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Saving the World with Organic Agriculture: Environmental Peacebuilding in the Nascent Democracy of Myanmar

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Saving the World with Organic Agriculture: Environmental Peacebuilding in the Nascent Democracy of Myanmar University of New England Saving the World with Organic Agriculture: Environmental Peacebuilding in the nascent democracy of Myanmar Submitted by Johanna Garnett, B.Soc.Sc. (UNE), MEA (UNE) School of Humanities University of New England Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2016 Abstract In Myanmar, a history of structural and ecological violence has resulted in environmental degradation, loss of livelihoods and food insecurity for agrarian populations. This is resulting in the breakdown of traditional communities. It is anticipated that industrialised, modernisation processes will exacerbate the situation. This thesis is based on a case study into a unique environmental peacebuilding initiative that has been developed by Myanmar nationals, in an effort to address some of these socio-ecological issues. A grassroots, environmental, social movement organisation, the Network for Environment and Economic Development (NEED), has established a school and eco-farm in Myanmar, and has designed an environmental adult education (EAE) program, aimed at agrarian youth. EAE is a transformative education that is a hybrid of environmental education (EE) and adult learning theory. EAE is an effective tool in addressing localised environmental problems. Also, its praxis, when applied widely at the local level, has the potential to influence regional, state and global social and political institutions. NEED is educating young adults from a variety of ethnic groups, in land law, human rights, environmentalism, and the practice of permaculture. NEED has created a learning community; a space for new ecological voices and perspectives. The objective of this research is to see how this particular EAE model is contributing to environmental peace in Myanmar. This is important with regard to environmental and food insecurity issues in this rapidly developing nation. It is also important in light of the global systemic crisis of inequality, environmental injustice and climate change. The thesis discusses attempts to live simply and peacefully in a world that, despite ‘sustainability’ rhetoric, often forces us to do just the opposite, and is a unique contribution to the research into informal critical adult education for social action, and for environmental peacebuilding. It is also an example of grassroots activism emerging from the global South. The study utilizes Paulo Freire’s notion of ‘conscientization’ (critical consciousness), critical social theory, as well as the writings of critical theorist Herbert Marcuse, and a Marxist theory of social movements, as lenses through which to analyse the learning that is occurring within this program, as well as the potential it has for broader, transformative social action. Keywords: Myanmar, environmental peacebuilding, environmental adult education (EAE), grassroots, social movement, food security, youth, permaculture, alternative development. i Certification of Dissertation I certify that the ideas, analyses and conclusions reported in this dissertation are entirely my own effort, except where otherwise acknowledged. I also certify that the work is original and has not been previously submitted for any other award, except where otherwise acknowledged. 26 October 2016 ------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Signature of Candidate Date ii Publications Arising from this Thesis Garnett, J 2016, ‘Grassroots Environmental Adult Education - Developing Environmental Peace Infrastructure in the nascent democracy of Myanmar’, Peace and Conflict Review, vol. 9, iss. 1, http://www.review.upeace.org/images/PCR9.1.pdf, online. Garnett, J 2016, ‘The Economics of Happiness – in Myanmar’, New Community Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 1, iss. 53, New Community Quarterly Association, Auburn. Garnett, J 2016 ‘Saving the World with Organic Agriculture: Grassroots Permaculture Education in Myanmar (Burma), Food Studies; an Interdisciplinary Journal, pp. 39-51, http://ijo.