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Communication © 1998 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 273, No. 12, Issue of March 20, pp. 6595–6598, 1998 Communication © 1998 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. A Second Mammalian 2). Most myristoylated proteins are acylated through an amide linkage to their N-terminal glycine residues, a reaction cata- N-Myristoyltransferase* lyzed by the enzyme, N-myristoyltransferase (NMT)1 (EC 2.3.1.97) (3–5). Myristoylation has proven essential to the bio- (Received for publication, December 23, 1997, and in revised logical activity of many mammalian, viral, and fungal proteins. form, January 21, 1998) In particular, the transformation potential of the protein tyro- Dan K. Giang and Benjamin F. Cravatt‡ sine kinase, p60src, is entirely dependent on myristoylation, as src From the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and nonmyristoylated forms of p60 fail to bind cellular mem- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research branes and are transformation defective (6). Similarly, non- Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 myristoylated forms of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase are not properly localized to the Golgi apparatus and plasma- N-terminal myristoylation is a cotranslational lipid modification common to many signaling proteins that lemmal caveolae, resulting in marked reductions in stimulated often serves an integral role in the targeting and/or nitric oxide production (7, 8). The dependence of viral infectiv- function of these proteins. Myristoylation is catalyzed ity on myristoylation is exemplified by the observation that by an enzyme activity, N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), inhibiting the myristoylation of the human immunodeficiency which transfers myristic acid from myristoyl coenzyme virus type I GAG precursor protein promotes the production of A to the amino group of a protein’s N-terminal glycine noninfectious viral particles (9). residue. While a single human NMT cDNA has been iso- Genetic studies have shown that the NMT gene is essential lated and characterized (hNMT-1), biochemical evi- for the viability of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (10), and dence has indicated the presence of several distinct the pathogenic fungi, Candida albicans (11) and Cryptococcus NMTs in vivo, often varying in either apparent molecu- neoformans (12). Accordingly, inhibitors of C. albicans NMT lar weight and/or subcellular distribution. We now re- have proven to be potent antifungal agents (13). In mammalian port the cloning and characterization of a second, genet- systems, NMT activity has been shown to increase in colorectal ically distinct human NMT (hNMT-2), as well as the tumors (14, 15), leading to the proposal that NMT could serve isolation of the respective mouse NMT homologue for as a target for anticancer therapies (16). In this regard, one each human enzyme. The mouse and human versions of speculated mechanism for the antitumor activity of the natural each NMT are highly homologous, displaying greater product fumagillin is through indirectly preventing protein than 95% amino acid sequence identity. Comparisons myristoylation (17). Fumagillin has been shown to inhibit the between the NMT-1 and NMT-2 proteins revealed re- methionine aminopeptidase, MetAP-2, an enzyme that cleaves duced levels of sequence identity (76–77%), indicating the N-terminal methionine from newly synthesized proteins that NMT-1 and NMT-2 comprise two distinct families of (17), a process required for the exposure of N-terminal glycine N-myristoyltransferases. Transient transfection of ei- ther the hNMT-1 or hNMT-2 cDNA into COS-7 cells re- residues of NMT protein substrates. sulted in the expression of high levels of NMT enzyme A single human NMT cDNA has been isolated and charac- activity. Both hNMT-1 and hNMT-2 were found to myr- terized (18, 19), and subsequent failures to identify homologous istoylate several commonly studied peptide substrates human cDNAs has led some to speculate that NMT activity in with similar, but distinguishable, relative selectivities. vivo is likely derived from a single gene (20). However, bio- Western analysis revealed that while hNMT-2 appeared chemical studies have repeatedly indicated the presence of as a single 65-kDa protein in transfected COS-7 cells, multiple distinct protein forms of NMT in vivo, often varying in hNMT-1 was processed to provide four distinct protein either molecular size and/or subcellular distribution (2, 21–23). isoforms ranging from 49 to 68 kDa in size. Collectively, Whether all of these NMT forms are derived from a single gene these studies demonstrate a heretofore unappreciated or from multiple NMT genes has remained unclear (2). We now level of genetic complexity underlying the enzymology report the isolation and characterization of a second distinct of N-terminal myristoylation and suggest that the spe- NMT cDNA from a human liver library, as well as the cloning cific inhibition or regulation of either NMT in vivo may