DOCSLIB.ORG

Osteological, Myological, and Biomechanical Investigations of the Sauropod Dinosaur

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Osteological, Myological, and Biomechanical Investigations of the Sauropod Dinosaur Osteological, myological, and biomechanical investigations of the sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani and molecular paleontological investigation of the marine crocodile Thoracosaurus neocesariensis A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Kristyn K. Voegele in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2016 © Copyright 2016 Kristyn K. Voegele. All Rights Reserved. ii Dedication To those with dreams and those that help them achieve dreams iii Acknowledgements This project would not be possible without the support, assistance, and guidance of just about everyone I have had interacted with in the last five years. I am grateful for all of your time, effort, patience, and support. First, I would like to thank Drexel University, the College of Arts and Sciences, the Department of Biology, the Academy of Natural Sciences, the Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Science, and all the faculty and staff that made my graduate education possible. At Drexel I have been fortunate to have the opportunity to learn from world-class scientists about research, teaching, and everything in between. I appreciate the resources and support provided to me over my graduate career to turn me into a capable scientist. I am also thankful to the organizations that have financially supported my research. Without the financial support from a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE Award #1002809) and a Paul Bond Scholarship from the Delaware Valley Paleontological Society much of my research would have been unaffordable. I am thankful to these institutions for helping me expand my area of focus and training in my field of study during my graduate career. I am very grateful to my advisor, Dr. Kenneth Lacovara, for accepting me into his program. The opportunities for diverse research using new technology as part of your program have opened many possibilities for me. Thank you for allowing me to join your research team and all experiences that went along. They have enriched my graduate experience and you have taught me skills I never knew would be useful in paleontology. Also, I am truly appreciative to Dr. James Spotila for "adopting" me as his graduate student for my last year of gradschool. Thank you for making this past year so much less stressful and for instantly supporting me as if I had always been your student. I am extremely grateful to the members of my dissertation committee for their time, advice, access to their laboratories and supplies, training, and overall support: Dr. Aleister Saunders, Dr. Spotila, Dr. Sorin Siegler, Dr. Matthew Lamanna, and Dr. Mary Schweitzer. Thank you for everything you have taught me. I am honored to have learned from each of you. I sincerely hope I can help future students reach their goals as you have helped me. I particularly want to thank Dr. Schweitzer for allowing me to join your lab for many months to conduct research and Dr. Siegler for the patience to teach me so much engineering. Thank you to all my labmates and fellow graduate students: Elena Schroeter, Paul Ullmann, Zachary Boles, Anna Jaworski, Rebecca Hoffman, Ashley Adams, Jason Schein, Emma Fowler, Aja Carter, Nathan Schiff, Athena Patel, Suraj Pandya, and George Keighton. I am grateful for all your help, assistance, and fun adventures we have had. Anna, we started and ended graduate school together. It has been a pleasure to have taken this road with you and always have someone who could immediately relate. Emma, your talents have been crucial to this project and I appreciate all the time you took to help me. Together we have learned so much about science and life. I also have to thank every engineer who has helped me learn your field: Dr. Jason Toy, Dr. Ramya Namani, Dr. Marissa Powers, Ben Senderling, Tyler Voegele, Jordan Senff, Eric Brace, Natalie Brace, iv David Mcdivitt, and Deeksha Seth. I could not have accomplished any of my biomechanics research without you. Your patience has been commendable. Several people have been instrumental to various portions of my dissertation. Thank you Wenxia Zheng, Dr. Allison Moyer, and Tyler Bridges for your help at North Carolina State University. Along with Paul Ullmann, Elena Schroeter, and Zack Boles you have helped me navigate and trouble shoot molecular paleontology. I have learned so much in this field from you and this research wouldn't have happened without you. Also, I deeply appreciate the friendship and hospitality of Cindy and Dr. Art Bogan. Thank you for opening your home and supporting me and my research endeavor. I also appreciate the assistance of Dr. Matthew Bonnan for the advice and insight into extant cartilage morphology. Thank you to Ruth Elsey and the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge for a cadaver Alligator for my research. I also have to thank the hundreds of volunteers that excavated, prepared, moved, and 3D laser scanned the fossils used in my research. Your work was essential and I would still be working at it without you. I am extremely thankful to Dr. Joseph Hartman and Dr. Ron Nellermoe for my first opportunities in paleontology. These first tastes have kept me hooked on this science. I am immeasurably grateful for the opportunities your first belief in me have brought and for your continued support in me. Thank you for everything you have taught me about science and life. I am a better person and scientist because of you. Finally I need to thank my family for always seeing me as a paleontologist. My goals never seemed weird to you and you have always supported me. Thank you for all the extra effort over the years to help me follow my dream. I would not be where I am today without you. From you I have learned how to face opportunities and hardships and to keep going no matter what. You have gone out of your way to help me and it has not gone unnoticed. I am so grateful to have you with me on this journey. v Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1: OSTEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DORSAL VERTEBRAE OF THE GIANT TITANOSAURIAN SAUROPOD DREADNOUGHTUS SCHRANI ...........1 1.