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Home , Cluster II (spacecraft), Cosmic Vision, Discovery of Neptune, LISA Pathfinder, PLATO (spacecraft), Solar Orbiter

A European perspective on mission architectures

Chris Arridge1,2

1. Mullard Space Science Laboratory, UCL, UK. 2. The Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck, UK.

Twitter: @chrisarridge

Ice Giants Workshop – JHU Applied Laboratory, MD, USA – 30 July 2014 2/32 . programmes – include , Express, , ROSETTA, Express, include Venus MarsExpress, programme programme What areconditionsWhat the planetaryfor Howdoes Solarthework? System areWhat thephysical fundamental lawsthe of Howdid theUniverse originate and what isit formationand theemergence life?of ? madeof? Missionsbornthat from HERSCHEL, , HST. HERSCHEL,Huygens, HST.

– 3. 4. 1. 2. Operateaccording guidelinesof aset to that Part of ESA’smandatoryof Part CosmicVision driven byscientific themes: OriginatedwithHorizon and Horizon+ broadly-speakingdemand aprogrammatic balance(between scientific domains) and due return. GDP, GDP, contributions from member states weighted by contributionsmemberfrom weighted states by

• • • • Overview of the CosmicVision the Overviewof 3/32 . programmes – include Mars Express, , ROSETTA, ROSETTA, Express, include Venus MarsExpress, programme programme Howdid theUniverse originate and what isit formation and the emergence of life? emergencethe life? and of formation Universe?the madeof? What are the physical fundamental laws of of laws fundamental are physical What the What are the conditions for planetaryfor are conditions What the System Solar the work? does How Missionsbornthat from HERSCHEL, Huygens, HST. HERSCHEL,Huygens, HST.

– 3. 4. 1. 2. Operateaccording guidelinesof aset to that Part of ESA’smandatoryof Part CosmicVision driven byscientific themes: OriginatedwithHorizon and Horizon+ broadly-speakingdemand aprogrammatic balance(between scientific domains) and due return. GDP, GDP, contributions from member states weighted by contributionsmemberfrom weighted states by

• • • • Overview of the Cosmic Vision CosmicVision the Overviewof 4/32 ], 20%[70M ) €], ) numbers) and include . CaC not instruments not Theexpected breakdown cost isroughly: 55% spacecraft industrial Thesefigurescompletion at arethecost ( Large“L”-class:~1000 exampleM€- JUICE Medium500“M”-class:example €- M . activity[260M15% €launch], (assuming - groundsegment and[90M €10%project], thefor [47M €]. managementtop-slice, but studyphase, , spacecraft,operations, anESA

• • • • Mission classes Mission 5/32 if ], 20%[70M ) €], programme Fregat ) numbers) and include . CaC not instruments not Alsoincludes S-class missions and Missions .of ImplicationmemberESA candelayisthat states the Theexpected breakdown cost isroughly: 55% spacecraft industrial Thesefigurescompletion at arethecost ( Large“L”-class:~1000 exampleM€- JUICE Medium500“M”-class:example €- M Solar Orbiter. they can’t afford to supplytheycan’taffordto theinstruments. activity[260M15% €launch], (assuming Soyuz- groundsegment and[90M €10%project], thefor [47M €]. managementtop-slice, but studyphase, launch vehicle, spacecraft,operations, anESA

• • • • • • Mission classes Mission 6/32 ] Solarand System Exploration Working Group ExplorationWorking Giménez

Programme Committee(SPC) Space Committee(SSAC) Space Science Advisory SpaceScience Working Group AstronomyWorking RoboticExploration) [Alvaro ESA Executive (Director Science for and ESA Group Physical Sciences Working PhysicalSciences Working Recommend Propose Decide Decide ESA StructureESA 7/32 transits)[2017] hunter) [2023] exoplanet ( observatory) [2035] eLISA M3: PLATO ( PLATO M3: CHEOPS(highS1: precision of M1: Solar Orbiter ( and solar mission to go to 0.3 AU) [2017] SolarM1: (solarOrbiter and mission [2017] go0.3AU) to to EUCLIDM2: (dark /dark [2020]matter) L2:Athena+ (X-rayobservatory L2point)at [2028] L3: L1: JUICE (/)L1:JUICE [2021]