of the respective mouse homologue for each of the two human in turn allow for the selective control of particular myr- NMTs. For the sake of clarity, we will hereafter refer to the istoylation-dependent cellular functions. originally characterized human NMT as hNMT-1 and the hu- man NMT described in the present study as hNMT-2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The cotranslational modification of proteins with myristic acid serves to regulate both protein function and localization (1, Cloning of Human and Mouse NMT cDNAs—PCR primers based on the sequence of expressed sequence tag (EST) AA036845 were designed for the amplification of a 550-base pair portion of the hNMT-2 cDNA * This work was supported by the Skaggs Institute for Chemical from a human liver 59Stretch Plus cDNA library (CLONTECH): Primer Biology. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by 1, 59-GCGAATTCAACATCCACACAGAGACGCCC-39; Primer 2, 59-GC- the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby GAATTCTCTGTAACTTCTACTTAGTCC-39. This amplified DNA was marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 used as a probe to screen human and mouse liver 59Stretch Plus cDNA solely to indicate this fact. libraries according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. Four positive hu- The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EBI Data Bank with accession number(s) AF043324 (hNMT-1), AF043325 (hNMT-2), AF043326 (mNMT-1), and AF043327 1 The abbreviations used are: NMT, N-myristoyltransferase; hNMT, (mNMT-2). human N-myristoyltransferase; mNMT, mouse N-myristoyltrans- ‡ To whom correspondence should be addressed: The Scripps Re- ferase; EST, expressed sequence tag; GST, glutathione S-transferase; search Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037. Tel.: PKA, cAMP-dependent protein kinase; PCR, polymerase chain reac- 619-784-8633. Fax: 619-784-2345. E-mail: [email protected]. tion; kb, kilobase pair(s). This paper is available on line at http://www.jbc.org 6595 6596 A Second Mammalian N-Myristoyltransferase FIG.1.Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences from human NMT-1 and NMT-2 cDNAs. Shared sequence identities be- tween NMT-1 and NMT-2 are shaded. man clones and six positive mouse clones were isolated from screenings of 3.2 3 105 and 9.6 3 105 plaques, respectively. A 2.85-kb human clone and a 1.9-kb mouse clone contained the presumed complete coding sequence for hNMT-2 and mNMT-2, respectively. The hNMT-1 cDNA was isolated by PCR with primers based on the reported GenBank™ sequence (accession number AF020500): Primer 1, 59-GCAAGCT- TCGCTGCCGCAGATGATGG-39, Primer 2, 59-GCGAATTCAGTTCT- GCTCCCTTTGCC-39. This hNMT-1 cDNA was then used as a probe to screen both human brain and mouse liver cDNA libraries (CLONTECH; 3.2 3 105 plaques per screening). Six positive human clones and eight positive mouse clones were identified. A 4.4-kb human clone and 1.6-kb mouse clone encoded the presumed complete coding sequence for hNMT-1 and mNMT-1, respectively. All reported cDNAs were cloned into pBluescript II SK(1) and sequenced completely in both directions. NMT protein sequence comparisons were conducted using the DNAS- TAR MegAlign program (Clustal method), and percentage sequence identities were calculated from sequence alignments after excluding the identified gaps. For Northern analysis, cDNA probes specific for the NMT-1 and NMT-2 genes were generated from the 59 most 400 base pairs of each cDNA (the least homologous region between NMT-1 and NMT-2). Expression of hNMTs in COS-7 Cells—The hNMT-1 and hNMT-2 cDNAs were cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector, pcDNA3, and transiently transfected into COS-7 cells as described previously (24), with the exception that 1.25 mg of the hNMT-1 cDNA was used per FIG.2. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences transfection to reduce the amount of hNMT-1 expression to levels from human and mouse NMT cDNAs. A, comparison of the human comparable with hNMT-2 expression (as judged by NMT enzyme activ- and mouse NMT-1 proteins (hNMT-1 and mNMT-1, respectively); B, ities). Transfected cells were harvested by trypsinization, washed twice comparison of the human and mouse NMT-2 proteins (hNMT-2 and with Hepes buffer (12.5 mM Hepes, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl), mNMT-2, respectively). Shared sequence identities between the human and Dounce-homogenized in Hepes buffer containing 1 3 complete and mouse NMTs are shaded. protease inhibitors (Boehringer Mannheim) on ice. The homogenized cell extracts were then sonicated briefly (5 s), assayed for protein buffer from King and Sharma (27)). The reaction was allowed to proceed m content (D protein assay kit, Bio-Rad), and used for enzyme assays, for 10 min at 25 °C, then quenched with 50 l of methanol followed by c m Western blotting, and cell fractionation experiments (25). 5 l of 100% trichloroacetic acid, placed on ice for 10 min, and spun at 3 m Generation of Anti-NMT Antibodies—The hNMT-1 cDNA was cloned 10,000 g for 5 min.
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