DOCSLIB.ORG

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA CENTERSC FORD DISEASEC CONTROL AND PREVENTION Contents Emerging Infectious Diseases Volume 3 • Number 1 January—March 1997 Perspective Designing an International Policy and Legal Framework for 1 B.J. Plotkin and A.M. Kimball the Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases: First Steps Synopses Surface Antigens of the Syphilis Spirochete and Their 11 D.R. Blanco, J.N. Miller, and Potential as Virulence Determinants M.A. Lovett Mycoplasmas: Sophisticated, Reemerging, and Burdened 21 J.B. Baseman and J.G. Tully by Their Notoriety Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae 33 J.S. Knapp, K.K. Fox, D.L. Trees, and W.L. Whittington Infectious Diseases and Immunity: Special Reference to Major 41 N. Singh, S. Agrawal, and A.K. Rastogi Histocompatibility Complex Cryptosporidiosis: An Emerging, Highly Infectious Threat 51 R. L. Guerrant Dispatches Isolation and Phylogenetic Characterization of Ebola Viruses 59 M-C. Georges-Courbot, A. Sanchez, C-Y Causing Different Outbreaks in Gabon Lu, S. Baize, E. Leroy, J. Lansout- Soukate, C. Tévi-Bénissan, A.J.Georges, S.G. Trappier, S.R. Zaki, R. Swanepoel, P.A. Leman, P.E. Rollin, C.J. Peters, S.T. Nichol, and T.G. Ksiazek The Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Canada: 63 E. Stratton, M.N. Ricketts, and A Review of Mortality Data P.R. Gully Exudative Pharyngitis Possibly Due to Corynebacterium 65 H.S. Izurieta, P.M. Strebel, T. pseudodiptheriticum, a New Challenge in the Differential Youngblood, D.G. Hollis, and T. Popovic Diagnosis of Diphtheria Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis in Wild Songbirds: The Spread 69 J.R. Fischer, D.E. Stallknecht, M.P. of a New Contagious Disease in a Mobile Host Population Luttrell,A.A. Dhondt, and K.A. Converse Knowledge-Based Patient Screening for Rare and Emerging 73 C.N. Carter, N.C. Ronald, J.H. Steele, Infectious/Parasitic Diseases: A Case Study of Brucellosis E. Young, J.P. Taylor, L.H. Russell, Jr., and Murine Typhus A.K. Eugster, and J.E. West Letters Emergence of Epidemic O’nyong-nyong Fever in 77 E.B. Rwaguma, J.J. Lutwama, S.D.K. Southwestern Uganda, After an Absence of 35 Years Sempala, N. Kiwanuka, J. Kamugisha, S. Okware, G. Bagambisa, R. Lanciotti, J.T. Roehrig, and D.J. Gubler Prostatitis and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Emerging 77 B. Hennenfent Infectious Diseases? Risk Factors for Severe Leptospirosis in the Parish 78 C.P. Douglin, C. Jordan, R. Rock, of St. Andrew, Barbados A. Hurley, and P.N. Levett Electronic Communication and the Rapid Dissemination 80 C.B. Dalton, P.M. Griffin, and of Public Health Information L. Slutsker News and Notes Emerging Infectious Diseases Conference 82 “Emergent Illness and Public Scholarship” Fellowships 82 International Workshop on Molecular Epidemiology 82 and Evolutionary Genetics Cover photo: Immunostaining of Ebola virus antigens within subepithelial vascular endothelial cells in a skin biopsy from a chimpanzee that died during the 1996 Gabon outbreak; Dr. Sherif R. Zaki, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Emerging Infectious Diseases Emerging Infectious Diseases is indexed in Index Medicus/Medline, Current Contents, and several other electronic databases. Liaison Representatives Editors Anthony I. Adams, M.D. William J. Martone, M.D. Editor Chief Medical Adviser Senior Executive Director Joseph E. McDade, Ph.D. Commonwealth Department of Human National Foundation for Infectious Diseases National Center for Infectious Diseases Services and Health Bethesda, Maryland, USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Canberra, Australia Atlanta, Georgia, USA Phillip P. Mortimer, M.D. David Brandling-Bennett, M.D. Director, Virus Reference Division Perspectives Editor Deputy Director Central Public Health Laboratory Stephen S. Morse, Ph.D. Pan American Health Organization London, United Kingdom The Rockefeller University World Health Organization New York, New York, USA Washington, D.C., USA Robert Shope, M.D. Professor of Research Synopses Editor Gail Cassell, Ph.D. University of Texas Medical Branch Phillip J. Baker, Ph.D. Liaison to American Society for Microbiology Galveston, Texas, USA Division of Microbiology and Infectious University of Alabama at Birmingham Diseases Birmingham, Alabama, USA Natalya B. Sipachova, M.D., Ph.D. