DOCSLIB.ORG

Rapid Lava Sand Filtration for Decentralized Produced Water Treatment System in Old Oil Well Wonocolo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rapid Lava Sand Filtration for Decentralized Produced Water Treatment System in Old Oil Well Wonocolo Vol. 5 No. 2 (May 2019) RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.22146/jcef.43760 Rapid Lava Sand Filtration for Decentralized Produced Water Treatment System in Old Oil Well Wonocolo Ekha Yogafanny1*, Ayu Utami1, Kristiati E.A.2, Wibiana W. Nandari3 1Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta, INDONESIA 2Department of Petroleum Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta, INDONESIA 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta, INDONESIA *Corresponding author: [email protected] SUBMITTED 25 February 2019 REVISED 18 March 2019 ACCEPTED 25 April 2019 ABSTRACT The Cepu Block Oil Field has been traditionally extracted since 2008 by the local community in Wonocolo. The oil well-produced gas and fluids consisted of crude oil and produced water. This oil production activity discharges high amounts of produced water. The fluids have been settled down in the sedimentation tank to gain the crude oil optimally. The remaining fluid called produced water has been discharged to the surface towards the river without any further treatment. This activity led to the deterioration of environmental quality. This study aimed to analyze the performance of produced water treatment by rapid sand filtration by measuring the degree of turbidity removal under the specific condition on a laboratory scale using lava sand. The sedimentation was conducted in 3 hours of retention time following the real field condition of the oil production process by community in one sample well. The rapid sand filtration was conducted by a fixed bed column method with 0.2 cm of grain size. The sedimentation process followed by the rapid sand filtration in produced water treatment yielded the high efficiency of turbidity removal reaching 98.65 %. The rapid sand filter also worked excellently in turbidity removal attaining 96.48 % of efficiency. These results confirmed that the sedimentation already done by the community followed by the rapid sand filtration is promising decentralized technology to be applied in a remote area such as Old Oil Wells Wonocolo regarding turbidity removal. KEYWORDS Produced Water; Decentralized System; Rapid Sand Filtration © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license. 1 INTRODUCTION The complexity of produced water composition The Oil and Gas industry consists of two major depends on the geographic location of the oil field, sectors, i.e. upstream and downstream sector. The geological formation, and the extraction method. The upstream sector includes exploration and production/ produced water from natural gas production is ten exploitation/ extraction (Igunnu and Chen, 2012), times more toxic than that from the oil production, while the downstream sector involves refinery as well but the volume of produced water discharge from as storage, distribution/ transportation, and natural gas production is much lower (Jiménez et al., marketing of the products (Kristiati, 2010; Amponsah 2018). and Opei, 2014). The wastewater generated from oil production/ exploitation/ extraction activities (upstream sector) is called produced water that is differentiated by so-called wastewater associated with oil refinery activities in the downstream sector, as it is shown in Figure 1. Naturally, a certain amount of water sits in the porous reservoir media together (a) with hydrocarbon and gas. It is known as the formation of water. Produced water is categorized as a form of water which is trapped in the reservoir and other sources of water (additional water injection to maintain hydraulic pressure or enhanced oil recovery) extracted or pumped to the surface together with (b) crude oil during the oil and gas production activities Figure 1. (a) Produced water from upstream activities, (b) Wastewater from downstream activities (Jiménez et al., (Arthur, Langhus and Patel, 2005; Fakhru’l-Razi et al., 2018). 2009; Jiménez et al., 2018). 113 Vol. 5 No. 2 (May 2019) Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum The volume of produced water is relatively high for The history of the exploration of oil fields in more than 80% of liquid pumped to the surface in Indonesia has been started since 1879, when Dutch potential fields and as high as 95% in aging or old oil Company, Dordsche Petroleum Maatschappij (DPM) fields (Igunnu and Chen, 2012). The major group's discovered and exploited oil in Ledok Field in Cepu, constituents of produced water are as follows: Central Java (Kristiati, 2010). Once deemed a) Salts (expressed as salinity, total dissolved solid uneconomical, the oil field was abandoned, and since (TDS), or electrical conductivity) 2008 this aging/ old oil wells in The Cepu Block were b) Oil and Grease (O&G) extracted traditionally by the community in c) BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and