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................1 1.2 Introduction ..............................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Terminology ....................................................................................................4 1.2.2 Anatomical Abbreviations ...............................................................................4 1.3 Description ...............................................................................................................5 1.3.1 Dorsal Vertebra 1156?-4 ................................................................................6 1.3.2 Dorsal Vertebra 1156?-5 ................................................................................9 1.3.3 Dorsal Vertebra 1156-6 ................................................................................10 1.3.4 Dorsal Vertebra 1156?-7 ..............................................................................12 1.3.5 Dorsal Vertebra 1156?-8 ..............................................................................13 1.3.6 Dorsal Vertebra 1156?-9 ..............................................................................15 1.3.7 Dorsal Vertebra 1156?-10 ............................................................................17 1.3.8 Dorsal Vertebra 1156-11 ..............................................................................18 1.4 Discussion ..............................................................................................................19 1.4.1 Comparisons .................................................................................................19 1.4.2 Assignment of predicted serial progression ..................................................22 1.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................25 vi CHAPTER 2: APPENDICULAR MYOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF DREADNOUGHTUS SCHRANI ........................................................................................33 2.1 Abstract ..................................................................................................................33 2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................34 2.3 Methods..................................................................................................................38 2.3.1 Material.........................................................................................................39 2.4 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................39 2.4.1 Forelimb Musculature ..................................................................................39 2.4.1.1 Axial to Limb .......................................................................................39 2.4.1.2 Girdle to Distal .....................................................................................45
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Del Cretácico Superior Del Norte De Patagonia: Descripción Y Aportes Al Conocimiento Del Oído Interno De Los Dinosaurios
    AMEGHINIANA (Rev. Asoc. Paleontol. Argent.) - 44 (1): 109-120. Buenos Aires, 30-3-2007 ISSN 0002-7014 Un basicráneo de titanosaurio (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) del Cretácico Superior del norte de Patagonia: descripción y aportes al conocimiento del oído interno de los dinosaurios Ariana PAULINA-CARABAJAL1 y Leonardo SALGADO2 Abstract. A TITANOSAUR (DINOSAURIA, SAUROPODA) BRAINCASE FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF NORTH PATAGONIA: DESCRIPTION AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DINOSAUR INNER EAR. The braincase of a sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Río Negro, Argentina, is described. The material is as- signed to the clade Titanosauria and some characters that resemble the condition present in the genus Antarctosaurus such as the presence of short and wide frontals and parietals, supraoccipital knob lacking a medial groove, reduced and dorsally exposed supratemporal fenestrae, frontals fused on the midline, and a single interfrontal medial knob are discussed. These characters are not diagnostic and they can be found in other titanosaurs such as Rapetosaurus, Nemegtosaurus, Saltasaurus and Bonatitan. The braincase, although incomplete, is well preserved, allowing the examination of certain delicate internal structures li- ke the inner ear, which has been exposed through bone fractures. The titanosaurian inner ear is described here for the first time: it is morphologically similar to that of other sauropods such as Diplodocus and Brachiosaurus, mainly in the spatial disposition of the semicircular canals, although showing a proportio- nally more robust lagena. The angle between the planes on which the anterior and posterior semicircular canals lie is greater than 90º, as in other herbivorous dinosaurs, and different from the theropod Allosaurus, where that angle is smaller.
