1The Doctrine of Occupation and the Founding of Australia
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Arctic Expedition12° 16° 20° 24° 28° 32° Spitsbergen U Svalbard Archipelago 80° 80°
distinguished travel for more than 35 years Voyage UNDER THE Midnight Sun Arctic Expedition12° 16° 20° 24° 28° 32° Spitsbergen u Svalbard Archipelago 80° 80° 80° Raudfjorden Nordaustlandet Woodfjorden Smeerenburg Monaco Glacier The Arctic’s 79° 79° 79° Kongsfjorden Svalbard King’s Glacier Archipelago Ny-Ålesund Spitsbergen Longyearbyen Canada 78° 78° 78° i Greenland tic C rcle rc Sea Camp Millar A U.S. North Pole Russia Bellsund Calypsobyen Svalbard Archipelago Norway Copenhagen Burgerbukta 77° 77° 77° Cruise Itinerary Denmark Air Routing Samarin Glacier Hornsund Barents Sea June 20 to 30, 2022 4° 8° Spitsbergen12° u Samarin16° Glacier20° u Calypsobyen24° 76° 28° 32° 36° 76° Voyage across the Arctic Circle on this unique 11-day Monaco Glacier u Smeerenburg u Ny-Ålesund itinerary featuring a seven-night cruise round trip Copenhagen 1 Depart the U.S. or Canada aboard the Five-Star Le Boréal. Visit during the most 2 Arrive in Copenhagen, Denmark enchanting season, when the region is bathed in the magical 3 Copenhagen/Fly to Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen, light of the Midnight Sun. Cruise the shores of secluded Norway’s Svalbard Archipelago/Embark Le Boréal 4 Hornsund for Burgerbukta/Samarin Glacier Spitsbergen—the jewel of Norway’s rarely visited Svalbard 5 Bellsund for Calypsobyen/Camp Millar archipelago enjoy expert-led Zodiac excursions through 6 Cruising the Arctic Ice Pack sandstone mountain ranges, verdant tundra and awe-inspiring 7 MåkeØyane/Woodfjorden/Monaco Glacier ice formations. See glaciers calve in luminous blues and search 8 Raudfjorden for Smeerenburg for Arctic wildlife, including the “King of the Arctic,” the 9 Ny-Ålesund/Kongsfjorden for King’s Glacier polar bear, whales, walruses and Svalbard reindeer. -
The Navigability Concept in the Civil and Common Law: Historical Development, Current Importance, and Some Doctrines That Don't Hold Water
Florida State University Law Review Volume 3 Issue 4 Article 1 Fall 1975 The Navigability Concept in the Civil and Common Law: Historical Development, Current Importance, and Some Doctrines That Don't Hold Water Glenn J. MacGrady Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr Part of the Admiralty Commons, and the Water Law Commons Recommended Citation Glenn J. MacGrady, The Navigability Concept in the Civil and Common Law: Historical Development, Current Importance, and Some Doctrines That Don't Hold Water, 3 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 511 (1975) . https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr/vol3/iss4/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida State University Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 3 FALL 1975 NUMBER 4 THE NAVIGABILITY CONCEPT IN THE CIVIL AND COMMON LAW: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, CURRENT IMPORTANCE, AND SOME DOCTRINES THAT DON'T HOLD WATER GLENN J. MACGRADY TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ---------------------------- . ...... ..... ......... 513 II. ROMAN LAW AND THE CIVIL LAW . ........... 515 A. Pre-Roman Legal Conceptions 515 B. Roman Law . .... .. ... 517 1. Rivers ------------------- 519 a. "Public" v. "Private" Rivers --- 519 b. Ownership of a River and Its Submerged Bed..--- 522 c. N avigable R ivers ..........................................- 528 2. Ownership of the Foreshore 530 C. Civil Law Countries: Spain and France--------- ------------- 534 1. Spanish Law----------- 536 2. French Law ----------------------------------------------------------------542 III. ENGLISH COMMON LAw ANTECEDENTS OF AMERICAN DOCTRINE -- --------------- 545 A. -
Climate in Svalbard 2100
