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Cowdale Quarry and Limeworks, King Sterndale, Derbyshire

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Cowdale Quarry and Limeworks, King Sterndale, Derbyshire Cowdale Quarry and Limeworks, King Sterndale, Derbyshire Conservation Management Plant (Draft for Consultation) Oxford Archaeology North December 2013 Express Park Buxton Ltd Issue No: 2013-14/1469 OA North Job No: L10683 NGR: 408030 372315 Cowdale Quarry and Limeworks, King Sterndale, Derbyshire: Conservation Management Plan (Draft) 1 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 The site and its location 5 1.2 Ownership, present uses and status 7 1.3 Purpose of the Conservation Management Plan 7 1.4 Site parameters 8 1.5 Present condition and vulnerabilities 8 2. UNDERSTANDING THE SITE 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Location and context 11 2.3 The site and its components: summary 12 2.4 Geological context 14 2.5 Landscape assessment 14 2.6 Ecology 15 2.7 Climate change 15 2.8 Current issues 15 2.9 Historical and archaeological background 16 2.10 General description and analysis of sites and structures 22 2.11 Alterations during the site’s operational life 22 2.12 Values and detractors 23 2.13 Present and future management 24 2.14 Safety issues 25 3. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 26 3.1 Criteria 26 3.2 Defining significance 26 3.3 Criteria 28 3.4 Archaeological studies 28 3.5 Levels of significance 28 3.6 Site components 31 3.7 Summary statement of significance 69 3.8 Detractors 70 3.9 Rarity value 71 3.10 Key values 74 For the use of Express Park Buxton Ltd OA North 2013 Cowdale Quarry and Limeworks, King Sterndale, Derbyshire: Conservation Management Plan (Draft) 2 3.11 The significance of Cowdale as an asset to different groups 75 3.12 Concluding comment 76 4. ISSUES 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Understanding 77 4.3 General issues 78 4.4 Access issues 78 4.5 Nature conservation issues 79 4.6 Sustainable development issues 79 4.7 Conservation or ‘greening’ issues 80 4.8 Vulnerability of site components 80 4.9 Potential uses of the site 82 5. POLICIES 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Initial Option 83 5.3 Management 84 5.4 Policy 1: Understanding of the site 84 5.5 Policy 2: Archaeology 85 5.6 Policy 3: Ecology 85 5.7 Policies 4 – 8: Conservation and repair 86 5.7 Policy 9: Statutory considerations 87 5.8 Policy 10: Implementation 87 6. IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW 88 7. REFERENCES 89 APPENDIX 1: Scheduled Monument Description 92 APPENDIX 2: Cowdale Quarry photographic index 96 APPENDIX 3: List of quarries in the Buxton and Dove Holes area 100 APPENDIX 4: East Buxton and Miller’s Dale Limeworks 102 ILLUSTRATIONS 114 For the use of Express Park Buxton Ltd OA North 2013 Cowdale Quarry and Limeworks, King Sterndale, Derbyshire: Conservation Management Plan (Draft) 3 List of Plates Plate 1: Recent aerial view across Cowdale Quarry 5 Plate 2: The remains of the rail loading platform beneath the kiln battery 6 Plate 3: An open-roofed structure to the rear of the Gatehouse/Office 9 Plate 4: View across the Buxton Central Quarry in the mid-twentieth century 11 Plate 5: View across the quarry floor looking towards the eastern quarry face 12 Plate 6: Possible Weigh House (Site Component T) 13 Plate 7: Aerial view across Cowdale and Ashwood Dale limeworks in 1927 14 Plate 8: Extract from the Ordnance Survey 25”: 1 mile map of 1898 16 Plate 9: Extract from the Ordnance Survey 25”: 1 mile map of 1921-2 17 Plate 10: View of the gateway entrance to the quarry 31 Plate 11: View of the Gatehouse/Office 32 Plate 12: Demolished remains of the Power House 33 Plate 13: View of the Lower Cabin 34 Plate 14: View of the Upper Cabin 35 Plate 15: Niche to the east of the Lower Cabin 36 Plate 16: The western draw arch in the kiln bank 38 Plate 17: The loading platform, and later concrete buttresses 38 Plate 18: Bank of chutes 41 Plate 19: Twin rail bed loading gantry 41 Plate 20: Rock-cut shelter 42 Plate 21: The remains of the Lineside Cabin 43 Plate 22: The remains of the gateway to the sidings 44 Plate 23: Remains of the Drum House for the Lower Incline Plane 46 Plate 24: Rock-cut shelter 47 Plate 25: Remains of a possible weigh house on the tramway from the central quarry 48 Plate 26: Remains of a rectangular stone-built building with concrete roof at north end 49 Plate 27: Demolished stone-built structure with concrete roof 50 Plate 28: Possible weigh house 51 Plate 29: Remains of the Haulage House for the Upper Incline Plane 52 Plate 30: Terminus of Upper Incline Plane 53 Plate 31: The Powder House 54 Plate 32: Aerial photograph across the quarry in c 1932 55 Plate 33: Remains of the standard gauge rail bed to the east of the kiln battery 56 Plate 34: Terminus