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The “Early-Diverging” Flowering Plants

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The Flower – 4 Basic Whorls Calyx [CA]: the green The “Early-Diverging” sepals (#3) Corolla [CO]: the showy Flowering Plants petals (#4) Androecium [A]: the stamens or male structures (#6-8) Gynoecium [G]: the carpels or pistils or female structures that contain an ovary (#9-12) 1 2 The Flower – 4 Basic Whorls Magnoliophyta - Flowering Plants Early Diverging Angiosperms Variation in flowers – immense and what makes them successful! • number of parts We will begin our survey of • symmetry Great Lakes’ flowering plants • fusion of like parts by examining the “early • fusion of unlike parts diverging angiosperms” • placentation • position of ovary • inflorescence type will use floral formulas as shorthand 3 4 1 The Flower The Flower Early diverging angiosperms tend to have floral parts Early diverging angiosperms tend to have floral parts not fused not fused . and have many parts at each whorl Connation: fusion of floral Adnation: fusion of floral parts parts from same whorl from different whorls 5 6 Magnoliaceae - magnolia family Derivation of the follicle fruit Not found in Wisconsin, but part of the Alleghenian flora. Sub-tropical and warm temperate trees P ∞ A ∞ G ∞ Tepals, laminar stamens, apocarpic 1 floral ‘leaf’ or carpel Folded carpel 1 carpel with 2 with ovules rows of seeds; Magnolia Fruit = “cone” of follicles the fruit opens along the 1 line Dehiscent fruit with one of suture suture, derived from one carpel 7 8 2 Magnoliaceae - magnolia family Aristolochiaceae - birthwort family Tulip tree (Liriodendron) is also not native, but commonly planted. 8-10 genera and about 600 species worldwide; 1 species in Wisconsin. Mostly Pollinated by beetles vines in the tropical regions, but herbs in temperate regions. Artistolochia clematis: doctrine of signatures - birthwort, "well born", aristocrat cordate or heart-shaped leaves. Liriodendron - tulip tree, yellow poplar Aristolochia - birthwort Asarum – wild ginger 9 10 Aristolochiaceae - birthwort family Aristolochiaceae - birthwort family Asarum canadense - wild ginger Asarum canadense - wild ginger Used by eastern Rare pipevine native Americans as a swallowtail in WI – contraceptive, thick does shift from host rhizome root can be pipevine cut up, boiled, and (Aristolochia) to wild cooked in heavy ginger (Asarum) sugar syrup to make candied ginger. 11 12 3 Aristolochiaceae - birthwort family Nymphaeaceae - water lily family Asarum canadense - wild ginger These are aquatic herbs and have an obvious ecological niche - they inhabit still waters fly or beetle pollinated. _ Many of their characteristics CA 3 CO 0 A 12 G (6) reflect adaptations to this habitat. Inferior ovary with 3 sepals and the stamens • Floating or submersed leaves arising from top. The petals are almost • Air cavities in tissue absent. • Mucilaginous coverings Seeds are dispersed by ants; these seeds possess • Lack of vessels an aril-like structure. 13 14 Nymphaeaceae - water lily family Nymphaeaceae - water lily family CA 3+ CO ∞ A ∞ G (∞) • Showy flowers with strong scent • Many parts at each Nymphaea - water lily Nelumbo - lotus lily whorl Convergence [unrelated plants with similar adaptations] common • Flat, leaf-like stamens Check out Birge Hall lobby “Aquatic Plants” display! • Superior, syncarpic pistil For extra credit on first exam, find one of two aquatic Nymphaea odorata - water lily invasive genera in Great Lakes Region that have leaves just like Nymphaea – one is an Eudicot and the other is a Monocot: N and H 15 16 4 Nymphaeaceae - water lily family Nymphaeaceae - water lily family Nuphar variegata - yellow pond lily Nuphar variegata - yellow pond lily Petaloid sepals & Superior pistil of many carpels reduced petals Beetle pollination Leaf-like stamens grading from petals to pistils 17 18 Cabombaceae - water shield family Ceratophyllaceae – coon’s-tail family Brasenia shreberi - water shield Submersed aquatic recognized by whorled leaves Small clonal floating aquatic dichotomously forked Peltate leaves Wind pollinated Reduced! and Unisexual flowers on same plant = monoecious Protogynous – female phase first, then male phase Ceratophyllum demersum - hornwort, coon’s-tail 19 20 5 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Largest family of the ranunculid lineage which is the first diverging group of true dicots = eudicots The Primitive Eudicots Worldwide but is centered in temperate and cold regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. 13 native genera, 53 species in WI, 20 of these in Ranunculus Important family of our Wisconsin “Spring Flora” – you will see these species! 21 22 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family • Herbs, sometimes woody or herbaceous climbers or low shrubs - often poisonous Frank Cook – UK botanist 23 24 6 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family • Herbs, sometimes woody or herbaceous climbers or low shrubs - often poisonous Golden-seal Black cohosh Monk’s-hood 25 26 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Other uses for Nigella • Nigella sativa (& N. damascena) • Black seed tea (e.g., Egyptian tea) • Condiments, Black seed bread • Middle Eastern, Bengali cuisine • flavor wines and snuff Nigella Love-in-a-mist Black seed Black cumin Fennel flower Roman coriander 27 28 7 Other uses for Nigella Ranunculaceae - buttercup family thymoquinone • Herbs, sometimes woody or herbaceous climbers or low shrubs - often poisonous • Leaves, alternate, usually basal and cauline, often divided or compound, or palmately lobed. • No stipules. 29 30 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family • Flowers very variable: except many stamens and many free Fruit Diversity! carpels (apocarpic) CA 3+ CO (0) 5+ A ∞ G 3+ Follicles = ∞ seeded Berries = ∞ seeded dehiscent fruit fleshy fruit Caltha - marsh marigold Actaea - baneberry 31 32 8 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Fruit Diversity! Achenes = 1 seeded Ranunculus – indehiscent, dry fruit buttercup with animal dispersed Aconitum columbianum - monks’ hood Aconitum ‘noveboracense’ - monks’ hood Anemone - thimbleweed with wind dispersed achenes achenes Great Lakes – western North American disjunct pattern 33 34 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Anemone patens - pasque flower Anemone canadensis Actaea rubra - red baneberry Actaea alba - white baneberry - Canada anemone 35 36 9 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Anemone quinquefolia - wood anemone Anemone acutiloba (Hepatica acutiloba) - sharp-lobed liverleaf EXTRA CREDIT – digital image of pasque flower Photo: John Zaborsky 37 38 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Caltha palustris - marsh marigold No petals – only sepals Follicle fruits Aquilegia canadensis - American columbine 39 40 10 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Enemion biternatum [Isopyrum biternatum] - false rue anemone One of most abundant spring ephemerals forming large colonies No petals; 3-5 follicle fruits sepals + petals achenes Ranunculus Ranunculus acris - abortivus - cursed tall buttercup crowfoot Ranunculus hispidus - bristly buttercup 41 42 Ranunculaceae - buttercup family Ranunculaceae - buttercup family achenes Thalictrum dioicum - early meadow-rue male female Now called Thalictrum thalictroides Large herbs of more open habitats; . and so it is “the thalictrum with wind pollinated Anemonella thalictroides - rue anemone the thalictrum-like leaves” ! Dioecious; with separate male and Original name after Thalictrum because Good example of the re-evolution of female plants the leaves were so similar, although insect pollination within a wind showy, insect-pollinated flowers pollinated group 43 44 11.
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