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Scientific Editor Diseases Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. Russian Republic Information and National Institutes of Health Editor, MMWR Analytic Centre Bethesda, Maryland, USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Moscow, Russia Atlanta, Georgia, USA Bonnie Smoak, M.D. Dispatches Editor Thomas M. Gomez, D.V.M., M.S. U.S. Army Medical Research Unit—Kenya Stephen Ostroff, M.D. Staff Epidemiologist Unit 64109 National Center for Infectious Diseases U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Box 401 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Plant Health Inspection Service APO AE 09831-4109 Atlanta, Georgia, USA Riverdale, Maryland, USA Robert Swanepoel, B.V.Sc., Ph.D. Managing Editor Joseph Losos, M.D. Head, Special Pathogens Unit Polyxeni Potter, M.A. Director General National Institute for Virology National Center for Infectious Diseases Laboratory Center for Disease Control Sandringham 2131, South Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Ontario, Canada Atlanta, Georgia, USA Roberto Tapia-Conyer, M.D. Gerald L. Mandell, M.D. Dirección General de Epidemiología Liaison to Infectious Diseases Society of Secretaría de Salud America México University of Virginia Medical Center Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Editorial and Computer Support Emerging Infectious Diseases Editing and Production Emerging Infectious Diseases is published four times a year by the National Center for Infectious Beatrice T. Divine, M.B.A. Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C-12, Teresa M. Hood, M.S. Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Telephone 404-639-3967, fax 404-639-3039, e-mail [email protected]. Editorial Assistance The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the EditorialMaria T. Brito and Computer opinions of CDC or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated. SuitorialElectronic DistributionAssistance All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in the public domain and may be used Carol Y. Crawford and reprinted without special permission; proper citation, however, is appreciated. MariaDavid L. T.Smith Brito Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Cover Design Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mindy Barringer ¥ Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid free paper that meets the requirements of ANSI/ Electronic Distribution Martha F. Boyd NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Carol Y. Crawford David L. Smith Electronic Access to Emerging Infectious Diseases If you have Internet access, you can retrieve WWW and FTP: Access the journal at http:// FTP, or you can request copies by e-mail. To the journal electronically on the World-Wide Web www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/eid.htm or from the receive the entire journal, subscribe to one of (WWW), through file transfer protocol (FTP), or by CDC home page (http://www.cdc.gov). You can three other lists: EID-ASCII sends the journal in electronic mail (e-mail). also download it through anonymous FTP at ASCII format, EID-PDF sends the journal in The journal is available in three file formats: ftp.cdc.gov. The files can be found in the directory Adobe Acrobat format, and EID-PS sends the ASCII, Adobe Acrobat (.pdf), and PostScript (.ps). pub/publications/eid. A Spanish version of Vol. 1, journal in PostScript format. Because of the large The ASCII version does not contain figures. Both No. 1–Vol. 2, No. 1 is available from the National file sizes and the complexity of sending the journal the .pdf and .ps files, however, contain graphics University of La Plata, Faculty of Veterinary Science, to different e-mail systems, we recommend that if and figures and are true representations of the Argentina (ftp://fcv.medvet.unlp.edu.ar/pub/EID). you have WWW or FTP capabilities, you access hard copy of the journal. The Adobe Acrobat LISTSERVer (e-mail lists): To have the table EID in these ways rather than by e-mail lists. To format requires an Adobe Reader, which is of contents automatically sent to your e-mail box, subscribe to a list, contact [email protected] with available free of charge from CDC in DOS, subscribe to the EID-TOC mailing list. You can the following in the body of your message: Windows, UNIX, and Macintosh versions. then obtain individual articles on WWW or through subscribe listname (e.g., subscribe EID-TOC). Perspective Designing an International Policy and Legal Framework for the Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases: First Steps Bruce Jay Plotkin* and Ann Marie Kimball† *School of Law; †School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA As the pace of emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases quickens, the International Health Regulations, which have served as the legal and policy framework of epidemic control for 45 years, are being revised by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this article, we review the recent history, legal construction, and application of these regulations and related international treaty-based sanitary measures, especially the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, and the history of applying the regulations in the maritime and aviation industries. This review indicates that revision efforts should address 1) the limited scope of disease syndromes (and reporters of these syndromes) now in the regulations and 2) the mismatch between multisectoral factors causing disease emergence and the single agency (WHO) administering the regulations. The revised regulations should expand the scope of reporting and simultaneously broaden international agency coordination. The Division of Emerging and Other Com- than the incubation period of the disease, is ren- municable Disease Surveillance and Control, dering border controls futile.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Mysterious Orphans of Mycoplasmataceae
    The mysterious orphans of Mycoplasmataceae Tatiana V. Tatarinova1,2*, Inna Lysnyansky3, Yuri V. Nikolsky4,5,6, and Alexander Bolshoy7* 1 Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90027, California, USA 2 Spatial Science Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, California, USA 3 Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, Beit Dagan, 50250, Israel 4 School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, MSN 5B3, Manassas, VA 20110, USA 5 Biomedical Cluster, Skolkovo Foundation, 4 Lugovaya str., Skolkovo Innovation Centre, Mozhajskij region, Moscow, 143026, Russian Federation 6 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation 7 Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel 1,2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] 4-6 [email protected] 7 [email protected] 1 Abstract Background: The length of a protein sequence is largely determined by its function, i.e. each functional group is associated with an optimal size. However, comparative genomics revealed that proteins’ length may be affected by additional factors. In 2002 it was shown that in bacterium Escherichia coli and the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus, protein sequences with no homologs are, on average, shorter than those with homologs [1]. Most experts now agree that the length distributions are distinctly different between protein sequences with and without homologs in bacterial and archaeal genomes. In this study, we examine this postulate by a comprehensive analysis of all annotated prokaryotic genomes and focusing on certain exceptions.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Protein Phosphorylation in Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
    Pathogenicity of a minimal organism: Role of protein phosphorylation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades „Doctor rerum naturalium“ der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Sebastian Schmidl aus Bad Hersfeld Göttingen 2010 Mitglieder des Betreuungsausschusses: Referent: Prof. Dr. Jörg Stülke Koreferent: PD Dr. Michael Hoppert Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 02.11.2010 “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” (Albert Einstein) Danksagung Zunächst möchte ich mich bei Prof. Dr. Jörg Stülke für die Ermöglichung dieser Doktorarbeit bedanken. Nicht zuletzt durch seine freundliche und engagierte Betreuung hat mir die Zeit viel Freude bereitet. Des Weiteren hat er mir alle Freiheiten zur Verwirklichung meiner eigenen Ideen gelassen, was ich sehr zu schätzen weiß. Für die Übernahme des Korreferates danke ich PD Dr. Michael Hoppert sowie Prof. Dr. Heinz Neumann, PD Dr. Boris Görke, PD Dr. Rolf Daniel und Prof. Dr. Botho Bowien für das Mitwirken im Thesis-Komitee. Der Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes gilt ein besonderer Dank für die finanzielle Unterstützung dieser Arbeit, durch die es mir unter anderem auch möglich war, an Tagungen in fernen Ländern teilzunehmen. Prof. Dr. Michael Hecker und der Gruppe von Dr. Dörte Becher (Universität Greifswald) danke ich für die freundliche Zusammenarbeit bei der Durchführung von zahlreichen Proteomics-Experimenten. Ein ganz besonderer Dank geht dabei an Katrin Gronau, die mich in die Feinheiten der 2D-Gelelektrophorese eingeführt hat. Außerdem möchte ich mich bei Andreas Otto für die zahlreichen Proteinidentifikationen in den letzten Monaten bedanken. Nicht zu vergessen ist auch meine zweite Außenstelle an der Universität in Barcelona. Dr. Maria Lluch-Senar und Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycoplasma Agalactiae MEMBRANE PROTEOME
    UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI SASSARI SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN SCIENZE BIOMOLECOLARI E BIOTECNOLOGICHE INDIRIZZO MICROBIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE E CLINICA XXIII Ciclo CHARACTERIZATION OF Mycoplasma agalactiae MEMBRANE PROTEOME Direttore: Prof. Bruno Masala Tutor: Dr. Alberto Alberti Tesi di dottorato della Dott.ssa Carla Cacciotto ANNO ACCADEMICO 2009-2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 2.1 Mycoplasmas: taxonomy and main biological features 2.2 Metabolism 2.3 In vitro cultivation 2.4 Mycoplasma lipoproteins 2.5 Invasivity and pathogenicity 2.6 Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis 2.7 Mycoplasma agalactiae and Contagious Agalactia 3. Research objectives 4. Materials and methods 4.1 Media and buffers 4.2 Bacterial strains and culture conditions 4.3 Total DNA extraction and PCR 4.4 Total proteins extraction 4.5 Triton X-114 fractionation 4.6 SDS-PAGE 4.7 Western immunoblotting 4.8 2-D PAGE 4.9 2D DIGE 4.10 Spot picking and in situ tryptic digestion 4.11 GeLC-MS/MS 4.12 MALDI-MS 4.13 LC-MS/MS 4.14 Data analysis Dott.ssa Carla Cacciotto, Characterization of Mycoplasma agalactiae membrane proteome. Tesi di Dottorato in Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi di Sassari. 5. Results 5.1 Species identification 5.2 Extraction of bacterial proteins and isolation of liposoluble proteins 5.3 2-D PAGE/MS of M. agalactiae PG2T liposoluble proteins 5.4 2D DIGE of liposoluble proteins among the type strain and two field isolates of M. agalactiae 5.5 GeLC-MS/MS of M. agalactiae PG2T liposoluble proteins 5.6 Data analysis and classification 6. Discussion 7.
    [Show full text]
  • MIAMI UNIVERSITY the Graduate School
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Steven Lindau Distelhorst Candidate for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ______________________________________ Dr. Mitchell F. Balish, Director ______________________________________ Kelly Z. Abshire, Reader ______________________________________ Natosha L. Finley, Reader ______________________________________ Joseph M. Carlin, Reader ______________________________________ Jack C. Vaughn, Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT UNDERSTANDING VIRULENCE FACTORS OF MYCOPLASMA PENETRANS: ATTACHMENT ORGANELLE ORGANIZATION AND GENE EXPRESSION by Steven Lindau Distelhorst The ability to establish and maintain cell polarity plays an important role in cellular organization for both functional and morphological integrity in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Like eukaryotes, bacteria, including the genomically reduced species of the Mycoplasma genus, use an array of cytoskeletal proteins to generate and maintain cellular polarity. Some mycoplasmas, such as Mycoplasma penetrans, exhibit a distinct polarized structure, known as the attachment organelle (AO), which is used for attachment to host cells and motility. The M. penetrans AO, like AOs of other mycoplasmas, contains a cytoskeletal structure at the core, but lacks any homologs of identified AO core proteins of other investigated mycoplasmas. To characterize the composition of the M. penetrans AO cytoskeleton we purified the detergent-insoluble core material and examined
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Supplementary Material a Major Clade of Prokaryotes with Ancient
    Supplementary Material A major clade of prokaryotes with ancient adaptations to life on land Fabia U. Battistuzzi and S. Blair Hedges Data assembly and phylogenetic analyses Protein data set: Amino acid sequences of 25 protein-coding genes (“proteins”) were concatenated in an alignment of 18,586 amino acid sites and 283 species. These proteins included: 15 ribosomal proteins (RPL1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 16; RPS2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11), four genes (RNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, Transcription antitermination factor NusG) from the functional category of Transcription, three proteins (Elongation factor G, Elongation factor Tu, Translation initiation factor IF2) of the Translation, Ribosomal Structure and Biogenesis functional category, one protein (DNA polymerase III, beta subunit) of the DNA Replication, Recombination and repair category, one protein (Preprotein