• • • • • • • Missions currently in the pipeline pipeline the currentlyin Missions 8/32 [2035] [2035] LisaPathfinder [2014] Fundamental Phys. (2) Phys. Fundamental eLISA ISO [1995] ISO NewtonXMM [1999] [1990] HST Athena+[2028] [2020] [2023] PLATO CHEOPS[2017] [2018] JWST [2013] [2009] Herschel[2009] Integral[2002] (12) [2016] [1990] II [2000]Cluster II MarsExpress [2003] 1[2003]Smart [2004] ROSETTA [1995] SOHO Huygens[1997] JUICE[2021] BepiColombo Solar[2017]Orbiter Express [2005] Venus (11) System Solar (11) M6[2031/2032?] M7[2034/2035?] M4[2025/2026] M5[2028/2029?] 1995-1999 1990-1994 2005-2009 2000-2004 2015-2019 2010-2014 2020-2024 2030-2035 2025-2029 Missions and programmatic balanceand Missions 9/32 [2035] [2035] LisaPathfinder [2014] Fundamental Phys. (2) Phys. Fundamental eLISA ISO [1995] ISO NewtonXMM [1999] [1990] HST Athena+[2028] EUCLID[2020] [2023] PLATO CHEOPS[2017] [2018] JWST [2013] GAIA Planck[2009] Herschel[2009] Integral[2002] Astrophysics(12) [2016] Ulysses[1990] Cluster II [2000]Cluster II MarsExpress [2003] 1[2003]Smart [2004] ROSETTA [1995] SOHO Huygens[1997] JUICE[2021] BepiColombo Solar[2017]Orbiter Express [2005] Venus Solar System (11) System Solar (11) M6[2031/2032?] M7[2034/2035?] M4[2025/2026] M5[2028/2029?] 1995-1999 1990-1994 2005-2009 2000-2004 2015-2019 2010-2014 2020-2024 2030-2035 2025-2029 Missions and programmatic balanceand Missions 10/32 [2035] [2035] LisaPathfinder [2014] Fundamental Phys. (2) Phys. Fundamental eLISA ISO [1995] ISO NewtonXMM [1999] [1990] HST Athena+[2028] EUCLID[2020] [2023] PLATO CHEOPS[2017] [2018] JWST [2013] GAIA Planck[2009] Herschel[2009] Integral[2002] Astrophysics(12) [2016] Ulysses[1990] Cluster II [2000]Cluster II MarsExpress [2003] 1[2003]Smart [2004] ROSETTA [1995] SOHO Huygens[1997] JUICE[2021] BepiColombo Solar[2017]Orbiter Express [2005] Venus Solar System (11) System Solar (11) M6[2031/2032?] M7[2034/2035?] M4[2025/2026] M5[2028/2029?] 1995-1999 1990-1994 2005-2009 2000-2004 2015-2019 2010-2014 2020-2024 2030-2035 2025-2029 Missions and programmatic balanceand Missions 11/32 [2035] [2035] LisaPathfinder [2014] Fundamental Phys. (2) Phys. Fundamental eLISA Athena+[2028] EUCLID[2020] [2023] PLATO CHEOPS[2017] [2018] JWST [2013] GAIA Planck[2009] Herschel[2009] Astrophysics(12) [2016] JUICE[2021] BepiColombo Solar[2017]Orbiter Express [2005] Venus Solar System (11) System Solar (11) M6[2031/2032?] M7[2034/2035?] M4[2025/2026] M5[2028/2029?] Next L4 launch opportunity won’t be until 2042. until be won’t opportunity Nextlaunch L4

• 2005-2009 2015-2019 2010-2014 2020-2024 2030-2035 2025-2029 Missions and programmatic balanceand Missions 12/32 , EVE, and EVE, Titan , , -R,, STE-Quest, Alfvén EChO LOFT.