    [Show full text]
  • The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Second Edition
    MASS ESTIMATES - DINOSAURS ETC (largely based on models) taxon k model femur length* model volume ml x specific gravity = model mass g specimen (modeled 1st):kilograms:femur(or other long bone length)usually in decameters kg = femur(or other long bone)length(usually in decameters)3 x k k = model volume in ml x specific gravity(usually for whole model) then divided/model femur(or other long bone)length3 (in most models femur in decameters is 0.5253 = 0.145) In sauropods the neck is assigned a distinct specific gravity; in dinosaurs with large feathers their mass is added separately; in dinosaurs with flight ablity the mass of the fight muscles is calculated separately as a range of possiblities SAUROPODS k femur trunk neck tail total neck x 0.6 rest x0.9 & legs & head super titanosaur femur:~55000-60000:~25:00 Argentinosaurus ~4 PVPH-1:~55000:~24.00 Futalognkosaurus ~3.5-4 MUCPv-323:~25000:19.80 (note:downsize correction since 2nd edition) Dreadnoughtus ~3.8 “ ~520 ~75 50 ~645 0.45+.513=.558 MPM-PV 1156:~26000:19.10 Giraffatitan 3.45 .525 480 75 25 580 .045+.455=.500 HMN MB.R.2181:31500(neck 2800):~20.90 “XV2”:~45000:~23.50 Brachiosaurus ~4.15 " ~590 ~75 ~25 ~700 " +.554=~.600 FMNH P25107:~35000:20.30 Europasaurus ~3.2 “ ~465 ~39 ~23 ~527 .023+.440=~.463 composite:~760:~6.20 Camarasaurus 4.0 " 542 51 55 648 .041+.537=.578 CMNH 11393:14200(neck 1000):15.25 AMNH 5761:~23000:18.00 juv 3.5 " 486 40 55 581 .024+.487=.511 CMNH 11338:640:5.67 Chuanjiesaurus ~4.1 “ ~550 ~105 ~38 ~693 .063+.530=.593 Lfch 1001:~10700:13.75 2 M.
    [Show full text]
  • Abelisaurus Comahuensis 321 Acanthodiscus Sp. 60, 64
    Index Page numbers in italic denote figure. Page numbers in bold denote tables. Abelisaurus comahuensis 321 structure 45-50 Acanthodiscus sp. 60, 64 Andean Fold and Thrust Belt 37-53 Acantholissonia gerthi 61 tectonic evolution 50-53 aeolian facies tectonic framework 39 Huitrin Formation 145, 151-152, 157 Andes, Neuqu6n 2, 3, 5, 6 Troncoso Member 163-164, 167, 168 morphostructural units 38 aeolian systems, flooded 168, 169, 170, 172, stratigraphy 40 174-182 tectonic evolution, 15-32, 37-39, 51 Aeolosaurus 318 interaction with Neuqu6n Basin 29-30 Aetostreon 200, 305 Andes, topography 37 Afropollis 76 Andesaurus delgadoi 318, 320 Agrio Fold and Thrust Belt 3, 16, 18, 29, 30 andesite 21, 23, 26, 42, 44 development 41 anoxia see dysoxia-anoxia stratigraphy 39-40, 40, 42 Aphrodina 199 structure 39, 42-44, 47 Aphrodina quintucoensis 302 uplift Late Cretaceous 43-44 Aptea notialis 75 Agrio Formation Araucariacites australis 74, 75, 76 ammonite biostratigraphy 58, 61, 63, 65, 66, Araucarioxylon 95,273-276 67 arc morphostructural units 38 bedding cycles 232, 234-247 Arenicolites 193, 196 calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy 68, 71, Argentiniceras noduliferum 62 72 biozone 58, 61 highstand systems tract 154 Asteriacites 90, 91,270 lithofacies 295,296, 297, 298-302 Asterosoma 86 92 marine facies 142-143, 144, 153 Auca Mahuida volcano 25, 30 organic facies 251-263 Aucasaurus garridoi 321 palaeoecology 310, 311,312 Auquilco evaporites 42 palaeoenvironment 309- 310, 311, Avil6 Member 141,253, 298 312-313 ammonites 66 palynomorph biostratigraphy 74,
    [Show full text]
  • Brains and Intelligence
    BRAINS AND INTELLIGENCE The EQ or Encephalization Quotient is a simple way of measuring an animal's intelligence. EQ is the ratio of the brain weight of the animal to the brain weight of a "typical" animal of the same body weight. Assuming that smarter animals have larger brains to body ratios than less intelligent ones, this helps determine the relative intelligence of extinct animals. In general, warm-blooded animals (like mammals) have a higher EQ than cold-blooded ones (like reptiles and fish). Birds and mammals have brains that are about 10 times bigger than those of bony fish, amphibians, and reptiles of the same body size. The Least Intelligent Dinosaurs: The primitive dinosaurs belonging to the group sauropodomorpha (which included Massospondylus, Riojasaurus, and others) were among the least intelligent of the dinosaurs, with an EQ of about 0.05 (Hopson, 1980). Smartest Dinosaurs: The Troodontids (like