DOCSLIB.ORG

Area Substation Reliability Evaluation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Area Substation Reliability Evaluation BNL-72166-2004 Formal Report Electrical Substation Reliability Evaluation with Emphasis on Evolving Interdependence On Communication Infrastructure (Non-Proprietary Version) M. A. Azarm and R. A. Bari Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY 11973-5000 and Z. Musicki Consultant to Brookhaven National Laboratory January 15, 2004 Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973-5000 Electrical Substation Reliability Evaluation with Emphasis on Evolving Interdependence On Communication Infrastructure (Non-Proprietary Version) M. A. Azarm and R. A. Bari Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY 11973-5000 and Z. Musicki Consultant to Brookhaven National Laboratory January 15, 2004 Energy Sciences and Technology Department Brookhaven National Laboratory P.O. Box 5000 Upton, NY 11973-5000 www.bnl.gov Managed by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC for the United States Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 *This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors or their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions of author’s expresses herein do not necessarily state to reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. *This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for a probabilistic assessment of the reliability and security of electrical energy distribution networks. This includes consideration of the future grid system, which will rely heavily on the existing digitally based communication infrastructure for monitoring and protection. Another important objective of this study is to provide information and insights from this research to Consolidated Edison Company (Con Edison) that could be useful in the design of the new network segment to be installed in the area of the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan. Our method is microscopic in nature and relies heavily on the specific design of the portion of the grid being analyzed. It extensively models the types of faults that a grid could potentially experience, the response of the grid, and the specific design of the protection schemes. We demonstrate that the existing technology can be extended and applied to the electrical grid and to the supporting communication network. A small subsection of a hypothetical grid based on the existing New York City electrical grid system of Con Edison is used to demonstrate the methods. Sensitivity studies show that in the current design the frequency for the loss of the main station is sensitive to the communication network reliability. The reliability of the communication network could become a more important contributor to the electrical grid reliability as the utilization of the communication network significantly increases in the near future to support “smart” transmission and/or distributed generation. The identification of potential failure modes and their likelihood can support decisions on potential modifications to the network including hardware, monitoring instrumentation, and protection systems. v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract........................................................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................ ix 1. Introduction and Objectives............................................................................................................. 1 2. Con Edison Electrical Network ....................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Reliance on Communication Technology........................................................................... 5 2.2 Con Edison Reliability Guide ............................................................................................. 5 3. Example Electrical Network .......................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Area Connections................................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Primary and Backup Fault Protection Scheme ................................................................... 8 3.3 Audio Tone Transfer Trip (ATTT)..................................................................................... 9 4. Approach and Methods for Reliability Prediction ......................................................................... 11 5. Demonstration of Approach........................................................................................................... 13 5.1 Electrical Network Reliability (An Overview) ................................................................. 13 5.2 Simplified Event Tree....................................................................................................... 14 5.3 System Modeling and Quantification ............................................................................... 16 5.4 Major Assumptions and Uncertainties.............................................................................. 18 5.5 Communication Network Reliability................................................................................ 19 5.5.1 Communication Network Reliability - An Overview.......................................... 19 5.5.2 Communication Network Reliability - Minimal Reliability Guidelines.............. 20 6. Results and Concluding Remarks .................................................................................................. 24 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Acceptable Methods for Isolating the Transmission Feeders ........................................................ 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Top Level Diagram of the Example Connections ......................................................................... 7 Figure 2: A Simplified Diagram of ATTT Transmission through Verizon’s Network .............................. 