– Other missionsOther with UPwho lostout Note this is a 50 page proposal where Noteisa50this page proposal where SpecifiedaUranus orbiter. ~30Oneof submissions. UPreached thefinal eight. theseFourof were selected afor Uranus proposal was submitted to M3 Uranusproposal wassubmitted M3 to include mission. ~4pages isonthemission concept. phasestudyleading0 PLATO. to callin 2010.

• • • • • • • Uranus Pathfinder (UP) in M3 in (UP) UranusPathfinder 13/32 Am-based 241 /s to a35mground ESA to /s kbit Total dry (withTotaldrymass margin) 836 kg. mass(withTotalwet margin) 1530 kg. doesn’tThismass include escape stage.

– – – Telecommunicationswere anissue: we Power:200provided W by Sciencepayload comprises 63 kg(with Rosetta/MarsExpress-type platform: estimated3-9 station. RPS(192 kg–verylow specific power partlydue margins).to margin).

• • • • Platform 14/32 km), P=313 km), d. 7 (10 U =391R a r (45000 km), periapsis

U =1.8R p r launch. Fregat One studiedOne option:withtransfer duration VEES 15.5of years. Captureorbit: Soyuz- period.

• • • Interplanetarytransfer 15/32 Model payload instruments payload Model 16/32 Traceability 17/32 et al. [Italy] etal. Turrini

Masters[Japan/UK] etal. http://sci.esa.int/cosmic-vision/52030-white-papers-submitted-in-response-to-esas- call-for-science-themes-for-the-l2-and-l3-missions/

– 32whitepapers received: three on Uranus and/or : After JUICE, ESA decided ESA JUICE, runAfter to opennot callsL2/L3 for –instead rana “sciencetheme” selection process in 2013 viawhitepapers.

• • Arridge et al. [UK] Arridgeetal. L2/L3 Sciencetheme process L2/L3 18/32 19/32 exploration of the icythe of exploration , fully appropriate for an L class fullyappropriate , an Lclass for andperfectlythecriteria fitting anfor L-class .” .”

considered the study of the icy giants to be a theme of athemeof be to icygiants the of study the considered recommendstheme everythis that pursue made effortis to and-l3-missions/ partneragencies http://sci.esa.int/cosmic-vision/53261-report-on-science-themes-for-the-l2- recommendimportance,thisthemeL2vieworL3.In its for of however, theSSC by led missions on asmeans,other such cooperation through mission.However, in view thecompetition of withrange a otherof high qualityscience andthemes, despite undoubtedits quality, on balance and takingaccountthewide of doesarraythemes,theSSC of not “TheSSC science quality very high explorationmission toward theJovianthe system, milestone atimelybe appears to giants mission.” “After the success of theCassinithesuccessof “After mission, andtheselection after anof L2/L3 outcome outcome L2/L3 20/32 -imager. . launches. 5launch ortwo spectro Fregat Ariane Doppler Radioscience package. Imaging:NAC. WAC, Visible-nearimagingIR . Massspectrometer. “NewHorizons-like”. 500-600drymass. kg RPS. spectometer

– – – – – – – – – Single 6instruments: Twinidentical spacecraft: Soyuz-

• • • ODINUS 21/32 /s). /s). kbit RPS. SEP. ExtendedDSNcapability (to improvebitrateabove 1-6

– – – Fullmission analysis byformer Enablingtechnology: Proposalled byAdamMasters JPLmission designer now at JAXA. (JAXA, now Imperialat (JAXA, College).