translocase SecY) of the Cell Motility and Secretion category, and one protein (O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase) of the Posttranslational Modification, Protein Turnover, Chaperones category, as annotated in the Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) (Tatusov et al. 2001). After removal of multiple strains of the same species, GBlocks 0.91b (Castresana 2000) was applied to each protein in the concatenation to delete poorly aligned sites (i.e., sites with gaps in more than 50% of the species and conserved in less than 50% of the species) with the following parameters: minimum number of sequences for a conserved position: 110, minimum number of sequences for a flank position: 110, maximum number of contiguous non-conserved positions: 32000, allowed gap positions: with half. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by altering the “minimum length of a block” parameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Unpicking the Mysterious Symbiosis of Mycoplasma in Salmonids
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.17.209767; this version posted July 18, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Unpicking the mysterious symbiosis of Mycoplasma in salmonids 2 3 Cheaib, Ba,b *, Yang P c, Kazlauskaite Ra, Lindsay Ea, Heys Ca, De Noa Ma, Patrick 4 Schaala Dwyer Ta, Sloan W b, Ijaz UZb, Llewellyn, MSa 5 6 7 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 8 a Institute of Behaviour, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, 9 University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ. 10 b School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ 11 c Laboratory of Aquaculture, nutrition and feed, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, 12 Hongdao Rd, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China 13 14 Importance (144/150 words) 15 16 Mycoplasma is the smallest self-replicating and cell wall deficient life form. Several strains of 17 this bacterial genus can parasitise a wide array of vertebrates, including the human body, 18 causing several diseases. Unfortunately, in aquaculture, the role of mycoplasmas in the 19 gastrointestinal tracts (GI) tract of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) remains unclear. However, 20 recent microbiome studies have demonstrated their dominance in the acidic compartments of 21 salmon GI. The continued increase in production of farmed Atlantic salmon, have accentuated 22 the need to unravel the potential adaptive function of the mycoplasmas, and to classify their 23 symbiose between commensalism and mutualism. From the pyloric caecum of Atlantic 24 salmon, we assembled a complete genome (~0.57 MB) via shotgun-metagenomics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of a Gene Cluster Containing a Plant-Like Protein In
    EVOLUTION OF A PLANT-LIKE GENE ANCIENTLY ACQUIRED AS PART OF A GENOMIC ISLAND IN XANTHOMONAS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MᾹNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES AND BIOENGINEERING May 2012 BY KEVIN SCHNEIDER DISSERTATION COMMITTEE GERNOT PRESTING, CHAIRPERSON ANNE ALVAREZ YANGRAE CHO GUYLAINE POISSON SEAN CALLAHAN Dedicated to my Parents! i Acknowledgments I want to give my biggest thanks to Dr Gernot Presting for providing me with so many opportunities during my career at UH Manoa. The teaching assistantship I received on an unexpected short notice that began my PhD to working and publishing on exciting and interesting topics from corn centromeres to bacterial genomes. I am forever grateful for the time, patience, and energy he has spent mentoring me. This work would not have been possible without Dr Anne Alvarez. She has provided not only her knowledge of plant pathology, but also her collection of bacterial strains that the majority of my research required. Also, I thank Asoka Da Silva whom has provided his expertise and skills to culture and purify the hundreds of strains used in this study. The analysis in this work would not have begun without the initial phylogenomic analysis of Arabidopsis completed by Aren Ewing. His work laid the foundation to stick with studying bacterial genomic evolution in light of all of the wonderful work to study the genomic evolution of the centromeres of Zea mays in our lab. I also thank all of my lab mates Anupma Sharma, Thomas Wolfgruber, Jamie Allison, Jeffrey Lai, Megan Nakashima, Ronghui Xu, Zidian Xie, Grace Kwan, Margaret Ruzicka, Krystle Salazar and Erin Mitsunaga from the past and the present for their advice, help, discussions and their friendship and casual chit-chat.