M-1242 | 2018 Climate in Svalbard 2100 – a knowledge base for climate adaptation NCCS report no. 1/2019 Photo: Ketil Isaksen, MET Norway Editors I.Hanssen-Bauer, E.J.Førland, H.Hisdal, S.Mayer, A.B.Sandø, A.Sorteberg CLIMATE IN SVALBARD 2100 CLIMATE IN SVALBARD 2100 Commissioned by Title: Date Climate in Svalbard 2100 January 2019 – a knowledge base for climate adaptation ISSN nr. Rapport nr. 2387-3027 1/2019 Authors Classification Editors: I.Hanssen-Bauer1,12, E.J.Førland1,12, H.Hisdal2,12, Free S.Mayer3,12,13, A.B.Sandø5,13, A.Sorteberg4,13 Clients Authors: M.Adakudlu3,13, J.Andresen2, J.Bakke4,13, S.Beldring2,12, R.Benestad1, W. Bilt4,13, J.Bogen2, C.Borstad6, Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet) K.Breili9, Ø.Breivik1,4, K.Y.Børsheim5,13, H.H.Christiansen6, A.Dobler1, R.Engeset2, R.Frauenfelder7, S.Gerland10, H.M.Gjelten1, J.Gundersen2, K.Isaksen1,12, C.Jaedicke7, H.Kierulf9, J.Kohler10, H.Li2,12, J.Lutz1,12, K.Melvold2,12, Client’s reference 1,12 4,6 2,12 5,8,13 A.Mezghani , F.Nilsen , I.B.Nilsen , J.E.Ø.Nilsen , http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/M1242 O. Pavlova10, O.Ravndal9, B.Risebrobakken3,13, T.Saloranta2, S.Sandven6,8,13, T.V.Schuler6,11, M.J.R.Simpson9, M.Skogen5,13, L.H.Smedsrud4,6,13, M.Sund2, D. Vikhamar-Schuler1,2,12, S.Westermann11, W.K.Wong2,12 Affiliations: See Acknowledgements! Abstract The Norwegian Centre for Climate Services (NCCS) is collaboration between the Norwegian Meteorological In- This report was commissioned by the Norwegian Environment Agency in order to provide basic information for use stitute, the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Norwegian Research Centre and the Bjerknes in climate change adaptation in Svalbard. -
General Index
General Index Italicized page numbers indicate figures and tables. Color plates are in- cussed; full listings of authors’ works as cited in this volume may be dicated as “pl.” Color plates 1– 40 are in part 1 and plates 41–80 are found in the bibliographical index. in part 2. Authors are listed only when their ideas or works are dis- Aa, Pieter van der (1659–1733), 1338 of military cartography, 971 934 –39; Genoa, 864 –65; Low Coun- Aa River, pl.61, 1523 of nautical charts, 1069, 1424 tries, 1257 Aachen, 1241 printing’s impact on, 607–8 of Dutch hamlets, 1264 Abate, Agostino, 857–58, 864 –65 role of sources in, 66 –67 ecclesiastical subdivisions in, 1090, 1091 Abbeys. See also Cartularies; Monasteries of Russian maps, 1873 of forests, 50 maps: property, 50–51; water system, 43 standards of, 7 German maps in context of, 1224, 1225 plans: juridical uses of, pl.61, 1523–24, studies of, 505–8, 1258 n.53 map consciousness in, 636, 661–62 1525; Wildmore Fen (in psalter), 43– 44 of surveys, 505–8, 708, 1435–36 maps in: cadastral (See Cadastral maps); Abbreviations, 1897, 1899 of town models, 489 central Italy, 909–15; characteristics of, Abreu, Lisuarte de, 1019 Acequia Imperial de Aragón, 507 874 –75, 880 –82; coloring of, 1499, Abruzzi River, 547, 570 Acerra, 951 1588; East-Central Europe, 1806, 1808; Absolutism, 831, 833, 835–36 Ackerman, James S., 427 n.2 England, 50 –51, 1595, 1599, 1603, See also Sovereigns and monarchs Aconcio, Jacopo (d. 1566), 1611 1615, 1629, 1720; France, 1497–1500, Abstraction Acosta, José de (1539–1600), 1235 1501; humanism linked to, 909–10; in- in bird’s-eye views, 688 Acquaviva, Andrea Matteo (d. -
Arctic Environments
Characteristics of an arctic environment and the physical geography of Svalbard - ‘geography explained’ fact sheet The Arctic environment is little studied at Key Stage Three yet it is an excellent basis for an all-encompassing study of place or as a case study to illustrate key concepts within a specific theme. Svalbard, an archipelago lying in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe, about midway between Norway and the North Pole, is a place with an awesome landscape and unique geography that includes issues and themes of global, regional and local importance. A study of Svalbard could allow pupils to broaden and deepen their knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the seven geographical concepts that underpin the revised Geography Key Stage Three Programme of Study. Many pupils will have a mental image of an Arctic landscape, some may have heard of Svalbard. A useful starting point for study is to