• • • Neptune and Triton and Neptune 22/32 payload and traceability and payload Strawman 23/32 5ME 5ME Ariane Marleyal., et 5ECArather than assume capabilityfuture – Ariane launch windows were foundexistin to 2033 and 2046 (separated 6. ) and) JUICE. Ariane Insertedmass~1800 kgsimilar NASANeptune to orbiter ( study RequiresJupiter from orSaturn ismore–buttheJupiterGA effective. GA Favourable Launchusing byJupiter-Neptune synodic period 13of years). 2010 or

• • • • Neptune transfer using SEP SEP transfer Neptune using 24/32 Neptune planetary tour planetarytour Neptune 25/32 to raiseto or Δv Alsopossibility enterorbitto Triton(similar Ganymede) JUICEat to Flybyaltitudes between 150 and 1000 withkm sufficient Tour includesTour phases where spacecrafttheorbits in Triton’s orbital with aΔv~300 m/s. plane. lowernecessary.as

• • • Triton flyby ground tracks and tracks orbit and ground flyby Triton 26/32 ESA/ESOC 313kgUranus probe. BasedonPioneer Venus probe heritage. Verylittle change in probe characteristics Venus outerfrom to . CDF probeCDF studies aimed supportingat upcoming CVcalls.

• • • • ESA CDF Probe Studies Studies Probe CDFESA 27/32 ESA/ESOC Probe configuration configuration Probe 28/32 ESA/ESOC = 4.2 – 6.8 km/s 4.2–6.8km/s = = 6.5–10.9 = km/s inf inf Transfer time ~ 13time~ years Transfer V Permitsdual probes. Transfer time 12.7 – 15.8 time12.7–15.8 Transfer V Nodual probe solution. (comparablewith decadalstudyprofile). years.

– – – – – – Soyuz Soyuz Launchvehicles: investigated Soyuz(three marginal solutions) and Assumed300 kgprobe. Considereddelivery platformsin 2025-2035 the timeframe. Ariane(three5good solutions).

• • • • • Interplanetarytransfers 29/32 particle auroral

characterisation

: UVspace : telescope exoplanet : space : physics mission lookto at : /PRISM: cosmicmicrowave /PRISM: background. Alfvén COrE astrometry NEAT: X-raytelescope. LOFT: infrared SPICA: EChO UVMag Venus missions EVE/ENVISION: acceleration.

– – – – – – – – Competition: EuropeanUranus/Neptune communities haveL2/L3 mergedwhitepaper (c.f. Reducedcost-cap duemissions to going over budget and instrumentfor costs Pre-announcement already made: call due in August, deadline mid-January for Pre-announcementalready made:call due indeadline August, mid-January for teams)and are working onaUranus proposal. JUICE–now 450Mat € . a2025/2026 launch.

• • • • M4 call M4 30/32 (INAF) (INAF) (UCL) (INAF) (INAF) (AURA) (INAF) (INAF) (LESIA) (JHU/APL) Politi

Plainaki Lamy Turrini Hammel Rymer

Diego Romolo Chris Arridge Arridge Chris Nicolas André(IRAP) Nicolas Abi MarkHofstadter(JPL) Laurent Heidi DanielGautier (LESIA) LeighFletcher(Oxford) Christina NigelBannister (Leicester) AdamMasters(Imperial College) Uranus M4 mission working group group working Uranusmission M4 31/32 ESA (spacecraft,instruments,operations)ESA launch,NASA(RPS, - launch,(RPS, ESA instruments) instruments).–NASA(spacecraft, launch,(RPS, ESA instruments) probe,–NASA(spacecraft, instruments). and1B$. instrumentcontributions). Probablymore –constraining ourselves with the450M capM4€cost for

1. 2. 3. 4. Optionswe are considering: Restrictedin launch nuclearof material. With a450M With capwecost €naturally havesubmit proposalato which hasbilateral contributions.

• • • Bilateral configurations Bilateralconfigurations 32/32 (at least for Uranus/Neptune)least(at for are essential. bilaterals . Currentlyattentionalotof isonexactly howdo to suchabilateral. In doing planetary science cheaper and avoid the reliance on flagships doingIn planetary science cheaper and avoid thereliance on flagships Costcapsare challenging. UnlessPathfinder LISA fails(releases theL3 launch slotin 2035) we Lots of interestinof Lots an icegiant mission European from scientists–also wethink that willhave pursueto thisin Europe via themedium-class (M) programme interestwithindoing of ESA suchamission.

• • • • • Summary