    [Show full text]
  • The Variable Internal Structure of the Mycoplasma Penetrans
    RESEARCH ARTICLE crossm The Variable Internal Structure of the Downloaded from Mycoplasma penetrans Attachment Organelle Revealed by Biochemical and Microscopic Analyses: Implications for Attachment Organelle Mechanism and http://jb.asm.org/ Evolution Steven L. Distelhorst,a Dominika A. Jurkovic,a* Jian Shi,b* Grant J. Jensen,b,c Mitchell F. Balisha Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USAa; Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USAb; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California on June 2, 2017 by CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USAc ABSTRACT Although mycoplasmas have small genomes, many of them, including Received 1 February 2017 Accepted 27 the HIV-associated opportunist Mycoplasma penetrans, construct a polar attachment March 2017 organelle (AO) that is used for both adherence to host cells and gliding motility. Accepted manuscript posted online 3 April However, the irregular phylogenetic distribution of similar structures within the my- 2017 coplasmas, as well as compositional and ultrastructural differences among these AOs, Citation Distelhorst SL, Jurkovic DA, Shi J, Jensen GJ, Balish MF. 2017. The variable suggests that AOs have arisen several times through convergent evolution. We in- internal structure of the Mycoplasma penetrans vestigated the ultrastructure and protein composition of the cytoskeleton-like mate- attachment organelle revealed by biochemical and microscopic analyses: implications for rial of the M. penetrans AO with several forms of microscopy and biochemical analy- attachment organelle mechanism and sis, to determine whether the M. penetrans AO was constructed at the molecular evolution. J Bacteriol 199:e00069-17. https:// level on principles similar to those of other mycoplasmas, such as Mycoplasma pneu- doi.org/10.1128/JB.00069-17.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Erosion and Evidence for an Intracellular Niche – Exploring the Biology of Mycoplasmas in Atlantic Salmon
    Aquaculture 541 (2021) 736772 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Aquaculture journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aquaculture Genome erosion and evidence for an intracellular niche – exploring the biology of mycoplasmas in Atlantic salmon B. Cheaib a,b,*, P. Yang c, R. Kazlauskaite a, E. Lindsay a, C. Heys a, T. Dwyer a, M. De Noa a, Patrick Schaal a, W. Sloan b, U.Z. Ijaz b, M.S. Llewellyn a a Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom b School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom c Laboratory of Aquaculture, nutrition and feed, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Hongdao Rd, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China ABSTRACT Mycoplasmas are the smallest autonomously self-replicating life form on the planet. Members of this bacterial genus are known to parasitise a wide array of metazoans including vertebrates. Whilst much research has been significant targeted at parasitic mammalian mycoplasmas, very little is known about their role in other vertebrates. In the current study, we aim to explore the biology of mycoplasmas in Atlantic Salmon, a species of major significancefor aquaculture, including cellular niche, genome size structure and gene content. Using fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH), mycoplasmas were targeted in epithelial tissues across the digestive tract (stomach, pyloric caecum and midgut) from different development stages (eggs, parr, subadult) of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and we present evidence for an intracellular niche for some of the microbes visualised. Via shotgun metagenomic sequencing, a nearly complete, albeit small, genome (~0.57 MB) as assembled from a farmed Atlantic salmon subadult.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiome Species Average Counts (Normalized) Veillonella Parvula
