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Sobre Leonard Read Y El Libertarianismo

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Sobre Leonard Read Y El Libertarianismo Sobre Leonard Read y el Libertarianismo Leonard E. Read (1898 - 1983) fue fundador de la Foundation for Economic Education, primer instituto libertario moderno en los Estados Unidos. Read también fue la persona que desarrolla el uso moderno del término libertario (pro individualista-capitalista) cuando comienza a llamarse a sí mismo "libertario" en contraste con "liberal clásico". Después de una temporada en el Servicio Aéreo del Ejército durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, Read comenzó con un negocio de comestibles al por mayor en Ann Arbor, Michigan, que tuvo éxito, pero finalmente salió del negocio. Se mudó a California, donde comenzó una nueva carrera en la pequeña Cámara de Comercio de Burlingame, cerca de San Francisco. Read gradualmente ascendió de posiciones en la jerarquía de la Cámara de Comercio de Estados Unidos, para llegar a convertirse en gerente general de la rama de Los Ángeles, la más grande de América, en 1939. Durante este período, sus puntos de vista se hicieron progresivamente más libertarios. Aparentemente, fue en 1933, durante una reunión con W.C. Mullendore, un ejecutivo de Southern California Edison, que Read fue finalmente convencido de que el New Deal era totalmente ineficaz y era moralmente una bancarrota. Durante el período en que trabajó para la Cámara de Comercio, Read también fue profundamente influido por Albert Jay Nock. En 1945, Virgil Jordan, el Presidente de la National Industrial Conference Board (NICB), en Nueva York, invitó a Read a convertirse en su vicepresidente ejecutivo. Read se dio cuenta de que tendría que dejar el NICB para seguir a tiempo completo la promoción de los principios de libre mercado y de gobierno limitado. Renunció a raíz de ello. Un donante de su corto tiempo en NICB, David M. Goodrich, alentó a Read a iniciar su propia organización. Con la ayuda de Goodrich, así como la ayuda financiera del William Volker Found y de Harold Luhnow, Read fundó la Foundation for Economic Education en 1946. Continuó trabajando con FEE hasta su muerte en 1983. Read fue autor de 29 libros, algunos de los cuales todavía están en papel y son vendidos por la FEE. Escribió numerosos ensayos incluyendo el conocido "I, Pencil". Entre otras actividades, Leonard Read fue miembro de la Sociedad Mont Pelerin y participó como profesor del Rampart College. Una colección de libros de Read publicados por la Foundation for Economic Education puede ser hallada aquí. Sobre el concepto libertario1 Hay gente a quienes no les gustan los rótulos. Pero los rótulos sirven para conceptualizar, economizar el uso de palabras, y si las creencias son coherentes y consistentes probablemente sirvan como rótulo de las mismas. En todo caso, si uno no le pone un rótulo a su filosofía o movimiento, alguien más lo hará por uno. (De esa forma fue rotulado como “capitalismo” un sistema de creatividad y progreso humano en un mercado libre, un término que se refiere a acumular dinero, lo que sucede en toda economía. Fue el enemigo juramentado del capitalismo, Karl Marx, quien le dio al sistema esa denominación.) Luego vamos a usar el término libertario para describir a una filosofía política y al movimiento que intenta su avance. Elementos libertarios pueden ser rastreados ya en el antiguo filósofo chino Lao-Tzu (también se usan las grafías Lao-Tse o Laotsé) y el concepto de ley superior de los 1 Los párrafos siguientes corresponden al Cap. 1 del libro de David Boaz, vice-presidente ejecutivo del Cato Institute, “Libertarianism”. griegos y los israelitas. En Inglaterra las ideas libertarias del siglo 17 comenzaron a tomar forma moderna en los escritos de los Niveladores2 y John Locke. A mediados de siglo los opositores al poder real empezaron a ser llamados "whigs", o a veces simplemente escritores de la "oposición" o del "país" (en oposición a la corte). En la década de 1820 los representantes de la clase media en las Cortes españolas, o parlamento, fueron llamados liberales. Estaban opuestos a los "serviles", que 2 representaban a la nobleza y la monarquía absoluta. Los serviles abogaban por el poder del Estado sobre los individuos, pero este término no prosperó. Mas la palabra "liberal", para los defensores de la libertad y el imperio de la ley, se extendió rápidamente. El Partido Whig de Inglaterra llegó a llamarse Partido Liberal. Hoy conocemos a la filosofía de John Locke, Adam Smith, Thomas Jefferson y John Stuart Mill como el liberalismo. Pero hacia 1900 el término sufrió un cambio. Las personas que apoyaban un gobierno grande y que buscara limitar y controlar el mercado libre comenzaron a llamarse a sí mismas liberales. Joseph Schumpeter señaló: "Como un cumplido supremo, si bien no deseado, los enemigos de la empresa privada consideraron útil apropiarse de su etiqueta." Ahora nos referimos a la filosofía de los derechos individuales, del libre mercado y del gobierno limitado - la filosofía