BORDER RESTRICTIONS TO CONTAIN COVID-19

A review of international approaches

Genevie Fernandes Mariana Soto Pacheco Prerna Krishan Sandhya Narayanan Diva Fanian

COVID-19 POLICY SERIES GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE PROGRAMME 29 May 2020

2

A review of international approaches on border restrictions to contain COVID-19

Summary: On 29 May, the Guardiani reported that 12% or 2000 immigration staff at UK’s ports and airports were sick with COVID-19 symptoms between in the first three months of this year, with more than half absent before the lockdown was imposed. Between January and March, UK recorded 23.7 million arrivals by air, land and sea, including 18.1 million arrivals by air. In early March, UK also saw an influx of COVID-19 cases rising from 85 at the start of the month to 32276 by 31 March. Despite the rising number of cases and the high footfalls of incoming visitors, UK is one of the few countriesii that has not yet adopted any major border control measures. Although, since early March, if any passenger in a flight to the UK, declares symptoms, a general aircraft declaration (GAD) must be submitted to allow for a public health risk assessment and any required action to be taken before disembarkation,iii and in early April, British Airways grounded all its flights from Gatwick Airport, and Heathrow Airport suspended all flights from one runway. It was only on 22 May, that the UK government announced that starting from 8 June, inbound passengers entering the country will have to complete a contact locator form, undergo a 14 day self-isolation and face spot checks by authorities, along with a fine of £1000 upon breaching this mandatory measure.iv

What have other countries done so far with respect to their international borders? We reviewed government advisories, updates from the international air transport association, and news reports, and summarise the international border control–related responses of 27 countries from across Europe, North America, Latin America, South Asia and East Asia.

Except for Mexico, all the countries have closed their international air borders since March or early April. Most countries (21) have done so partially, still permitting nationals, residents and certain exempted individuals to enter, while 6 countries (4 in Latin America and 2 in South Asia) have completely suspended international flights. The two countries in South Asia with complete international border closures i.e. India and Pakistan, have started operating their own repatriation flights. International flights in most countries are set to resume in early June. Spain will resume international flights in July, while Venezuela and Argentina will resume international flights only in August and September respectively. Six countries have not yet announced dates for reopening borders for international flights.

Except for Brazil, all countries have adopted a host of screening measures at their international airports and these include: (number of countries that have adopted a measure): o Thermal screening for temperature checks (6) o Screening passengers for any symptoms through the use of questionnaires or health declaration forms (10) o Mandatory completion of a health declaration form which indicates the health status of the passengers including presence or absence of symptoms (7) o Mandatory completion of a contact locator form that provides the passenger’s contact details in the event of contact tracing or checks on mandatory self-isolation (5) o Mandatory submission of health certificate prior to boarding and upon arrival the country. This certificate indicates that the passenger does not have any symptoms or has tested negative for COVID-19, and can be obtained from the Consular Offices or online (4 – Bangladesh, France, Nepal and Pakistan)

2

3

So far, we only found reports of mandatory testing for all incoming passengers at the international airport in South Korea. All passengers entering South Korea with no symptoms are tested in walk- through testing booths at the airport, while symptomatic passengers are escorted to a separate section of the airport for testing and further steps include hospitalisation or isolation in a government facility. Additionally, Pakistan has planned to test incoming passengers for COVID-19 as soon as possible on arrival at a quarantine facility.

Except for Mexico, all countries require incoming passengers to isolate for 14-day period and seek health advice and care upon developing symptoms. We did not find any quarantine-related information for Sweden. Passengers entering Norway have to follow a 10-self isolation at home, while in Venezuela, passengers that are suspected to have COVID-19 have to quarantine for a 30- day period. Most countries require passengers to self-isolate at home; government facility is offered in case passengers do not have access to a local address. In Latin America, most of the countries require passengers to quarantine in hotels or facilities organised and paid for by the government. We found reports of fines imposed for breaching quarantine in Colombia and Italy (£360-£2700). Violating mandatory quarantines in Colombia and South Korea can also lead to imprisonment.

Overall, most countries reviewed, have acted early in adopting border control and screening and isolation measures. East Asian countries in particular have extensive screening measures in place, including mandatory testing in South Korea, while Latin American countries have will reopen their international air border much later than their counterparts in Europe. While these international border control and screening measures are a critical response for pandemic control, we will also need to protect airport staff particularly those at higher risk of exposure, by providing adequate personal protective equipment, training, and organisational support.

See table 1 for a snapshot of the international air border control measures taken by countries.

Note for Table 1: A partial ban means that all travellers are prohibited from entering the country with the exception of nationals and residents and certain individuals that meet a criteria such as diplomats or nationals of a few selected countries. A complete ban implies prohibiting all individuals from entering the country. Screening measures at airports can include thermal scanning of all passenger for fever monitoring, completion of passenger contact locator form for future contact tracing if required, and screening of all passengers for symptoms. It is important to note that while many countries screen passengers for symptoms, in some cases, they do so proactively, and in most cases, this is done when a patient notifies authorities about their symptoms. Quarantine measures include a 14-day self-isolation for passengers at home or a government facility, and a fine on breaching the quarantine in some countries.

See tables 2-6 for a detailed description on international and domestic border control measures in countries in East Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and South Asia.

3

4

Table 1: A summary of air border control measures by countries

Region Country International Screening at airports Quarantine for air flights passengers Europe Denmark Partial ban Screening of 14-day isolation at 13 March – 1 June passengers for home symptoms Germany Partial ban Passengers to 14-day isolation at 16 March – 15 complete a contact home June locator form Finland Partial ban Screening of 14-day isolation at 19 March – Until passengers for home further notice symptoms France Partial ban International travel 14-day isolation at 16 March – Until certificate before home further notice departure to France and sworn declaration of health status Italy Partial ban Screening of 14-day isolation at 16 March – 15 passengers for home/ June symptoms government facility and breach fine (£360-£2700) Norway Partial ban Screening of 10-day isolation at 15 March – 20 passengers for home August symptoms Spain Partial ban Passengers to 14-day isolation at 16 March – 1 July complete a contact home locator form Sweden Partial ban No info available No info available 18 March – 15 June North US Partial ban Screening of 14-day isolation at America 16 March – 1 July passengers for home symptoms Canada Partial ban Passengers to 14-day isolation at 18 March – 30 complete a contact home June locator form Latin Argentina Complete ban Passengers to 14-day isolation at America 27 March – 1 complete a contact hotel (cost borne September locator form by government) Brazil Partial ban No screening measures 7-day isolation, and 30 March – 28 May 14-day isolation on symptoms Chile Partial ban Passengers to 14-day isolation at 18 March – 30 complete a contact home/ hotel (cost June locator form and sworn borne by declaration of health government) status. Colombia Complete ban Screening of 14-day isolation at 23 March – 31 passengers for home and August symptoms fine/imprisonment on breaching isolation

