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Guidelines for the Upgrading of Existing Small Water Treatment Plants

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Guidelines for the Upgrading of Existing Small Water Treatment Plants mmmt GUIDELINES FOR THE UPGRADING OF EXISTING SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS CD SWARTZ WRC Report No 738/1/00 Commission Disclaimer This report emanates from a project financed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and is approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC or the members of the project steering committee, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Vrywaring Hierdie verslag spruit voort uit 'n navorsingsprojek wat deur die Waternavorsingskommissie (WNK) gefinansier is en goedgekeur is vir publikasie. Goedkeuring beteken nie noodwendig dat die inhoud die siening en beleid van die WNK of die Iede van die projek-loodskomitee weerspieel nie, of dat melding van handelsname of -ware deur die WNK vir gebruik goedgekeur of aanbeveel word nie. GUIDELINES FOR THE UPGRADING OF EXISTING SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS REPORT TO THE WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION by CD SWARTZ Chris Swartz Water Utilization Engineers WRC Report No: 738/1/00 ISBN No: 1868 45 5963 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A project to carry out an investigation into upgrading needs of existing small water treatment plants and to draw up guidelines for upgrading of these plants was undertaken in collaboration with the CSIR. Small water treatment plants are, for purposes of this guidelines document, defined as the small drinking water treatment plants that are generally not well-serviced and that consist mainly, but not exclusively, of the water treatment plants serving rural communities and small municipalities, as well as establishments such as rural hospitals and forestry stations. The capacities of these plants are normally less than 2,5 M6/d. The project consisted of creating a database of water treatment plants to determine the status quo of existing small water treatment systems in the country. From this database and from treatment plant information from the CSIR, a total of 20 small water treatment plants were selected to identify and investigate typical upgrading needs and methods. The plants were visited and discussions held with CSIR personnel and consulting engineers to establish the conditions of the plants, and identify the weak links and problems that are experienced. A set of criteria for evaluating existing plant conditions and determining upgrading needs were drawn up for investigating treatment plants. Based on the results of the investigation, guidelines were drawn up on how to plan, design and implement upgrading measures for small treatment plants. The aim of the project was to draw up guidelines for upgrading existing small water treatment plants, thereby creating a better standard of living by optimally using existing facilities. This can be done by physical changes to the treatment plants or by better operation of the plant through training and education of operators. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The specific objectives of the project were to: a. Determine the status quo of existing small water treatment systems b. Determine upgrading needs c. Investigate available technologies and measures with a view to appropriateness for upgrading i d. * Develop criteria to evaluate the needs and various upgrading options e. Determine needs for training and education for upgrading f. Draw up the guidelines for upgrading of existing small water treatment systems The guidelines document is intended for use at a basic level by plant supervisors and plant owners, consultants and controlling authorities for upgrading small water treatment systems, and specifically points out the advantages, disadvantages and possible pitfalls of the various treatment options. Key guidelines for selection and operation of the treatment options are given. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research in this report emanated from a project funded by the Water Research Commission and entitled: " Guidelines for the Upgrading of Existing Small Water Treatment Plants" The Steering Committee responsible for this project consisted of the following persons: Dr I Msibi Water Research Commission (Chairman) Mr M E Mosia Water Research Commission (Secretary) Dr G Offringa Water Research Commission Mr P Ramlall Umgeni Water Mr O Langenegger Otto Langenegger and Partners cc Mr C E Fennemore CSIR Environmentek Prof C F Schutte University of Pretoria Mr P Grobler Phalaborwa Water Ms M Hinsch Dept. of Water Affairs and Forestry The financing of the project by the Water Research Commission and the contribution of the members of the Steering Committee is acknowledged gratefully. The project was only possible with the co-operation of a number of individuals and institutions. The author therefore wish to record his sincere thanks to the following: Messrs John Lizamore and Jan Prinsloo of the CSIR Environmentek in Pretoria Messrs Chris Fennemore and Kenny Charles of the CSIR Environmentek in Durban Mr Zim Mbatani of the CSIR Environmentek in Bisho Mr Pierre Smit of the CSIR Environmentek in Bloemfontein Department of Water Affairs