10 Figure 3: Simplified Event Tree for Transformer Fault.............................................................................. 15 Figure 4: The Example Fault Tree for the Sync Bus Protection Breakers.................................................. 17 Figure 5: Sensitivity Analysis of Loss of Main-Station as a Function of the Unavailability of Communication Network................................................................................. 26 viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for a probabilistic assessment of the reliability and security of electrical energy distribution networks including the future grid system, which will rely much more heavily on the still developing digitally based communication infrastructure for monitoring and protection. The identification of potential failure modes and their likelihood will support decisions on potential modifications to the network including hardware, monitoring instrumentation, and protection systems. In particular, the U. S. Department of Energy noted that an important objective of this study is to provide information and insights from this research to Con Edison that could be useful in the design of the new network segment to be installed in the area of the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan. The traditional approach to electrical grid reliability is based on deterministic analyses for congestion and transient response under normal conditions or a condition that satisfies “a single failure criterion.” Such methods have been shown to be effective and have resulted in sound designs, which are robust to major single failures. Con Edison’s network and supporting transmission and substation design is unique and exceeds this “single failure” criterion in many respects. Nevertheless, past events have shown that multiple cascading failures under unfavorable conditions have been the major contributor to losses of electrical distribution systems, in general, and even in the case of Con Edison’s unique design. Another factor in the evolution of the electrical grid systems is their recently increasing reliance on the newer digital communication infrastructures for protection and monitoring which are not easily amenable to traditional deterministic analysis. This reliance is expected to greatly increase to provide anticipated communication architectures that would be required to deal with coordination and control of remote “smart” transmission (self-healing grid) and/or a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Electrical Repairman
    VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS & ENERGY DIVISION OF MINES ELECTRICAL REPAIRMAN MAINTENANCE FOREMAN & CHIEF ELECTRICIAN CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE 2011 Copyright 1997 Commonwealth of Virginia Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy Division of Mines P.O. Drawer 900 Big Stone Gap, VA 24219 (276) 523-8100 Repairman, Maintenance Foreman, and Chief Electrician Certification Study Guide INTRODUCTION The purpose of the Electrical Repairman, Maintenance Foreman and Chief Electrician Certification Study Guide is to assist a qualified applicant in obtaining the Underground Electrical Repairman, Maintenance Foreman and/or Chief Electrician certification(s). The Board of Coal Mining Examiners (BCME) may require certification of persons who work in coal mines and persons whose duties and responsibilities in relation to coal mining require competency, skill or knowledge in order to perform consistently with the health and safety of persons and property. The purpose of the electrical repairman’s section is to assist an applicant who possesses one-year electrical experience in underground coal mining in obtaining an Underground Electrical Repairman certification in accordance with the regulations for the BCME’s certification requirements. Applicants may be given six months credit for electrical educational training from a college, technical school, or vocational school. In addition, each applicant shall pass examinations in first aid and gas detection. The purpose of the maintenance foreman’s section is to assist the electrical repairman who possesses three years of electrical experience in underground coal mining in obtaining a Maintenance Foreman certification. Knowledge of the material in the repairman’s and maintenance foreman’s sections is needed to prepare for the examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Grounding Continuity Test the “Understanding the Product Safety Tests” Series
    Weekly Whitepaper Week #533 -23-18 Understanding the Grounding Continuity Test The “Understanding the Product Safety Tests” Series The Grounding Continuity Test (aka Earthing Continuity Test) is one of the most common product safety tests. It is performed on products that have a ground (earth) connection by Certification labs as part of the product Certification and by electrical product manufacturers on 100% of production. Let’s review the elements of this test. Key Definitions: a) Grounding vs. Earthing: Grounding & Earthing are interchangeable terms with identical meaning. In the US & Canada, the term “grounding” is used, while most other countries use the term “earthing”. Accordingly, UL & CSA standards use the term “grounding” while IEC & EN standards use the term “earthing”. This whitepaper uses the term “grounding” which can be replaced throughout with the term “earthing”. b) Protective Current Rating: Some standards specify using a test current level that is based on the “protective current rating”. The protective current rating is the current rating for the device that provides “branch-circuit overcurrent protection”. It is the rating of a circuit breaker or cartridge fuse = this device can be part of the product, but it is usually part of the building electrical system (i.e. the circuit breaker in the breaker panel). • Branch circuit rated circuit breakers and fuses can handle high short-circuit current and are therefore much larger than “supplementary” protectors = the types of circuit breakers and fuses included in many products do not provide branch circuit protection and therefore are not considered when identifying the protective current rating. c) Protective Earth Terminal (P.E.): The P.E.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 CONTROL and PROTECTION of HYDRO ELECTRIC STATION 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Control System the Main Control And