4

5

Region Country International Screening at airports Quarantine for air flights passengers Latin Ecuador Partial ban Screening of 14-day isolation at America 15 March – 1 June passengers for government facility symptoms / hotel Mexico No restrictions Thermal scanning and No quarantine screening of measures passengers for symptoms Peru Complete ban Screening of 14-day isolation at 16 March – 30 passengers for hotel (cost borne June symptoms by government) Venezuela Complete ban Screening of 30-day isolation for 14 March – 12 passengers for suspected cases June symptoms South Bangladesh Partial ban Health certificate 14-day isolation at Asia 24 March – 15 obtained within 72 home June hours prior to arrival indicating COVID-19- free status Bhutan Partial ban No info available 21-day isolation at 30 March – Until facility / hotel (cost further notice borne by government) India Complete ban Screening of 14-day isolation at 23 March – Until passengers from government further notice repatriation flights for facility/hotel (cost symptoms and borne by individual) classification into high/mod/low risk. Nepal Partial ban Thermal screening, and 14-day isolation at 14 March – 14 submission of a swab home June test PCR health certificate issued a maximum of seven days before arrival to the country. Pakistan Complete ban Passengers from 14-day isolation at 21 March – 31 repatriation flights, to government May complete a health facility/hotel (cost declaration form and borne by individual) are subject to health screening including swab testing, isolation or quarantine on presenting with symptoms. Sri Lanka Partial ban Passengers must Isolation in 17 March – Until complete health government facility further notice declaration form and be for passengers subject to thermal detected with fever scanning

5

6

Region Country International Screening at airports Quarantine for air flights passengers East Singapore Partial ban Passengers are subject 14-day isolation at Asia 22 March – Until to health declaration government facility further notice forms and temperature before boarding flights to Singapore, thermal scanning on arrival and wearing masks. South Partial ban Passengers are subject 14-day isolation at Korea 8 April – Until to health declaration home or further notice forms and temperature government facility. before boarding flights Violating to South Korea, thermal quarantine can scanning on arrival. lead to Asymptomatic imprisonment. passengers are tested at airport walk-through facilities, and symptomatic passengers are tested and quarantined separately at the airport. Taiwan Partial ban On arrival, passengers 14-day isolation at 18 March – Until must complete health home, and fines on further notice declaration form and be providing subject to thermal inaccurate scanning and screening information in for symptoms. health declaration form.

6

Table 2: International and domestic border control measures for COVID-19 in countries in East Asia

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel SINGAPORE Short-term visitors are not allowed to With effect from 10 May 2020, all passengers Public transport is still available but transit or enter Singapore until further arriving in and departing from Singapore will commuters are asked to only travel when Population: notice. Exceptions are only made when be required to wear a mask and observe safe necessary.vii 5.639 million they have an Approval Letter for Entry distancing measures throughout the flight. All from the Immigration and Checkpoints passengers on flights to Singapore will also be Cases: 33,860 Authority. All Long-Term Pass holders, required to undergo a verbal health Deaths: 23 as well as those who have been declaration and temperature checks before planning to enter or return to boarding the aircraft at the point of origin. Total number of Singapore must obtain the From 9 April 2020, all residents or work pass tests: 334,691 Immigration & Checkpoints Authority holders will be quarantined or asked to self- permission before they commence isolate for 14 days at dedicated Stay-Home Tests per their journey to Singapore. Notice facilities. The government will absorb million: 58681 Singaporeans are advised to defer all the cost of accommodation at these facilities travel abroad. Until further notice. for returning Singapore residents, except those Once in Singapore, visitors may still be who disregarded prevailing travel advisories subject to health screening and left Singapore on or after March 27 2020.v requirements. v All passengers entering Singapore (including citizens) will have to submit a health declaration. The data from these declarations with be used by the Ministry of Health if any traveler becomes a suspect or confirmed COVID-19 case, to be used for contact tracing purposes.vi SOUTH KOREA As of 8 April 2020, South Korea Airlines are required to check the body Museums, parks, and art galleries will all be temporarily suspended visa waivers for temperature of all travellers to South Korea closed again from 29 May for two weeks. Population: citizens of 88 countries that have prior to departure. Travellers with a body Companies are being urged to reintroduce 51.64 million imposed travel bans on South Korean temperature higher than 37.5 degrees Celsius flexible working hours among other until further notice. will be denied entry. Screening of passengers measures. The new lockdown will take effect Cases: 11,402 at airports began on 30 January. All arrivals – in the capital’s metropolitan area, which is Deaths: 269 regardless of nationality and length of stay – home to half of South Korea’s 51 million are required to undergo testing and quarantine people. It will remain in place until June 14.viii for 14 days. 8

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel Total number of Those without local residence in South Korea Residents of Seoul have also been advised to tests: 846,296 will be quarantined at a government facility. All avoid social gatherings or going to crowded foreign arrivals, regardless of their point of places, including restaurants and bars. Tests per departure, are now required to be tested for Religious facilities have been asked to be million: 16366 COVID-19. extra vigilant with quarantine measures.viii

Travellers with symptoms of COVID-19 will be escorted to an isolation facility for further COVID-19 testing (travellers without symptoms will also be tested for COVID-19 in a separate facility). If test results are positive, patients will be escorted to designated hospitals or other medical facilities for treatment. All violators (incl. foreigners) of the self-quarantine requirement will be punished by relevant statutory law. Korean nationals or long-term foreign nationals who test negative will be placed under self-quarantine (14 days, Self- Quarantine Safety Protection App to be installed) and foreign nationals who are short- term visitors will be placed under quarantine at facilities (14 days, a self-health check Mobile App, the “Self-Diagnosis App” to be installed).

Asymptomatic passengers (nationals and foreign visitors) will go into self-quarantine (14 days, Self-Quarantine Safety Protection App to be installed) and get diagnostic test at a health center within three days of arrival.

Violating mandatory quarantine can lead to imprisonment.ix

8

9

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel TAIWAN Since 18 March, Taiwan has barred all As early as 16 February, Taiwan started Social distancing rules are in place. Wearing foreign nationals from entering the screening all travelers arriving in the country of masks is mandatory on public Population: country. Taiwanese nationals and who had a fever or respiratory symptoms. transportation.x 23.78 million residents and certain foreign nationals Passengers allowed to enter must observe a (including Republic of China citizens, 14-day home quarantine upon arrival. All Cases: 442 diplomatic staff, permanent residents, arriving passengers and crew members must Deaths: 7 Alien Residency Certificate holders and present a completed Health Declaration Form. business people with special permits) On 14 April, inbound travellers who have Total number of can still enter the country, conditional visited Europe and the Americans in the last 14 tests: 71,750 on screening and mandatory 14-day days should voluntarily present documents for self-isolation. x Travellers will not be home quarantine requirements before Tests per allowed to transit through Taiwan.xi boarding.xii million: 3040

9

10

Table 2: International and domestic border control measures for COVID-19 in countries in Europe