    Table S2. Bacteria and virus detected with RN OLP Microbiome Species Average Counts (normalized) Veillonella parvula 3435527.229 Rothia mucilaginosa 1810713.571 Haemophilus parainfluenzae 844236.8342 Fusobacterium nucleatum 825289.7789 Neisseria meningitidis 626843.5897 Achromobacter xylosoxidans 415495.0883 Atopobium parvulum 205918.2297 Campylobacter concisus 159293.9124 Leptotrichia buccalis 123966.9359 Megasphaera elsdenii 87368.48455 Prevotella melaninogenica 82285.23784 Selenomonas sputigena 77508.6755 Haemophilus influenzae 76896.39289 Porphyromonas gingivalis 75766.09645 Rothia dentocariosa 64620.85367 Candidatus Saccharimonas aalborgensis 61728.68147 Aggregatibacter aphrophilus 54899.61834 Prevotella intermedia 37434.48581 Tannerella forsythia 36640.47285 Streptococcus parasanguinis 34865.49274 Selenomonas ruminantium 32825.83925 Streptococcus pneumoniae 23422.9219 Pseudogulbenkiania sp. NH8B 23371.8297 Neisseria lactamica 21815.23198 Streptococcus constellatus 20678.39506 Streptococcus pyogenes 20154.71044 Dichelobacter nodosus 19653.086 Prevotella sp. oral taxon 299 19244.10773 Capnocytophaga ochracea 18866.69759 [Eubacterium] eligens 17926.74096 Streptococcus mitis 17758.73348 Campylobacter curvus 17565.59393 Taylorella equigenitalis 15652.75392 Candidatus Saccharibacteria bacterium RAAC3_TM7_1 15478.8893 Streptococcus oligofermentans 15445.0097 Ruminiclostridium thermocellum 15128.26924 Kocuria rhizophila 14534.55059 [Clostridium] saccharolyticum 13834.76647 Mobiluncus curtisii 12226.83711 Porphyromonas asaccharolytica 11934.89197
    [Show full text]
  • Phase and Antigenic Variation in Mycoplasmas
    ! " # #$$! "!$ %&#'()* # +% %,+ ,-.,"/ ,01-23%, !4 5 ! ,67(7, !8,!*,!(7*9"(7:8!%-(*')"7;(9! 5 #"< "!! For reprint orders, please contact: [email protected] Review Phase and antigenic variation in Microbiology Future mycoplasmas Christine Citti†1,2, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel1,2 & Eric Baranowski1,2 1INRA, UMR 1225, F-31076 Toulouse, France 2Université de Toulouse, ENVT, UMR 1225, F-31076 Toulouse, France †Author for correspondence: Tel.: +33 561 193 856 Fax: +33 561 193 273 [email protected] With their reduced genome bound by a single membrane, bacteria of the Mycoplasma species represent some of the simplest autonomous life forms. Yet, these minute prokaryotes are able to establish persistent infection in a wide range of hosts, even in the presence of a specific immune response. Clues to their success in host adaptation and survival reside, in part, in a number of gene families that are affected by frequent, stochastic genotypic changes. These genetic events alter the expression, the size and the antigenic structure of abundant surface proteins, thereby creating highly versatile and dynamic surfaces within a clonal population. This phenomenon provides these wall-less pathogens with a means to escape the host immune response and to modulate surface accessibility by masking and unmasking stably expressed components that are essential in host interaction and survival. Mycoplasmas as minimal, More classical bacteria have evolved several mech- successful pathogens anisms to cope and adjust to changing and hostile Bacteria of the Class Mollicutes have often been surroundings, one of which is based on classical portrayed as the simplest self-replicative life form gene regulation where changes in phenotypes because of their minute cell size, their total lack of are driven by gene activation/repression with a cell wall, the paucity of their metabolic pathways feedback loops [5,6].
    [Show full text]
  • The Mysterious Orphans of Mycoplasmataceae
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/025700; this version posted August 29, 2015. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. The mysterious orphans of Mycoplasmataceae Tatiana V. Tatarinova1,2*, Inna Lysnyansky3, Yuri V. Nikolsky4,5,6, and Alexander Bolshoy7* 1 Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90027, California, USA 2 Spatial Science Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, California, USA 3 Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, Beit Dagan, 50250, Israel 4 School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, MSN 5B3, Manassas, VA 20110, USA 5 Biomedical Cluster, Skolkovo Foundation, 4 Lugovaya str., Skolkovo Innovation Centre, Mozhajskij region, Moscow, 143026, Russian Federation 6 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation 7 Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel 1,2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] 4-6 [email protected] 7 [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/025700; this version posted August 29, 2015. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]