    CHAPTER –7 CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF HYDRO ELECTRIC STATION 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Control System The main control and automation system in a hydroelectric power plant are associated with start and stop sequence for the unit and optimum running control of power (real and reactive), voltage and frequency. Data acquisition and retrieval is used to cover such operations as relaying plant operating status, instantaneous system efficiency, or monthly plant factor, to the operators and managers. Type of control equipment and levels of control to be applied to a hydro plant are affected by such factors as number, size and type of turbine and generator. The control equipment for a hydro power plant include control circuits/logic, control devices, indication, instrumentation, protection and annunciation at the main control board and at the unit control board for generation, conversion and transmission operation including grid interconnected operation of hydro stations including small hydro stations. These features are necessary to provide operators with the facilities required for the control and supervision of the station’s major and auxiliary equipment. In the design of these features consideration must be given to the size and importance of the station with respect to other stations in the power system, location of the main control room with respect to the equipments to be controlled and all other station features which influence the control system. The control system of a power station plays an important role in the station’s rendering reliable service; this function should be kept in mind in the design of all control features.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Motor-Driven Mine Equipment and Accessories and High-Voltage Longwall Equipment Standards for Underground Coal Mines; Final Rule
    Monday, March 11, 2002 Part II Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health Administration 30 CFR Parts 18 and 75 Electric Motor-Driven Mine Equipment and Accessories and High-Voltage Longwall Equipment Standards for Underground Coal Mines; Final Rule VerDate 11<MAY>2000 12:47 Mar 08, 2002 Jkt 197001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\11MRR2.SGM pfrm01 PsN: 11MRR2 10972 Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 47 / Monday, March 11, 2002 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF LABOR underground coal mines and allowed the industry’s need for higher voltages the use of high-voltage longwall and the marked improvement in the Mine Safety and Health Administration equipment. However, it did not design and manufacturing technology of specifically focus on the safety issues high-voltage components, MSHA 30 CFR Parts 18 and 75 related to the use of high-voltage developed rules that establish RIN 1219–AA75 longwall equipment. The Agency requirements for safe high-voltage published a new proposed rule (57 FR electric equipment use. This rule Electric Motor-Driven Mine Equipment 39036) on August 27, 1992, related provides improved design requirements and Accessories and High-Voltage specifically to the safe use of high- for longwall equipment, consistent with Longwall Equipment Standards for voltage longwall equipment in existing requirements in 30 CFR part 18, Underground Coal Mines underground coal mines. These rules and contains provisions that also specifically addressed approval accommodate new design technology, AGENCY: Mine Safety and Health requirements for high-voltage electrical are practical, and lessen burdens on the Administration (MSHA), Labor.
    [Show full text]
  • Transfer Switches
    POWER SYSTEMS TOPICS 112 Understanding the Withstand and Close-On Ratings for TRANSFER SWITCHES AUTHOR INTRODUCTION MIKE LITTLE Principal Engineer Numerous short circuit current ratings and references exist for transfer Kohler Co. switches that are often confusing and seemingly contradictory. This paper Power Systems Division provides some explanation and clarification to help engineers specify the proper equipment to meet local and national regulations. For an electrical system to operate safely, the design should consider a variety of scenarios where things do not go as planned. One of those scenarios is when a short circuit occurs in the system and causes extremely high currents. An electrical system needs to be designed to safely react to these extreme conditions and, ideally, to continue to function afterwards. This article looks at automatic transfer switches (ATS) which are integral pieces of the power distribution system that help ensure power for home, office, factory or process, when served by an emergency or standby generator in addition to the local utility. This paper also aims to help engineers understand what the withstand and close-on ratings (WCR) means and provide background information to allow the proper sizing and selection of the transfer switch. Two key abilities of the transfer switch are tested under the WCR: the quantified ability to withstand fault currents for a specified period of time while maintaining functionality; and the ability to close into a fault current and continue to operate. Both abilities are critical to allow the electrical system to sustain a fault current with minimal impact. SELECTING AN ATS I. UNDERSTAND DAMAGES CAUSED BY HIGH II.