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel GERMANY Most foreign travellers are barred from Passengers allowed to enter Germany must Since early May, Germany has started easing entry, except for people who must travel complete a public health passenger locator off its lockdown measures. However, general Population: to Germany for work (with appropriate form, self-isolate and proceed directly to their contact rules involving will continue for 83.02 million documentation), travellers with urgent own home, or other suitable accommodation another month. A limited resumption has reasons such as the death of an for a period of 14 days.xiiixiii The reasons for already begun, but this easing of restrictions Cases: 181,918 immediate family member, or people entry must be asserted upon entry by means of is far broader. For e.g. two households will be Deaths:8449 who must transit through Germany to appropriate evidence at the border control. able to meet and eat together, and elderly return to their home country. In Each issue is considered individually and people in nursing homes and facilities for the Total number addition, EU citizens and nationals of the depends on the individual case. Entry can be disabled will be able to have visits from one of tests: United Kingdom, Liechtenstein, refused if traveller does not meet the criteria or specific person. 3,595,059 Switzerland, Norway and Iceland may not able to prove the urgent reason for the return with their family members to their trip. The final decision on entry is at the Tests per home country or to their habitual discretion of local officials. million: 43236 residence in Germany. These regulations were extended till 15 June.xiii ITALY Italy has stopped international flights Screening of passengers for symptoms are Italy banned inter-regional travel since and will start air travel to and from being conducted at the Leonardo da Vinci national lockdown on 11 March, to be Population: European countries, with no quarantine international airport in Rome, Milan Bergamo reopened on 3 June. Reopening of small 60.36 million requirement, from 3 June. External Airport, Venezia and Naples international stores since 14 April. Reopening of borders of the EU remain closed to non- airport. xvi Anyone entering or returning to Italy construction industry since 27 April. Opening essential travel until June 15 at the from abroad must spend a period of 14 days of of gyms, swimming pools and team sports Cases: earliest. However, Italian citizens and health surveillance and fiduciary isolation at with special measures (distancing, masks, and 2304141 residents for proven work, urgent and their home or in another home chosen by the hygiene) on 25 May. Although the worst hit Deaths:31546 health reasons, flight crew too, and interested party or, failing that, determined by regions, may not be reopened yet on 3 June citizens/residents of other European the regional Civil Protection. Those who violate – discussions ongoing.xviii Trains are operating Total number countries needing to pass through Italy the containment measures could receive a fine reduced services, but no international of tests: can still travel to and from Italy by of between €400 (£360) and €3,000 (£2,700); a services are running. xix 3,539,927 flights.xivxv Foreign airlines have significant increase from the previous suspended Italy-bound flights; cruise maximum fine of €206 (£187). xvii Tests per ships are banned from offloading million: 58647 passengers on Italian shores.

10

11

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel FRANCE Passengers arriving from a non- A completed International Travel Certificate A déclaration de déplacement (certifying the Schengen Member State are not allowed must be presented prior to boarding and to reason for travel and proof of address) is Population: to enter France until further notice. This Immigration upon arrival or when transiting required for domestic travel beyond 100km 66.99 million does not apply to the EEA Member France. The certificate must be obtained before of the home.xxiiThe existing ban on journeys States, Switzerland, British passport departure via the French consular offices of more than 100km (62 miles) will end on 2 Cases: 186,364 holders and residence permits issued by abroad or online.xx Passengers are subject to June, and cafes, bars and restaurants in so- Deaths: 28,665 France. Healthcare professional and 14-day quarantine or isolation until 24 July. called green areas – where the virus is not researchers working on coronavirus are Passengers must complete a declaration on circulating widely – will be able to reopen on Total number exempt from restrictions.xx Borders due honor to state that they do not have symptoms the same date.xxiii Police are in charge of of tests: to reopen, initially with Switzerland and of Coronavirus (COVID-19). The declaration checking the new regulations are being 831,174 Germany, from 15 June. Some flights are must be dated with the name and signature of observed. Breaking rules results in a fine of operating. Eurostar is running a limited the passenger.xx As of 11 May, the wearing of €38 (£35) which is reported to increase to Tests per service between Paris and London masks is mandatory on board AirFrance €135. xxiv million: 12402 (passengers are required to wear masks). flights.xxi

SPAIN Spanish government announced the Passengers are required to self-quarantine for Travel by car around a province is permitted, closing of its land borders, allowing only 14 days. A completed Public Health Passenger but not yet between different provinces in Population: citizens, residents and others with Locator Form must be presented upon arrival. the country. There are significant restrictions 46.94 million special circumstances to enter the In partnership with the World Health on movement within the country and country from 16 March.xxxi Borders are Organisation, the Canary Islands are set to be transport services are operating at Cases: 237,906 due to gradually open to international the first destination in the world to trial digital considerably reduced levels. xxvii Many hotels Deaths: 27,119 tourists from July, and domestic travel health certificates when they open to were allowed to reopen from 11 May (minus will be permitted from 22 June.xxv Very international tourists in July.xix communal spaces and catering) but not all Total number limited flights running and are for are expected to do so until borders open to of tests: essential travel only. On 15 airports are domestic and international tourism.xix 3,556,567 operational.xxvi

Tests per million:76104

11

12

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel DENMARK On 13 March, Denmark temporarily All visitors (Danish nationals and foreigners) On May 7, the Danish government closed its borders to all non-citizens returning from private travel abroad, are announced a relaxation of corona protection Population: (except residents and those with strongly advised to stay home for 14 days after measures in shops, restaurants and schools 5.80 million documentation to prove employment) returning from your travel.xxix from May 11 and 18, 2020. Students from the and the government will decide on 6th grade should be allowed to go back to border control and travel advice by 1 school from May 18. After school Cases: 11,712 June. Copenhagen and Billund airports ("Efterskoler") may also open. Restaurants, Deaths: 568 are open, with indirect flights to the UK. cafés, libraries, churches and religious Transit is only currently permitted for communities may reopen from May 18th. The Total number those with a worthy purpose, such as Danish government had taken steps to close of tests: people from neighbouring countries all public facilities and encourage as many 462,506 returning home. From May 25, people people as possible to stay at home. This with a permanent residence in one of included restrictions that prohibit the Tests per the five Nordic countries (Denmark, gathering of more than 10 people. Many million: 78002 Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) or festivals and events for 2020 have been Germany will be allowed to re-enter cancelled or postponed.xxx Denmark if they meet the set criteria.xxviii

FINLAND Only nationals and EU residents with a Passengers allowed to enter Finland are Shops are open and restaurants, bars and residence permit issued by Finland are required to self-isolate for 14 days. Under self- cultural institutions are to open from 1 June Population: allowed to enter. Restrictions do not isolation, the person is allowed to move (with social distancing). Events of more than 5.51 million apply to EU residents and British between their workplace and place of 50 people will be permitted from 1 June, and passport holders and their family residence and for other essential reasons. gatherings of more than 50 people from 31 Cases: 6,776 members who are returning to their Finnish airports strongly recommend using July. Ski resorts and many hotels remain Deaths: 313 country of residence via Finland. face masks. In all transport, passengers must closed.xix Healthcare workers, transport personnel, remember to avoid physical contacts, maintain Total number diplomats and a few other cases are also a safe distance from other people and observe of tests: exempted from the travel restrictions. xxxi good hand and respiratory hygiene.xxxii 160,177 Finnish borders opened for work-based and essential travel from the EU Tests per Schengen Area starting the 14 May.xxxii million: 28896

