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Home , Aconitum columbianum, Caltha, Ceratophyllaceae, Connation, Enemion, Enemion biternatum

The – 4 Basic Whorls

Calyx [CA]: the green The “Early-Diverging” (#3)

Corolla [CO]: the showy Flowering (#4)

Androecium [A]: the or male structures (#6-8)

Gynoecium [G]: the carpels or pistils or female structures that contain an ovary (#9-12)

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The Flower – 4 Basic Whorls Magnoliophyta - Flowering Plants

Early Diverging Angiosperms Variation in – immense and what makes them successful!

• number of parts We will begin our survey of • symmetry Great Lakes’ flowering plants • fusion of like parts by examining the “early • fusion of unlike parts diverging angiosperms” • placentation • position of ovary • type

will use floral formulas as shorthand

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1 The Flower The Flower Early diverging angiosperms tend to have floral parts Early diverging angiosperms tend to have floral parts not fused not fused . . . and have many parts at each whorl

Connation: fusion of floral Adnation: fusion of floral parts parts from same whorl from different whorls

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Magnoliaceae - magnolia Derivation of the

Not found in Wisconsin, but part of the Alleghenian flora. Sub-tropical and warm temperate trees

P ∞ A ∞ G ∞

Tepals, laminar stamens, apocarpic

1 floral ‘’ or carpel Folded carpel 1 carpel with 2 with rows of ; Magnolia Fruit = “cone” of follicles the fruit opens along the 1 line Dehiscent fruit with one of suture suture, derived from one carpel 7 8

2 Magnoliaceae - magnolia family Aristolochiaceae - birthwort family Tulip tree (Liriodendron) is also not native, but commonly planted. 8-10 genera and about 600 worldwide; 1 species in Wisconsin. Mostly Pollinated by beetles vines in the tropical regions, but herbs in temperate regions.

Artistolochia : doctrine of signatures - birthwort, "well born", aristocrat

cordate or heart-shaped .

Liriodendron - tulip tree, yellow poplar Aristolochia - birthwort Asarum – wild ginger 9 10

Aristolochiaceae - birthwort family Aristolochiaceae - birthwort family

Asarum canadense - wild ginger Asarum canadense - wild ginger

Used by eastern Rare pipevine native Americans as a swallowtail in WI – contraceptive, thick does shift from host root can be pipevine cut up, boiled, and (Aristolochia) to wild cooked in heavy ginger (Asarum) sugar syrup to make candied ginger.

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3 Aristolochiaceae - birthwort family - water lily family

Asarum canadense - wild ginger These are aquatic herbs and have an obvious ecological niche - they inhabit still waters fly or beetle pollinated. _ Many of their characteristics CA 3 CO 0 A 12 G (6) reflect adaptations to this habitat. Inferior ovary with 3 sepals and the stamens • Floating or submersed leaves arising from top.

The petals are almost • Air cavities in tissue absent. • Mucilaginous coverings Seeds are dispersed by ants; these seeds possess • Lack of vessels an aril-like structure.

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Nymphaeaceae - water lily family Nymphaeaceae - water lily family

CA 3+ CO ∞ A ∞ G (∞)

• Showy flowers with strong scent

• Many parts at each Nymphaea - water lily Nelumbo - lotus lily whorl Convergence [unrelated plants with similar adaptations] common • Flat, leaf-like stamens Check out Birge Hall lobby “Aquatic Plants” display! • Superior, syncarpic pistil For extra credit on first exam, find one of two aquatic Nymphaea odorata - water lily invasive genera in Great Lakes Region that have leaves just like Nymphaea – one is an Eudicot and the other is a Monocot:

N and H

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4 Nymphaeaceae - water lily family Nymphaeaceae - water lily family

Nuphar variegata - yellow pond lily Nuphar variegata - yellow pond lily Petaloid sepals & Superior pistil of many carpels reduced petals Beetle pollination Leaf-like stamens grading from petals to pistils

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Cabombaceae - water shield family Ceratophyllaceae – coon’s-tail family

Brasenia shreberi - water shield Submersed aquatic recognized by whorled leaves Small clonal floating aquatic dichotomously forked Peltate leaves Wind pollinated Reduced! and Unisexual flowers on same = monoecious

Protogynous – female phase first, then male phase demersum - , coon’s-tail

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5 - buttercup family

Largest family of the ranunculid lineage which is the first diverging group of true dicots = The Primitive Eudicots Worldwide but is centered in temperate and cold regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. 13 native genera, 53 species in WI, 20 of these in

Important family of our Wisconsin “Spring Flora” – you will see these species!

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Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family • Herbs, sometimes woody or herbaceous climbers or low shrubs - often poisonous

Frank Cook – UK botanist

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6 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family • Herbs, sometimes woody or herbaceous climbers or low shrubs - often poisonous

Golden-seal

Black cohosh Monk’s-hood

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Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Other uses for

• (& N. damascena) • Black tea (e.g., Egyptian tea) • Condiments, Black seed bread • Middle Eastern, Bengali cuisine • flavor wines and snuff

Nigella Love-in-a-mist Black seed Black cumin Fennel flower Roman coriander

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7 Other uses for Nigella Ranunculaceae - buttercup family thymoquinone • Herbs, sometimes woody or herbaceous climbers or low shrubs - often poisonous

• Leaves, alternate, usually and cauline, often divided or compound, or palmately lobed.

• No stipules.

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Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family

• Flowers very variable: except many stamens and many free Fruit Diversity! carpels (apocarpic)

CA 3+ CO (0) 5+ A ∞ G 3+ Follicles = ∞ seeded Berries = ∞ seeded dehiscent fruit fleshy fruit

Caltha - marsh marigold - baneberry

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8 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family

Fruit Diversity!

Achenes = 1 seeded Ranunculus – indehiscent, dry fruit buttercup with animal dispersed columbianum - monks’ hood Aconitum ‘noveboracense’ - monks’ hood - thimbleweed with wind dispersed achenes Great Lakes – western North American disjunct pattern 33 34

Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family

Anemone patens - pasque flower

Anemone canadensis - red baneberry Actaea alba - white baneberry - Canada anemone

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9 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Anemone quinquefolia - wood anemone

Anemone acutiloba ( acutiloba) - sharp-lobed liverleaf EXTRA CREDIT – digital image of pasque flower Photo: John Zaborsky 37 38

Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family

Caltha palustris - marsh marigold

No petals – only sepals Follicle

Aquilegia canadensis - American columbine 39 40

10 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family

Enemion biternatum [ biternatum] - false rue anemone

One of most abundant spring ephemerals forming large colonies

No petals; 3-5 follicle fruits

sepals + petals achenes Ranunculus - abortivus - cursed tall buttercup crowfoot - bristly buttercup

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Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family

achenes dioicum - early meadow-rue

male female

Now called

Large herbs of more open habitats; . . . and so it is “the thalictrum with wind pollinated Anemonella thalictroides - rue anemone the thalictrum-like leaves” !

Dioecious; with separate male and Original name after Thalictrum because Good example of the re-evolution of female plants the leaves were so similar, although insect pollination within a wind showy, insect-pollinated flowers pollinated group

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