explore these perceptions using visual prompts and big questions – where is the Arctic/Svalbard? What is it like? What is happening there? Why is it like this? How will it change? Svalbard exemplifies the distinctive physical and human characteristics of the Arctic and yet is also unique amongst Arctic environments. Perceptions and characteristics of the Arctic may be represented in many ways, including art and literature and the pupil’s own geographical imagination of the place. Maps and photographs are vital in helping pupils develop spatial understanding of locations, places and processes and the scale at which they occur. Source: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:W_W_Svalbard... 1 Longyearbyen, Svalbard’s capital Source:http://www.photos- The landscape of Western Svalbard voyages.com/spitzberg/images/spitzberg06_large.jpg Source: www.hi.is/~oi/svalbard_photos.htm Where is Svalbard? Orthographic map projection centred on Svalbard and showing location relative to UK and EuropeSource: www.answers.com/topic/orthographic- projection.. -
Youth Guide to Biodiversity
SPECIES ECOSYSTEMS HABITATS SOILS CLOUDS LAKES RIVERS MOUNTAINS HUMANS INSECTS MAMMALS OCEANS BIRDS FISHES WORMS PLANTS FLOWERS BEES ACTIONS HABITS ORGANIZATIONS SPECIES ECOSYSTEMS HABITATS SOILS CLOUDS LAKES RIVERS MOUNTAINS HUMANS INSECTS MAMMALS OCEANS BIRDS FISHES WORMS PLANTS FLOWERS BEES ACTIONS HABITS ORGANIZATIONS SPECIES ECOSYSTEMS HABITATS SOILS CLOUDS LAKES RIVERS MOUNTAINS HUMANS INSECTS YOUTH AND UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL ALLIANCE LEARNING AND ACTION SERIES MAMMALS OCEANS BIRDS FISHES WORMS PLANTS FLOWERS BEES ACTIONS HABITS ORGANIZATIONS SPECIES ECOSYSTEMS HABITATS SOILS CLOUDS LAKES RIVERS YOUTH AND UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL ALLIANCE LEARNING AND ACTION SERIES SUPPORTED BY MOUNTAINS HUMANS INSECTS MAMMALS OCEANS BIRDS FISHES WORMS PLANTS FLOWERS BEES ACTIONS HABITS ORGANIZATIONS SPECIES ECOSYSTEMS HABITATS TAKE ACTION FOR BIODIVERSITY! THE TO SOILS CLOUDS LAKES RIVERS MOUNTAINS HUMANS INSECTS MAMMALS OCEANS BIRDS FISHES WORMS PLANTS FLOWERS BEES ACTIONS HABITS ORGANIZATIONS SPECIES ECOSYSTEMS HABITATS SOILS CLOUDS LAKES RIVERS MOUNTAINS HUMANS INSECTS MAMMALS OCEANS BIRDS FISHES WORMS PLANTS FLOWERS BEES YOUTHGUIDE BIODIVERSITY ACTIONS HABITSWE ORGANIZATIONS ARE SPECIES ECOSYSTEMS MANY HABITATS SOILS CLOUDS LAKES RIVERS MOUNTAINS HUMANS INSECTS MAMMALS OCEANS BIRDS FISHES WORMS PLANTS FLOWERS BEES ACTIONS HABITS ORGANIZATIONS SPECIES ECOSYSTEMS HABITATS SOILS CLOUDS LAKES RIVERS MOUNTAINS HUMANS INSECTS MAMMALS OCEANS BIRDS FISHES WORMS PLANTS FLOWERS BEES ACTIONS HABITS ORGANIZATIONSwww. SPECIES ECOSYSTEMS HABITATS SOILS CLOUDS -
Exposing the Structure of an Arctic Food Web Helena K
Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web Helena K. Wirta1,†, Eero J. Vesterinen2,†, Peter A. Hamback€ 3, Elisabeth Weingartner3, Claus Rasmussen4, Jeroen Reneerkens5,6, Niels M. Schmidt6, Olivier Gilg7,8 & Tomas Roslin1 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland 2Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 Turku, Finland 3Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 4Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK–8000 Aarhus, Denmark 5Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands 6Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark 7Laboratoire Biogeosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Universite de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France 8Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Arctique, 16 rue de Vernot, 21440 Francheville, France Keywords Abstract Calidris, DNA barcoding, generalism, Greenland, Hymenoptera, molecular diet How food webs are structured has major implications for their stability and analysis, Pardosa, Plectrophenax, specialism, dynamics. While poorly studied to date, arctic food webs are commonly Xysticus. assumed to be simple in structure, with few links per species. If this is the case, then different parts of the web may be weakly connected to each other, with Correspondence populations and species united by only a low number of links. We provide the Helena K. Wirta, Department of Agricultural first highly resolved description of trophic link structure for a large part of a Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. high-arctic food web. -