of the Lower Incline Plane 57 Plate 35: View along Tramway IM4 58 Plate 36: View down the Upper Incline Plane towards the Incline Bridge (IM11) 59 Plate 37: Tramway revetment wall 60 Plate 38: Tramway IM7 revetment wall 61 Plate 39: Access path 62 Plate 40: Railway bridge abutment 63 Plate 41: Incline Plane IM15 64 Plate 42: Pathway to the Powder House 65 Plate 43: View of the western quarry 66 Plate 44: View of the western spoil heap 68 Plate 45: One of the draw arches at Miller’s Dale Limeworks 72 Plate 46: Miller’s Dale Quarry 72 Plate 47: The East Buxton Limeworks 73 For the use of Express Park Buxton Ltd OA North 2013 Cowdale Quarry and Limeworks, King Sterndale, Derbyshire: Conservation Management Plan (Draft) 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) would like to thank Roger Peters of Geoffrey Barnett Associates for commissioning and supporting the project on behalf of Express Park Buxton Ltd. Thanks are also expressed to Simon Mortimer of CgMs Consulting. OA North is especially grateful to Dr David Johnson, who was responsible for the interpretation of the historic quarrying features that survive at Cowdale, and for identifying their relative significance. The entire Conservation Management Plant was compiled largely by Dr David Johnson, with contributions from Ian Miller, who was also responsible for project management. The illustrations were produced by Mark Tidmarsh. For the use of Express Park Buxton Ltd OA North 2013 Cowdale Quarry and Limeworks, King Sterndale, Derbyshire: Conservation Management Plan (Draft) 5 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Site and its Location 1.1.1 Cowdale Quarry is a disused industrial site with late nineteenth/early twentieth- century origins that lies in the civil parish of King Sterndale, within High Peak District, 2.5km south-east of the Buxton in Derbyshire (Fig. 1). The site covers approximately 20 hectares, and is located on the south side of the River Wye above the narrow but artificially-widened Ashwood Dale gorge (centred on NGR 408030 372315). 1.1.2 The limeworks complex is bounded by the river and adjacent A6 to the north, and the quarry to the south (Plate 1); the main components of the limeworks were built into or against a vertical quarried face c 20m high, with the top of the kiln battery and crushing plant level with the quarry floor, and the base of both components at the bottom of the rock face on a narrow linear platform. The quarry extends c 750m east/west, by a maximum of 340m north/south, whilst the limeworks complex extends c 550m east-west (Fig 2). Plate 1: Recent aerial view across Cowdale Quarry For the use of Express Park Buxton Ltd OA North 2013 Cowdale Quarry and Limeworks, King Sterndale, Derbyshire: Conservation Management Plan (Draft) 6 1.1.3 The entire quarry and limeworks form an historic industrial complex of considerable archaeological importance, which is reflected in the statutory designation of the core elements as a Scheduled Monument (Monument No 1546192; Appendix 1 ). Cowdale is also listed as site numbers 2894 and 2895 on the Derbyshire County Historic Environment Record (HER). 1.1.4 The site has been closed and disused commercially since the mid-1950s, and most of the plant was removed for salvage after closure, but it has retained an impressive number and range of buildings and structures of archaeological, historical and technological interest. Notable amongst these are the stone-built and concrete- buttressed lime kiln battery, and the concrete-built loading hoppers and gantries for the crushing plant (Plate 2). The kilns are of especial importance, as they are potentially the last traditional vertical stone-built lime kilns to be used in Derbyshire. Plate 2: The remains of the rail loading platform beneath the kiln battery 1.1.5 Since closure, the entire site has regenerated naturally, although the quarry floor was given a veneer of topsoil to create grassland for animal husbandry. The lower platform, the quarried face within the limeworks area, and the slopes north of the quarry, have reverted to a mix of dense deciduous woodland and scrub formed from mostly native, but often invasive and vigorous, ground cover and lower-storey species. For the use of Express Park Buxton Ltd OA North 2013 Cowdale Quarry and Limeworks, King Sterndale, Derbyshire: Conservation Management Plan (Draft) 7 1.2 Ownership, Present Uses and Status 1.2.1 The entire quarry and limeworks (referred to hereafter as the Site), comprising the quarries and processing complexes, is owned by Express Park Buxton Ltd, with no areas or elements sub-let. The main quarry floor is used for livestock grazing by a local farmer, but no formal tenancy or rental agreement is in place; it is an informal arrangement between the owner and the farmer concerned.
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