    [Show full text]
  • “Electrical Safety in the Workplace”
    “Electrical Safety in the Workplace” This material was produced under Grant #SH-16609-07-60-F-26 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. September 2008 “Electrical Safety in the Workplace” Course Goal – The aim of this program is to provide comprehensive on-site training to high-risk workers (i.e. skilled trades and maintenance workers) and management on the requirements of Sub Part S, and the prevention of serious injuries from electrical hazards at their worksites. Participants will develop understanding of the requirements of OSHA Sub Part “S” and NFPA, 70E and will be able to identify and reduce or eliminate electrical safety hazards in their workplace. Electrical Safe Work Practices including electrical safety principles, guidelines for qualification of personnel, job planning requirements and Management and Personal Responsibility will be covered. Section Content Objective 1 Introduction to Participants will be able to: Electrical Safety • Explain the issues (statistics) associated with poor electrical safety in the workplace. • Recall key electrical terms which are essential to understanding and meeting the requirements of key electrical safety standards; i.e. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.331-.335, NFPA 70E, NEC (NFPA 70) • Define and differentiate between qualified and unqualified persons under OSHA Sub Part S. and the training requirements for each. • Describe the intent of an Electrical Safety Program and list the essential elements of an effective program.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal Paper Format
    International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology Vol.7, No.3 (2014), pp.105-120 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijhit.2014.7.3.12 A Paper of Determination of Controlling Characteristics of the Monopolar HVDC System Rajib Baran Roy1 and Md. Ruhul Amin2 Assistant Professor1, Lecturer2 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Information Technology and Sciences (UITS) Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Due to cost effectiveness and less electrical fault hazards, the HVDC transmission is more suitable for long distance power transmission than that for the conventional AC transmission system. Moreover the utilization of power electronics has made HVDC technology competitive and reliable in comparison to HVAC system. The controlling mechanism of the DC link (either monopolar or bipolar) is the major concern for HVDC technology. Determination of control loop for system operationOnly. needs to ILLEGAL. commensurate with the conduction period of the semiconductor switching device. Generally IGBT and MOSFET are widely used as switching device whose delay angle, advance angleis and extinction angle need to be matched with the controlling mechanism of the converter and inverter section. In this paper, the controlling characteristics of a monopolar HVDC system are determined by using MATLAB/Simulink. The Simpower tool box is used forfile designing the controlling blocks of the HVDC system. The controlling characteristics of the monopolar HVDC system can be determined from the simulation Versionresults of the gate currents of IGBT, output voltages of converter and inverter and modulation index. this Keywords: HVDC, monopolar, IGBT, delay angle, advance angle and extinction angle.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters December 2009 Protect You from Electrical Shock Hazards Purpose of the GFCI
    Office of Compliance fast facts advancing safety, health, and workplace rights in the legislative branch Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters December 2009 Protect You From Electrical Shock Hazards Purpose of the GFCI A ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is used to protect people from electrical shock hazards caused by malfunctioning electrical appliances. If a person is using a defective electrical appliance and also touching a wet surface or very conductive surface, the person could become part of the grounding pathway for the fault current. This condition can send a dangerous electrical current through the body, causing serious electrical shock or death. An electrical current as small as 10 milliamperes (mA) across the chest of a person is reported to cause the heart to beat irregularly, possibly resulting in death. According to the National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA) National Electrical Code (NEC), a GFCI is “a device intended for the protection of personnel that functions to de-energize a circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when a current to ground exceeds the values established for a Class A device.” It is installed in electrical outlets or in extension cord circuits which will quickly stop current flow in the Figure 1 Outlet with GFCI circuit when the fault current exceeds a range of about 4 mA to 6 mA, as seen in Figure 1. In protection recent years, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Electrical Code have expanded the applications requiring GFCIs. Where are GFCIs Required to be Used? OSHA and the NEC now require all bathroom and rooftop outlets to have GFCI protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal Restoration of Power
    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SAFETY | INFORMATION SHEET NO.4 Removal & restoration of power December 2013 Information Sheets are developed by the inspectors of electrical engineering in response to issues identified during site electrical engineering audits at extractive mines and questions raised by the mine operators. They are provided as guidance material for mine operators in the development of electrical safety standards. Purpose This information sheet is intended to assist operators at small extractive mine operations to develop procedures for the safe removal and restoration of electric power. Incorrect or unauthorised operation of electrical switching apparatus, including the resetting of electrical protection devices following a protection trip, can expose persons to unacceptable levels of risk. The outcomes sought to be achieved by this information sheet are to protect people and property from the risks associated with the removal and restoration of power at extractive operations including: · uncontrolled removal and restoration of power. · electrocution. · electric shock. · electrical burn injuries. · arc blast injuries. · injuries sustained through operation of the switching apparatus. · unintended operation of plant. · fire Scope This information sheet extends to small extractive operations in NSW. The information is intended to assist mines to develop procedures for the removal and restoration of power at all locations at the operations including: · surface areas · site buildings and structures · process plants Removal and restoration of power procedures should apply to all sources of electric power. Arrangements for the removal and restoration of power at extractive operations must form part of the site’s Mine Safety Management Plan. This information sheet does not cover practices for isolation to allow work to be carried out on electrical power circuits.