Wonocolo. Since the old oil wells were extracted xylenes) traditionally by local people, these activities have not d) PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons) been equipped by produced water treatment process e) Organic acids The Cepu Block Oil Field Wonocolo is one of the well- f) Phenol known aging or old oil field in Indonesia. Jati (2013) g) Natural inorganic and organic compounds (e.g. found that oil production activities in Wonocolo had chemicals that cause hardness and scaling such as a negative impact on the environment (land and calcium, magnesium, sulfates, and barium) surface water) as shown in Figure 2. However, this h) The chemical additive used during the drilling activity has been providing job opportunity and process that may have toxic properties (Fakhru’l- income for local communities. Razi et al., 2009; Jiménez et al., 2018). (c) (a) (d) (b) (e) Figure 2. (a) Soil contamination in Oil Field Wonocolo, (b) Area of oil production, (c) sedimentation tank, (d) oil sludge deposition in the sedimentation tank, (e) produced water discharge to the environment after the sedimentation tank 114 Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 5 No. 2 (May 2019) Recently, the produced water was discharged to the operational cost, and additional chemicals. The environment which then flowed to the small river treatment process of produced water differs by the crossed the oil field. The produced water from the intended disposal method of the treated water. The sample well has a high turbidity concentration, i.e. disposal methods of produced water are 105 NTU. Not only the turbidity concentration but environmental discharge, re-injection for pressure also the total dissolved solids (TDS) of produced water maintenance, and reuse for irrigation, livestock was high, i.e. >10.000 mg/l. Since the concentration of watering, aquifer storage, industrial process water these two parameters was higher than the Indonesia (Jiménez et al., 2018). The common treatment Regulation (PP RI No. 82 the Year 2001 on Water techniques are physical treatment (adsorption, Quality Management and Water Pollution Control), cyclones, enhanced floatation), biological treatment, the produced water needs to be treated before its membrane treatment (polymeric membranes, disposal. The treated water will be discharged to the inorganic membranes, microfiltration/ ultrafiltration, river that was usually used for aquaculture and nanofiltration and reverse osmosis), thermal agriculture. This river is a tributary of Bengawan Solo technologies (evaporation, multistage flash, multi- River. The intended water quality is reaching the effect distillation, etc), and chemical treatment (ion third class (for aquaculture) mentioned in PP RI No. exchange, advanced oxidation process, chemical 82 the Year 2001. In this class, the turbidity should be precipitation, etc). These kinds of technologies are less than 25 NTU and TDS less than 1000 mg/l. usually combined one to each other to reach the intended treated water quality and to sustain the In old oil wells Wonocolo, the sedimentation tank is equipment used in the treatment process (Jiménez et already installed near the oil well. This tank was built al., 2018). to allow the fluids extracted from the reservoir settling down for some hours (minimum 3 hours) to The wastewater treatment system consists of three gain the crude oil optimally by the oil-water basic components, i.e. wastewater collection, separation process. The crude oil that floats on the wastewater treatment, and treated wastewater surface is taken manually using a water dipper. The disposal. The first component is very important in remaining fluid, the produced water, is discharged centralized systems but costs more than 60% of the into the environment through the pipe from the total budget in the wastewater management system bottom of the tank. The illustration of the oil (Zaharia, 2017). Based on the geographical condition production process in old oil wells Wonocolo can be of old oil field Wonocolo, the lack of funding as well seen in Figure 3. as skill and knowledge, and indigenous local wisdom, it is worth to consider the decentralized produced water treatment in each oil well or adjacent oil wells. The decentralized system of produced water treatment allows the worker to individually collect the produced water from the already built sedimentation tank and then treat and dispose or reuse onsite the treated produced water. Therefore, this system promises a possible treatment system that more Oil sensible from an ecological and economical point of well Storage view without the need to construct expensive sewer tank River Sedimentation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Utilizing RO Brine Water in Rapid Sand Filters Backwashing