A Short History of Thuringowa
its 0#4, Wdkri Xdor# of fhurrngoraa Published by Thuringowa City Council P.O. Box 86, Thuringowa Central Queensland, 4817 Published October, 2000 Copyright The City of Thuringowa This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. All rights reserved. ISBN: 0 9577 305 3 5 kk THE CITY of Centenary of Federation i HURINGOWA Queensland This publication is a project initiated and funded by the City of Thuringowa This project is financially assisted by the Queensland Government, through the Queensland Community Assistance Program of the Centenary of Federation Queensland Cover photograph: Ted Gleeson crossing the Bohle. Gleeson Collection, Thuringowa Conienis Forward 5 Setting the Scene 7 Making the Land 8 The First People 10 People from the Sea 12 James Morrill 15 Farmers 17 Taking the Land 20 A Port for Thuringowa 21 Travellers 23 Miners 25 The Great Northern Railway 28 Growth of a Community 30 Closer Settlement 32 Towns 34 Sugar 36 New Industries 39 Empires 43 We can be our country 45 Federation 46 War in Europe 48 Depression 51 War in the North 55 The Americans Arrive 57 Prosperous Times 63 A great city 65 Bibliography 69 Index 74 Photograph Index 78 gOrtvard To celebrate our nations Centenary, and the various Thuringowan communities' contribution to our sense of nation, this book was commissioned. Two previous council publications, Thuringowa Past and Present and It Was a Different Town have been modest, yet tantalising introductions to facets of our past. -
Written Exam SH-201 the History of Svalbard the University Centre in Svalbard, Monday 6 February 2012
Written exam SH-201 The History of Svalbard The University Centre in Svalbard, Monday 6 February 2012 The exam is a 3 hour written test. It consists of two parts: Part I is a multiple choice test of factual knowledge. Note: This sheet with answers to part I shall be handed in. Part II (see below) is an essay part where you write extensively about one of two alternative subjects. No aids except dictionary are permitted. You may answer in English, Norwegian, Swedish or Danish. 1 2 Part I counts approximately /3 and part II counts /3 of the grade at the evaluation, but adjustment may take place. Both parts must be passed in order to pass the whole exam. Part I: Multiple choice test. Make only one cross for each question. In what year was Bjørnøya discovered by Willem 1. 1569 1596 1603 Barentsz? 2. When did land-based whaling end on Svalbard? ca. 1630 ca. 1680 ca. 1720 Which geographical region did most Russian 3. Pechora Murmansk White Sea hunters and trappers come from? When did Norwegian hunters and trappers start 4. ca. 1700 the 1750s the 1820s going to Svalbard regularly? From when dates the first map to show the whole 5. 1598 1714 1872 Svalbard archipelago? A famous scientific expedition visited Svalbard in 6. Chichagov Fram 1838–39. Which name is it known under? Recherche Svalbard was for a long time a no man’s land. In 7. Norway Sweden Russia 1871, who took an initiative to annex the islands? 8. When did Norway formally take over sovereignty? 1916 1920 1925 When was the Sysselmann (Governor of Svalbard) 9. -
Suppose It to Be So
188 L A W GLOSSARY. by a fine of twenty-five asses, or pounds of brass. But if the injury was more atrocious, as, for instance, if any one deprived another of the use of a limb, (si membrum rapsit, i. e. ruperit,) he was punished by retaliation, \talione,) if the person injured would not accept of any other satisfaction. If he only dislocated or broke a bone, he paid three hundred asses, if the suffer er was a freeman ; and one hundred and fifty, if a slave. Gell. xx. If any one slandered another by defamatory verses, (si quis aliquem publice diffamas- set, eique adversus bonos mores convicium fecissit,�i. e. "if any one defamed