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A Spatial Hierarchical Analysis of the Temporal Influences of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Weather on Dengue in Kalutara District, Sri Lanka
http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Liyanage, P., Tissera, H., Sewe, M., Quam, M., Amarasinghe, A. et al. (2016) A Spatial Hierarchical Analysis of the Temporal Influences of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Weather on Dengue in Kalutara District, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11): 1087 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111087 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-127286 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article A Spatial Hierarchical Analysis of the Temporal Influences of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Weather on Dengue in Kalutara District, Sri Lanka Prasad Liyanage 1,2,*, Hasitha Tissera 1, Maquins Sewe 2,3, Mikkel Quam 2, Ananda Amarasinghe 1, Paba Palihawadana 1, Annelies Wilder-Smith 2,4, Valéerie R. Louis 5, Yesim Tozan 6 and Joacim Rocklöv 2 1 Ministry of Health, Colombo 01000, Sri Lanka; [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (P.P.) 2 Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (M.Q.); [email protected] (A.W.-S.); [email protected] (J.R.) 3 KEMRI Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya, Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya 4 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore 5 Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg Medical School, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; [email protected] 6 College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Jan C. -
Sri Lanka 2015 International Religious Freedom Report
SRI LANKA 2015 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary The constitution states every person is “entitled to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, including the freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice.” It gives citizens the right to manifest their religion or belief in worship, observance, practice, or teaching both in public and in private. The constitution and other laws give Buddhism “foremost place” and commit the government to protecting it. Civil society organizations such as the Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA), Center for Human Rights and Research, and others said the new government, which took office in January, pursued an agenda including a renewed commitment to the rule of law and willingness to investigate and prosecute state officials implicated in or responsible for inciting past religiously based violence. There were instances, however, in which local police and local government officials appeared to act in concert with Buddhist nationalist organizations, although not to the extent as previously. For example, police continued to cite outdated government circulars restricting the construction of religious facilities in attempts to force churches to cease operations. In multiple instances, police reportedly failed to respond or were reluctant to arrest or pursue criminal cases against individuals instigating attacks on minority religious sites. CPA noted in its “Advocacy Brief – Human Rights Violations and Surveillance in Sri Lanka,” which covered the period from January to September (hereafter CPA Brief), the government had not yet prosecuted hardline Buddhist monks involved in attacks in 2014 against Muslims and Christians. Parliament’s passage of the Assistance to and Protection of Victims of Crime and Witnesses Act in February strengthened safeguards for persons involved in legal actions against criminal perpetrators implicated in attacks upon religious sites. -
CHAPTER 4 Perspective of the Colombo Metropolitan Area 4.1 Identification of the Colombo Metropolitan Area
Urban Transport System Development Project for Colombo Metropolitan Region and Suburbs CoMTrans UrbanTransport Master Plan Final Report CHAPTER 4 Perspective of the Colombo Metropolitan Area 4.1 Identification of the Colombo Metropolitan Area 4.1.1 Definition The Western Province is the most developed province in Sri Lanka and is where the administrative functions and economic activities are concentrated. At the same time, forestry and agricultural lands still remain, mainly in the eastern and south-eastern parts of the province. And also, there are some local urban centres which are less dependent on Colombo. These areas have less relation with the centre of Colombo. The Colombo Metropolitan Area is defined in order to analyse and assess future transport demands and formulate a master plan. For this purpose, Colombo Metropolitan Area is defined by: A) areas that are already urbanised and those to be urbanised by 2035, and B) areas that are dependent on Colombo. In an urbanised area, urban activities, which are mainly commercial and business activities, are active and it is assumed that demand for transport is high. People living in areas dependent on Colombo area assumed to travel to Colombo by some transport measures. 4.1.2 Factors to Consider for Future Urban Structures In order to identify the CMA, the following factors are considered. These factors will also define the urban structure, which is described in Section 4.3. An effective transport network will be proposed based on the urban structure as well as the traffic demand. At the same time, the new transport network proposed will affect the urban structure and lead to urban development. -