Troödon) were probably the smartest dinosaurs, followed by the dromaeosaurid dinosaurs (the "raptors," which included Dromeosaurus, Velociraptor, Deinonychus, and others) had the highest EQ among the dinosaurs, about 5.8 (Hopson, 1980). The Encephalization Quotient was developed by the psychologist Harry J. Jerison in the 1970's. J. A. Hopson (a paleontologist from the University of Chicago) did further development of the EQ concept using brain casts of many dinosaurs. Hopson found that theropods (especially Troodontids) had higher EQ's than plant-eating dinosaurs. The lowest EQ's belonged to sauropods, ankylosaurs, and stegosaurids. A SECOND BRAIN? It used to be thought that the large sauropods (like Brachiosaurus and Apatosaurus) and the ornithischian Stegosaurus had a second brain.
    [Show full text]
  • El Carnotaurus Boletín Del Museo Argentino De Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia-Año V -Número 53- Agossto 2004
    ma cn El Carnotaurus Boletín del Museo Argentino de Ciencias naturales Bernardino Rivadavia-Año V -Número 53- Agossto 2004 Taller de arte para chicos Indice Con motivo del festejo del día del Taller de arte para niño, el domingo 8 de agosto, en el chicos salón de actos del entrepiso se Fuga Jurásica 6 realizó esta actividad, que fue Investigadores que coordinada en forma conjunta entre honran a nuestro Museo el área de comunicación institucio- Dinosaurios, huevos y nal y prensa del MACN y el pichones CONICET. Curso de nomenclatura Zoológica Interesados por la novedosa pro- Reacondicionamiento en puesta didáctica, una gran concu- el laboratorio de química rrencia de público infantil acompañado por sus padres respondieron a esta convo- Florentino Ameghino: catoria. Entre las 14 y las 19 partici- 150 años de su natalicio paron más de 120 niños en la confec- La música llega a la sala de aves ción de títeres de papel o cartón que tenían forma de dinosaurios. Para este Notas de personal entretenimiento fueron contratadas Decreto 1022/2004 por el CONICET dos docentes de Propiedad, posesión y tenencia en la ley artes plásticas quienes daban pautas 25.743 de protección al para la confección de los títeres. patrimonio arqueológico Como este programa fue totalmente y paleontológico gratuito para los niños, esta fue una nacional manera de homenajearlos en su día. Disposiciones Efemérides: Citas Fuga Jurásica 6 Agenda Museando en la Web Informacion General [ El Carnotaurus [ 2 ] Dentro del marco de las salas de este Museo, el Eduardo Saperas, Alina Schwartz, Diego Tabakman, desarrollo de actividades artísticas llegó a un punto Ana Tonelli, Alejandra Urresti, Marina Vaintroib.
    [Show full text]
  • A Basal Lithostrotian Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) with a Complete Skull: Implications for the Evolution and Paleobiology of Titanosauria
    RESEARCH ARTICLE A Basal Lithostrotian Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) with a Complete Skull: Implications for the Evolution and Paleobiology of Titanosauria Rubén D. F. Martínez1*, Matthew C. Lamanna2, Fernando E. Novas3, Ryan C. Ridgely4, Gabriel A. Casal1, Javier E. Martínez5, Javier R. Vita6, Lawrence M. Witmer4 1 Laboratorio de Paleovertebrados, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina, 2 Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 3 Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America, 5 Hospital Regional de Comodoro Rivadavia, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina, 6 Resonancia Magnética Borelli, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Martínez RDF, Lamanna MC, Novas FE, Ridgely RC, Casal GA, Martínez JE, et al. (2016) A Basal Lithostrotian Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Abstract Sauropoda) with a Complete Skull: Implications for the Evolution and Paleobiology of Titanosauria. PLoS We describe Sarmientosaurus musacchioi gen. et sp. nov., a titanosaurian sauropod dino- ONE 11(4): e0151661. doi:10.1371/journal. saur from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian—Turonian) Lower Member of the Bajo Bar- pone.0151661 real Formation of southern Chubut Province in
    [Show full text]
  • 71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
    ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas.
