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Thesis Janwillem Agterkamp Allocating contested water A case study on the (nonĉ) compliance with Environmental Water Allocations in the Sand subĉcatchment, South Africa M.Sc. Thesis by Jan Willem Agterkamp August 2009 Irrigation and Water Engineering Group Picture on cover page: Abstraction weir at Mutlumuvhi River for New Forest irrigation scheme Allocating contested Water A case study on the (nonĉ)compliance with Environmental Water Allocations in the Sand subĉcatchment, South Africa Master thesis Irrigation and Water Engineering submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science in International Land and Water Management at Wageningen University, the Netherlands Jan Willem Agterkamp August 2009 Supervisors: Dr. Alex Bolding Dr. Sharon Pollard Dr. Flip Wester Irrigation and Water Engineering Group Association for Water And Centre for Water and Climate Rural Development Wageningen University Acornhoek The Netherlands South Africa www.iwe.wur.nl/uk www.award.org.za Contact details: Jan Willem Agterkamp 0031653641116 [email protected] Table of Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables vii List of Boxes vii List of Pictures vii Summary ix List of abbreviations x Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The research 1 1.2 Background of the research 1 1.3 Problem definition 7 1.4 Research objectives 9 1.5 Research question 9 1.6 Relevance of the research 10 1.7 Overview of the thesis 10 2 Conceptual framework and methodology 11 2.1 Water management is a sociotechnical phenomenon 11 2.2 Water management practices 12 2.3 Water is politics 16 2.4 Stakeholder participation 18 2.5 River catchment 20 2.6 Concluding remarks on conceptual framework 21 2.7 Research methodology 21 3 The research area – Sand catchment 24 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 Catchment boundaries 24 3.3 Soils and topography 24 3.4 Climate 25 3.5 Population 25 3.6 Land use 26 3.7 Water resources 29 3.8 Water stakeholders 30 4 Water control and the Reserve – desired situation 34 4.1 Introduction 34 4.2 Previous water legislation: water for a few 34 4.3 New policy framework: Some, for all, for ever 36 4.4 Conclusion 47 5 Environmental water allocation – Sand catchment 48 5.1 Introduction 48 5.2 Instream Flow Requirements 49 5.3 The Reserve 51 5.4 Conclusion 53 v 6 Water distribution – actual situation 54 6.1 Introduction 54 6.2 Environment 55 6.3 Irrigation sector 55 6.3.1 Introduction 55 6.3.2 History of the irrigation sector 56 6.3.3 Overview of the schemes 57 6.3.4 Layout of the schemes 58 6.3.5 Water use activities 63 6.3.6 Control structure activities 65 6.3.7 Organizational activities 70 6.3.8 Rehabilitation 71 6.3.9 Remarks on the irrigation sector 74 6.4 Domestic sector 76 6.5 Commercial forestry 81 6.6 Planning 85 6.7 Conclusion 88 7 Water balance – water deficit 89 7.1 Introduction 89 7.2 Water availability 89 7.3 Water requirement 91 7.4 Water abstraction 94 7.5 Water deficit 96 7.6 Compliance 97 7.7 Conclusion 99 8 Strategies to resolve water deficit 100 8.1 Introduction 100 8.2 Bosbokrand Transfer Pipeline 100 8.3 Operating Rules 103 8.4 Water licensing 112 8.5 Conclusion 116 9 Conclusions and recommendations 118 9.1 Conclusions 118 9.2 Recommendations 122 References 124 Appendices 134 Appendix A: Water management areas in South Africa 135 Appendix B: Description of irrigation abstraction points 136 Appendix C: Description of domestic abstraction points 137 Appendix D: Description of storage dams 140 Appendix E: Schematic layout of Dingleydale and New Forest irrigation scheme 142 Appendix F: Summary of the Teba irrigation refurbishment proposal 143 Appendix G: System diagram for the Sand catchment 146 Appendix H: Summary of Champagne Citrus Estate Project Report 148 Appendix I: Background on Operating Rules 149 Appendix J: Water Management Scenario’s 151 Appendix K: Average monthly flows at Exeter (X3H008A01) 153 vi List of Figures Figure 1.1: Schematic diagram showing the overall water use allocation responsibilities .................. 5 Figure 1.2: Inkomati Water Management Area with Sand Catchment highlighted ............................. 6 Figure 2.1: Uphoff's matrix of irrigation activities, focus activites highlited..................................... 12 Figure 2.2: Water control in relation to water allocation and water distribution................................ 14 Figure 3.1: The Sand River catchment, indicating the catchment boundary, major rivers, existing dams and game reserve boundaries....................................................................................... 24 Figure 4.1: CMAs and WUAs in the national context of water resource management ..................... 43 Figure 5.1: IFR and EWR sites in the Sabie-Sand catchment ............................................................ 49 Figure 5.2: Maintenance and drought IFR for IFR 7.......................................................................... 50 Figure 6.1: Map of the Sand catchment showing the different zones ................................................ 54 Figure 6.2: Compiled maintenance procedure.................................................................................... 69 Figure 6.3: Graph relating value of cooperation to resource availability........................................... 86 Figure 7.1: Total annual runoff .......................................................................................................... 90 Figure 7.2: Catchment flow (m3/s) at different levels of exceedance................................................ 91 Figure 7.3: Canal capacities at irrigation abstraction sites ................................................................. 95 Figure 7.4: EWR 8 Flow duration curve ............................................................................................ 98 Figure 8.1: The Sand River catchment showing the location of the four dams and the abstraction sites...................................................................................................................................... 104 Figure 8.2: Monitoring of water use license..................................................................................... 115 List of Tables Table 2.1: Interviewed stakeholders................................................................................................... 22 Table 3.1: Main challenges for the irrigators ..................................................................................... 28 Table 5.1: Environmental Management Class for the Sand system................................................... 51 Table 5.2: Draft Reserve for the Sand................................................................................................ 52 Table 6.1: Main characteristics of the irrigation schemes .................................................................. 57 Table 6.2: Location of irrigation abstraction points ........................................................................... 58 Table 6.3: Main characteristics of storage dams ................................................................................ 61 Table 6.4: Main characteristics of domestic abstraction points.......................................................... 80 Table 7.1: Assurance levels as proposed in the Classification System .............................................. 90 Table 7.2: Water requirement per sector ............................................................................................ 93 Table 7.3: Maximum water use by the irrigation sector..................................................................... 94 Table 7.4: Maximum water use by the irrigation sector, limited by water availability...................... 95 Table 7.5: Water abstraction per sector.............................................................................................. 96 Table 7.6: Water availability and requirement Sand catchment......................................................... 97 Table 7.7: Incidents of non-compliance ............................................................................................. 98 Table 8.1: Water allocation from the Inyaka dam............................................................................ 101 Table 8.2: Flow release rules............................................................................................................ 106 List of Boxes Box 1.1: Confusion about names.......................................................................................................... 3 Box 2.1: History and irrigation........................................................................................................... 12 Box 2.2: Catchments in apartheid history .......................................................................................... 20 Box 4.1 : Priorities for water use........................................................................................................ 42 Box 5.1: Building Block Methodology .............................................................................................. 48 List of Pictures Picture 3.1: Rangeland ....................................................................................................................... 26 Picture 3.2: Roadside stall .................................................................................................................. 28 Picture 3.3: Construction signboard ................................................................................................... 33 vii Picture 6.1: Borehole in Kruger National Park..................................................................................
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