12

13

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel NORWAY Since 15 March, the government has All passengers (including Norwegian nationals Kindergartens reopened between April 20 closed the borders to foreign nationals and residents, EU nationals, and British and 27, and first through fourth graders will Population: who lack a residence or work permit in passport holders who reside and work in return after April 27. Some small businesses 5.368 million Norway and as a general rule, this will Norway) must undergo a 10-day home — including hairdressers — have been apply until 20 August but the quarantine. allowed to reopen. Secondary schools have Cases: 8,411 government will consider whether reopened. From June 1, bars and other Deaths: 236 exceptions will be made. Before 15 June, establishments that do not serve food will be the Norwegian government will decide allowed to reopen with table service only, as Total number whether or not to open up the borders will theme parks and organised swimming. of tests: for travellers from the Nordic countries. Residents will continue to work from home, 223,045 Before 20 July, the government will and major events are cancelled through at decide if travellers from other nearby least June 15. xxxiv Tests per countries can visit Norway this million: 41554 summer.xxxiii SWEDEN Borders are open to UK nationals and No information found on any screening As Sweden never went into full lockdown, those of EU countries (but are closed to measures. hotels, shops, bars, restaurants and some Population: residents of some non-EU countries until museums are open.xxviii The Swedish Public 10.23 million 15 June at the earliest). Limited flights Health Agency advises people not to travel operating between London and further than two hours by car from their Stockholm.xxviii The Swedish Ministry for homes. Upper secondary schools, colleges Cases: 35,727 Foreign Affairs has extended the advice and universities have suspended normal Deaths:4266 against non-essential travel from teaching in favour of distance learning. Public Sweden to all countries (except the EEA gatherings of more than 50 people are Total number and Switzerland) until 15 July 2020.xxxv banned, as are visits to elderly care homes. of tests: Some airlines require all passengers to The government encourages working from 238,800 use face masks on board.xxxvi home. The elderly are recommended to stay at home and relatives asked not to visit.xxxvii Tests per million: 23123

13

14

Table 4: International and domestic border control measures for COVID-19 in countries in Latin America

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel ARGENTINA While the Argentine government is On March 11th the first measure of A strict lockdown has been in place since 20 permitting a limited number of mandatory 14-day quarantine for all March. Breaking lockdown can result in a Population: exceptional international flights, all passengers arriving from China, South penalty (fine or imprisonment).xlii Essential 44 million scheduled international flights have Korea, Japan, Iran, United States and workers are required to get a permit to travel. All been suspended until 1 September.xxxviii Europe, all hotspots for the virus at the commercial activity, with the exception of Repatriation was halted by the full travel moment.xl People were quarantined in grocery stores, pharmacies and supermarkets, Cases: 13,228 ban of foreigners and nationals that hotels to avoid any contact with local has been frozen since 20 March.xliii Public Deaths:484 came into force on 27 March.xxxix population and subsequent transmission. transportation short and mid-distance was Any incoming passenger has to fill a considered an essential service and remained Total number declaratory form with contact details and operational during the lockdown. Since 10 May, of tests: information about their health state and most of the country has loosened the 125,893 travel history.xli restrictictions with the exception of Buenos Aires City and the bordering departments, an area Tests per known as AMBA with lockdown extended till 7 million: 2774 June, because of the higher prevalence of cases there. Citizens are only allowed to leave their homes for essential services and up to 500 metres for recreational activities while police monitor the streets.xliv BRAZIL Brazil implemented a travel ban (sea, Airport authority does not carry out The states of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de land, air) on all non-resident foreign passenger screening at Brazilian airports, Janeiro, Bahía, Rio Grande do Sul, Parana, Population: nationals on 30 March 2020 until 28 May regardless of the traveller’s airport of origin. Pernambuco and Brasilia have ongoing 209 million 2020. xlvxlviPermanent residents, citizens Only symptomatic passengers are being movement restrictions or full lockdowns in place. and the spouses, domestic partners, monitored by the federal health agency. These measures mean the closure of all but children, parents or caregivers of a Passengers arriving from abroad are essential services, reductions of the public Cases: Brazilian citizen are among the groups required to self-isolate for at least 1 week transport capacity and stay-at-home orders in 391222 of people who may still enter the and 14 days if Covid-19 symptoms are Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, which are one of Deaths: country.xlvii Foreign passengers in transit present. The other measures put in place the most affected areas. Dates of start and end 24512 for layovers are allowed.xlviii On 17 by the sanitary regulating authority vary with each state.li March, Brazil closed its land border with (ANVISA) are to increase disinfection and Total number Venezuela. On 19 March, it closed all its cleaning routines, use of PPE by cleaning of tests: land borders with its neighbouring staff and sanitary inspectors, and 3,085,216 countries (Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, addressing passengers in multiple Peru, Colombia, Suriname, Guyana, languages through the speaker system Tests per Uruguay and French Guiana) for two advising how to maintain proper hygiene million: 14,681 weeks.xlix while at the airport/bus station/train station/port.l

14

15

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel CHILE On 18 March, Chile closed all its borders Incoming passengers have to be able to The Chilean government declared a 90-day (land, sea and air) to the entrance of prove where they are going to stay during state of emergency, which took effect 19 Population: foreign citizens for a period of 14 days, the mandatory 14-day quarantine, March.lvii A nationwide nightly 2200-0500 curfew 18.73 million but has now been extended until further otherwise they will be sent to a sanitary is currently in effect indefinitely; residents are to notice.lii International flights remain hotel paid by the Chilean government. They remain in their homes during curfew hours. prohibited till 30 June.liii Residents and also have to fill a sworn declaration Persons above the age of 80 may not leave their Cases: Chilean citizens coming from abroad are providing details of travel history and health homes at any time. Events with more than 50 77961 allowed to enter but have to comply with state.lvi people are also prohibited; all theatres, bars, Deaths: a 14-day quarantine and with any further and public gymnasiums remain closed. 806 requirements from the national health Restaurants may only operate on a delivery or authorities.liv From 15 March to 30 pickup basis; seated dining remains banned. Total number September, landings in all Chilean Sanitary cords are posts guarded by the armed of tests: passenger cruise ports are prohibited.lv forces and police that do not allow the entry or 457,332 exit of anyone from those cities/municipalities where they are located. Severe fines result in Tests per violation of the sanitary cords. Sanitary cords million: 23,980 are implemented in several locations for an indefinite period of time. All districts in the Santiago metropolitan region, including the capital, are under quarantine measures until 22 May.”lviii COLOMBIA On 14 March, Colombia closed its Before the travel ban was in place, on 16 Since 22 March, land domestic transport border with Venezuela. On 16 March, March, it was mandatory that Colombian connecting municipalities is restricted to 20% of Population: Colombia made it mandatory for all citizens and foreign residents traveling from its capacity to allow essential workers to use it.lxv 49.65 million passengers arriving from Europe and Europe and Asia isolated for 14 days after On 19 May, the President announced that the Asia to self-isolate for a period of 14 arrival, later extended to all passengers ‘state of sanitary emergency’ will be in place days.lix Later that same day, all land and arriving to the country.lxiii Only repatriation until 30 June and, therefore, local transport will Cases: 23,003 sea borders were closed until the 30th and humanitarian travel is ongoing and be reduced to 35% of its capacity to allow social Deaths: 776 May, prohibiting entry of foreign those arriving on those circumstances are distancing.lxvi These emergency measures nationals, which may be extended.lxlxi On checked by health authorities upon arrival restrict social contact and movement to essential Total number 20 May, Colombia banned all and then put in mandatory quarantine for 14 activities only. of tests: international passenger flights until 31 days. Non-compliance is considered a 222,210 Aug.lxii criminal offence.lxiv

