Faculty of Graduate Studies Reality and Challenges of Water Quality In
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Faculty of Graduate Studies Reality and Challenges of Water Quality in Palestine: Focus on Regulations and Monitoring of Wastewater Treatment and Reclaimed Water Use واقع وتحديات جودة المياه في فلسطين: التركيز على انظمة ورقابة معالجة المياه العادمه واستخدام المياه المستصلحه M.Sc. Thesis in Water and Environmental Sciences Prepared By: Dalia Jaradat Registration Number [1115409] Main Supervisor: Dr. Rashed Al-Sa`ed January, 2016 I Faculty of Graduate Studies Reality and Challenges of Water Quality in Palestine: Focus on Regulations and Monitoring of Wastewater Treatment and Reclaimed Water Use واقع وتحديات جودة المياه في فلسطين: التركيز على انظمة ورقابة معالجة المياه العادمه واستخدام المياه المستصلحه M.Sc. Thesis in Water and Environmental Sciences Prepared By: Dalia Jaradat Registration Number [1115409] Supervised By: Dr. Rashed Al-Sa`ed This thesis was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Water and Environmental Engineering from the Faculty of Graduate Studies, Water Institute Studies, at Birzeit University, Palestine. January, 2016 II Reality and Challenges of Water Quality in Palestine: Focus on Regulations and Monitoring of Wastewater Treatment and Reclaimed Water Use واقع وتحديات جودة المياه في فلسطين: التركيز على انظمة ورقابة معالجة المياه العادمه واستخدام المياه المستصلحه This thesis was prepared under the main supervision of Dr. Rashed Al-Sa’ed and has been approved by all members of the examination committee. Examination Committee: Dr. Rashed Al-Sa’ed …………………………………………. Main Supervisor Dr. Nidal Mahmoud …………………………………………. Member Dr. Hijazi Abu Ali …………………………………………. Member The findings, interpretations and the conclusions expressed in this study do not necessarily express the views of Birzeit University, the views of the individual members of the M.Sc. Committee or the views of their respective employers. III Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................... VII List of Figures .................................................................................. VIII Abstract IX XII الخﻻصة Dedication ........................................................................................ XIV Acknowledgments ................................................................................. 1 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................. 2 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................ 4 1.1Overview ....................................................................................... 4 1.2Statement of the Problem.............................................................. 6 1.3 Research Objective and Questions .............................................. 7 1.4 Significance of the Study ............................................................. 8 1.5 Approach and Methodology ........................................................ 9 1.6 Assumptions and Limitations .................................................... 10 1.7 Thesis Structure ......................................................................... 12 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................. 13 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 13 Water Resources, Quality, Use and Reuse ...................................... 13 2.1 The Overall Water Issue in Light of Israelis Palestinians Conflict ........................................................................................ 13 2.2 The Status of Water Resources Available to Palestinians (West Bank and Gaza Strip) .................................................................. 15 2.2.1 The Shared Resources ........................................................................... 16 2.2.2. Article 40: Allocation of Resources: Status-Que Plus ......................... 16 2.3 Status of Water Resources, Supply and Sanitation in the Palestinian Territories ................................................................. 18 2.3.1 Water Resources ................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Water Supply ........................................................................................ 19 2.3.3 Service Providers for Water and Sanitation .......................................... 19 2.3.4 Connection to Water and Sewage Networks ........................................ 20 IV 2.4 Water Quality of Resources ....................................................... 22 2.4.1 Water Quality-West Bank ..................................................................... 24 2.4.2. Water Quality-Gaza Strip .................................................................... 24 2.5 Guidelines of Water Quality ...................................................... 25 2.5.1 Major Chemical and Physical Parameters in Wastewater .................... 27 2.5.2 WHO Guidelines ................................................................................... 28 2.5.3. EPA Guidelines .................................................................................... 29 2.6 Relevant Laws, Standards and Specifications for Wastewater Reuse ........................................................................................... 29 2.7. Relevant Institutions That Deals With Water and Usage ......... 36 2.7.1 The Palestinian Water Authority .......................................................... 36 2.7.2 The Palestinian Ministry of Health ....................................................... 37 2.7.3 The Central Public Health Laboratory .................................................. 37 2.7.4 Service Providers .................................................................................. 37 2.7.5 UNRWA ............................................................................................... 37 2.7.6 The Environmental Quality Authority .................................................. 38 2.7.7 Ministry of Agriculture ......................................................................... 38 2.7.8 Palestinian Standards Institute .............................................................. 38 2.8 Conclusion on Water Quality .................................................... 39 CHAPTER THREE: APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ..... 40 3.1 Approach .................................................................................... 40 3.2 Methodology .............................................................................. 40 3.3 Data Collection .......................................................................... 41 3.4 Challenges of the Study ............................................................. 42 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................. 44 WATER QUALITY: LEGISLATION AND REGULATION ..... 44 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 44 4.2 Water Sector Reform and the New Water Law 2014 ................ 44 4.2.1 The Reform Plan: .................................................................................. 48 4.3 The New Water Law 2014 ........................................................ 49 4.3.1. Aspects Related to Water Quality and Services: ................................. 49 4.3.2 PWA Restricted to Ministerial Functions: ............................................ 50 V 4.3.3 The Water Sector Regulatory Council .................................................. 53 4.3.4 The National Water Company: Bulk Water Provider ........................... 55 4.3.5 Regional Utilities: The Service Providers ............................................ 56 4.3.6 Water Users Associations ..................................................................... 57 4.3.7 Protection of Resources and Sanctions and Polluter Pay Principle ...... 57 4.4. Environmental Law 7, 1999 ..................................................... 59 4.5 Discussion and Conclusion ........................................................ 60 CHAPTER FIVE WASTEWATER STATUS AND REUSE IN PALESTINE AND EXPERIENCE IN THE REGION... 61 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 61 5.2 Status of Wastewater and Sanitation in Palestine...................... 63 5.2.1 Connection to Sewer Networks ............................................................ 63 5.2.2 Wastewater Treatment Plants ............................................................... 64 5.2.3 Reclaimed Wastewater ......................................................................... 72 5.2.4 Wastewater Quality for Reuse .............................................................. 73 5.3 Guidelines for Wastewater Reuse in Palestine .......................... 73 5.3.1 Technical Principles for Irrigation and Recharge .................................. 74 5.4 Regional Experience on Wastewater Reuse .............................. 79 5.4.1 Wastewater Reuse Policy in Jordan and Israel in Comparison With the FAO Standards for Irrigation ................................................................ 79 5.4.2 Regional Experience ............................................................................. 84 CHAPTER SIX .................................................................................. 88 CASE STUDY: Nablus West WWTP ............................................. 88 6.1 Concept ...................................................................................... 88 6.2 The