Life: Long § Cleansing: High § Lather: Abundant Fleeting Lather § Primary Oils: Coconut Oil, Palm Kernel Oil, Babassu Oil § Secondary Oils: None § Shelf Life: Long § Cleansing: High § Lather: Abundant Fleeting Lather § Primary Oils: None § Secondary Oils: Coconut Oil, Palm Kernel Oil, Babassu Oil § Shelf Life: Long § Cleansing: Med § Lather: Stabilizing, Creamy § Primary Oils: Palm Oil § Secondary Oils: Tallow, Lard, Avocado Oil, Emu Oil, Neem Oil, Rice Bran Oil § Shelf Life: Long § Cleansing: Low-Med § Lather: Low, Creamy, Lotion-like § Primary Oils: Sal Butter, Kokum Butter § Secondary Oils: Shea Butter, Cocoa Butter, Mango Butter, Lard, Tallow § Shelf Life: Long § Cleansing: Low § Lather: Low, boost lather because of solvent properties § Primary Oils: Castor Oil § Secondary Oils: None § No substitutions but you can add sugar as a lather-booster.
    [Show full text]
  • Womens Movement to Access Babassu
    EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE PACK Brazil’s Warrior Women Women’s movement for access to Babassu oil COUNTRY - BRAZIL RELEASED SEPTEMBER 2014 COUNTRY: BRAZIL FILM DURATION: 7:33 YOUTUBE: https://youtu.be/VGE0O-oxdSs WEBPAGE : http://ifnotusthenwho.me/film/womens- movement-access-babassu-oil/ AVAILABLE IN 4 LANGUAGES CONTENTS The Film • Threats to the Babassu Nut Breakers • Synopsis • Babassu Nut Breakers Organising • Screenplay & Sequencing • MIQCB: Interstate Movement of Babassu breakers • Presentation of Protagonists & Principal Speakers • Free Babassu Laws • The Filmmakers • Strengthening the Movement • Filming Intention & Context • New Threats Theme • Community Mapping • Keywords • Land Rights & Access • Key Facts • Women/gender About Brazil • Fair Trade • Agriculture • Scales of Production • Deforestation Preparing for Discussion • Land Tenure System Further Information Context & Current Situation • Characteristics of Babassu Palm • Babassu Palm Uses and Properties 1 Brazil’s Warrior Women 2 THE FILM SYNOPSIS The humble babassu palm provides a livelihood for Struggle for Access communities of women across North Eastern Brazil. 00:03:56 to 00:04:45 Bread, charcoal, oil and soap are produced from the The women started a grassroots movement to fight nut and husk; the surplus is sold on. But production these threats, gaining momentum at a regional has not always been so peaceful. Babassu: Brazil’s level. The long struggle of the women’s movement Warrior Women tells the story of the hard battle to established the “Free Babassu Law” in municipalities, maintain these communities’ way of life. In the face protecting the babassu forests and giving the landless of intimidation and threats from farmers for years, babassu nut gatherers free access. By uniting and Babassu women have negotiated their own terms; organising the women creative power, together they creating a grassroots movement and establishing achieve social change.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of the Production of Enzymatic Biodiesel from Residual Babassu Oil (Orbignya Sp.) Via RSM
    catalysts Article Optimization of the Production of Enzymatic Biodiesel from Residual Babassu Oil (Orbignya sp.) via RSM Katerine S. Moreira 1, Lourembergue S. Moura Júnior 1, Rodolpho R. C. Monteiro 1 , André L. B. de Oliveira 1 , Camila P. Valle 2, Tiago M. Freire 3, Pierre B. A. Fechine 3 , Maria C. M. de Souza 1 , Gloria Fernandez-Lorente 4,* , José M. Guisan 5 and José C. S. dos Santos 1,* 1 Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790970, CE, Brazil; [email protected] (K.S.M.); [email protected] (L.S.M.J.); [email protected] (R.R.C.M.); [email protected] (A.L.B.d.O.); [email protected] (M.C.M.d.S.) 2 Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 726, Fortaleza 60455760, CE, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, Fortaleza 60455760, CE, Brazil; [email protected] (T.M.F.); [email protected] (P.B.A.F.) 4 Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain 5 Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL-CSIC). C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.F.-L.); [email protected] (J.C.S.d.S.); Tel.: +55-85-3332-6109 (J.C.S.d.S.) Received: 15 March 2020; Accepted: 26 March 2020; Published: 9 April 2020 Abstract: Residual oil from babassu (Orbignya sp.), a low-cost raw material, was used in the enzymatic esterification for biodiesel production, using lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym® 435) and ethanol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indirect Effects of Biofuels
    The indirect effects of biofuels Iden3fying truly sustainable alternave aviaon fuels pathways Dr. Chris Malins, ICCT ICAO AVIATION AND SUSTAINABLE The ICCT ALTERNATIVE FUELS • A council of leading clean transport regulators globally • A staff of about 30 • Provides support to regulators through research and analysis ICAO AVIATION AND SUSTAINABLE Context ALTERNATIVE FUELS • Global Framework For Aviaon Alternave Fuels First Edion 2009 – Sustainable alternave fuels show promise of being an intrinsic part of an approach toward reducing the carbon footprint of aviaon. • European Advanced Biofuels Flight path Ini3ave – Efficiency gains are not enough to completely offset the carbon footprint of the aviaon sector. Biofuels is the chief op3on and will play an important role in this respect. • IATA Fact Sheet: Carbon-Neutral Growth – 6% mix of sustainable 2nd generaon biofuels by 2020 would reduce emissions 5%. ICAO AVIATION AND Opening SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE FUELS thoughts • Biofuel use that increases net global GHG emissions is a really bad GHG mi3gaon strategy • Biofuel use that only marginally reduces net GHG emissions is a really expensive GHG mi3gaon strategy • From now to 2050 biomass resources will be under increasing demand for road transport, power, food etc. • There is no necessary climate benefit from using biofuel in a plane instead of a car or a power plant* *Subject to revision following full road transport electrifica?on and 100% renewable electricity supply ICAO AVIATION AND Net carbon balance SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE FUELS of biofuel
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiesel Production from Babassu Oil by Taguchi Technique and Fuel Characterization
    International Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology ISSN 0973-6328 Volume 11, Number 1 (2017), pp. 35-50 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Optimization of Babassu (Orbignya sp) biodiesel Production from babassu oil by Taguchi Technique and Fuel Characterization Pradeep T. Kale1 and S. S. Ragit2, 1 JJT University, Rajasthan; 2 JJT University, Thapar University, Patiala. Abstract This paper presents transesterification of Babassu oil (BBO) using methanol as alcohol and KOH as a catalyst; it showed a suitable alternative biodiesel with superior yield and lower toxicity. In the present study, signal-to-noise ratios (S/N ratio) with analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to optimize the variables and prediction of maximum yield. The various factors influencing the methanolysis of BBO were considered in present work. The temperature of reaction was observed to be most valuable in BBO conversion. In this work it is noted that for low cost purpose, the most efficient conditions for overall process are 50 °C process temperature, 1 wt% of catalyst concentration with 6:1 methanol/oil molar ratio for 1 h. With these optimum combinations up to 99.42% babassu oil methyl esters (BBOME) can be achieved. The major properties such as density, calorific value, viscosity, flash point, pour point and cloud point of the BBOME were observed as 876.2 kg/m3,40.012 Mj/kg ,4.001 cSt, 126 0C, 9 0C and 14 0C respectively. The BBOME could be used as a highly beneficial substitute for diesel fuel as its properties are within the acceptable limit and comparable to the biodiesel standard.
    [Show full text]