    Utilizing RO Brine Water in Rapid Sand Filters Backwashing By Green Path Solutions Al Obeid, Mohammad Faris Water & Energy Consultant Mar, 2019 1 Introduction: Water position in the region is becoming a very hot topic due to scarcity as a result of very limited resources. The situation is becoming more worse and worse specially in Jordan due to the pressure of the refugee coming from the neighboring countries which exceeding the capacity of the existing resources. So increasing the efficiency of water treatment system will contribute in decreasing the deficit between water demand and supply. 2 Abstract: This presentation shows the feasibility of using the brine water of brackish reverse osmosis systems in backwashing the multimedia sand filters vessels instead of using the normal conventional filtrated water. The initiative is proven to have the same or higher cleaning effect than the conventional way without any negative impact in the filter media or any observation of salt precipitation. The system was validated on two plants with 400 & 600 m3/h for a period of more than 15 & 10 years respectively, it had a successful outcomes. 3 Scope: Using rapid pressurized sand filters in closed system with brackish water that is highly polluted with: • Total Dissolved Solid , TDS=18,000mg/l • Suspended solids. • Turbidity. • High content of inorganic compounds, i.e. Iron = 5.0mg/l 4 Project Description: Eliminate the volume of raw water used for the sand filters backwashing process by using RO brine water for this process, then send it direct to the final drain or evaporation bond. The rinsing process will use a small amount of raw water for the flush the filter media and remove any traces of high saline water may remain from the backwash process.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan U College of Water Department of Nile Purification
    Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering Nile Purification Effect of Moringa oleifera seed extract on physicochemical and microbiological quality of water from R iver A dissertation submitted to the Sudan University of Science and Technology in partial fulfillment for the degree of Bask (Honors) in Environmental Engineering By: Eman Abdlmageed Hiba Hegazi Aysha Salih Hiba Abdulrhman Supervisor: D . Barka Moham med kabeer October 2015 ا ا ا ا , j h Q ½ É Y u Q q É ~ ^ u *+ ,½ - . $ %½ & ' p ) " # q … > Y ½ É ~ ^ u ق ا ا رة ان ا ( -38 39 2 Dedication We dedicate this study with our love to our parents who would like to see us in continues success and happy live. To our brothers and sisters and relatives who always encouraging and supporting us. To our best friends for their patience, reassurance and encouragement and whose love and trust towards us never fail. 3 Acknowledgment first of all, thanks to god for giving us the strength and commitment to finish this research after all obstacles that we went. Also we would like to thank D. Barka Mohammed kabeer for his great efforts of supervising and leading us to accomplish this research. We would also like to thank the Collage of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering staff for their patience, guidance and encouragement throughout the whole five years . Especial thanks extended to laboratory teachers for their kind response , patience and kind cooperation . Finally , we thank each and every person who contributed to this humble project particularly our parents , brothers , and sisters , for everything they gave to enlighten our bath way .
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Removal of Ammonia by Naturally Grown Bacteria in Sand Biofilter
    Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 22 No 2 (2018): 346 - 352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2018-2202-22 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL SCIENCES ISSN 1394 - 2506 Published by The Malaysian Analytical Sciences Society BIOLOGICAL REMOVAL OF AMMONIA BY NATURALLY GROWN BACTERIA IN SAND BIOFILTER (Penyingkiran Ammonia Secara Biologi Menggunakan Bakteria Semulajadi dalam Biopenuras Pasir) Fuzieah Subari1, 2*, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah1, Hassimi Abu Hasan1, Norliza Abd. Rahman1 1Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 15 February 2017; Accepted: 2 January 2018 Abstract Drinking water treatment through biological process is commonly applied in developed countries, but not yet in developing countries such as Malaysia. The non-existence of biological treatment has urged drinking water treatment plant operator in Malaysia to shut down the plants whenever there are ammonia contaminations. This is to avoid the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which are toxic and carcinogenic, when ammonia reacts with chlorine as the disinfectant. The study aims to develop a biological drinking water treatment for to remove ammonia in a biological sand filter column. The derived biofilm, a mixed bacterial consortium is naturally cultured from surface lake water, hence eliminating the potential of pathogenic microorganism occurrence, which is not suitable for drinking water application. The biofilm was inoculated in the batch down flow column consisting of heterogeneous fine sand with diameter of 1.2 mm (top layer) and 6.7 mm (bottom layer).