and Forestry for providing information on registered water treatment plants and database of rural water supply and sanitation systems Mr Ronnie Ambachtsheer for assistance in visiting treatment plants Michelle Knott and Jackie Roberts for processing data for the database Personnel at all the treatment plants that were visited are thanked especially for their cooperation and making available of information. LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 List of 20 small water treatment plants that were 3.2 visited Table 6.1 Guidelines for the selection of a water treatment 6.2 system for surface water in rural areas Table 7.1 Design criteria for slow sand filters in rural water supply 7.10 Table 7.2 Backwash-rates for different filter media in rapid sand 7.12 filters Table 7.3 Typical sand gradings for pressure filters 7.13 Table 7.4 Typical design criteria for dual media filters 7.14 Table 7.5 Design guidelines for horizontal-flow roughing filters 7.15 Table 8.1 Recommended monitoring programme for small water 8.10 treatment plants Table 8.2 Minimum laboratory equipment requirements for small 8.12 water treatment plants (treating less than 2,5 Mt/d) LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 3.1 Location of treatment plants that were visited 3.3 Figure 6.1 Lay-out of a slow sand filter 6.8 Figure 6.2 Rapid sand filter 6.10 Figure 6.3 Pressure sand filter 6.13 Figure 6.4 Direct series filter 6.15 Figure 6.5 Automatic setf-backwashing filter 6.17 Figure 6.6 Baffled - channel flocculators 6.22 Figure 6.7 Vertical - flow sedimentation tanks 6.25 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary Acknowledgements List of Tables List of Figures Page CHAPTER 1 1.1 Need for guidelines on upgrading of small water treatment 1.1 plants 1.2 Intended use of the guidelines document 1.2 1.3 Procedure followed in developing the guidelines 1.3 1.4 Structure of the guidelines document 1.5 CHAPTER 2 SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN SOUTH AFRICA 2.1 Definition 2.1 2.2 Database of smalt water treatment plants 2.1 2.3 Small water treatment system requirements 2.5 2.4 Essential elements for sustainable small water treatment 2.12 systems 2.5 Institutional requirements 2.16 CHAPTER 3 SURVEY OF 20 SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS 3.1 Selection of plants 3.1 3.2 Analysis of plants 3.4 3.3 Listing of problems and upgrading needs 3.4 CHAPTER 4 EVALUATING THE EXISTING CONDITION AND UPGRADING NEEDS OF A WATER TREATMENT PLANT 4.1 Evaluating existing conditions 4.1 4.2 Listing of upgrading needs 4.10 CHAPTER 5 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 5.1 Needs assessment 5.1 5.2 Community participation 5.1 5.3 Financing and financial control 5.2 CHAPTER 6 TECHNOLOGIES AND MEASURES FOR UPGRADING SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS 6.1 Selection of main treatment system for the specific application 6.1 6.2 Summary of treatment technologies for small water treatment systems 6.3 6.3 Measures for upgrading existing treatment plants 6.34 6.4 Criteria for evaluating upgrading options 6.41 6.5 Training of plant personnel 6.46 CHAPTER 7 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND GUIDELINES 7.1 References 7.1 7.2 Coagulation and flocculation 7.3 7.3 Sedimentation 7.6 7.4 Filtration 7.9 7.5 Disinfection 7.15 7.6 Stabilisation 7.18 CHAPTER 8 GUIDELINES FOR OPERATION, MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS 8.1 Introduction 8.1 8.2 Operational control requirements 8.1 8.3 Proposed monitoring programmes 8.8 8.4 Laboratory requirements 8.11 8.5 Sampling, analysis and reporting 8.11 8.6 Maintenance requirements 8.14 CHAPTER 9 EXAMPLES OF UPGRADING PROCEDURE 9.1 Introduction 9.1 9.2 Piet Gouws Water Treatment Plant 9.1 9.3 Calitzdorp Water Treatment Plant 9.12 CHAPTER 10 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 10.1 Technology Transfer 10.1 10.2 Training and Education 10.2 10.3 Research and Technology Development 10.2 10.4 Process Evaluation 10.2 10.5 Institutional 10.3 Bibliography APPENDICES Appendix A: Details of Plants Surveyed Appendix B: Water Quality Guidelines Appendix C: SABS Specification for Water for Domestic Use Appendix D: Methods of Testing Water Appendix E: List of South African Guideline Documents and Publications on Drinking Water Treatment -1.1- CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEED FOR GUIDELINES ON UPGRADING OF SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS In South Africa many small water treatment systems have been installed in rural areas, especially during the last decade, in an attempt to ultimately provide all households in the country with a supply of clean and safe drinking water. However, a large number of these treatment systems do not produce the quantity or quality of drinking water that it was meant to do, for one or more of the following reasons: inappropriate treatment systems installed; lack of knowledge on basic water treatment principles and hence operation of the plants; inadequate maintenance of equipment; financial constraints; lack of community involvement during conception, design and construction of the plant resulting in neglect during operation; and insufficient information on how to upgrade the treatment systems using simple and cost-efficient measures.
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