    [Show full text]
  • Titanosauriform Teeth from the Cretaceous of Japan
    “main” — 2011/2/10 — 15:59 — page 247 — #1 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2011) 83(1): 247-265 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 www.scielo.br/aabc Titanosauriform teeth from the Cretaceous of Japan HARUO SAEGUSA1 and YUKIMITSU TOMIDA2 1Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, Yayoigaoka 6, Sanda, 669-1546, Japan 2National Museum of Nature and Science, 3-23-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan Manuscript received on October 25, 2010; accepted for publication on January 7, 2011 ABSTRACT Sauropod teeth from six localities in Japan were reexamined. Basal titanosauriforms were present in Japan during the Early Cretaceous before Aptian, and there is the possibility that the Brachiosauridae may have been included. Basal titanosauriforms with peg-like teeth were present during the “mid” Cretaceous, while the Titanosauria with peg-like teeth was present during the middle of Late Cretaceous. Recent excavations of Cretaceous sauropods in Asia showed that multiple lineages of sauropods lived throughout the Cretaceous in Asia. Japanese fossil records of sauropods are conformable with this hypothesis. Key words: Sauropod, Titanosauriforms, tooth, Cretaceous, Japan. INTRODUCTION humerus from the Upper Cretaceous Miyako Group at Moshi, Iwaizumi Town, Iwate Pref. (Hasegawa et al. Although more than twenty four dinosaur fossil local- 1991), all other localities provided fossil teeth (Tomida ities have been known in Japan (Azuma and Tomida et al. 2001, Tomida and Tsumura 2006, Saegusa et al. 1998, Kobayashi et al. 2006, Saegusa et al. 2008, Ohara 2008, Azuma and Shibata 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Description of the Sauropod Dinosaur Amanzia (“Ornithopsis
    Schwarz et al. Swiss J Geosci (2020) 113:2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s00015-020-00355-5 Swiss Journal of Geosciences ORIGINAL PAPER Open Access Re-description of the sauropod dinosaur Amanzia (“Ornithopsis/Cetiosauriscus”) greppini n. gen. and other vertebrate remains from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) Reuchenette Formation of Moutier, Switzerland Daniela Schwarz1* , Philip D. Mannion2 , Oliver Wings3 and Christian A. Meyer4 Abstract Dinosaur remains were discovered in the 1860’s in the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) Reuchenette Formation of Moutier, northwestern Switzerland. In the 1920’s, these were identifed as a new species of sauropod, Ornithopsis greppini, before being reclassifed as a species of Cetiosauriscus (C. greppini), otherwise known from the type species (C. stewarti) from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of the UK. The syntype of “C. greppini” consists of skeletal elements from all body regions, and at least four individuals of diferent sizes can be distinguished. Here we fully re-describe this material, and re-evaluate its taxonomy and systematic placement. The Moutier locality also yielded a theropod tooth, and fragmen- tary cranial and vertebral remains of a crocodylomorph, also re-described here. “C.” greppini is a small-sized (not more than 10 m long) non-neosauropod eusauropod. Cetiosauriscus stewarti and “C.” greppini difer from each other in: (1) size; (2) the neural spine morphology and diapophyseal laminae of the anterior caudal vertebrae; (3) the length-to-height proportion in the middle caudal vertebrae; (4) the presence or absence of ridges and crests on the middle caudal cen- tra; and (5) the shape and proportions of the coracoid, humerus, and femur.