    [Show full text]
  • CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 1/15
    CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 1/15 Water Treatment Water Treatment Water treatment describes those industrial-scale The goal of all water treatment process is to processes used to make water more acceptable remove existing contaminants in the water, or for a desired end-use. reduce the concentration of such contaminants so These can include use for drinking water, industry, the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. medical and many other uses. One such use is returning water that has been used back into the natural environment without adverse ecological impact. Water Treatment Water Treatment Basis water treatment consists Coagulation of four processes: This process helps removes Coagulation/Flocculation particles suspended in water. Sedimentation Chemicals are added to water to form tiny sticky particles Filtration called "floc" which attract the Disinfection particles. Water Treatment Water Treatment Flocculation Sedimentation Flocculation refers to water The heavy particles (floc) treatment processes that settle to the bottom and the combine or coagulate small clear water moves to filtration. particles into larger particles, which settle out of the water as sediment. CIVL 1101 Introduction to Filtration 2/15 Water Treatment Water Treatment Filtration Disinfection The water passes through A small amount of chlorine is filters, some made of layers of added or some other sand, gravel, and charcoal disinfection method is used to that help remove even smaller kill any bacteria or particles. microorganisms that may be in the water. Water Treatment Water Treatment 1. Coagulation 1. Coagulation - Aluminum or iron salts plus chemicals 2. Flocculation called polymers are mixed with the water to make the 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Waste Waters by Pulsed Adsorption Beds Robert Leroy Johnson Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1969 Treatment of waste waters by pulsed adsorption beds Robert LeRoy Johnson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Robert LeRoy, "Treatment of waste waters by pulsed adsorption beds " (1969). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 4116. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/4116 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 70-13,596 JOHNSON, Robert LeRoy^ 1934- TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS BY PULSED ADSORPTION BEDS. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1969 Engineering, sanitary and municipal University Microfilms, Inc.. Ann Arbor. Michigan Copyright by ~ ROBERT LeROY JOHNSON 1970 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED TREÂTMEOT OF WASTE WATERS BY PULSED ADSORPTION BEDS by Robert LeRoy Johnson A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Sanitary Engineering Approved : Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Enhanced Granular Media Filtration of Waterborne Pathogens: Effect of Media Amendments for Treatment of Drinking Water and Stormwater Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9fz7g048 Author Torkelson, Andrew Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Enhanced Granular Media Filtration of Waterborne Pathogens: Effect of Media Amendments for Treatment of Drinking Water and Stormwater By Andrew Arthur Torkelson A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering – Civil and Environmental Engineering in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Kara L. Nelson, Chair Professor David L. Sedlak Professor John D. Coates Fall 2015 Enhanced Granular Media Filtration of Waterborne Pathogens: Effect of Media Amendments for Treatment of Drinking Water and Stormwater Copyright 2015 By Andrew Arthur Torkelson Abstract Enhanced Granular Media Filtration of Waterborne Pathogens: Effect of Media Amendments for Treatment of Drinking Water and Stormwater By Andrew Arthur Torkelson Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering – Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Berkeley Professor Kara L. Nelson, Chair Drinking water in low-income countries and stormwater in the U.S. is often contaminated with pathogens, posing health risks to local communities. In response, distributed filters are being used to provide the needed protection from exposure and infectious disease. Two examples of these distributed filters include point-of-use (POU) devices at the household scale for drinking water treatment and bioretention basins at the community scale for stormwater treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Upgrading of Existing Small Water Treatment Plants
    mmmt GUIDELINES FOR THE UPGRADING OF EXISTING SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS CD SWARTZ WRC Report No 738/1/00 Commission Disclaimer This report emanates from a project financed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and is approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC or the members of the project steering committee, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Vrywaring Hierdie verslag spruit voort uit 'n navorsingsprojek wat deur die Waternavorsingskommissie (WNK) gefinansier is en goedgekeur is vir publikasie. Goedkeuring beteken nie noodwendig dat die inhoud die siening en beleid van die WNK of die Iede van die projek-loodskomitee weerspieel nie, of dat melding van handelsname of -ware deur die WNK vir gebruik goedgekeur of aanbeveel word nie. GUIDELINES FOR THE UPGRADING OF EXISTING SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS REPORT TO THE WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION by CD SWARTZ Chris Swartz Water Utilization Engineers WRC Report No: 738/1/00 ISBN No: 1868 45 5963 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A project to carry out an investigation into upgrading needs of existing small water treatment plants and to draw up guidelines for upgrading of these plants was undertaken in collaboration with the CSIR. Small water treatment plants are, for purposes of this guidelines document, defined as the small drinking water treatment plants that are generally not well-serviced and that consist mainly, but not exclusively, of the water treatment plants serving rural communities and small municipalities, as well as establishments such as rural hospitals and forestry stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Granular Filters for Water Treatment: Heterogeneity and Diagnostic Tools
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 06, 2021 Granular filters for water treatment: heterogeneity and diagnostic tools Lopato, Laure Rose Publication date: 2011 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Lopato, L. R. (2011). Granular filters for water treatment: heterogeneity and diagnostic tools. Technical University of Denmark. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Granular filters for water treatment: heterogeneity and diagnostic tools Laure Lopato PhD Thesis June 2011 Granular filters for water treatment: heterogeneity and diagnostic tools Laure Lopato PhD Thesis June 2011 DTU Environment Department of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Denmark Laure Lopato Granular filters for water treatment: heterogeneity and diagnostic tools PhD Thesis, June 2011 The thesis will be available as a pdf-file for downloading from the homepage of the department: www.env.dtu.dk Address: DTU Environment Department of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Denmark Miljoevej, building 113 DK-2800 Kgs.