de Locke, Smith y Jefferson - como liberalismo clásico. Pero “liberal clásico" no es en gran medida el nombre de una filosofía política moderna. «Clásico» suena a viejo, anticuado y tallado en piedra. (¡Y en esta era de analfabetismo histórico, si uno se llama a sí mismo un liberal clásico, la mayoría de la gente piensa que significa Teddy Kennedy!) Algunos defensores del gobierno limitado comenzaron a utilizar el nombre de sus antiguos adversarios, "conservador". Pero el conservadurismo bien entendido significa, si no una defensa de la monarquía absoluta y del viejo orden, por lo menos una falta de voluntad de cambio y el deseo de preservar el status quo. Es extraño referirse al capitalismo de libre mercado - el sistema más progresista, dinámico, y en cambio constante que el mundo haya conocido jamás - como conservador. Edward H. Crane propuso que los herederos de Locke y Smith sean llamados "liberales de mercado" - manteniendo la palabra "liberal" en su relación etimológica con la libertad, pero reafirmando el compromiso liberal hacia los mercados. Este concepto ha sido bien recibido por los intelectuales liberales de mercado, pero parece poco probable que prenda entre los periodistas y el público. El término correcto para los defensores de la sociedad civil y el libre mercado es, sin duda "socialista". Thomas Paine distingue entre sociedad y gobierno, y el escritor libertario Albert Jay Nock resumió todas las cosas que la gente hace voluntariamente - por amor o caridad o beneficio – como "poder social", siempre amenazado por la invasión del poder del Estado. Así, podríamos decir que los que abogan por el poder social son socialistas, mientras que los que apoyan el poder del Estado son estatistas. Pero, por desgracia, los términos “socialista”, como "liberal", han sido reivindicados por los que no abogan ni por la sociedad civil ni por la libertad. 2 Con este término se llamó a una alianza informal de folletistas y agitadores políticos que surgió en Inglaterra cuando se desató el conflicto entre el rey y el Parlamento, en la década de 1640. Eran privatistas y democráticos a partir de principios más o menos afines a la libertad individual. En gran parte del mundo, los partidarios de la libertad aún son llamados liberales. En Sudáfrica, liberales como Helen Suzman, rechazaron el sistema racista y de privilegio económico del apartheid en favor de los derechos humanos, políticas no racistas, y mercados libres. En Irán los liberales se oponen al estado y la prensa teocráticos 3 mediante el “capitalismo democrático” de estilo occidental. Los liberales de China y Rusia son los que quieren reemplazar al totalitarismo bajo todos sus aspectos con un sistema de mercados libres y de gobierno constitucional al estilo clásico liberal. Aún en Europa Occidental, ser liberal es al menos una versión confusa del liberalismo clásico. Los liberales alemanes, por ejemplo, que se Helen Suzman (1917-2009) encuentran habitualmente en el partido libre demócrata, se oponen al socialismo de los social-demócratas, al corporativismo de los demócrata cristianos y al paternalismo de ambos. Fuera de los Estados Unidos, hay incluso periodistas norteamericanos que entienden el significado tradicional de lo que es ser liberal. En 1992, un informe del Washington Post datado en Moscú decía que “los economistas liberales han criticado al gobierno por no moverse suficientemente rápido en materia de reformas estructurales y por permitir que las fábricas del estado sigan produciendo cosas que nadie necesita.” Hay economistas liberales como Milton Friedman que en su país han formulado críticas semejantes, pero en ese caso el Post los llama economistas conservadores. Aquí en Estados Unidos, sin embargo, en la década de 1940 la palabra "liberal" perdió claramente a favor de los partidarios de un gobierno grande. Algunos liberales clásicos se resistieron por cierto tiempo, insistiendo en forma obstinada en que ellos eran los verdaderos liberales y que los llamados liberales en Washington intentaban, de hecho, recrear el viejo orden de poder del Estado que los liberales habían luchado para derrocar. Sin embargo, otros se resignaron a buscar un nuevo término. En la década de 1950 Leonard Read, fundador de la Foundation for Economic Education, comenzó a llamarse a sí mismo libertario. Esa palabra fue usada durante mucho tiempo por los defensores del Ayn Rand (1905-1982) libre albedrío (en comparación con el determinismo), y, como liberal, se deriva del latín “liber”, libre. El nombre fue adoptado gradualmente por un creciente grupo de libertarios en los años 1960 y 1970. En 1972 se creó un Partido Libertario. El término todavía fue rechazado por algunos de los mayores defensores de las libertades del siglo 20, incluyendo a Ayn Rand, que se hacía llamar radical "para el capitalismo," y Friedrich Hayek, quien se siguió llamando liberal o whig a la antigua usanza. En este libro yo acepto el uso contemporáneo. Llamo a las ideas que defiendo, y al movimiento que busca promoverlos, libertarianismo.
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