Tests per million: 4605

15

16

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel ECUADOR From 15 March, Ecuador has closed all On 21 April, Ecuador allowed repatriation An eight-hour daily curfew remains in place and its borders (air, land and sea) prohibiting flights to resume under the condition that all government offices are maintaining limited Population: entry for all travellers including of those arriving have to comply with a hours, and the country’s land borders remain 17 million Ecuadorian nationals and residents and mandatory quarantine in hotels provided by closed.lxix Each region has the prerogative to foreign nationals.lxvii Ecuadorian citizens the Ecuadorian state.lxx Later on 13 May, it implement travel restrictions, which has led to or foreigners who decide to travel allowed for certain vulnerable groups many cantons lowering the permitted capacity of Cases: 37,355 outside of Ecuador during the (disabled, children, pregnant women, those public transport, others restricting the circulation Deaths: 3203 suspension period may continue to do seriously ill or over 65 years of age) to of private vehicles according to their license so freely since the departure flights from quarantine at home for the same 14 days plate.lxxiii Private cars are allowed to circulate on Total number the country will not be suspended; but and for the rest to isolate for an initial 7 certain days according to license plate and of tests: flight availability is limited.lxviii On 25 days in a hotel and then have a test, which prohibited during weekends.lxxiv The Ministry of 81,392 May, the federal government said that if negative meant they could do the next 7 Tourism implemented a ban on all local touristic domestic and international flights will days of isolation at home.lxxi Citizens of the services.lxxv All domestic flight remain cancelled Tests per resume on 1 June, however, with United States and certain countries in Latin from 14 March until 1 June.lxxvi million: 4764 airlines only be permitted to operate America and Asia Pacific region may enter 30% of their flight frequency.lxix with an official permit has been obtained through diplomatic channels, and observe a 14-day quarantine at Govt mandated facility or hotel.lxxii MEXICO Mexico has not adopted restrictions on Since early March, screening of passengers Public transport continues to function around the the entry of visitors and the return of for body temperature of 37C degrees or country, with the requirement of using face Population: Mexicans from other countries. lxxvii higher along with health questionnaires masks. The only state that has reduced its 126.2 million Since 20 March, non-essential travel have been put in place. Any passenger public transportation is Quintana Roo and one of (tourism or recreation) between Mexico presenting symptoms is reported to the its largest avenues closed.lxxxii Aero Mexico and and US has been banned until 22 June local sanitary authority for follow-up (it is not fellow national airlines Interjet and Volaris have Cases: 74,560 lxxviii Tamaulipas, a northern state clear from any official source if the follow-up significantly reduced their domestic flight Deaths: 8134 bordering US, has prohibited entry into is testing, treatment or isolation, or all of schedule.lxxxiii Mexico for non-essential travellers them). lxxxi Total number based on the last digit of their license of tests: plate through May 30lxxix Additionally, the 114,125 flagship airline (Aero Mexico) has implemented the requirement to use Tests per face masks during the flight and requires million: 887 social distancing in areas of luggage collection and service counters. The flight crew wears masks and gloves.lxxx

16

17

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel PERU On March 16, the Government of Peru Passengers arriving in repatriation flights Domestic transport was restricted since 19 closed its borders, restricted all are the only ones entering the country from March from 5am to 6pm including buses, trains Population: international and domestic travel (air, abroad so far. They are required to and taxis. Public transport capacity was also 31.99 million sea and land).lxxxiv lxxxv Repatriation quarantine for 14 days in hotels designated reduced to 50%, only serving essential workers, flights were allowed until 21 May and by the government.xc xci Airline crew must who need to get a certificate to be able to Cases: later came to a halt.lxxxvi lxxxvii However, self-isolate at hotel Costa del Sol at Jorge travel.xcii Mandatory nightly curfew hours in Lima 129,751 flights for repatriations were allowed in Chavez International Airport for the entire (and most of the country) begin at 9:00 pm and Deaths: 3788 exceptional circumstances for vulnerable duration of stay. end at 4:00 am. The all-day Sunday curfew will people.lxxxviii No cruise ships are continue throughout Peru during the extended Total number permitted to dock in Peruvian ports state of emergency period.xciii of tests: either.lxxxix Extension of State of 875,721 Emergency until 30 June. Before being able to move from one region of Peru to Tests per another, the local government may million:26679 require foreign nationals to submit a medical certificate, following a rapid COVID-19 test. VENEZUELA Since 14 March, Venezuela has banned Any passengers entering the country The government has placed a strict lockdown all international flights until 12 June. suspected of infection with COVID-19 are until 12 June with military checks on the streets Population: Cargo flights and humanitarian flights subject to 30-day quarantine.xcvi and curfewsxcvii Local transport is working with 28.87 million are not affected, including the limitations that are in place due to the repatriations.xciv No commercial flights curfews and the ones were already present due seem to be available for locals to go to the ongoing humanitarian crisis.xcviii xcix Cases: 1,211 abroad.xcv Deaths: 11

Total number of tests: 832,526

Tests per million: 28820

17

18

Table 5: International and domestic border control measures for COVID-19 in countries in North America

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel U.S. Since March, US has banned entry for Passengers who have been in the All 50 US states, as well as Puerto Rico (US), any passengers who have transited or aforementioned 31 (banned) countries in the the US Virgin Islands (US), and Washington Population: 328 have been in Austria, Belgium, Brazil, past 14 days but are exempt from the (DC) have declared a state of emergency or million China (People's Rep.), Czechia, restriction to enter the USA, have to go public health emergency. Many have closed Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, through screening and must self-quarantine non-essential businesses and issued ‘stay at Cases: 1,725,656 Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, for 14 days once they reach their final home’ orders, which prohibit all non-essential Deaths: 101706 Iran, Ireland (Rep.), Italy, Latvia, destination. If found to be symptomatic on movement within their borders. Most have Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, screening, passengers are referred to the CDC deployed National Guard personnel to assist Total number of Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, for medical evaluation.ci emergency responders.cii Some states have tests: 15,607,239 Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, ordered quarantines for travellers arriving Sweden, Switzerland or in the United from other parts of the US.ciii Tests per Kingdom (excluding overseas million: 47548 territories outside of Europe), in the past 14 days. Exemptions for foreign diplomats, certain family members, and air/sea crew. American nationals and residents returning from affected countries can only arrive through 13 airports. In terms of land borders, the US-Canada and the US-Mexico border have been closed since 21 March and have mutually been agreed to be extended for an additional 30 days to nonessential travel until 21 June.c CANADA Border closure for all foreign travelers Travelers entering Canada by air or land must: The provinces of Manitoba, New Brunswick, (exemption for Canadian citizens, provide basic information using traveler Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Population: permanent residents and their contact information form available through the Island, Quebec (for some provincial border 37.59 million immediate family members; however, ArriveCAN mobile app, web-based form or crossings) and Yukon require all domestic they will be subject to mandatory self- paper form. cv travellers to self-quarantine for 14 days if Cases: 90,002 quarantine for 14 days) until 30 June.civ they intend to stay; exceptions are made for Deaths: 6982 those involved in commercial shipping, essential medical staff and family-related

18

19

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel Total number of Canadian citizens and permanent They will also have to undergo a screening by a situations such as custody arrangements.cvii tests: 1,585,235 residents showing symptoms are border services officer or quarantine officer to prohibited from entering the country assess whether they are symptomatic. Those in Tests per by air, but may be allowed to enter by violation may face detention in a quarantine million: 41833 land, rail or sea, where available. There facility as well as fines and /or imprisonment. are currently no known restrictions on individuals seeking to depart the Upon arrival to the country, travelers need to country. confirm they have a suitable place to isolate or quarantine where they will have access to basic necessities. Travelers who do not have an appropriate place to isolate or quarantine must go to a place designated by the Chief Public Health Officer of Canada. This applies to asymptomatic travels. If they develop symptoms within 14 days, they should continue to isolate and immediately call public health authorities.