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.199/prod.120. Garnett, J 2015, ‘An Eco-Farm in Myanmar (Burma): Saving the World with Organic Agriculture’, Local Futures, Economics of Happiness, Blog, online, <http://www.localfutures.org/?s=myanmar>. Garnett, J 2014, ‘New Actors on the Global Stage – Environmental adult education and activism emerging from within Myanmar (Burma)’, Paper presented at Australian Political Studies Association (APSA) Conference, 28 September – 1 October 2014, Sydney, NSW, Social Science Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2488880. Garnett, J 2014, ‘Mining for development – destructive and divisive: Eco-villages as an alternative form of development’, Commentary, International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, Special edition 1, Mining in a Sustainable World, http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/ijrlp/issue/view/303. Bible, V & Garnett, J 2013, ‘Why an Education for the Environment is an Education for Peace’, Nucleus, vol. 1, no. 7, p. 19. iii Presentations Saving the World with Organic Agriculture; how is grassroots environmental adult education contributing to development in Myanmar?, 2016, ‘Intersections of Knowledge’, Inaugral University of New England (UNE) PhD Conference, 19-20 January 2016, Armidale, NSW. ‘Grassroots Environmental Adult Education: Developing Environmental Peace Infrastructure in the nascent democracy of Myanmar’, paper presented at UNE Peace Conference, Sydney, 27 August 2015. ‘Environmental Peace; Paving the Way to a Greener Future’, paper presented at Australian Political Studies Association (APSA) Conference, 30 August – 02 September 2015, Canberra, ACT. Mining for development – destructive and divisive: Eco-villages as an alternative form of development’, paper presented at Mining in a Sustainable World Conference, University of New England (UNE), 13-15 October 2013, Armidale, NSW. ‘Why an Education for the Environment is an Education for Peace’, Paper presented at Harmony Day Conference, 21st September 2013, UNE, Armidale, NSW. iv Acknowledgements This thesis has been a wonderful journey of discovery that has only been possible due to the unflinching support of my supervisors, colleagues, family and close friends. I want to thank Marty Branagan in particular - for your friendship, professional guidance, kindness and wonderful sense of humour. I feel very blessed to have had you beside me. Thanks also to Bert Jenkins for starting me on this path and giving me so many academic opportunities on the way. And to Rebecca Spence for helping me stay on track and getting me through to the end – you are an angel. To my colleague Vanessa Bible – your passion for environmental peace is inspiring and it has been wonderful knowing you were just down the hall when needed. Also, to my Peace Studies colleagues, particularly DB Subedi. What a privilege it has been working with you all. To my darling children Laurel, Freya and Sam, who have given me so much throughout this process – my appreciation is beyond words. You guys are my inspiration and your visits to me in Myanmar, editing advice, technical assistance, moral support, wisdom, humour and ongoing love has all been invaluable in keeping me grounded and on track. Thank you - now you can have your Mum back! To Dad, Jess, Simon and Rob – thanks for your love and support and believing in me. Thanks, especially Jess for all those long phone calls. And to Mum who passed away at the very beginning of this journey - you instilled in me a sense of inquiry, a love of travel and the need to address injustice in all aspects of my life. You never got to Myanmar but you were with me every step of the way. To my friends who shared this journey most closely – Mel (who experienced Myanmar firsthand), Diane, Barb (who was with me at the beginning), Julie, Karin, Peter, Esther and Kerri, as well as Chris (my oldest fan) and Mark in the UK, who both helped so much from afar. To Sara for dog walking, to James for all that chocolate, and to Shirley and Clair, and all the admin assistants for your kindness. Also, a new friend, Sandra Sewell from BREW Network who opened up her home to me and got the creative juices flowing. But especially to Sharon - bushwalking buddy, chook controller and fantastic friend. I have had the most wonderful support group. Thank you all for your love, for picking me up when I felt down, helping out practically when asked, and for never letting me give up. Finally, but by no means least, I thank the wonderful people I worked with in Myanmar. I learnt so much from you all and feel humbled by your generosity, environmental sensitivity, spirituality and simplicity. I thank Khaing Dhu Wan especially for including me in the NEED family, and opening up a whole new world of ideas and possibilities. But, mainly I thank the participants who are central to this study – the 25 young adults I had the privilege of living and working with for all those months on the NEED eco-farm - I think that you guys are fantastic!! This is for you. v Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................... i Certification of Dissertation .........................................................................................ii Publications Arising from this Thesis ......................................................................... iii Presentations ............................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................
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