Spatial Variability of Rainfall Trends in Sri Lanka from 1989 to 2019 As an Indication of Climate Change
International Journal of Geo-Information Article Spatial Variability of Rainfall Trends in Sri Lanka from 1989 to 2019 as an Indication of Climate Change Niranga Alahacoon 1,2,* and Mahesh Edirisinghe 1 1 Department of Physics, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka; [email protected] 2 International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 127, Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Colombo 10120, Sri Lanka * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Analysis of long-term rainfall trends provides a wealth of information on effective crop planning and water resource management, and a better understanding of climate variability over time. This study reveals the spatial variability of rainfall trends in Sri Lanka from 1989 to 2019 as an indication of climate change. The exclusivity of the study is the use of rainfall data that provide spatial variability instead of the traditional location-based approach. Henceforth, daily rainfall data available at Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation corrected with stations (CHIRPS) data were used for this study. The geographic information system (GIS) is used to perform spatial data analysis on both vector and raster data. Sen’s slope estimator and the Mann–Kendall (M–K) test are used to investigate the trends in annual and seasonal rainfall throughout all districts and climatic zones of Sri Lanka. The most important thing reflected in this study is that there has been a significant increase in annual rainfall from 1989 to 2019 in all climatic zones (wet, dry, intermediate, and Semi-arid) of Sri Lanka. The maximum increase is recorded in the wet zone and the minimum increase is in the semi-arid zone. -
A Case Study of Kalutara District, Sri Lanka K
KDU Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (KJMS) Volume 1. Issue1, 2017 KJMS 2017 VOL.1 (1): 34-47 RECENT CHANGES IN POPULATION AND ITS IMPACT ON USAGE OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES IN HOUSEHOLDS: A CASE STUDY OF KALUTARA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA K. K. E. Perera [email protected] Computer Teaching Unit, Faculty of Arts, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka ABSTRACT The major problem that arises with the rapid growth of population is whether it is possible to fulfil basic requirements of human beings such as food, water, shelter and air (De Silva, 2007). Especially, drinking water is a basic need of human life and in fact an essential component in primary healthcare and poverty alleviation (Amponsah, Aidam and Senadza, 2009). However, the growing intensity of population and development activities create tremendous pressure on available water resources. Therefore, it is essential to understand the relationships among a full range of population characteristics such as the size, growth, distribution, and density of population, total households and the usage of water sources. With this brief background, the aim of this paper is to identify the recent changes in population and its impact on the usage of drinking water sources in households in Kalutara district during the period of 2001-2012. Towards achieving this aim, population and households data on sources of drinking water was obtained from the reports of Census of Population and Housing in 2001 and 2012. The data were analyzed using thematic maps and correlation analyses. Accordingly, the highest population and population density were recorded in the west coast while the lowest were in rural areas and there was an increase both spatially and temporally. -
The Preparatory Survey on Water Sector Development Project Iii in the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
National Water Supply and Drainage Board The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka THE PREPARATORY SURVEY ON WATER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT III IN THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA FINAL REPORT VOLUME I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY May 2015 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Nihon Suido Consultants Co., Ltd. 4R JR (先) 15-031 EXCHANGE RATE Central Bank of Sri Lanka (Data as of December 2014) USD 1 = LKR 131.02 USD 1 = JPY 119.37 JPY 1 = LKR 1.0976 LOCATION MAP OF THE SURVEY AREA ~ OUTLINE ~ 1. INTRODUCTION The Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) is planning to implement a project (Water Sector Development Project III, hereinafter referred to as the “Project”) for the extension of the existing the Kalu Ganga Water Supply System in Colombo and Kalutara District where rapid urbanization is in progress, and for the rehabilitation of the transmission mains and distribution networks in Dehiwala and Moratuwa, where the ratio of NRW is particularly high, with an Official Development Assistance (ODA) loan from the Government of Japan (GOJ). GOSL requested the implementation of a Preparatory Survey on the Project (hereinafter referred to as the “Survey”) to GOJ. The Survey is required to decide whether this Project, as requested, satisfies the evaluation criteria (on such issues as outline including the objectives, scope and cost of the Project, organizational structure for project implementation and environmental and social considerations) required for the disbursement of an ODA loan from GOJ. The Survey has been conducted between September 2014 and April 2015. 2. EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Currently, service conditions of covered areas mainly supplied by the existing Kandana Water Treatment Plant and transmission and distribution system with a capacity of 60,000 m3/day is generally good. -