Travelers returning who have symptoms must isolate without delay for 14 days from the date they have arrived in Canada. This is mandatory. If required, immediate medical attention will be provided upon arrival.cvi

19

20

Table 6: International and domestic border control measures for COVID-19 in countries in South Asia

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel BANGLADESH Since 24 March, Bangladesh has All foreigners arriving in Bangladesh must Movement in metropolitan areas remains Population: declared a ban on passenger travel via submit a health certificate obtained within 72 restricted till 30 May. The country-wide 161.4 million water, rail and on domestic air routes. hours prior to their arrival indicating that they shutdown is in place. It will be conditionally Cases: 71,675 International passenger flights to/from are COVID-19 free, in addition to a valid visa; lifted from 31 May with certain caveats to be Deaths: 975 all countries, except China, are they are also required to undergo mandatory followed until 15 June.cix Total number of suspended until 15 June. Cargo, special 14-day quarantine, regardless of nationality tests: 425,505 flights, air ambulances, relief carrying and traveler type. Bangladeshi nationals Tests per flights and emergency landing aircrafts returning can home quarantine if they provide million: 2584 are outside the purview of the ban.cviii a health certificate.cviii BHUTAN Visa on arrival is suspended. All travelers, including Bhutanese nationals, Nationwide measures, such as the prohibition Population: 0.7 Passengers with a visa, work permit or who are permitted to enter the country are of public gatherings and the closure of million other immigration permits issued by subject to mandatory quarantine in a facility educational institutions, tourist sites, public Cases: 59 Bhutan and airline crew are not for 21 days.cviii venues, and entertainment sites, continue. Deaths: 0 allowed to enter Bhutan if they arrive Any essential businesses allowed to operate Total number of from or have visited or transited must close by 1900 every evening.cx tests: 18,821 through a COVID-19 affected Tests per country.cviii The Bhutanese million: 25375 government is maintaining its closure of all international borders, including the shared border with India, to foreign travelers.cx INDIA India suspended all incoming Any incoming passengers are screened and India has been under a national lockdown Population: 1.35 passenger traffic by air, land and sea identified as high, moderate or low risk since 23 March which is currently extended billion has been barred, except for essential individuals and accordingly testing is till 15 June (third extension). Public transport Cases: 276,146 goods and services, since 18 March. conducted. All passengers have to follow a is restricted. Domestic flights have begun Deaths: 7750 Effective from 23 March, all mandatory 14-day quarantine at a government operating at limited capacity since last week Total number of international flights to and from India facility or another facility that is paid for by the of May. All domestic flight passengers have tests: 4,916,116 have been suspended and no date for passenger, and monitor their symptoms.cxi to undergo thermal screening and use Tests per reopening has been announced yet. contact tracing app,cxiii and some city airports million: 3634 Nationals of India are only allowed to are implementing mandatory testing and 14- return to India by flights arranged by day quarantine for passengers.cxiv Ministry of Civil Aviation. cxicxii

20

21

Country International borders Screening at the borders Domestic borders and travel NEPAL International and domestic flights to As of 14 March, all foreign nationals who enter Public transport and inter-district travel Population: Nepal are suspended until 14 June.cxv Nepal must remain in self-quarantine for 14 remains banned. In case of emergency, only 28.09 million This ban includes foreign nationals and days.cxvi Additionally, travelers will be required the Chief District Officer has the authority to Cases: 4,085 Nepal nationals and residents that to submit a swab test PCR health certificate issue the pass to travel within districts, and Deaths: 15 have visited COVID-19 affected issued a maximum of seven days before arrival upon the approval of the Ministry of Home Total number of countries. to Nepal to the immigration office at Tribhuvan Affairs for vehicles entering Kathmandu. tests: 200,646 International Airport. Temperature screening Travelers with scheduled repatriation flights Tests per via thermal cameras and self-reporting has are also required to obtain a pass permit for million: 7142 been implemented at Nepal’s only inter-district travel.cviii international airport, Tribhuvan International Airport, and land borders with Chinacxvii PAKISTAN Since 21 March, Pakistan has A completed International Passenger Health Passenger buses and vans are banned from Population: suspended all international flights and Declaration Form must be presented upon the motorway network. However, vehicles 212.2 million closed its borders with Afghanistan, arrival. Passengers and airline crew are subject carrying goods, petroleum products and daily Cases: 108,317 India and Iran. cxviii to health screening (including swab testing, use items with minimum staff, as well as Deaths: 2172 isolation or quarantine).cxi Travelers will have to private vehicles with maximum two Total number of take a mandatory coronavirus test before passengers giving valid reason of travelling, tests: 730,453 being allowed into Pakistan.cxix will be allowed to enter the network. Tests per Domestic flights have started but in limited million: 3373 capacity at certain airports.cxx Pakistan Railways announced the reduction of inter- city express trains. Inter-district and intra-city public transport are closed.cviii SRI LANKA All international airports are closed A completed Health Declaration Form must be The authorities have announced the gradual Population: since 18 March for the operation of presented to the public health inspectors or resumption of public transportation services 21.67 million inbound commercial passenger flights any other authorized officials upon arrival. Any which were earlier closed. Travel between Cases: 1,859 until further notice.cxxi passenger with symptoms (e.g. a fever) when districts is strictly prohibited, except for those Deaths: 11 passing through a thermal scanner will be providing essential services. Public and Total number of transported to a local hospital and held in private transport services were allowed to ply tests: 75,239 isolation for further screening.cxxii at a maximum of 50 percent of original Tests per capacity since 20 April.cviii million: 3472

21

REFERENCES i Grierson J. 12% of UK immigration staff had Covid-19 symptoms from January to April. The Guardian. 29 May 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/29/12-of-uk-immigration-staff-had-covid-19-symptoms-from-january- to-april ii International travel controls during the COVID-19 pandemic, May 29, 2020 https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/covid-19-data-visualisation#International iii Coffey H. Coronavirus: passengers entering uk from italy face ‘zero checks’ at airport. The Independent. 9 https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/coronavirus-italy-flight-uk-quarantine-gatwick-heathrow- airport-a9387072.html iv Home Office. Home Secretary announces new public health measures for all UK arrivals. 22 May 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/home-secretary-announces-new-public-health-measures-for-all-uk-arrivals v https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Mission/London/Announcements/Frequently-Asked-Questions-for-Travellers-to- Singapore vi https://www.ica.gov.sg/news-and-publications/media-releases/media-release/all-travellers-arriving-in-singapore-from- 27-march-2020-0900-hours-must-submit-health-declaration-via-the-sg-arrival-card-e-service viihttps://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/industry_innovations/industry_matters/LTA's%20Measures%20for%20COVID- 19.html viii https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/28/south-korea-faces-return-to-coronavirus-restrictions-after-spike- in-new-cases ix https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-korea-makes-first-foreigner-arrest-over-coronavirus-quarantine- violation x https://www.boca.gov.tw/cp-220-5081-c06dc-2.html xi https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and-screening xii https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Bulletin/Detail/_usu_p9uy9pWaRNNj8cLnw?typeid=158 xiiiBundespolizei. Corona Virus: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 29 May 2020. https://www.bundespolizei.de/Web/DE/04Aktuelles/01Meldungen/2020/03/200317_faq.html;jsessionid=97A3BB54ABD2 E6A6A7D1D39F30BEC55C.2_cid324?nn=5931604#doc13824392bodyText2 xiv https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/ministero/normativaonline/decreto-iorestoacasa-domande-frequenti/focus-cittadini- italiani-in-rientro-dall-estero-e-cittadini-stranieri-in-italia.html xv http://www.viaggiaresicuri.it/approfondimenti-insights/saluteinviaggio xvi Airport technology. Coronavirus outbreak: safety measures at major international airports. 26th March 2020. Accessed at: https://www.airport-technology.com/features/coronavirus-measures-world-airports/ xvii Independent. Coronavirus: Italy charges nearly 110,000 people for breaking lockdown rules as tougher sanctions introduced. 26th March 2020. Accessed at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-italy- lockdown-police-charges-fines-quarantine-lombardy-a9427046.html xviii Stefani Boccia. Italy’s Response for COVID-19. Usher Webinar Series. 27 May 2020. https://www.ed.ac.uk/usher/news- events/covid-19-webinars xix The Guardian. Which European countries are easing travel restrictions? 18th May 2020. Updated 21st May. Accessed at: https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/may/18/europe-holidays-which-european-countries-are-easing- coronavirus-travel-restrictions-lockdown-measures 23

