ENTRE GÊNERO E ESPÉCIE: À Margem Teórica Das Ciências Sociais E Do Feminismo DANIEL DE ALMEIDA PINTO KIRJNER BRASÍLIA

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ENTRE GÊNERO E ESPÉCIE: À Margem Teórica Das Ciências Sociais E Do Feminismo DANIEL DE ALMEIDA PINTO KIRJNER BRASÍLIA UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SOCIOLOGIA ENTRE GÊNERO E ESPÉCIE: à margem teórica das Ciências Sociais e do Feminismo DANIEL DE ALMEIDA PINTO KIRJNER BRASÍLIA MARÇO DE 2016 DANIEL DE ALMEIDA PINTO KIRJNER ENTRE GÊNERO E ESPÉCIE: à margem teórica das Ciências Sociais e do Feminismo Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia da Universidade de Brasília como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Sociologia. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Tânia Mara Campos de Almeida BRASÍLIA MARÇO DE 2016 Entre gênero e espécie: à margem teórica das ciências sociais e do feminismo/Daniel Kirjner – 2015. 308 folhas Tese (Doutorado em Sociologia) – Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Pós- Graduação em Sociologia, Brasília, 2015. Orientadora: Tânia Mara Campos de Almeida 1. Estudos de Gênero. 2. Estudos Animais. 3. Sexismo. 4.Especismo. 5.Questões Raciais – Teses I. Tânia Mara Campos de Almieda. (Orientadora). II. Instituto de Ciências Sociais. PósGraduação em Sociologia. III. Entre gênero e espécie: à margem teórica das ciências sociais e do feminismo. DANIEL DE ALMEIDA PINTO KIRJNER ENTRE GÊNERO E ESPÉCIE: à margem teórica das Ciências Sociais e do Feminismo Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia da Universidade de Brasília como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Sociologia. __________________________________________ Profa Dra. Tânia Mara Campos de Almeida – Universidade de Brasília/UnB __________________________________________ Profa Dra. Lourdes Maria Bandeira – Universidade de Brasília/UnB __________________________________________ Profa Dra. Debora Diniz Rodrigues – Universidade de Brasília/UnB __________________________________________ Profa Dra. Valeska Maria Zanello de Loyola – Universidade de Brasília/UnB __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Joaze Bernardino Costa – Universidade de Brasília/UnB __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Bizerril Neto – Centro Univesitário de Brasília/UniCEUB Dedico este trabalho às centenas de bilhões de animais que morreram para fins humanos enquanto eu escrevia esta tese. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Universidade de Brasília, ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia e a todos os seus docentes e funcionários por terem proporcionado o lugar onde cresci como pesquisador, conheci muitos amigos e abri a cabeça para discussões que me fizeram uma pessoa menos arrogante e reacionária. Á CAPES, pela bolsa que permitiu que eu me dedicasse aos estudos em quatro dos últimos cinco anos de minha vida; e também por ter proporcionado a experiência do Ciência sem Fronteiras. Por causa dela, viajei, estudei e conheci lugares, seres humanos e animais sensacionais que me ensinaram coisas que jamais sonhei aprender. À Universidade Estadual de Billings, Montana (MSU-Billings), que, na terra da pecuária e dos cowboys, acolheu com muito carinho, respeito e consideração um pesquisador brasileiro, vegano e feminista; aos professores Walter Gulick e Meghan Connoly, por todos os debates, conversas e discussões engrandecedoras que por eles me foram propostas. Não posso esquecer também de Paul Sepaniak e Micah Umphrey, do departamento de estudantes estrangeiros, que sempre me ajudaram quando precisei. À minha orientadora Tânia Mara Campos de Almeida, por ter lidado muito serenamente com minha ansiedade, insegurança e ineficiência, e ter provido o estímulo necessário para que eu seguisse e terminasse este trabalho. Foi ela uma orientadora brilhante que sempre aparecia com soluções viáveis e inteligentes quando eu não sabia como concertar alguns caminhos desta tese. Agradeço a ela também por ter me aceitado como orientando em um tema tão difícil e polêmico como o meu. À professora Lisa Kemmerer, brilhante filósofa da religião e ecofeminista, que foi uma das melhores orientadoras e amigas que tive na vida. Foi quem me ensinou a escrever melhor em inglês e com quem viajei pelos Estados Unidos e outros cantos do planeta. Publicamos juntos obras que me trazem muito orgulho. Ela nunca deixou que eu me acomodasse no meu próprio machismo e, por isso, fez-me um ser humano melhor. À Bonnie Goodman, grande amiga que me ensinou, com muita alegria, sobre a luta de uma mulher militante e vegana em um dos estados mais conservadores do norte do continente; e também à Nathan Baillet por, além de ter sido um dos meus melhores amigos durante o sanduíche, ajudou com minhas leituras em inglês sempre que tive dificuldade. À minha família: pai Nestor, mãe Luzia e irmãs Kukute e Pilila, e também ao pequenino Pedro José. Foram pessoas vitais na minha