Post-Tsunami Housing Reconstruction Kalutara
POST -TSUNAMI HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION KALUTARA DISTRICT , SRI LANKA Final Report & Lessons Learnt Belgian Red Cross – French Speaking Community June 2009 The Belgian Red Cross-French speaking community addresses a special thank to Lily Ryan Collins for her kind contribution to the document. Lily Ryan Collins worked in Sri Lanka as a Community Infrastructure/Construction Delegate from September 2008 until June 2009. Belgian Red Cross-French speaking community Post-Tsunami Housing Reconstruction. Kalutara District, Sri Lanka. Final Report & Lessons Learnt 1/56 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................7 1.1 THE DISASTER ..................................................................................................................7 1.2 THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE ........................................................................................7 1.3 THE BELGIAN RED CROSS RESPONSE ...............................................................................7 1.4 THE CONTEXT OF RELIEF AND RECOVERY ..........................................................................9 1.5 THE STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT .....................................................................................9 2 BELGIAN RED CROSS RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT...................................................10 2.1 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................10 2.2 CONTEXT -
Sharing Experience from Sri Lanka
By Major General Gamini Hettiarachchi (Retd.) Director General Disaster Management Center (DMC) Ministry of Disaster Management, Government of Sri Lanka And R.G.S.D.Rajapaksha Department of Census & Statistics Expert Group Meeting on Improving Disaster Data to Build Resilience in Asia and the Pacific 30 September-1 October 2013, Sendai, Japan Hazard data Plans Disaster Inventory (Desinventar) Reports Statistical Data Gauge Data – Rain, River and Reservoirs Guidelines Satellite Data (Emergency observation) Project Data (DRR Projects) Best practices Relief data Knowledge Emergency data Hazard Data Damage / Loss National Database (Desinventar) DRR Project Monitoring Web Portal Satellite data (Processed by JAXA imageries) Daily Situation Reports since 2007 SADKIN – South Asia Disaster Knowledge Network Mobile User database for SMS warning (5000 key contact) Emergency response contact database (approx. 10,000 contacts) LIDAR survey data – 2 km from the coast National hazard maps for five hazards are available at www.hazard.lk Tsunami Hazard Storm Surge Floods Use of Near Real Time Earth Observation for Emergencies Maps are available www.dmc.gov.lk Kalutara District - Floods 2008/06/03 ALOS Data http://www.desinventar.lk/ http://www.desinventar.lk/DesInventar/main.jsp?countrycode=sr&continue=y No of Events (total 12,000 records) Incidents Damaging Human Lives Source: DisInventor Database, 2007 www.desinventar.lk Hazards Number of % No. of No. of People Houses Agricultural Records Deaths Affected Damaged / loss (ha) Destroyed Animal Attacks -
Racial Discrimination in Sri Lanka
Submission to: 90th session of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) July 2016 Racial Discrimination in Sri Lanka Introduction 1. Notes that Sri Lanka acceded to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in 1982, and it submitted the last periodic reports to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in 2000. Regrets with concern the delay in submissions of the latest periodic reports. 3. Sri Lanka is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society comprising one large ethnic group (Sinhala) and several much smaller ethno-religious groups: North-Eastern Tamils (11.1% in the total population); Muslims (9.3%); and Up-Country Tamils (4.1%)1, and Tamil is their first language. 4. The three decade of the ethnic conflict which resulted in a full blown war in 2009 has impacted the majority-minority relations in the island, leaving behind challenges within the constitutional, legal and policy framework of the minority rights discourse including the stark reality of a narrative of bi- polarization of the political imagination of a multi-ethnic society; marginalization through displacement and within minorities. No doubt that the new government will be confronted with the every reality of the war as it grapples with the establishment of mechanisms for reconciliation, truth seeking, non-recurrence and accountability. 5. One estimate suggests that 75,000 people were killed as a result of the war since 1983. 290,000 persons were displaced often on multiple occasions. In March 2009, estimated 150,000 to 190,000 people, most of those were North-Eastern Tamils, were believed to be trapped in a small corner of the Vanni, subjected to the forced LTTE conscription and denial of the freedom of movement,2 under constant shelling and with insufficient water, food and medical care.3 6. -
Map of Sri Lanka