    [Show full text]
  • Using D.C. Power Fault Protectors
    STO-P Technical Paper Using d.c. Power Fault Protectors Safe DC Power for Mobile, Marine and Industrial Applications STO-P DC Power Fault Protection June 2000 Using dc Power Fault Protectors Using the latest high tech electronic equipment in a mobile or marine environment is full of electrical hazards. This paper describes how nine classes of electrical system faults threaten equipment and how "dc Power Fault Protectors" are used to prevent damage and maintain the highest operating reliability. If you design, install, or use electronic equipment in the 12, 24, or 28 Volt mobile environment, you will need to understand the hazards and consider the impact on equipment performance. Arretec UK has been a pioneer in the design and development of dc Power Fault Protection devices for over ten years. Their line of STO-P protectors are used worldwide in military, industrial, mobile and marine applications. www.sto-p.com/pfp/ Page 2 STO-P DC Power Fault Protection Contents Section 1: Overview ............................................................................ 5 Introduction Symptoms Preventable Faults Unreliable Operation Damage to Electronics Standard Solutions Lead to Further Problems STO-P’s Time Domain Approach UPS - Reserve Power The Bottom Line Section 2: Common Electrical System Faults .................................... 9 Spikes Transients Overvoltage Undervoltage Surge Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI) Induced Electro-Motive Force (IEMF) Reverse Polarity Ripple Section 3: Applications ....................................................................... 20 Land Transport Isolation Constant Dangers Undervoltage Other Problems Marine Sources of Electrical Faults Lightning Radio/RF Interference Battery Charger Problems What STO-P Does Industrial Engine Control Systems Remote Sensing & Solar Powered Installations Customized Power Fault Protectors www.sto-p.com/pfp/ Page 3 STO-P DC Power Fault Protection Contents Section 4: Power Fault Protectors .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Arc Fault Detection Device Eaton.Com
    Eaton – AFDD+ - Arc Fault Detection Device Eaton.com Electrically Ignited Fires in Low-voltage Electrical Installations Guidance to the world of standards IEC 60364 Low-voltage electrical installations IEC 60364-4-42 Protection for safety - Protection against thermal effects Hidden fi re hazards ... Help! Fire! Electrically ignited fi re Fire next to the tallest building in the world On New Year’s Eve 2016, a fi re broke out in a hotel (Address Downtown Dubai) and residential building in the vicinity of the famous Burj Khalifa, currently the world’s tallest building. According to police offi cials, the direct cause of the fi re in the 63-storey building was an electric short-circuit, which occurred in between the 14th and 15th fl oor at approximately 9:30 pm local time. Flames shot up towards the sky from one side of the building and pieces of blazing debris later rained down, yet fortunately only minor injuries were reported during the evacuation process, even though people had gathered in the area for the New Year’s fi reworks display at the Burj Khalifa only a few hundred metres away. The evacuation proceeded quickly and smoothly, so the authorities decided to go through with the fi reworks display, as planned. (Source: Reuters, 20 January 2016) Did you know: 95 per cent of fi re victims die as a result of smoke inhalation? ! (Source: GDV) Major fi re in apartment building Centuries-old apartment building destroyed by electrical fi re A massive fi re tore through a nearly 200-year-old residential building in Bourne, Massachusetts (USA) on 29 May 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter-1: Control and Protection General Considerations, Technology Development
    SECTION – I CONTROL AND PROTECTIONS CHAPTER –1 CONTROL AND PROTECTION GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (Reviewed by Dr. R. Thapar) 1.1 Control System The main control and automation system in a hydroelectric power plant are associated with start and stop sequence for the unit and optimum running control of power (real and reactive), voltage and frequency. Data acquisition and retrieval is used to cover such operations as relaying plant operating status, instantaneous system efficiency, or monthly plant factor, to the operators and managers. Type of control equipment and levels of control to be applied to a hydro plant are affected by such factors as number, size and type of turbine and generator. The control and monitoring equipment for a hydro power plant include control circuits/logic, control devices, indication, instrumentation, protection and annunciation at the main control board and at the unit control board for generation, conversion and transmission operation, grid interconnected operation of hydro stations including small hydro stations. These features are necessary to provide operators with the facilities required for the control and supervision of the station’s major and auxiliary equipment. In the design of these features consideration must be given to the size and importance of the station with respect to other stations in the power system, location of the main control room with respect to the equipments to be controlled and all other station features which influence the control system. The control system of a power station plays an important role in the station’s rendering reliable service; this function should be kept in mind in the design of all control features.
    [Show full text]