    [Show full text]
  • Selection of Optimum Filtration Rates for Sand Filters John Leroy Cleasby Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1960 Selection of optimum filtration rates for sand filters John LeRoy Cleasby Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Cleasby, John LeRoy, "Selection of optimum filtration rates for sand filters " (1960). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 2815. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2815 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SELECTION OF OPTIMUM FILTRATION BATES FOB 3AKD FILTERS ty John Le Boy Classby A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subjects Sanitary Engineering Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Of Science and Technology Ames, Iowa I960 il TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vil I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. WORK OF OTHER INVESTIGATORS 4 A. Early Development of Rapid Sand Filters 4 B. Studies of High Rate Filtration 6 C. Summary of Status of High Rate Filtration 19 D. Studies of the Functioning of Sand Filters 20 III. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THIS STUDY 31 IV. PILOT PLANT APPARATUS 35 A.
    [Show full text]
  • TYPES of WATER • in General, Water for Drinking and Cooking Should Be Wholesome
    TYPES OF WATER • In general, water for drinking and cooking should be wholesome. It should be both potable and palatable. It must be bacteriologically and chemically safe for drinking and be good tasting. • It should be clear, colourless, and have no unpleasant taste or odour. • In general chemistry, we need at least three basic types of water of somewhat different quality, depending on the requirements of each use. 1 NATURAL WATER • This is water that comes naturally i.e . from rain and has dissolved minerals indigenous to the source. • Natural, untreated, spring waters, are naturally carbonated and may be slightly alkaline or salty. • Numerous health claims have been made for the benefits arising from the traces of a large number of minerals found in solution. • They are claimed to have therapeutic effect. • This water is useful for drinking • It has the following ions Na,K,Mg,CO32-,Cl2-,Fe2- 2 3 POTABLE WATER • Potable water is fresh water that is sanitized with oxidizing biocides such as chlorine to kill bacteria and make it safe for drinking purposes. • it may be hard Water . • This is saturated with calcium, iron, magnesium, and many other inorganic minerals. 4 • All water in lakes, rivers, on the ground, in deep wells, is classified as hard water. • Potable water is fit for human consumption. • It has pathogens that are removed by 1. aeration 2. chlorination 3. filtration • It may be odorless and tasteless. • unsuitable for pharmaceutical use 5 Aeration • Aeration is a treatment process in which water is brought into close contact with air for the primary purpose of increasing the oxygen content of the water.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the Performance of Limestone Roughing
    A STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LIMESTONE ROUGHING FILTER FOR THE REMOVAL OF TURBIDITY, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AND COLIFORM ORGANISMS USING WASTEWATER FROM THE INLET OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER OXIDATION POND by U HAN THEIN MAUNG Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA September 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was conducted under the supervision of Associate Professor Dr lr. Hj. Mohd Nordin Adlan of the School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia. I am very grateful to him for his patience and his constructive comments that enriched my research project. His time and efforts have been a great contribution during the preparation of this thesis that cannot be forgotten forever. I owe special thank to Co Supervisor Associate Professor Dr Hamidi Abdul Aziz in the school of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia for his valuable comments and sharing his time and knowledge on this research project for sending several references. I would like to thank all colleagues and friends I have met in the School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia especially the laboratory technicians and staff who have so willingly helped and guided me in the research. In this respect I am especially indebted to them. To achieve this research I received a scholarship from Malaysia Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP) of Public Service Department (Malaysia) to which I hereby express my gratitude. Finally, I also thank Water Resources Utilization Department (Myanmar) for their continuous supports and confidence in my efforts. Finally, I would like to thank my family for allowing me to pursue my post graduate studies through their supports, time, and encouragement.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of Rapid Gravity Filter Using C Programming And
    DESIGN OF RAPID GRAVITY FILTER USING C PROGRAMMING AND AUTOCAD A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING BY JYOTI KAMAL DAS (Roll Nos. 10301007) AND MINAKSHEE SANDHA (Roll No. 10301013) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA 2007 DESIGN OF RAPID GRAVITY FILTER USING C PROGRAMMING AND AUTOCAD A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING BY JYOTI KAMAL DAS (Roll No. 10301007) AND MINAKSHEE SANDHA (Roll No. 10301013) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PROF. K.K. MISHRA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA 2007 i NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled Design of Rapid Gravity Filter using AUTOCAD and C programming Submitted by Jyoti Kamal Das [Roll no. 10301007] and Minakshee Sandha [Roll no. 10301013] in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil engineering at the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela (deemed University) is an authentic work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge the matter embodied in the project has not been submitted to any other university/institute for the award of any degree or diploma. Date : 01-04-2007 Prof K.K Mishra Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela - 769008 Acknowledgment We avail this opportunity to extend our hearty indebtedness to our guide Prof. K. K.MISHRA Professor Civil Engineering Department, for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and kind help at different stages for the execution of this dissertation work.
    [Show full text]