vida durante este processo. Vale ressaltar os esforços de meu velho pai Nestor, o melhor professor de português que este país já conheceu, na revisão cuidadosa do meu capítulo 1; da minha mãe Luzia e, não poderia esquecer, da minha tia Eunice e tio Antônio João, que me proporcionaram a viagem mais genial da minha vida. Desbravamos as estradas estadunidenses no momento que eu mais precisava. À minha companheira Analice Souza que teve muita paciência, amor e carinho em momentos muito sensíveis para mim. Foi a pessoa que mais me ajudou a confeccionar esta tese. Revisou meus capítulos 2, 3 e 4; aguentou o meu mau humor quando o desespero bateu; mostrou que eu podia me aventurar, arriscar e que o medo e a insegurança podem ser coisas boas. Foi quem me deu motivação para escrever quando eu não tinha vontade de sair da cama. Não posso imaginar como passaria pelo doutorado sem ela. A todos os meus colegas de doutorado, em especial o pessoal do “botão do pânico”. Sempre que me desesperava, e apertava o “botão do pânico”, grandes amigos caíam do céu para ajudar, pensar soluções e debater a situação. Foram muitas conversas e aprendizados. Não consigo conceber uma turma de doutorado mais legal e unida que a minha. São eles: o meu compadre Rafael Suci Alencar, Mayra Resende, Ludmila Gaudad, Pedrão Isaac e Lauro Stocco. Especial agradecimento para a Mayra, que me ensinou a mexer no Nvivo e, com isso, destrancou esta tese; e para a Larissa Domingues, que me aguentou por longas horas em sua casa, enquanto eu aprendia. Ao grande Luiz Esteves, que cuidou das minhas coisas enquanto eu estava fora e foi a primeira pessoa a me ensinar a escrever em inglês. Sem a ajuda dele, jamais teria conseguido vencer as etapas burocráticas da bolsa sanduíche, ou sequer ir morar no exterior uma vez que consegui. À Vivian Cobucci que, não só durante o doutorado mas desde que a conheço, ofereceu-me ajuda, conselho, cumplicidade e consideração quando as situações ficavam surreais. Aos amigos André Bodoque Jacob, Mariana Rausch, Simone Lima, Rafael Lasevitz e Tatiana Castilla, que me ajudaram e apoiaram neste processo; e à comadre Ludmila Freitas que tratou das dores e câimbras que sofri por trabalhar muitas horas seguidas. Não posso esquecer também de Yacine Guellati, que me ajudou a traduzir o resumo para o francês. Aos professores Guilherme Sá e Lourdes Bandeira, que compuseram a minha banca de qualificação e contribuíram com muitos apontamentos, essenciais para os caminhos desta tese. Às revistas Estudos Feministas e Cadernos Pagu por fornecerem uma base de dados acessível e democrática. À todas as pessoas que propuseram discussões interessantes e me desafiaram a pensar, argumentar, melhorar como pesquisador, neste caminho do doutorado; em especial à Aga Trzak, Liz Tyson, Daniela Rosendo e Íris do Carmo. Por último, não poderia deixar de prestar minha homenagem ao canino Elvis, que infelizmente faleceu mas me proporcionou um entendimento de bondade, dor e felicidade que não conhecia; e às doces criaturas que me acompanham durante horas de trabalho, estudos e em longos passeios nos gramados da Asa Norte: Nina e Amigão. RESUMO No mundo ocidental, importantes pensadores conceberam as ideias de gênero e espécie de maneira muito próxima e as utilizaram como ferramentas de reafirmação da superioridade do masculino humano. Desde a era clássica, através da exaltação da racionalidade como essência do espírito humano, homens estabeleceram domínio sobre mulheres, animais e o meio ambiente. O movimento feminista, principalmente desde a década de 1970, passa a desconstruir estas “verdades” de gênero assim como suas opressões e hierarquias instituídas. Tal debate resulta no questionamento dos ideais de humanidade e na relativização do conhecimento através da compreensão dos afetos, das vivências e das identidades dissidentes. Neste contexto, as certezas sobre o que é o ser humano e o que o diferencia do resto da existência são questionadas e os animais são incluídos definitivamente na teoria de gênero, por meio do ecofeminismo animalista da década de 1990. Nesta mesma época, surgem no Brasil duas proeminentes publicações: a Estudos Feministas e a Cadernos Pagú. Esta pesquisa fez uma análise da posição que foi relegada a mulheres e animais no pensamento ocidental em relação a um ideal masculinista de humanidade; da reação feminista a esta opressão de espécie/gênero; e das razões para a não consolidação, até o momento, dos estudos feministas animais no Brasil. Fez-se uma análise quanti- qualitativa das revistas Estudos Feministas e Cadernos Pagu, expoentes do feminismo acadêmico brasileiro, no sentido de mapear os principais assuntos, discussões de gênero e perspectivas teóricas em evidência no país. Os resultados mostraram que as Ciências Sociais, os movimentos de mulheres e as questões raciais são fatores relevantes para a discussão de gênero neste contexto, enquanto o ecofeminismo
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