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Natural History of the Gila Symposium October 25–27, 2012 Western New Mexico University Silver City, New Mexico

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Natural History of the Gila Symposium October 25–27, 2012 Western New Mexico University Silver City, New Mexico the new mexico botanist Special Issue Number 4 September 2015 proceedings of the fourth Natural History of the Gila Symposium October 25–27, 2012 Western New Mexico University Silver City, New Mexico edited by Kathy Whiteman Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University William Norris Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University 2015 The New Mexico Botanist, Special Issue No. 4, September 2015 Contents Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Welcome Address Kelly Russell .................................................................................................. 2 Conservation: A Rich Heritage Tom Udall ..................................................................................................... 4 Not in Kansas Anymore: Jack & Martha Carter Gene Jercinovic ............................................................................................... 6 A Communion With Sky Philip Connors ...............................................................................................17 Mayflies at Maytime Sarah Johnson ...............................................................................................19 A Checklist of the Liverworts of New Mexico and a Preliminary Assessment of the Liverworts of the Gila National Forest Karen S. Blisard and Russell Kleinman ....................................................................21 An Overview of Aridland Ciénagas, with Proposals for Their Classification, Restoration, and Preservation A.T. Cole and Cinda Cole ..................................................................................28 The Upper Gila River Fluvial Geomorphology Project: A History of Geomorphic Change Jeanne E. Godaire, Daniel R. Levish, and Rodney J. Wittler .............................................57 A Bryophyte Inventory of the Gila National Forest: An Initial Assessment Russell Kleinman, Karen S. Blisard, and Kelly W. Allred .................................................70 Late Cenozoic Vertebrate Faunas from the Gila Region of Southwestern New Mexico Gary S. Morgan ..............................................................................................77 The Mimbres Biodiversity Project in Grant County, New Mexico: The Effect of Environmental Education on Fifth-Grade Student Learning Outcomes Kathy Whiteman ........................................................................................... 106 Abstracts Keynote: The Upper Gila Watershed through the Eyes of a Frog / Randy D. Jennings 121 Promoting Ecological Literacy in the Changing K-12 Community / Stephanie Bestelmeyer 121 Benefits of Field Work with High School/Middle School Students along the Gila River of New Mexico and Arizona / Tiana Blackwater, Geneva Blackwater, and Jo Ellen Kinnamon 121 STEM in the Bureau of Land Management: Innovations for Natural Resources Education and Getting the Work Done / Jony Cockman and Dave Henson 121 Surface Reclamation for the Hard Rock Mining Industry of Arizona and New Mexico: Challenges and Success Stories / Jony Cockman 122 Finding a Lost Generation: A Personal Search for a Traditional Way of Life in the Valley of Baby Cottonwoods / Dale Dillon 122 ii The New Mexico Botanist, Special Issue No. 4, September 2015 Gila Chub (Gila intermedia) Status and Conservation Measures in the Gila River Basin, New Mexico / Eliza Gilbert 122 Management of Southwestern Rangelands by Hypothesis: An Example from the Malpai Borderland Region / Kris Havstad 123 Strategic Design of Ranarium Facility Key to Successful Head-Starting of Threatened Frog Species / David J. Henson 123 Prescribed Fire and Wildfire Effects in the Gila National Forest / Molly E. Hunter1 and Jose Iniguez 123 Practicing Preservation Archaeology in the Upper Gila Region / Deborah Huntley, Katherine Dungan, Jeff Clark, and Andy Laurenzi 124 The Gila as a Natural Landscape Experiment for Ponderosa Pine Forests / Jose Iniguez, Ellis Margolis, and Molly Hunter 124 Conservation of Amphibians and Reptiles in the Upper Gila Watershed / R. D. Jennings, C. W. Painter, B. L. Christman, and J. Schofer 124 Molecular Evolution of Vampires and Zombies: Are Parasitic Spider-Wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) and Their Host Spiders (Araneae) Engaged in an Arms Race? / Manda Clair Jost 125 The Ethnobotany of Wild Tomatillos, Physalis Species, in the Gila River Watershed and Greater Southwest / Kelly Kindscher 125 The Effects of Sodium Perchlorate on Daphnia magna / Kiara Lewis and Sonjia Vavages 125 Is High-Severity Fire a Natural Part of the Gila Wilderness? / Ellis Margolis 126 Measuring Increased