xx https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/coronavirus-advice-for-foreign-nationals-in-france/coronavirus- statements/article/travel-restrictions-and-implementation-of-public-health-measures-at-borders xxi https://www.airfrance.us/US/en/common/page_flottante/hp/news-air-traffic-air-france.htm xxii https://www.gov.uk/government/news/attestation-forms-for-travel-to-and-within-france xxiii https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/28/global-report-france-eases-coronavirus-travel-restrictions xxiv The Guardian. EU brings in travel ban as France joins coronavirus lockdown. 17th March 2020. Accessed at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/17/coronavirus-france-on-war-footing-as-europe-locks-down-macron xxv https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/23/spain-to-reopen-to-overseas-tourists-from-july xxvi https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/342916/spain-authorities-allow-some-airports-to-reopen-from-may-18- update-23 xxvii Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Updated 21st May 2020. Accessed at: https://www.dfa.ie/travel/travel- advice/a-z-list-of-countries/spain/ xxviii https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/may/18/europe-holidays-which-european-countries-are-easing- coronavirus-travel-restrictions-lockdown-measures xxix https://um.dk/en/travel-and-residence/coronavirus-covid-19/ xxx https://www.visitdenmark.com/denmark/travel-essentials/coronavirus xxxi Aljazeera. Coronavirus: Travel restrictions, border shutdowns by country. 19th May 2020. Accessed at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirus-travel-restrictions-border-shutdowns-country- 200318091505922.html xxxii Visit Finland. Practical Information for Travelers to Finland During Corona Pandemic. Updated 14th May 2020. Accessed at: https://www.visitfinland.com/article/practical-travel-information-for-travelers-to-finland-during- coronavirus-pandemic/#4aac66c9 xxxiii https://www.visitnorway.com/plan-your-trip/coronavirus-and-travelling-to-norway/ xxxiv https://www.businessinsider.com/countries-on-lockdown-coronavirus-italy-2020-3?r=US&IR=T#norway-has-begun- to-ease-restrictions-younger-students-are-slowly-returning-to-school-35 xxxv Government Offices of Sweden. Travel abroad – advice against travel from Sweden to all countries extended. 13th May. Accessed at: https://www.government.se/press-releases/2020/05/travel-abroad--advice-against-travel-to-all- countries-extended/ xxxvi https://www.swedavia.com/arlanda/travel-information-related-to-the-coronavirus/#gref xxxvii https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/sweden/staying-during-coronavirus xxxviii https://www.france24.com/en/20200524-covid-19-argentina-extends-mandatory-lockdown-until-june-7 xxxixxxxix https://www.france24.com/es/20200329-cuarentena-obligatoria-hotel-buenos-aires-argentina xl https://www.clarin.com/politica/coronavirus-argentina-obligatoria-cuarentena-regresen-paises- afectados_0_RzSTtB0N.html xli https://www.aerolineas.com.ar/es-ar/landingsespeciales/landings/721_informacion-importante-coronavirus xlii https://www.ipsnews.net/2020/05/argentina-responds-boldly-coronavirus-crisis/ xliii https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/10/argentina-covid19-brazil-response-bolsonaro-fernandez

23

24

xliv https://www.businessinsider.com/countries-on-lockdown-coronavirus-italy-2020-3?r=US&IR=T#argentina-went-into- a-preventative-and-compulsory-lockdown-on-march-21-23 xlv https://proinde.com.br/news/coronavirus-preventive-health-measures-in-brazilian-ports-and-airports/ xlvi Casa Civil da Presidencia da República. Interministerial Ordinance No. 203, of April 28, 2020. National Press. [Online] April 28th, 2020. [Cited: May 22nd, 2020.] http://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-interministerial-n-203-de-28-de- abril-de-2020-254282950. xlvii https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html xlviii Casa Civil da Presidencia da República. Interministerial Ordinance No. 203, of April 28, 2020. National Press. [Online] April 28th, 2020. [Cited: May 22nd, 2020.] http://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-interministerial-n-203-de-28-de- abril-de-2020-254282950. xlix Pro Inde. CORONAVIRUS: PREVENTIVE HEALTH MEASURES IN BRAZILIAN PORTS AND AIRPORTS (UPDATE 1 MAY 2020). proinde.com.br. [Online] May 1st, 2020. [Cited: May 22nd, 2020.] https://proinde.com.br/news/coronavirus- preventive-health-measures-in-brazilian-ports-and-airports/. International SOS. TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS, FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND SCREENING. pandemic.internationalsos.com. [Online] May 21st, 2020. [Cited: May 22nd, 2020.] https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and-screening. l Pro Inde. CORONAVIRUS: PREVENTIVE HEALTH MEASURES IN BRAZILIAN PORTS AND AIRPORTS (UPDATE 1 MAY 2020). proinde.com.br. [Online] May 1st, 2020. [Cited: May 22nd, 2020.] https://proinde.com.br/news/coronavirus- preventive-health-measures-in-brazilian-ports-and-airports/. li Garda World. Brazil: Authorities expand land border closures due to COVID-19 March 19 /update 5 . garda.com. [Online] March 20th, 2020. [Cited: May 22nd, 2020.] https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/324856/brazil- authorities-expand-land-border-closures-due-to-covid-19-march-19-update-5. lii https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and- screening?_ga=2.207277008.272728900.1590163312-1542062712.1590163312 liii https://www.universalweather.com/blog/coronavirus-covid-19-impact-on-business-aviation-in-central-and-south- america/ liv https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2020/03/16/chile-entra-en-fase-4-155-casos-de-coronavirus-y- gobierno-anuncia-cierre-de-fronteras.shtml lv https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and- screening?_ga=2.207277008.272728900.1590163312-1542062712.1590163312 lvi https://www.latam.com/es_us/experiencia/coronavirus/restricciones-gubernamentales/ lvii https://www.worldaware.com/covid-19-alert-chile-amends-restrictions-april-28-nationwide-curfew-remains-effect lviii https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and- screening?_ga=2.207277008.272728900.1590163312-1542062712.1590163312 lix https://colombiareports.com/coronavirus-colombia-to-close-borders-for-foreign-visitors-from-europe-and-asia/ lx https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/coronavirus-en-colombia-duque-ordena-cerrar-todas-las-fronteras- terrestres-y-maritimas-473628 lxi https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/colombia lxii https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-latam-airlines/colombia-follows-argentina-in-banning-all- international-flights-through-august-31-idUSKBN22W2T8 lxiii https://colombiareports.com/coronavirus-colombia-to-close-borders-for-foreign-visitors-from-europe-and-asia/ lxiv https://www.rcnradio.com/colombia/colombianos-repatriados-de-peru-cumplir-cuarentena-o-tendran-consecuencia- penales 24