MINISTRY OF HEALTH, NUTRITION & WELFARE, THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA (MOH) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) MASTER PLAN STUDY FOR STRENGTHENING HEALTH SYSTEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA SUPPORTING DOCUMENT III MAPS HEALTHY & SHINING ISLAND IN THE 21ST CENTURY FINAL REPORT NOVEMBER 2003 PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL The following foreign exchange rate is applied in the study: US$ 1.00 = 95 Sri Lanka Rupees (as of November 2003) November 2003 Mr. Kazuhisa MATSUOKA Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency Tokyo, Japan Message from Vice President, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir, We are pleased to formally submit herewith the Final Report of “The Master Plan Study In response to a request from the Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of for Strengthening Health System in the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.” Sri Lanka, the Government of Japan decided to provide technical cooperation for This report compiles the results of the Study which was conducted from March 2002 establishing of a health master plan which will be effective for the next decade for the through November 2003 by the Study Team organized by Pacific Consultants improvement of the health system in Sri Lanka. JICA selected and dispatched the International under the contract with JICA. study team headed by Dr. Katsuhide Nagayama of Pacific Consultants International to The report compiles the Sri Lanka Health Master Plan covering both reform and Sri Lanka between March 2002 and November 2003. development of the health sector in Sri Lanka. The plan consists of 1) vision, goals and objectives; 2) overall basic strategies; 3) frameworks for health sector reform and I am pleased that the Health Master Plan, presented herewith by Ministry of Health, development; and 4) priority programmes. -
Managing Group Grievances and Internal Conflict: Sri Lanka Country Report
Working Paper Series Working Paper 13 Managing Group Grievances and Internal Conflict: Sri Lanka Country Report G.H. Peiris and K.M. de Silva Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Conflict Research Unit June 2003 Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague Phonenumber: # 31-70-3245384 Telefax: # 31-70-3282002 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl/cru © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightholders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands. Foreword This paper has been written within the framework of the research project ‘Managing Group Grievances and Internal Conflict’*, executed at the request of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The project focuses on the process of, and motives for, (violent) group mobilisation and aims at the development of an analytical tool to assist policy-makers in designing conflict-sensitive development activities. In the course of the project, a preliminary assessment tool has been developed in cooperation with Dr. Michael Lund, and discussed with the researchers who carried out the assessment in four country cases: Ghana, Mozambique, Nicaragua and Sri Lanka. On the basis of this testing phase, the tool has been substantially amended and refined**. The present report, which was finalized in September 2002, results from the testing phase and reflects the structure of the analytical tool in its original form. -
Details of Designated Officer and Information Officers
Details of Designated Officer and Information Officers Name of the Designated Telephone institution/Departme Officer/Informa Name of the Officer Office Address Fax / E-mail Number nt/ Office tion Officer Commissioner General of Elections/ Mr.M.K. Saman Sri Election Commission Designated Officer Director General of Elections, Election 0112885207 0112885208 Rathnayake Commission, Sarana Mawatha, Rajagiriya. Additional Commissioner of Elections Election Commission Information Officer Mr. H.R.P. Pieris (Legal and Investigation), Election 0112868448 0112868448 Commission, Sarana Mawatha, Rajagiriya. Galle District Election Deputy Commissioner of Elections, Information Officer Mr. K.U. Chandralal 0912234028 0912234028 Office District Election Office, Galle. Matara District Election Assistant Commissioner of Elections, Information Officer Miss. T.W.P Kaumadi 0412222305 0412222305 Office District Election Office, Matara Kalutara District Election Mr. W.W.K. Jayaweera Deputy Commissioner of Elections, Information Officer 0342222266 0342222266 Office Fernando District Election Office, Kalutara. Kandy District Election Deputy Commissioner of Elections, Information Officer Mr. T.A.C.N. Thalangama 0812233187 0812233190 Office District Election Office, Kandy. Deputy Commissioner of Elections, Colombo City Election Colombo City Election Office, 05th Information Officer Mr. P.A.S. Senaratne 0112369437 0112369279 Office Floor, Nila Medura, Elvitigala Mawatha, Narahenpita, Colombo 05. Assistant Commissioner of Elections, Colombo District Colombo City Election Office, 05th Information Officer Mr. S.D.S.A. Rupasinghe 0112369438 0112369481 Election Office Floor, Nila Medura, Elvitigala Mawatha, Narahenpita, Colombo 05. Gampaha District Deputy Commissioner of Elections, Information Officer Mr. K.J.S. Madhawa 0332222047 0332222047 Election Office District Election Office, Gampaha. Gampaha (North) Assistant Commissioner of Elections, Information Officer Mr. B.M.I.S.I. Bandara 0332222743 0332222743 Election Office District Election Office, Gampaha.