another, or cast reproach on him contrary to good manners or morality ;" " affronted him (vel carmen famosum in eum condidisset)�i. e. made an in famous libel upon him," he was beaten with a club, vid. Hor. Sat. ii. which alludes to the law for this species of libel. But these laws gradually fell into disuse, Gell. xx. ; and by the edicts of the Prcetor, an action was granted on account of ail personal injuries and af fronts only, for a fine, which was proportioned according to the dignity of the person, and the nature of the injury. This, however, being found in sufficient to check licentiousness and insolence, Sulla made a new law con cerning injuries, by which, not only a civil action, but also a criminal prose cution, was appointed for certain offences, with the punishment of exile, or working in the mines. -
Volume 2. Animals
AC20 Doc. 8.5 Annex (English only/Seulement en anglais/Únicamente en inglés) REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES Volume 2. Animals Prepared for the CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre JANUARY 2004 AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 3 Prepared and produced by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE (UNEP-WCMC) www.unep-wcmc.org The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. UNEP-WCMC aims to help decision-makers recognise the value of biodiversity to people everywhere, and to apply this knowledge to all that they do. The Centre’s challenge is to transform complex data into policy-relevant information, to build tools and systems for analysis and integration, and to support the needs of nations and the international community as they engage in joint programmes of action. UNEP-WCMC provides objective, scientifically rigorous products and services that include ecosystem assessments, support for implementation of environmental agreements, regional and global biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and development of future scenarios for the living world. Prepared for: The CITES Secretariat, Geneva A contribution to UNEP - The United Nations Environment Programme Printed by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK © Copyright: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre/CITES Secretariat The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organisations. -
3 Translation from Norwegian Regulation on the Import
Translation from Norwegian Regulation on the import, export, re-export and transfer or possession of threatened species of wild flora and fauna (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, CITES) Commended by Royal Decree of xx xx 2016 on the authority of the Act of 19 June 2009 no. 100 relating to the Management of Nature Diversity, section 26; the Act of 15 June 2001 no. 79 relating to Environmental Protection on Svalbard, section 26, second paragraph: and the Act of 27 February 1930 no. 2 relating to Jan Mayen, section 2, third paragraph. Commended by Ministry of Climate and Environment. Chapter 1 - Purpose and scope 1. Purpose The purpose of this Regulation is to conserve natural wild species which are, or may become, threatened with extinction as the result of trade. 2. Objective scope This Regulation concerns the import, export and re-export of specimens, alive or dead, of animal and plant species cited in Annex 1. Re-export shall mean export of any specimen that has previously been introduced into the Regulation area. This Regulation also concerns domestic transfer and possession of specimens, alive or dead, of animal and plant species cited in Annex 1. The first and second subparagraphs also concern parts of products that are prepared from or declared as prepared from such species. Hunting trophies are also considered to be dead specimens/ products. Hunting trophy means the whole or recognisable parts of animals, either raw, processed or produced. The first, second and third subparagraphs also concern hybrids. Hybrid means the re-crossing of specimens of species regulated under CITES as far back as the fourth generation, with specimens of species not regulated under CITES.