Watershed Hydrology Pre- and Post-Thinning Treatments / Mike Matush 126 Genetic Analysis Suggests High Conservation Value of Peripheral Populations of Chihuahua Chub (Gila nigrescens) / Megan Osborne, Alana Sharp, Jerry Monzingo, David L. Propst, and Thomas F. Turner 126 Gene Flow and Habitat Connectivity in the Gila River: Which Native Fish Species Are Most Susceptible to Negative Effects of Habitat Fragmentation? / Tyler J. Pilger and Thomas F. Turner 127 Western Apache Natural World Projects / Seth Pilsk 127 The Arizona Water Settlements Act and Activities Affecting the Gila River Basin / Mary Reece 127 The Chiricahua Apache / Joe Saenz 127 The ISC Gila Planning Process / Craig Roepke 128 Gila Watershed Rapid Assessment Method for Riverine Wetland Condition / Matt Schultz and Maryann McGraw 128 Suggestions for Future Avian Investigations in the Gila River Valley of New Mexico / Roland Shook 128 Balancing Act: Meeting Human and Environmental Needs under the AWSA / Allyson Siwik 128 Interactions of Gila River Streamflow and Alluvial Groundwater in the Cliff-Gila Valley, New Mexico / Ellen S. Soles and Martha S. Cooper 129 Calibrating Our Progress toward Recovery of Amphibian Populations: An Area-Based Approach and Occupancy Modeling / Michael J. Sredl 129 iii The New Mexico Botanist, Special Issue No. 4, September 2015 From Then to Now: How the Presence or Lack of Surface Water Has Affected the Birds and Wildlife in the San Simon Valley / Kyle Tate 129 Two Sister Floras: Comparisons of the Vascular Plant Diversity in the Mountains of Southeastern Arizona and Southwestern New Mexico / Jim Verrier 130 Baseline Connectivity of Native and Non-Native Fishes in an Unfragmented Arid-Land Riverscape / James E. Whitney, Keith B. Gido, and David L. Propst 130 iv proceedings of the fourth Natural History of the Gila Symposium October 25–27, 2012 Western New Mexico University Silver City, New Mexico The New Mexico Botanist, Special Issue No. 4, September 2015 Introduction The Natural History of the Gila Symposium provides a opening remarks. Several talented nature writers were fea- venue for researchers, land managers, conservationists, and tured during the “Creative Voice” concurrent session of this educators to meet and share information and ideas gathered symposium; we have included two of these. Peer-reviewed from the Gila Region. Loosely defined, this area is situated research presented in these proceedings includes inventories within the watershed boundary of the upper Gila River in of area mosses and liverworts, an overview of the regional southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Here, vertebrate fauna during the Late Cenozoic period, a clas- five ecoregions converge along a transition zone between sification and inventory of regional ciénegas, a summary of the warm, dry Chihuahuan Desert and Sierra Madre Moun- the Upper Gila River Fluvial Geomorphology Project, and a tains of Mexico and the cool, wet Rocky Mountains of the conservation-education initiative implemented in local fifth United States. Each ecoregion contributes major floral and grade classrooms. Finally, a biography of Jack and Martha faunal components to make the Gila Region one of the most Carter provides a glimpse into the lives of two remarkable biologically diverse areas in North America. Elevations in this individuals whose contributions to the Gila region cannot be region range from 914 to almost 3,353 m (3,000–11,000 ft), overstated. Martha and Jack were awarded the annual Life- with water being spatially and temporally variable. Fire plays time Achievement Award by the Gila Natural History Steering a key role in ecosystem dynamics, as do perennial water- Committee in recognition of their immense contributions to courses such as the Gila River, representing the lifeblood botanical research, education, and conservation. of this biologically diverse landscape to which humans have We are indebted to Dr. Kelly Allred (Emeritus Professor, been intricately tied for millenia. Aldo Leopold, an important New Mexico State University), editor of the New Mexico figure in the modern American conservation movement, first Botanist, for facilitating publication of these proceedings as a drafted the proposal to preserve the Gila Wilderness in 1922, special edition of this journal. We are grateful for the editorial and today 225,820 ha (558,014 acres) of wilderness lie within assistance and reviews provided by almost two dozen people, the 1,096,965 ha (3,324,861 acres) Gila National Forest several of whom devoted hours of their expertise to help bring boundary, making it the third largest National Forest in the manuscripts to life. We owe a special debt to Sarah John- Lower 48. son, who spent many hours copyediting and formatting this The pages that follow include the abstracts and selected publication. papers submitted by the 37 presenters of the Fourth Natu- ral History
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