    [Show full text]
  • Postcranial Skeletal Pneumaticity in Sauropods and Its
    Postcranial Pneumaticity in Dinosaurs and the Origin of the Avian Lung by Mathew John Wedel B.S. (University of Oklahoma) 1997 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Kevin Padian, Co-chair Professor William Clemens, Co-chair Professor Marvalee Wake Professor David Wake Professor John Gerhart Spring 2007 1 The dissertation of Mathew John Wedel is approved: Co-chair Date Co-chair Date Date Date Date University of California, Berkeley Spring 2007 2 Postcranial Pneumaticity in Dinosaurs and the Origin of the Avian Lung © 2007 by Mathew John Wedel 3 Abstract Postcranial Pneumaticity in Dinosaurs and the Origin of the Avian Lung by Mathew John Wedel Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Kevin Padian, Co-chair Professor William Clemens, Co-chair Among extant vertebrates, postcranial skeletal pneumaticity is present only in birds. In birds, diverticula of the lungs and air sacs pneumatize specific regions of the postcranial skeleton. The relationships among pulmonary components and the regions of the skeleton that they pneumatize form the basis for inferences about the pulmonary anatomy of non-avian dinosaurs. Fossae, foramina and chambers in the postcranial skeletons of pterosaurs and saurischian dinosaurs are diagnostic for pneumaticity. In basal saurischians only the cervical skeleton is pneumatized. Pneumatization by cervical air sacs is the most consilient explanation for this pattern. In more derived sauropods and theropods pneumatization of the posterior dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae indicates that abdominal air sacs were also present.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinosaur Species List E to M
    Dinosaur Species List E to M E F G • Echinodon becklesii • Fabrosaurus australis • Gallimimus bullatus • Edmarka rex • Frenguellisaurus • Garudimimus brevipes • Edmontonia longiceps ischigualastensis • Gasosaurus constructus • Edmontonia rugosidens • Fulengia youngi • Gasparinisaura • Edmontosaurus annectens • Fulgurotherium australe cincosaltensis • Edmontosaurus regalis • Genusaurus sisteronis • Edmontosaurus • Genyodectes serus saskatchewanensis • Geranosaurus atavus • Einiosaurus procurvicornis • Gigantosaurus africanus • Elaphrosaurus bambergi • Giganotosaurus carolinii • Elaphrosaurus gautieri • Gigantosaurus dixeyi • Elaphrosaurus iguidiensis • Gigantosaurus megalonyx • Elmisaurus elegans • Gigantosaurus robustus • Elmisaurus rarus • Gigantoscelus • Elopteryx nopcsai molengraaffi • Elosaurus parvus • Gilmoreosaurus • Emausaurus ernsti mongoliensis • Embasaurus minax • Giraffotitan altithorax • Enigmosaurus • Gongbusaurus shiyii mongoliensis • Gongbusaurus • Eoceratops canadensis wucaiwanensis • Eoraptor lunensis • Gorgosaurus lancensis • Epachthosaurus sciuttoi • Gorgosaurus lancinator • Epanterias amplexus • Gorgosaurus libratus • Erectopus sauvagei • "Gorgosaurus" novojilovi • Erectopus superbus • Gorgosaurus sternbergi • Erlikosaurus andrewsi • Goyocephale lattimorei • Eucamerotus foxi • Gravitholus albertae • Eucercosaurus • Gresslyosaurus ingens tanyspondylus • Gresslyosaurus robustus • Eucnemesaurus fortis • Gresslyosaurus torgeri • Euhelopus zdanskyi • Gryponyx africanus • Euoplocephalus tutus • Gryponyx taylori • Euronychodon
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Angolatitan Adamastor, a New Sauropod Dinosaur and the First Record from Angola
    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil MATEUS, OCTÁVIO; JACOBS, LOUIS L.; SCHULP, ANNE S.; POLCYN, MICHAEL J.; TAVARES, TATIANA S.; BUTA NETO, ANDRÉ; MORAIS, MARIA LUÍSA; ANTUNES, MIGUEL T. Angolatitan adamastor, a new sauropod dinosaur and the first record from Angola Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 83, núm. 1, marzo, 2011, pp. 221-233 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32717681011 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative “main” — 2011/2/10 — 15:47 — page 221 — #1 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2011) 83(1): 221-233 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 www.scielo.br/aabc Angolatitan adamastor, a new sauropod dinosaur and the first record from Angola , OCTÁVIO MATEUS1 2, LOUIS L. JACOBS3, ANNE S. SCHULP4, MICHAEL J. POLCYN3, TATIANA S. TAVARES5, ANDRÉ BUTA NETO5, MARIA LUÍSA MORAIS5 and MIGUEL T. ANTUNES6 1CICEGe, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal 2Museu da Lourinhã, Rua João Luis de Moura, 2530-157 Lourinhã, Portugal 3Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA 4Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, de Bosquetplein 6-7, NL6211 KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands 5Geology Department, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Av.
    [Show full text]