25

lxv https://www.hosteltur.com/lat/135486_colombia-cancela-los-vuelos-domesticos-y-restringe-el-transporte- terrestre.html lxvi https://colombia.as.com/colombia/2020/05/20/tikitakas/1589940229_555705.html lxvii https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and- screening?_ga=2.207277008.272728900.1590163312-1542062712.1590163312 lxviii https://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/ecuador-suspende-vuelos-de-pasajeros-desde-el-exterior-hasta-el-5-de-abril/ lxix https://www.leadersleague.com/en/news/economic-emergency-follows-covid-19-tragedy-in-ecuador lxx https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/ecuador-autorizacion-vuelos-repatriar-ecuatorianos.html lxxi https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/protocolo-aislamiento-obligatorio-ecuatorianos-domicilio.html lxxii https://www.universalweather.com/blog/coronavirus-covid-19-impact-on-business-aviation-in-central-and-south- america/ lxxiii https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2020/03/18/nota/7785957/cantones-pais-adoptan-medidas-limitan-transporte- evitar-propagacion lxxiv https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and- screening?_ga=2.207277008.272728900.1590163312-1542062712.1590163312 lxxv https://www.turismo.gob.ec/el-transporte-terrestre-turistico-en-ecuador-esta-suspendido-para-prevenir- propagacion-de-covid-19/ lxxvi https://www.expreso.ec/actualidad/economia/irregularidad-vuelos-carga-dificulta-traslado-muestras-coronavirus- 7185.html lxxvii https://guiadelviajero.sre.gob.mx/ lxxviii https://guiadelviajero.sre.gob.mx/index.php/103-ficha-de-paises/326-estados-unidos lxxix https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and-screening lxxx https://aeromexico.com/es-mx/medidas-de-salud-e-higiene lxxxi https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/politica/2020/03/12/aicm-sigue-protocolos-para-detectar-covid-19-en- viajeros-6966.html lxxxii https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and-screening lxxxiii https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and-screening lxxxiv https://gestion.pe/peru/coronavirus-en-peru-ministro-de-defensa-anuncia-que-aeropuertos-y-fronteras-se-cierran- completamente-el-domingo-cierre-de-fronteras-cuarentena-covid-19-nndc-noticia/ lxxxv https://www.peruembassy-uk.com/coronavirus-covid19 lxxxvi https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-51902989 lxxxvii https://gestion.pe/peru/coronavirus-en-peru-ministro-de-defensa-anuncia-que-aeropuertos-y-fronteras-se-cierran- completamente-el-domingo-cierre-de-fronteras-cuarentena-covid-19-nndc-noticia/ lxxxviii http://www.consulado.pe/es/zurich/Paginas/COVID-19-Informacion-Importante.aspx lxxxix https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and- screening?_ga=2.207277008.272728900.1590163312-1542062712.1590163312 xc http://www.consulado.pe/es/zurich/Paginas/COVID-19-Informacion-Importante.aspx 25

26

xci https://www.hosteltur.com/lat/135820_peru-manda-a-su-casa-a-los-primeros-repatriados-en-cumplir-la- cuarentena.html xcii https://www.gob.pe/8792-coronavirus-restricciones-recomendaciones-y-excepciones-para-el-traslado-de-personas xciii https://pe.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ xciv https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2020/05/12/venezuela-extiende-hasta-el-12-de-junio-prohibicion-de- vuelos-por-covid-19/ xcv https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2020/05/12/venezuela-extiende-hasta-el-12-de-junio-prohibicion-de- vuelos-por-covid-19/ xcvi https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and- screening?_ga=2.207277008.272728900.1590163312-1542062712.1590163312 xcvii https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-venezuela/venezuela-orders-collective-quarantive-in-response- to-coronavirus-idUKKBN2121B8 xcviii https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31053-9/fulltext xcix https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-venezuela/venezuela-orders-collective-quarantive-in-response- to-coronavirus-idUKKBN2121B8 c https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/ea/travel-advisory-alert-global-level-4-health-advisory- issue.html ci https://www.dhs.gov/news/2020/03/17/fact-sheet-dhs-notice-arrival-restrictions-china-iran-and-certain-countries- europe# cii https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and-screening ciii https://www.wsj.com/articles/states-restrict-travelers-from-coronavirus-hot-zones-11585518299 civ https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/coronavirus-covid19/travel-restrictions- exemptions.html cv https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/latest-travel-health- advice.html#_Travellers_departing_Canada cvi https://travel.gc.ca/travelling/health-safety/travel-health-notices/221 cvii https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and-screening cviiiPandemic int.sos. (2020) Travel restrictions, flight operations and screening. pandemic.internationalsos.com [online]Available at: https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov/ncov-travel-restrictions-flight-operations-and- screening cix india.com/news/world/bangladesh-govt-decides-not-to-extend-covid-19-shutdown-4042581/ cx https://www.worldaware.com/covid-19-alert-intl-flights-and-bhutan-remain-suspended-may-7 cxi https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/international-travel-document-news/1580226297.htm cxii https://boi.gov.in/content/advisory-travel-and-visa-restrictions-related-covid-19-0 cxiii BBC.(2020) Coronavirus: New rules for flyers as India looks to start domestic flights.BBC.com[online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-52750255 cxiv https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/mandatory-covid-19-test-at-chandigarh-airport-for-all-travellers- bound-for-punjab-89400 26

27

cxv https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/nepal cxvicxvi https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirus-travel-restrictions-border-shutdowns-country- 200318091505922.html cxvii OSAC.(2020) Health Alert: Nepal, Entry and Exit Requirements over COVID-19. Osac.gov[online]Available at: https://www.osac.gov/Country/Nepal/Content/Detail/Report/b954e2d7-7e75-47b1-bfbc-18304218f807 cxviii Ahmed A.(2020) COVID-19: Pakistan extends ban on international flight till May 31 while domestic operations resumed.Gulfnew.com [online]Available at: https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/covid-19-pakistan-extends-ban- on-international-flight-till-may-31-while-domestic-operations-resumed-1.71541934 cxix https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-covid-19-test-mandatory-for-int-l-passengers/1769931 cxx https://www.caapakistan.com.pk/ cxxi Garda.(2020) Sri Lanka: Government bans all incoming flights indefinitely due to COVID-19 April 4 /update 9.Garda.com [online] Available at: https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/329241/sri-lanka-government-bans-all- incoming-flights-indefinitely-due-to-covid-19-april-4-update-9 cxxii https://lk.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/

27