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Frank Herbert Contenus Articles Frank Herbert 1 Univers de Dune 5 Dune (roman) 11 Dune (film) 14 Dune (mini-série) 17 Références Sources et contributeurs de l’article 19 Source des images, licences et contributeurs 20 Licence des articles Licence 21 Frank Herbert 1 Frank Herbert Frank Herbert Frank Herbert en octobre 1978 Données clés Nom de naissance Frank Patrick Herbert Activités Romancier Naissance 8 octobre 1920 Tacoma, Washington, États-Unis Décès 11 février 1986 (à 65 ) Madison, Wisconsin, États-Unis Langue d'écriture Anglais américain Genres Science-fiction Distinctions Prix Hugo Prix Nebula Œuvres principales • Cycle de Dune (1965-85) Frank Patrick Herbert (8 octobre 1920 - 11 février 1986) est un écrivain américain, auteur de romans de science-fiction. Ses œuvres connurent un succès commercial et furent acclamées par la critique. Il doit principalement sa célébrité au roman Dune et à la série de cinq romans qui s'ensuivit. La saga de Dune aborde des thèmes tels que la survie de l'espèce humaine et son évolution, l'écologie, ou encore les interactions entre la religion, la politique et le pouvoir. Elle est considérée par beaucoup comme un classique dans le domaine de la science-fiction. Frank Herbert 2 Biographie Frank Herbert est né le 8 octobre 1920 à Tacoma dans l'État de Washington, de Frank Herbert et Eileen McCarthy Herbert. Il décide très tôt de devenir écrivain. Il termine ses études secondaires en 1938, et en 1939, il ment sur son âge afin d'obtenir son premier emploi pour le journal Glendale Star. Pendant la Seconde guerre mondiale, sa carrière d'écrivain est momentanément suspendue lorsqu'il sert les Seabees de l'US Navy pendant six mois en tant que photographe, avant d'être arrêté pour raisons médicales. En 1941, il épouse Flora Parkinson à San Pedro en Californie. Il divorce en 1945 après la naissance de sa fille, Penny. Après la guerre, il s’inscrit à l'université de Washington, où il rencontre Beverly Ann Stuart en 1946 lors d'un cours d'écriture créative. Ils sont les seuls à réussir à vendre et faire publier une partie de leur travail : Herbert parvient à vendre deux histoires d'aventure à un pulp magazine et Stuart une au magazine Modern Romance. Il n'obtient cependant pas de diplôme universitaire, car il ne veut étudier que les sujets qui l'intéressent. Après l'université, il se remet au journalisme en travaillant pour le Seattle Star, l’Oregon Statesman et le San Francisco Examiner's California Living Magazine. Frank et Beverly se marient en juin 1946 à Seattle. Ils auront deux fils, Brian, né en 1947, et Calvin, né en 1951. En 1947, Herbert vend son premier récit de science-fiction, Looking for Something, au magazine Startling Stories. En 1952, il publie sa première nouvelle de SF dans Astounding. La même année, il devient psychanalyste jungien, et devient lui-même analyste. Dans les années qui suivirent, il publiera près de vingt nouvelles de ce genre. Mais sa carrière d’écrivain débute avec la publication du Dragon sous la mer (The Dragon in the Sea) en 1956, inspiré par sa longue étude de la psychologie des profondeurs (cf préface de Dune T1 chez Pocket). Il utilise l’environnement d'un sous-marin du XXIe siècle pour explorer les rouages de la folie. Le livre prédit des conflits mondiaux autour de la consommation et de la production de pétrole. Il est très bien accueilli par la critique mais ne devient pas pour autant un succès commercial. En 1959, alors qu’il est censé rédiger un article sur les dunes de Florence, dans l'Oregon, Herbert se retrouve captivé par le sujet et accumule beaucoup plus d'informations qu'il ne lui en faut pour un simple article. L'article en question ne sera jamais écrit, mais il marque le début de l'écriture de la saga de Dune. Dans les années 1960, Herbert peut se consacrer entièrement à sa carrière d'écrivain grâce à sa femme qui reprend alors le travail à temps plein comme publicitaire. Après six ans d'écriture et de recherche, Herbert achève enfin Dune. Le roman, bien plus long que les histoires de science-fiction de l'époque, est d'abord publié dans la revue analog en deux morceaux, en 1963 et 1965, mais ensuite rejeté par près de vingt éditeurs avant d'être finalement accepté par Chilton, une petite maison d'édition de Philadelphie, qui offre à Herbert une avance de 7 500 dollars. Dune reçoit bientôt les faveurs de la critique, puis remporte le prix Nebula en 1965 et le prix Hugo en 1966. Il s'agit du premier roman de science-fiction accordant une grande place à l'écologie, mais qui fait également intervenir des thèmes tels que la politique, la religion, ou encore la survie de l'espèce humaine. Herbert utilise également des points de vue multiples à l'aide de ses différents personnages, une approche que l'on retrouve par la suite dans toutes ses œuvres. Le livre ne devient cependant pas immédiatement un best-seller. Jusqu'en 1968, Herbert en tire bien plus que la plupart des romans de science-fiction de l'époque (20 000 $), mais pas suffisamment pour lui permettre de devenir écrivain à plein temps. La publication de Dune lui ouvre néanmoins de nouvelles portes. De 1969 à 1972, il travaille comme rédacteur pour la section éducation du journal Seattle Post-Intelligencer et comme maître de conférences en études générales et interdisciplinaires à l'Université de Washington. En 1972, il travaille au Viêt Nam et au Pakistan comme consultant en écologie. En 1973, il est directeur-photographe pour le show télévisé The Tillers. En 1972, il cesse d'écrire pour les journaux et devient un écrivain à plein temps. Pendant les années 1970 et 1980, il profite d'un succès commercial considérable en tant qu'auteur. Il partage son temps entre ses deux résidences, l'une à Hawaï et l'autre dans l'État de Washington, et écrit de nombreux livres où il met en avant ses idées écologiques et philosophiques. Sa maison de l'État de Washington est un « projet de démonstration écologique ». Il poursuit le « Frank Herbert 3 cycle » de Dune qui comportera au final six volumes. Il publiera également d'autres livres tels que Et l'homme créa un dieu, le Cycle des Saboteurs ou encore le Cycle du Programme Conscience en coopération avec Bill Ransom. Malheureusement, en 1974, sa femme est victime d'un cancer. Elle subit une opération qui lui permet de survivre mais affecte sa santé. Elle meurt en 1984, l'année où est publié le livre Les Hérétiques de Dune. 1984 fut une année tumultueuse pour Herbert qui assiste également à l'adaptation au cinéma de Dune par David Lynch. Malgré de fortes attentes, une production à gros budget et une distribution incluant plusieurs stars hollywoodiennes, le film est dans l'ensemble mal accueilli par la critique aux États-Unis. En revanche, il connaît le succès en Europe et au Japon. Après la mort de sa femme, Herbert épouse Theresa Schackleford en 1985, et publie La Maison des Mères, le dernier volume du cycle de Dune qu'il écrira, bien qu'une suite ait été prévue. La postface contient un hommage à sa femme défunte Beverly. Le 11 février 1986, il décède d'une embolie pulmonaire survenue à la suite d'une opération d'un cancer du pancréas, à l'âge de 65 ans. Thèmes et idées En explorant dans ses romans de science-fiction des thèmes variés tels que la philosophie, la religion, la psychologie, la politique ou encore l'écologie, Herbert a conduit bon nombre de ses lecteurs à s'intéresser eux-mêmes à ces domaines. Cet engouement s'est révélé tel chez certains lecteurs que ces derniers se sont mis à lire tout ce qu'avait pu écrire Herbert, le considérant comme une référence sur les sujets abordés dans ses œuvres. Mais lorsqu'on lui demanda à plusieurs reprises s'il était en train de créer un nouveau culte, Herbert déclara clairement qu'il y était fermement opposé. Il veillait également soigneusement à ne pas donner de réponses précises aux questions qu'il soulevait dans ses romans. Parmi les idées importantes évoquées dans ses livres, on peut citer : • Les dangers liés au leadership, en particulier la tendance des hommes à suivre aveuglément et avec servitude les leaders charismatiques (Muad'Dib dans Dune), mais aussi les dangers de la bureaucratie et du gouvernement (cycle des Saboteurs). • L'importance de penser sur le long terme et avec une approche systémique (le thème de l'écologie dans Dune). • Les relations étroites entre la religion, la politique et le pouvoir en général (le Bene Gesserit dans Dune). • L'étendue du potentiel humain, abordé sous de nombreux aspects : la capacité de l'homme à s'adapter à ses conditions de vie pour survivre (les Fremens de Dune, les Dosadi dans le roman du même nom), la spécialisation du corps et de l'esprit humain (les techniques du Bene Gesserit dans Dune) ou encore les possibilités apportées par l'utilisation de substances chimiques (l'épice dans Dune). • La “santé mentale” et la folie ; Frank Herbert s'intéressait au travail de Thomas Szasz et à l'antipsychiatrie, et interroge souvent la notion de folie. • La façon dont le langage influence la pensée. • La conscience et l'intelligence artificielle (Destination : vide). • Les dangers du prophétisme (Dune (en tant que série)). Divers • Pour beaucoup, Beverly est l’inspiratrice de l’admirable personnage de dame Jessica (de la même manière qu’Edith Tolkien avait inspiré à son mari celui de Lúthien Tinúviel dans Le Silmarillion).
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